REFRACTION OF LIGHT AT PLANE SURFACES , LENSES AND SPECTRUM.

Vidya Vikas Kendra

Physics.
Refraction at plane surface,Lenses and Spectrum.
X Std

IMPORTANT POINTS
1. Refraction: The phenomenon, due to which a ray of light deviates from its original path, while
travelling from one optical medium to another is called refraction.
2. Rules for the change in the path of rays while travelling from one medium to another(i) When a
ray of light travels obliquely from optically rarer medium to optically denser medium, it always
bends towards normal, at the point of incidence. (ii) When a ray of light travels obliquely from
optically denser medium to optically rarer medium, it always bends away from the normal, at the point
of incidence. (iii) When a ray of light strikes another optical medium at right angles, it does not

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suffer any refraction.

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3. Laws of refraction:
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(a)Snell’s Law: It states that, the ratio between all the values of sine of angle of incidence and the sine
of angle of refraction for two given optical media is a constant quantity.

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(b)The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal, lie in the same plane, at the point of incidence.
4. Refractive index: It is the ratio between the sine of angle of incidence and the sine of angle of refraction.
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Sin i Velocity of light in vacuum or air
5. µ = =
Sin r Velocity of light in given optical medium
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6. Lateral displacement: It is the perpendicular shift in the path of incident ray, while emerging from an
optical slab.
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7. Factors on which lateral displacement depends (i)Lateral displacement is directly proportional to

angle of incidence. (ii) Lateral displacement is directly proportional to refractive index of the
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optical material. (iii) Lateral displacement is directly is directly proportional to thickness of

optical material. (iv) Lateral displacement is inversely proportional to wavelength of incident
light.
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8. aµb = a
b
µa , where µb is the refractive index of medium ‘b’when a ray of light travels from air to optical
medium b, and bµa is the refractive index of air ‘a’when a ray of light travels from medium b to air.
9. Real depth: The actual depth at which an object is situated in a refracting material, is called real depth.
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10. Apparent depth: The depth to which an object appears to rise in a refracting material, is called
apparent depth.
11. Refractive index, µ = Real depth ÷ Apparent depth.
12. Prism: It is a piece of glass or any other transparent material, bounded by two triangular and three
rectangular surfaces.
13. Refracting surfaces of prism: The rectangular surfaces of prism are called refracting surfaces.
14. Angle of prism: The angle between two refracting surfaces is called angle of prism.
15. Refracting edge of prism: The line along which, two refracting surfaces of a prism meet is called
refracting edge.

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16. Angle of deviation: The angle between the incident ray and the emergent ray (product backward),
when it passes through a glass prism is called angle of deviation.
17. Angle of minimum deviation: It is the least angle of deviation for a particular angle of incidence.
18. Factors which determine the angle of deviation (i) It depends upon angle of incidence.(ii)
It depends upon refractive index of material of prism. (iii) It depends upon refractive angle of prism.
(iv)It depends upon wavelength of incident light, i.e., more the wavelength, lesser is the angle of
deviation.
19. For all cases of refraction through glass prism: Angle of incidence + Angle of emergence = Refracting
angle of prism + Angle of deviation. ⇒ ∠i + ∠e = ∠A + ∠δ

20. In the minimum deviation position: (i) Angle of incidence = Angle of emergence. (ii) Angle
of refraction at first refracting surface = Angle of refraction at second refracting surface.
21. Total internal reflection: The phenomenon, due to which a ray of light, while travelling from denser

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medium to rarer medium is reflected into denser medium, at the surface of separation of two media is
called total internal reflection.

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22. Critical angle: The angle of incidence in the denser medium, for which angle of refraction in the rarer

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medium is 900, is called the critical angle.
23. Conditions for total internal reflection: (i)The rays of light must travel from the denser medium to
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the rarer medium. (ii)The angle of incidence in the denser medium must be greater than the critical
angle.
24. Totally reflecting prism: An isosceles glass prism having one angle as 900, is called totally reflecting
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prism.
25. Uses of totally reflecting prisms: (i) They are used in refracting periscope. (ii)They are used in prism
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binoculars.
26. Advantages of refracting periscope over reflecting periscope: (i)The final image is very clear as
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no rays of light are absorbed. (ii) Any deposition of moisture or dust does not put periscope out of
commission.
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27. Differences between reflection and total internal reflection:

(i) Reflection takes place from polished surface, when rays travel from rarer medium to denser medium.
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The total internal reflection takes place only when rays of light travel from denser medium to rarer
medium. (ii) Reflection takes place at all angles of incidence. Total internal reflection takes place
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when angle of incidence in denser medium is greater than critical angle. (iii) During reflection, rays of
light are absorbed by reflecting body. During total internal reflection, no rays of light are absorbed.
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a
1
28. µg = , where aµg is the refractive index and ‘C’is the critical angle of a given optical medium.
Sin C
29. Lens: It is a piece of transparent material, having one or two spherical surfaces.
30. Converging lens or convex lens: A piece of transparent material, having one or two spherical surfaces,
such that, it is thicker in the middle and tapering at edges is called converging lens.
Converging lenses are of three kinds: (i) Double convex lens, (ii) Plano-convex lens,
(iv)Concavo-convex lens.
31. Diverging lens or concave lens: A piece of a transparent material, having one or two spherical surfaces,
such that, it is thicker at the edges and tapering in the middle, is called concave lens.
Concave lenses are of three kinds: (i) Double concave lens, (ii) Plano-concave lens,
(iii) Concavo-concave lens.

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32. Principal axis: An imaginary line, joining the centres of curvature of two spherical surfaces of lens is
called principal axis.
33. Optical centre: A point within the lens, situated on the principal axis, such that any ray of light
passing through it does not suffer any refraction, is called optical centre.
34. First principal focus (F1): It is the point on the principal axis of lens, such that, rays of light, starting
from it (in case of convex lens) or appear to meet (in case of concave lens), after refraction, travel
parallel to principal axis.
35. Second principal focus (F2): It is the point on the principal axis of lens, such that, rays of light,
travelling parallel to principal axis, either actually meet at this point (in case of convex lens) or appear
to come from this point (in case of concave lens).
36. Focal plane: The vertical plane passing through principal focus of lens is called focal plane.
37. Focal Length: The linear distance between optical centre and principal focus is called focal length.

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38. A convex lens always forms a real and inverted image for all positions of objects, except when the
object is between first principal focus and optical centre, when it forms virtual, erect and magnified

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image.
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39. A concave lens always forms virtual, erect and diminished image.
40. A convex lens can be put to the following uses: (i) As a burning glass. (ii) As an objective lens for
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a telescope. (iii) As an objective lens for a photographic camera. (iv) As an objective lens for a cine
camera. (v) As an erecting lens in a terrestrial telescope. (vi) As an objective lens in the search lights.
(vii)As a magnifying glass.
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41. A concave lens can be used as: (i)Eye lens for Galilean telescope (ii)Correcting short-sightedness.
42. Characteristics of image formed in lens, when object travels from infinity to optical centre.
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43. Angstrom unit (Ĺ): The unit used to measure wavelength of electromagnetic spectrum is called
angstrom unit. One Angstrom (1 Ĺ) = 10-8 cm = 10-10 m.
44. Monochromatic light: A light which consists of one colour (or one wavelength) only is called
monochromatic light. For example, red light; blue light, etc.
45. Polychromatic light: A light which is mixture of several colours (wave bands) is called polychromatic
light. For example, sunlight (white light); candle light, etc., are polychromatic lights.
46. Colour: The sensation produced in the brain due to the excitation of retina by an electromagnetic
wave of some particular wavelength is called colour.
47. White Colour: It is the sensation produced in the brain when retina is excited for all the colours of
visible light.

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48. Black Colour: It is the sensation when retina is not excited at all as no visible light falls on it.
49. Dispersion: The Phenomenon due to which a polychromatic light (white light) splits into component
colours (seven colours) when passed through a prism is called dispersion.
50. Spectrum: A band of colours obtained on screen when polychromatic light splits into component
colours is called spectrum
51. Solar spectrum: A band of seven colours (VIBGYOR) formed on the screen when white light splits
into component colours is called solar spectrum.
52. Impure spectrum: A spectrum in which various bands of colours do not have sharp boundaries but
marge in each other is called impure spectrum.
53. Pure spectrum: A spectrum in which various bands of colours have sharp boundaries and not merge
in each other is called pure spectrum.
54. Invisible spectrum: The regions of spectrum which do not excite retina and hence not visible are
collectively called invisible spectrum.
55. Infrared spectrum: The invisible spectrum beyond red end of visible spectrum is called infrared
spectrum. Its range is between 8000 Ĺ to 400,000 Ĺ
56. Infrared radiations: The electromagnetic radiations, beyond red end of visible spectrum are called

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infrared radiations.
57. Infrared radiations: (i) Travel with the velocity of 3 x 108 ms-1, (ii) obey laws of reflection and

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refraction, (iii) produce heating effect on being absorbed by material objects, (iv) do not scatter easily

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in fog.
58. Infrared radiations are used: (i) by doctors for therapeutic purposes, (ii) in infrared photography,

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(iii) night vision devices, (iv) in heat seeking missiles.
59. Ultraviolet spectrum: The region of spectrum, which extends beyond violet end of visible spectrum
is called ultraviolet spectrum.
60. Ultraviolet radiations: The electromagnetic radiations found beyond violet end of visible spectrum
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are called ultraviolet radiations. Their range is from 4000 Ĺ to 100 Ĺ.
61. Ultraviolet radiations: (i) Travel with the velocity of light, (ii) Cause fluorescence in zinc sulphide,
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(iii) being about chemical reactions in silver salts, (iv) obey laws of reflection and refraction.
62. Ultraviolet radiations are used: (i) To stimulate production of vitamin D in human body, (ii) in
detecting fake currency and diamonds, (iii) in detecting adulteration in ghee, (iv) in killing bacteria, in
drinking water.
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63. When an incident light strikes a particle which has a diameter greater than the wavelength of incident
light, then incident light is absorbed by the particle and then transmitted in all possible directions. The
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phenomenon is called scattering of light.

64. What is the cause of refraction? Ans. Velocity of light is different in different medium.
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65. What is lateral displacement and on what factors does it depend? Ans. LATERAL DISPLACEMENT:
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“The perpendicular distance between incident ray produced and emergent ray is called LATERAL
DISPLACEMENT.”FACTORS: (i) Angle of incidence (ii) Thickness of glass slab (iii) Refractive
index of glass.
66. A ray of light falls normally on a glass slab. What is the angle of refraction? Ans. Angle of incidence
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is the angle between normal and incident ray. Hence angle of incidence is 00. Hence angle of
REFRACTION r = 00
67. Speed of light in water is 2.25 x 108 ms-1 and in vacuum speed of light = 3 x 108ms-1. Calculate

refractive index of water.Ans. Refractive Index of water = = =

= = 1.33 Ans.

68. The velocity of light in diamond is 120000 km s-1. What is its refractive index? (Vel. Of light in air

= 3 x 108 ms-1) Ans. Refractive index of diamond =

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µ= µ= = 2.5 Ans.

69. A ray of monochromatic light enters a liquid from air as shown. The = 450, = 300 shown in
the diagram the path of ray after it strikes the mirror and re-enters air. Calculate refractive index of
the liquid.

Ans. Ray retraces its path form mirror i.e. from denser medium to rarer medium become angle of
incidence.

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a
µl = R.I. = = = = = 1.4 Ans.

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70. A ray of light strikes a glass slab 5 cm thick, making an angle of incidence equal to 300. Construct
the ray diagram showing the refracted ray and the emergent ray through the glass block. The

Ans. The ray diagram Given: µ = 1:5, = 300

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refractive index of glass is 1.5. Also calculate the lateral displacement of the ray.
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From Snell’
s law, , =µ
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= = = =
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Or r = 19.50 Lateral displacement = 1 cm on measurement.

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71. Define angle of deviation and angle of minimum deviation and state the factors affecting the angle
of deviation.Ans. ANGLE OF DEVIATION: “The angle between incident ray (produced) and
emergent ray (produced) is called ANGLE OF DEVIATION.
ANGLE OF MINIMUM DEVIATION: “The minimum value of angle of deviation is called the
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ANGLE OF MINIMUM DEVIATION.”In this position the refracted ray inside the prism becomes
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parallel to the base of prism.

72. Which of the two prisms, A made of crown glass and B made of flint glass, deviates a ray of light
more? Ans. B made of flint glass.
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73. What do you understand by refraction of light? Ans. REFRACTION OF LIGHT: Is essentially a
SURFACE phenomenon. “When a ray of light travels from one optical medium to another optical
medium it changes the direction of the path of light and this is called REFRACTION of light.”
74. Draw diagrams to show the refraction of light from (i) air to glass, (ii) glass to air. In each diagram,
label the incident ray, refracted ray, the angle of incidence (i) and the angle of refraction (r).
Ans. RERACTION OF LIGHT: (i) From air to glass the ray bends towards the normal PO –is
incident ray, OQ –is refrected ray (ii) From glass to air Bends away from normal PO –is incident
ray OQ is refracted ray.

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75. A ray of light is incident normally on a plane glass slab. What will be the (i) angle of refraction and
(ii) the angle of deviation for the ray?
Ans. REFRACTION AT NORMAL INCIDENCE: Incident ray passes the second medium
UNDEVIATED
(i) Angle of REFRACTION is zero (0O) (ii) And angle of DEVIATION is zero (0O)

76. An obliquely incident light ray bends at the surface due to change in speed, when passing from one
medium to other. The ray does not bend when it is incident normally. Will the ray have different speed
in the other medium?Ans. Yes, the ray will have different speed in other medium because this is the
case of no refraction (no bending) of light on going perpendicular from one medium to other medium.
All the parts of the ray will reach from one medium to other at the same time, enter the other medium
at the same time get slowed down or speed up at the same time. Due to this no bending of light occurs
but speed changes.
77. What is the cause of refraction of light when it passes from one medium to another?

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Ans. The refraction of light occurs because light travels with different speeds in different media.
When a ray of light passed from one medium to another, its direction changes because of change in its

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speed.
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78. A light ray suffers reflection and refraction at the boundary in passing from air to water. Draw a neat
labelled diagram to show it.
Ans. EN
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79 A ray of light passes from medium 1 to medium 2. Which of the following quantities of the refracted
ray will differ from that of the incident ray: speed, intensity, frequency, wavelength? Ans. When a ray
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of light passes from medium (1) to medium (2) the refracted ray will differ from that of incident ray in
SPEED INTENSITY and WAVE LENGTH
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80. State the Snell’

s law of refraction of light. Ans. Second law of refraction i.e. = 1 2
or 1 2
is
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called Snell’
s Law.

SNELL’S LAW: Which states that “It is the ratio of sine of angle of INCIDENCE to sine of angle
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of REFRACTION is constant for a pair of given media.”

81. Define the term refractive index of a medium. Can it be less than 1? Ans. Refractive index of a
medium: “Is the ratio of vel. Of light in vacuum to vel. Of light in that medium.”

R. I. of a medium =

The absolute refractive index of a substance cannot be less than one because it would mean that the
speed of light is more in that substance than at free space, which is not possible. The relative
refractive index can be less than one if the first medium is denser than the second medium.
82. (a) Compare the speeds of light of wave length 4000 Ĺ (i.e. violet light) and 8000 Ĺ (i.e. red light) in
vacuum.(b) How is the refractive index of a medium related to the speed of light in it and in vacuum

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or air? Ans. (a) In vacuum the light of each wave length travels with the same speed i.e. the speed of
light of wavelength of 4000 Ĺ is same as that of light of wavelength 8000 Ĺ.

(b) = R. I. of medium

R.I of a medium is inversely proportional to vel. Of light in it.

83. A light ray passes from water to (i) air, (ii) glass. In each case state, how does the speed of light
change.Ans. (i) When a ray of light passes from water to air. The speed of light will increases.(ii)
When a ray of light passes from water to glass the speed of light will decreases.
84. A light ray in passing from water to a medium (a) speeds up, (b) slows down. In each case, (i) give
one example of the medium, (ii) state whether the refractive index of medium is equal to, less than
or greater than the refractive index of water.Ans. (i) A ray of light passing from water to air speeds
up. (ii) A ray of light passing from water to glass slows down.
85. What do you understand by the statement ‘the refractive index of glass is 1.5 for white light? Ans.

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REFRACTIVE INDEX OF A MEDIUM: “Is the ratio of vel. Of light in vacuum to vel. Of light in
that medium.”

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R. I. of a medium =

As the refractive Index of glass is 1.5 or

travel with =
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for white light, this statement means that white light will

x speed of light in vacuum i.e. slower in glass.

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86. A monochromatic ray of light passes from air to glass. The wave length of light in air is , the speed
of light in air is c and in glass is V. If the absolute refractive index of glass is 1.5, write down (a) the
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relationship between c and V, (b) the wave length of light in glass.

Ans. a µ g = 1.5, a µg = =
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(a) µ or c = µ x V = 1.5 V
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a g

(b) µ =
a g
∴ wave length of light in glass = /1.5.
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87. A boy uses blue color of light to find the refractive index of glass. He then repeats the experiment
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using red color of light. Will the refractive index be the same or different in the two cases? Give a
reason to support your answer.Ans. The refractive index will be different in both cases.Refractive
index of glass is different for different colors. The speed of blue light is less than the speed of red light.
So, the wave length of blue light is less than that of red light. Thus, red light would deviate less than
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blue light because of difference in wavelength.

88. (a) For which color of white light, is the refractive index of a transparent medium (i) the least (ii)
the most? (b) Which color of light travels fastest in any medium except air? Ans. (a) (i) Out of
seven colors of white light REFRACTIVE INDEX of RED color is least. (ii) R.I. of VIOLET color
is the MOST. (b) Red light travels fastest in any medium except air.
89. Name two factors on which the refractive index of a medium depends? State how does it depend on
the factors stated by you. Ans. Two factors on which R.I. of medium depends are:
(i) Color of light (ii) TEMPERATURE
(i) Different colors of light have different wavelength.
(ii) Refractive Index depends on temperature with the rise of temperature if refracts more.
90. How does the refractive index of a medium depend on the wavelength of light used?

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Ans. The REFRACTIVE INDEX OF A MEDIUM INCREASE WITH DECREASE IN

WAVELENGTH. This is because in a medium, Red light travels faster than the VIOLET light
∴ µV > µ R
91. How does the refractive index of a medium depend on its temperature. Ans. Refractive index of a
medium DECREASES WITH INCREASE IN TEMPERATURE of medium because speed of light in
a medium increases with increase in temperature.
92. Light of a single color is passed through a liquid having a piece of glass suspended in it. On changing
the temperature of liquid, at a particular temperature the glass piece is not see. (i) When is the glass
piece not seen? (ii) Why is the light of a single color used?Ans. (i) The glass piece is not seen when the
refractive index of liquid becomes equal to the refractive index of glass. (ii) Light of a single color is
used because the refractive index of a medium (glass or liquid) is different for the light of different
colors.
93. In figure, a ray of light A incident from air suffers partial reflection and refraction at the boundary of
water. (a) Complete the diagram showing (i) the reflected ray B and (ii) the refracted ray C. (b) How

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are the angles of incidence i and refraction r related?

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Ans. (a) Reflected ray DB and refracted ray DC is shown.
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(b) = is the relation.
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94. Fill in the blanks to complete the following sentences:

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(a) When light travels from a rarer to a denser medium, its speed … … … … .
(b) When light travels from a denser to a rarer medium, its speed … … … … .
(c) The refractive index of glass with respect to air is 3/2. The refractive index of air with respect to
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glass will be … … … … . Ans. (a) decreases, (b) increases (c)

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95. What is a lens? Ans. A lens is a transparent refracting medium, usually glass, bounded by two
curved surfaces which are generally spherical.
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96. What are different kinds of lenses? Ans. Lenses are divided into two broad classes: (i) Convex
lens, (ii) Concave lens.
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97. What is the other name of Convex lens. Ans. The other name of convex lens is Converging lens.
98. What is the other name of concave lens. Ans. The other name of concave lens is Diverging lens.
99. Define the term ‘focal length’of a lens. Ans. The distance between the optical centre and principle
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focus of a lens is called the focal length of the lens.

100. Define the term ‘principal axis’of a lens. Ans. An imaginary line joining the centre of curvature of
two spherical surface of a lens is called principal axis.
101. What can you say about the nature of a lens from the sign of its focal length? Ans. If the focal length
is positive, the lens is convex. If the focal length is negative, the lens is concave.
102. A lens forms an upright and diminished image of an object irrespective of its position. What kind of
less is this? Ans. Concave lens.
103. A lens forms an inverted image of an object. What kind of lens is this? Ans. Convex lens.
104. Give any two characteristics of the image produced by a convex lens. Ans. A concave lens produces
an erect and magnified image.
105. Give any two characteristics of the image produced by a concave lens. Ans. A concave lens produces
a virtual and diminished image.
106. Where should an object be placed so that a real and inverted image of the same size as object is
obtained using a convex lens? Ans. The object should be placed at twice the focal length of lens.

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107. For what position of an object a real and diminished image is formed by a convex lens? Ans. Beyond 2F.
108. A convex lens forms the image of an object equal to the size of the object. Where is the object placed
in front of the lens? Ans. At 2F.
109. Where should an object be placed in order to use a convex lens as a magnifying glass? The object to be
viewed should be placed within its focus.
110. Name a lens which always forms an erect and virtual image. Ans. Concave lens.
111. What type of lens is an air bubble inside water? Ans. Concave lens.
112. Give the usual name for the following: “A point inside a lens through which the light passes undeviated”.
Ans. Optical centre.
113. Write the definition of diopter. Ans. One diopter is the power of a lens of focal length one meter.
114. State the nature of a lens having a power of -10D. Ans. Concave lens.
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115. Express the formula for magnifying power of a microscope. Ans. Magnifying power, m = 1 +
f
where D = distance between the virtual image and optical centre, and f = focal length of the lens.
116. What type of a lens can be used as a magnifying glass? Ans. A convex lens.

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117. In which unit the physical quantity the power of a lens is measured? Ans. In diopter.

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118. How is the power of a lens related to its focal length. Ans. Power of a lens = Focal length of the lens
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119. Which type of lens has negative power? Ans. Concave lens.
120. Which type of lens has positive power? Ans. Convex lens.
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121. Which of the two has a greater power: a lens of short focal length or a lens with large focal length? Ans.
A lens of short focal length has more power.
122. What will be the net power of a combination of two lenses placed in contact with each other?Ans. The
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net power of combination of two lenses will be equal to the algebraic sum of their powers.
123. Is it possible to converge the rays of light by a concave lens? Ans. No.
124. Which of the two, convex or concave, is a diverging lens? Ans. Concave lens.
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125. State whether a concave lens has a real or virtual focus. Ans. Virtual focus.
126. What will be the nature of the image, real or virtual, if a lens forms an inverted image of an object?
Ans. Real image.
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127. If the image formed by a lens is always diminished and erect, what is the nature of the lens? Ans.
Concave lens.
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128. Which lens is used for projecting the image on the screen? Ans. Convex lens.
129. If a part of a lens is covered with a black strip of paper, will its focal length increases, decrease or
remain unchanged? Ans. The focal length of lens will remain unchanged.
130. What condition do you think should be when a ray of light passes undeviated through a lens? Ans. The
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ray of light is incident towards the optical centre of the lens.

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131. What condition do you think should be if a lens has both its focal lengths equal? Ans. The medium on
both sides of the lens is same.
132. State two application of a convex lens. Ans. A convex lens is used: (i) By watchmakers. (ii) as an
objective lens in a telescope.
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133. State two application of a concave lens. Ans. A concave lens is used: (i) as an eyelens in a telescope.
(ii) in spectacles for correcting shortsightedness.
134. How can the magnifying power of a microscope be increased? Ans. The magnifying power of a
microscope can be increased by using the lens of short focal length.
135. Which physical quantity does the unit diopter represent? Ans. The unit diopter represents the power
of a lens.
Fill in the blanks:
136. A lens with one plane surface and other convex is called ......... lens. Ans. Plano-convex.
137. A ray of light coming parallel to the principal axis, passes through the ......... after refraction in a convex
lens. Ans. Principle focus.
138. A ........ lens diverges the parallel rays of light coming from a point. Ans. Concave.
139. The image of an object positioned at the focus is formed at ......... Ans. Infinity.
140. The image formed by a convex lens is ........., .......... and .......... when an object is beyond 2F.

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 REFRACTION OF LIGHT AT PLANE SURFACES , LENSES AND SPECTRUM.
Ans. Real, inverted and diminished.
141. The image formed by a concave lens is ..........., ........ and ......... Ans. Virtual, erect and diminished.
142. When an object is between F and 2F in a convex lens, the image will form ........ on the other side of the
lens. Ans. Beyond 2F.
143. A reading lens is a ......... lens. Ans. Convex.
144. A point in a lens at which a ray of light suffers no refraction is called ......... Ans. Optical centre.
145. The magnification of the image of an object placed at 2F is ......... Ans. One.

State whether True and False:

146. A concave lens kept at a proper distance from an object can form its real image. Ans. False.
147. If the rays of light from a point object actually meet at a point after refraction, the image is virtual. Ans. False.
148. A ray of light incident parallel to the principal axis of a lens passes undeviated after refraction. Ans. False.
149. A ray of light incident at optical centre of a lens emerges parallel to the principal axis after refraction.
Ans. False.
150. A convex lens produces a virtual, inverted and magnified image of an object lies at infinity. Ans.False.

A
Choose the correct answer from the choices a, b, c & d.

DR
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VIDYA VIKAS KENDRA

151. A convex lens (a) is thick at the centre and thin at the periphery. (b) is thin at the center and thick at the
periphery. (c) has one surface plane and the other concave. (d) is thin at the centre with one plane
surface. Ans. a.
EN
152. The point through which a ray of light passes without suffer deviation is called (a) pole. (b) focus. (c)
centre of curvature. (iv) optical centre. Ans. d.
153. Which of the following lenses would you prefer to use while reading small letters found in a dictionary?
K
(a) A convex lens of focal length 50 cm (b) A concave lens of focal length 50 cm (c) A convex lens of
focal length 5 cm (d) A concave lens of focal length 5 cm Ans. c.
154. Parallel rays of light entering a convex lens always converge at (a) the focal plane. (b) the principal
AS

focus. (c) a point on the principal axis. (d) the centre of curvature. Ans. b.
155. An object is placed 50 cm from a convex lens of focal length 30 cm. The image formed will be (a)
inverted and of the same size as the object. (b) inverted and diminished. (c) inverted and magnified. (d)
K

erect and diminished. Ans. c.

156. An object is placed at a distance of 5 cm from a convex lens of focal length 10 cm. The image formed
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will be (a) real and inverted. (b) real and enlarged. (c) virtual and diminished. (d) virtual and enlarged.
Ans. d.
157. A magnified and erect image is obtained when an object is placed in front of a convex lens. The
A

distance of the object from the lens will be (a) greater than three focal lengths. (b) equal to two focal
lengths. (c) between one and two focal lengths. (d) less than one focal length. Ans. d.
DY

158. The magnification for a concave lens is always (a) less than one. (b) equal to one. (c) more than one. (d)
nothing can be said. Ans. a.
159. A concave lens forms the image of an object which is (a) virtual, inverted and diminished. (b) virtual,
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upright and diminished. (c) virtual, inverted and enlarged. (d) virtual, upright and enlarged.Ans. b.
1 1 1
160. What is a the formulas of Lens. Ans. - = .
v u f
I v
161. What is a the formulas of Magnification. Ans. m = = .
0 u
1
162. What is a the formulas of Power of Lens. Ans. P = .
f
1 1 1
163. What is a the formulas of Mirror. Ans. = + .
f v u
164. What is a the formulas of Power of combination. Ans. P = P1 + P2.
165. What is the Unit of power of lens. Ans. The unit of power of lens is dioptre (D).
166. What is the power of a convex lens. Ans. Positive.

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 REFRACTION OF LIGHT AT PLANE SURFACES , LENSES AND SPECTRUM.
167. What is the power of a concave lens. Ans. Negative.
168. How do convex lens look like ? Ans. A convex lens is thicker in the middle than at the edges.
169. How do concave lens look like ? Ans. A concave lens is thinner in the middle than at the edges.
170. One wants to see enlarged image of an object in a lens. What type of lens one should use ? Ans.
A convex lens.
171. Define the term focal length of a lens. Ans. The distance between the optical centre and the principal
focus of a lens is known as its focal length.
172. How is the power of a lens related to its focal length ? Ans. Power of a is the reciprocal of its focal-
1
length in meters. i.e. Power of a lens =
focal-length in metres
173. How does the power of a lens change if its focal length is doubled ? Ans. If the focal-length of lens is
doubled, then its power will be halved.
174. How does the sign (+ or -) of power of a lens determine its divergent or convergent action ? Ans. If the
power of a lens is positive (+), then it has convergent action and if its power is negative (-), then it
has divergent action.
175. Why is white light considered to be polychromatic in nature ? Ans. White light is considered to be

A
polychromatic in nature because it consists of light having several wavelengths.

DR
176. Give the range of the wavelength of those electromagnetic waves which are visible to us. Ans. The
VIDYA VIKAS KENDRA

VIDYA VIKAS KENDRA

o o
range of wavelength of those electromagnetic waves which are visible to us is 4000 A to 8000 A .
177. How does the speed of light in glass change on increasing the wavelength of light? Ans. The speed of

EN
light in glass increase with the increase in wavelength of light.
178. Give one use of the Microwaves. Ans. Microwaves are used in a radar to detect the presence of
aircraft of enemy during war.
179. Give one use of the Ultraviolet radiation. Ans. Ultraviolet radiations are used for sterilizing purposes.
K
180. Give one use of the Infrared radiation. Ans. Infrared radiations are used for therapeutic purpose
by doctors.
AS

181. Name two electromagnetic waves of frequency less than that of red light. Ans. (i) Microwaves (ii)
Radio waves.
o o
182. Write approximate wavelengths for blue. Ans. 4640 A to 5000 A .
K

o o
183. Write approximate wavelength for red light. Ans. 6200 A to 8000 A .
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184. The wavelength of light of red colour is 7 × 10-7 m and that of blue colour is 4 × 10-7 m. Which colour
has a greater speed in vacuum? Ans. Both the colours have the same speed in vacuum.
185. Name the region beyond the red end. Ans. Infrared spectrum.
186. Name the region beyond the violet end of the spectrum. Ans. Ultraviolet spectrum.
A

187. Name any two sources of spectrum. Ans. Sun and sodium vapour.
DY

188. If a monochromatic beam of light undergoes minimum deviation through an equilateral triangular
prism, what change do you expect in the emergent beam with respect to the base of the prism? Ans. The
emergent beam of light will be parallel to the base of prism.
189. State the relation between the speed (c), frequency (f) and wavelength ( λ ) of electromagnetic waves.
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Ans. These are related as c = fλ .

190. If a beam of white light undergoes a minimum deviation through an equilateral triangular prism, what
change do you expect in the emergent beam? Ans. Spectrum is formed.
191. Does the speed of light increase or decrease in glass if the wavelength of light is increased? Ans.
Speed of light increases.
192. Write the range of wavelength of the infrared spectrum. Ans. Infrared spectrum extends in the range
o o
of wavelength 8000 A to 107 A or 8.0 × 10-7 m to 10-3 m.
193. Write the range of wavelength of the ultraviolet spectrum. Ans. The ultraviolet radiation extends in
o o
the range of wavelength 100 A to 4000 A
194. Name the radiations of wavelength longer than 8 × 10-7 m. Ans. Infrared radiation.
195. Name the radiations of wavelength shorter than 3.8 × 10-7 m. Ans. Ultraviolet radiation.

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 REFRACTION OF LIGHT AT PLANE SURFACES , LENSES AND SPECTRUM.
o o
196. What is the range of the wavelength of the visible spectrum? Ans. From 4000 A to 8000 A .
197. In the formation of a spectrum by a prism which colour is least. Ans. Red colour.
198. In the formation of a spectrum by a prism which colour is to maximum extent? Ans. Violet colour.
199. In the formation of a spectrum by a prism which colour lies the green colour from red end. Ans. Yellow colour.
200. In the formation of a spectrum by a prism which colour lies the green colour from violet end.Ans.
Blue colour.
201. What do you understand by the deviation produced by a prism? Ans. Splitting of white light into
different colours after refraction through a prism is called deviation produced by the prism.
202. Name any two sources of ultraviolet radiation. Ans. Sun and electric arc or sparks.
203. Name any two sources of infrared radiation. Ans. Red hot iron ball and flame or file.
204. Give any two such properties of infrared radiation which are not true for visible light. Ans. (i) Infrared
radiations are absorbed by glass. (ii) They are less scattered by the atmosphere because of their
large wavelength.
205. What is meat by the term ‘spectrum’? Ans. The bond of colours obtained by passing white light
through a prism is called the spectrum.

A
206. Name the various colours of the spectrum in order of their increasing deviations. Ans. The various
colours of the spectrum in order of their deviations are red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo

DR
and violet.
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VIDYA VIKAS KENDRA

207. What is the source of production of the X-rays. Ans. They are produced by the excitation of electrons
in the inner orbits of atoms.
208. What is the source of production of the Gamma rays. Ans. Radioactive substances.
209.
210.
EN
What is the source of production of the Microwaves. Ans. Electric devices such as klystron tube.
Name one properties of ultraviolet radiation which are similar to visible light. Ans. They obey the
laws of reflection and refraction.
K
211. Write any one properties that are common to all eletromagnetic waves. Ans. They are not affected
by electric and magnetic fields.
212. What is dispersion of light? Ans. The process of splitting of white light(sunlight) into its constituent
AS

colours is known as dispersion of light.

213. Why is a quartz prism used to obtain the spectrum of ultraviolet radiation but not an ordinary glass?
Ans. It is because the quartz does not absorb the ultraviolet radiation, whereas the ordinary
K

glass absorbs the ultraviolet light.

214. Why danger signals are made red? Ans. Red colour is least scattered due to its maximum wavelength
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and thus can be seen from a large distance. That is why danger signals are made red.
215. Name the instrument used to obtain a pure spectrum. Ans. Spectro meter.
216. Name three sources of visible spectrum. Ans. Sunlight, Electric bulb, Sodium vapour lamp, Bunsen
A

flame.
217. Name two sources of infrared radiation. Ans. (i) A heated iron ball. (2) Fire.
DY

218. Name two sources of ultraviolet radiation. Ans. (1) Electric arc (2) A mercury vapour lamp with
quartz envelop instead of glass.
219. Explain the Infra red radiation are used for the photography in fog. Ans. Since infrared radiations
have long wavelength, they scatter less in the atmosphere and hence, used as signals during the
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war.
220. Explain the photographic darkrooms are provided with infrared lamps. Ans. Because infrared lamps
do not effect the photographic film.
221. Explain the Rock salt prism is used instead of glass prism to obtain the infrared spectrum. Ans. Rock-
salt prism do not absorb infrared radiations where as glass prism absorbs them.
222. Explain the quartz prism is required for obtaining the spectrum of the ultraviolet light. Ans. Ultra
violet radiation can easily pass through quartz envelope where as an ordinary glass absorbs rays.
223. State one useful effect of ultraviolet. Ans. Due to presence of heat radiations, small doses of
infrared radiations can produce therapeutic effect on human body.
224. State one harmful effect of ultraviolet. Ans. Heavy dose of infrared radiations can burn human
skin and living tissues.
225. State one useful effect of infrared radiation on the human body. Ans. The ultraviolet radiation in

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 REFRACTION OF LIGHT AT PLANE SURFACES , LENSES AND SPECTRUM.
o o
the range of wavelength 2800 A to 3200 A provide us Vitamin D.
226. State one harmful effect of infrared radiation on the human body. Ans. The ultraviolet radiations of
o
wavelength shorter than 2800 A causes skin diseases.

227. What do you understand by Radiowaves. Ans. These waves are produced by oscillatory circuits.
They are further classified as short waves, I, II and III etc. They are used for radio transmission.
228. What do you understand by Television waves. Ans. The wave lights of these waves is between 1m
to 1 cm and are produced the same way as radio waves. They are used for T.V. Transmission.
229. What do you understand by Visible Radiation. Ans. These waves are produced by the excitation of
outer electronic shell to a very high order. They help us to see things around us.

Fill in the blanks:

230. The colour of light depends on the ............... of light. Ans. Wavelength.
231. Angle of deviation is least for ......... colour. Ans. Red.

A
232. .............. have longest wavelength among all electromagnets radiation. Ans. Radio waves.
233. ............... are used in a radar. Ans. Microwaves.

DR
VIDYA VIKAS KENDRA

234. ............. rays produce fluorescence. Ans. Ultraviolet.

VIDYA VIKAS KENDRA

235. ............. radiations are used for sterilizing purposes. Ans. Ultraviolet.
236. ............ are the longitude waves. Ans. Sound waves.
237.
238.
239.
EN
............. are used for taking photographs of objects in the dark. Ans. Infrared rays.
............. are the electromagnetic waves of wavelength nearly 10-8cm. Ans. X-rays.
.......... are produced by changes in the nucleus. Ans. Gamma rays.
240. A green leaf appears ........ in day light. Ans. Green.
K
241. A rose appears red in daylight because ......... Ans. It reflects only red light.
242. A piece of red cloth appears red in white light because it .............. blue and green ; and ...........only
AS

red. Ans. Absorbs, reflects.

State whether True or False:

K

243. The phenomenon of splitting of white light into its constituent colours is known as spectrum.Ans. False.
244. Ultraviolet radiations are used for therapeutic purpose by doctors. Ans. False.
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245. White light consists of a mixture of six colours. Ans. False.

246. Red colour is deviated the most and violet the least. Ans. False.
247. The portion of the spectrum just beyond the red end is called the ultraviolet spectrum while the
A

portion of spectrum just beyond violet end is called infrared spectrum. Ans. False.
DY

o o
248. Wavelength range of the ultraviolet rays is 0.1 A to 8000 A . Ans. False.
249. To obtain a pure spectrum, the prism should be placed in the position of maximum deviation.Ans. False.
250. All the colours the same width in the spectrum. Ans. False.
VI

Choose the correct answer from the choice a, b, c and d.

251. The portion of spectrum just beyond the red end is called (a) the ultraviolet spectrum. (b) the infrared spectrum.
(c) both ultraviolet spectrum and infrared spectrum.(d) neither infrared nor ultraviolet spectrum. Ans. b.
252. A radiation X is focused, on the bulb of a thermometer. Mercury in the thermometer shows a rapid
increase. The radiation X is (a) infrared radiation. (b) visible light. (c) ultraviolet radiation. (d) X-rays. Ans. b.
253. The colour of light which is deviated least by a prism in the spectrum of white light is (a) red (b) green
(c) violet (iv) yellow. Ans. a.
254. Which of the following is a source of ultraviolet light? (a) Electric bulb (b) Red hot iron ball (c)
Sodium vapour lamp. (d) Carbon arc lamp. Ans. d.
255. The colours of an opaque object is the colour which it (a) reflects (b) absorbs (c) transmits (d) scatters.
Ans. a.
256. The colours of a transparent body is the colours which it (a) reflects (b) absorbs (c) transmits (d)scatters. Ans. c.
NOTES MADE BY : A . MADHUSUDHAN RAO - 13 of 17 -
 REFRACTION OF LIGHT AT PLANE SURFACES , LENSES AND SPECTRUM.
257. Dispersion of light by a glass prism takes place because (a) the light of different colours have different
intensities. (b) the light of different colours have different speed in a medium. (c) different colours
have different frequencies. (d) the light of different colours have different energy. Ans. b.
o
258. A wave length has a wavelength of 0.01 A . Name the wave. Ans. Gamma rays.
259. Name the seven prominent colours of visible spectrum. Ans. Violent, Indigo, Blue, Green, Yellow,
Orange and Red.
260. Name four colours of the spectrum of white light which have wavelength longer than blue light.
Ans. Green, yellow, orange and red.
261. What is the principle of reversibility of light? Ans. According to the principle of reversibility,the
path of a ray of light is reversible.
262. What is the refractive index of an opaque body? Ans. For an opaque medium, speed of light =0, ∴
S p eed o f lig h t in air
μ = = ∞.
0
263. What is the unit of refractive index? Ans. As it is pure ratio, refractive index has no unit.
264. Is reflection also take place with refraction? Ans. Yes.

A
265. A ray of light when passes from medium A to medium B, it bends away form the normal. Which of the
two media is optically rarer medium? Ans. Medium B.

DR
266. What is the refractive index of vacuum. Ans. Unity.
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VIDYA VIKAS KENDRA

267. What is the refractive index of water. Ans. 1.33.
268. State the approximate value of the critical angle for glass-air surface. Ans. 42o.

EN
269. Does total internal reflection occurs when light passes a from rarer medium to a denser medium? Ans. No.
270. What do you understand by the term ‘angle of refraction’? Ans. It is angle formed between the
normal and refracted ray at the point of incident.
271. How the angle of incidence (i), angle of emergence (e), angle of prism (A) and angle of deviation ( δ )
K
are related to each other? Ans. It has been found that for all values of angle of incidence: ∠ A +
∠ δ = ∠ i + ∠ e.
AS

272. A light ray is incident from a denser medium on the boundary separating it from a rarer medium at an
angle of incidence equal to the critical angle. What is the angle of refraction for the ray? Ans. It is 90o.
273. Which material among the reflecting media has maximum refractive index? Ans. Diamond.
K

274. For which colour of white light, is the refractive index of a transparent medium least? Ans. Red.
275. For which colour of white light, is the refractive index of a transparent medium maximum?Ans. Violet.
VI

276. A ray of light does not undergo refraction at the boundary between one media. What will be the angle
of incidence? Ans. 0oC.
277. A ray of light does not undergo refraction at the boundary between one media. What will be the angle
A

of refraction? Ans. 180oC.

278. What is meant by the following statement? “The refractive index of glass for white light is 1.5.”
DY

Ans. It means the speed of white light in glass is 1.5 times less than in air or vacuum.
279. What do you understand by the term ‘refraction of light’? Ans. The change in the direction of path
of a ray of light, when it passes from one transparent medium to another transparent medium,
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is called refraction of light.

280. What causes refraction of light? Ans. The refraction of light occurs because light travels with
different speeds in different media.
281. Define the term ‘angle of incidence’. Ans. The angle formed between the normal and the incident
ray at the point of incident is called the angle of incidence.
282. Define angle of deviation. Ans. The angle between incident ray produced forward and the emergent
ray produced backward is called the angle of deviation.
283. What do you understand by the term ‘refractive index of a medium’? Ans. Refraction index of a
medium is the ratio of the speed of light in vacuum to the speed of light in the respective medium.
284. On what factors does the refraction index of a medium depend? Ans. The refractive index of a
medium depends on its nature, physical conditions and colour or wavelength of light.
285. What do you understand by the term ‘lateral displacement’? Ans. The perpendicular distance between
emergent ray and original ray produced is called lateral displacement.
286. Define a prism. Ans. A prism is a transparent refracting medium bounded by two plane surfaces
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 REFRACTION OF LIGHT AT PLANE SURFACES , LENSES AND SPECTRUM.
inclined at some angle.
o o
287. What is the ratio of the velocities of lights of wavelength 4000 A And 8000 A in vacuum?
Ans.Velocity of light does not depend on the medium it travels through. Hence, the ratio of the
velocities of two light is 1 : 1.
288. Define absolute refractive index of a medium. Ans. When the reflective index of a medium is
defined with respect to vacuum, it is called the absolute refractive index of the medium.
289. State the one law of refraction. Ans. The incident ray, the refracted ray the normal at the point of
incidence lie in the same plane.
290. What is the unit of refractive index? Ans. It has not units.
291. How does the angle of deviation depend on the angle of prism? Ans. The angle of deviation increases
with the increase of the angle of the prism.
292. State the approximate value of the critical angle for glass-air surface. Ans. 41o48, or 42o.
293. Define the Incident ray. Ans. A ray of light, travelling towards another optical medium is called
incident ray.
294. Define the Point of incidence. Ans. The point where an incident ray strikes on another optical
medium is called point of incidence.

A
295. Define the Normal. Ans. A perpendicular drawn at the point of incidence is called normal.

DR
296. Define the Angle of incidence. Ans. The angle which the incident ray makes with normal, is
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VIDYA VIKAS KENDRA

called angle of incidence.
297. Define the Angle of refraction. Ans. The angle which the refracted ray makes with normal, is
called angle of refraction.
EN
298. State two actions that a total reflecting prism can produce. Ans. (i) Deviate a ray of light through
90o. (ii) Deviate a ray of light through 180o.
299. What is the speed of light in vacuum. Ans. Speed of light in vacuum = 3 × 108 ms-1.
K
300. What is refraction index of water? Ans. Refraction index of water is 1.33.
301. Does reflection also take place with the refraction? Ans. Yes.
302. Name the colour of white light which is deviated (i) the most, (ii) the least, on passing through a
AS

prism. Ans. (i) Violet colour. (ii) Red colour.

Fill in the blanks to complete the following sentences :

K

303. When light travels from a rarer to a denser medium, it bends .............. Ans. Towards the normal.
VI

304. When light travels from a denser to a rarer medium, it bends .............. Ans. Away from the normal.
305. The refractive index of glass with respect to air is 3/2. The refractive index of air with respect of glass
will be .......... Ans. 2/3.
306. Angle of deviation is the angle which the ........... ray makes with the ............ ray. Ans. Emergent,
A

incident.
DY

307. Total internal reflection occurs when a ray of light passes from a ........... medium to a .........medium.
Ans. Denser, rarer.
308. Critical angle is the angle of .......... for which the angle of ...... is ....Ans. Incidence, refraction, 90o.
309. For total internal reflection, angle of incidence in the denser medium should be ....... than critical
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angle. Ans. Greater.

1
310. Sine of critical angle = ........... Ans.
μ
V elo c ity o f lig h t in ...............
311. μ = . Ans. Vacuum, medium.
V e lo city o f lig h t in a.............
sin i
312. sin r = . Ans. μ
................
313. The twinkling of stars is due to ............ Ans. Refraction.
314. When a ray of light strikes the surface of separation of two optical media at right angles, it .........
suffer any ........... Ans. Does not, refraction.

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 REFRACTION OF LIGHT AT PLANE SURFACES , LENSES AND SPECTRUM.
State whether True or False:

315. The refracted ray inside a prism travels perpendicular to the base if the prism is equilateral. Ans.
False.
4
316. If the refracted index of glass with respect to air is , the refractive index of air with respect to glass
3
4
will also be . Ans. False.
3
317. Refractive index of red light is greater than that of violet light. Ans. False.
318. The critical angle for a pair of media is less for red light and more for violet light. Ans. False.
319. A total reflecting prism is used to deviate a ray of light through 80o and 180o. Ans. False.
320. When a ray of light passes from one medium to another, its direction does not change but the frequency
changes. Ans. False.
321. If the angle of incidence is less than critical angle, light is not refracted at all when it falls on the
surface from a denser medium to a rarer medium. Ans. False.

A
322. The phenomenon of mirage which can be observed on a hot sunny day is a consequence of total
internal reflection. Ans. True.

DR
323. Lateral displacement decreases with the increase in thickness of the medium and angle of incidence.
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Ans. False.
324. The deviation produced by a prism is independent of the angle of incident and is same for all the
colours of light. Ans. False.
325.
EN
If the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle, light is not refracted at all, when it falls on
the surface from a denser medium to a rarer medium. Ans. True.
K
Choose the correct answer from the choices a, b, c & d.

326. A ray of light enters air from glass at an angle, of incidence equal to 42o which is the critical angle for
AS

this pair of media. The angle of refraction will be equal to (a) 0o (b) 45o (c) 90o (d)180o. Ans. c.
327. Which of the following has the highest refractive index? (a) Glass (b) Water (c) Diamond (d)Ruby.
Ans. c.
K

4 3
328. The refraction indices of water and glass with respect to air are and respectively. The refractive
3 2
VI

4 3 4 3 4 3 3 4
index of water with respect to glass will be (a) - (b) + (c) ÷ (d) ÷ . Ans. c.
3 2 3 2 3 2 2 3
A

329. The refraction indices normally on the surface of water. Its angle of refraction in water is (a) 90o (b)
180o (c) 0o (d) 45o. Ans. c.
DY

330. A drop of water appears like a silver drop due to (a) reflection. (b) refraction (c) total internal reflection
(d) none of these. Ans. c.
331. When a ray of light passes from one medium to another, which of the following does not change?
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(a) Wavelength (b) Frequency (c) Speed (d) Intensity. Ans. b.

332. The deviation produced by an eqilateral prism, when a ray of light is incident on it, does not depend
on the (a) angle of incidence. (b) colour of light. (c) material of the prism. (d) size of the prism. Ans.
d.
333. When a ray of light enters a denser medium, it (a) bends away from the normal (b) bends towards the
normal (c) goes undeviated (d) is reflected back Ans. b.
334. The depth of a water pond appears 1.5m. The refractive index of water with respect to air is 4/3. The
actual depth of water in the pond is (a) 4.5m (b) 4m. (c) 3m (d) 2m Ans. d.
335. If a light ray does not undergo refraction at a boundary between two media, the angle of incidence is
(a) 0o (b) 45o (c) 60o (d) 90o Ans. a.
336. For which colour of white light, is the refractive index of glass the most? Ans. Violet colour.
337. A ray of light passes from air to water as show in fig. Which of the ray A, B, C and D is the correct
refracted ray? Ans. Ray C.

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 REFRACTION OF LIGHT AT PLANE SURFACES , LENSES AND SPECTRUM.

338. How is the angle of emergence related to the angle of incidence when prism is in the position of
minimum deviation? Ans. When the prism is in the minimum deviation position, the angle of
emergence is equal to the angle of incidence.
339. A ray of light passes through an equilateral glass prism such that the refracted ray inside the prism is
parallel to its base. How is the angle of emergence ‘e’related to the angle of incidence ‘i’.
Ans. e = i.

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A
DR
VIDYA VIKAS KENDRA

VIDYA VIKAS KENDRA

EN
K
AS
K
VI
A
DY
VI

NOTES MADE BY : A . MADHUSUDHAN RAO - 17 of 17 -