Week four lesson plan on chemistry for SS2

Theme: Periodic table

Sub Theme: Hydrogen
Gender: Mixed
Date: 29th, January to February 2nd, 2024
Period: 2nd and 3rd
Time: 8:40am to 10am
Duration: 1hour 20min
Methodology: Explanation and demonstration method
Teaching Objectives: By the end of the lesson, the learners should be able to:
1. Write the electronic Configuration of hydrogen,
2. Mention the Isotopes of hydrogen
3. Describe Laboratory and Industrial preparation of hydrogen
4. List Physical and chemical properties,
5. Mention Compounds of hydrogen,
6. List the Uses of hydrogen
7. Describe the test for hydrogen
Teaching Aids: periodic table
Introduction: The teacher introduces the lesson by writing the topic on the board and ask the
learners questions
Presentation: the teacher uses the following steps to teach the topic
Step 1: the teacher Writes the electronic Configuration of hydrogen,
Step 2: the teacher Mentions the Isotopes of hydrogen
Step 3: the teacher Describes Laboratory and Industrial preparation of hydrogen
Step 4: the teacher Lists Physical and chemical properties,
Step 5: the teacher Mentions Compounds of hydrogen,
Step 6: the teacher Lists the Uses of hydrogen
Step 7: the teacher Describes the test for hydrogen
Evaluation: the teacher evaluates the lesson by asking the learners questions
Conclusion: Teacher concludes the lesson by writing the note on the board
Assignment: the teacher gives the learners assignment after the note

WEEK 4
TOPIC: HYDROGEN
CONTENT:
 1. Configuration, possible oxidation, Isotopes of hydrogen and unique Position of hydrogen
of hydrogen in periodic table,
2. Laboratory and Industrial preparation of hydrogen
3. Physical and chemical properties,
4. Compounds of hydrogen, Uses and test of hydrogen.

PERIOD 1: CONFIGURATION, POSSIBLE OXIDATION AND ISOTOPES OF

HYDROGEN AND UNIQUE POSITION OF HYDROGEN OF HYDROGEN IN
PERIODIC TABLE.

Hydrogen is the first element in the periodic table with nucleus and electron. It is a gas; diatomic
molecule in which two atoms of hydrogen are covalently bonded. The atomic number of hydrogen
is one. The electronic configuration of hydrogen is 1s1. It has oxidation number of +1 and -1

ISOTOPES OF HYDROGEN

Hydrogen exhibits Isotope with Hydrogen or protium [11H], Deuterium or heavy hydrogen [21H or
D] and tritium [31H or T] as the Isotopes. These Isotopes have relative atomic masses of 1, 2 and
3 respectively.
HYDROGEN ISOTOPES

The Isotopes have similar chemical properties but different physical properties although tritium
is radioactive.

UNIQUE POSITION OF HYDROGEN IN THE PERIODIC TABLE

It can lose this single electron to form positive ions[H+] just like the elements in groups [Li, Na,
K, Rb, Cs and Fr] and based on the argument it can be considered to be placed in group 1 along
with group 1 elements. However, the H+ ion is not stable like ions formed by group 1 elements.
Most of the properties of H+ are not similar to the properties of group I elements.

Hydrogen can also gain one electron to form hydride ion (H-) similar to halogens (group 7
elements) forming halides ion. Thus hydrogen is unique and anomalous in being similar to two
different groups of elements. With electro positive alkali and alkali-earth metals, hydrogen forms
compounds like LiH, NaH, and CaH2 etc. Similar to halogens form LiCl, Na, CaCl2 etc. On being
electrolysed these hydrides yield hydrogen or halogen at the anode showing the similarities
between the two. The ionization energy of hydrogen and halogen are comparable. While those of
alkali- metal are very low. It is similar to halogen in been a non-metal, a bad conductor of heat and
electricity and diatomic. Hydrogen form covalent compound like those of halogens.

PERIOD 2: LABORATORY AND INDUSTRIAL PREPARATION OF HYDROGEN.

Laboratory preparation of hydrogen:

Hydrogen is liberated when active metals react with dilute mineral acid, water or steam.e.g action
of zinc on H2SO4

Zn(s) + H2SO4(aq) → ZnSO4 (aq) +H2 (g)

The hydrogen gas is dried by passing it through Calcium chloride. The apparatus is set up as
shown below.

Dilute hydrochloric acid can also be used in place of H2SO4. Magnesium and iron can be used in
the place of zinc.
Zn(s) + 2HCl (aq) → ZnCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)
Mg(s) + H2SO4 (aq) → MgSO4(aq) + H2 (g)
Dilute trioxonitrates (v) acid is never used in the preparation of hydrogen because of its strong
oxidizing property and it produces water instead of hydrogen on reaction with metals. However,
very dilute trioxonitates (v) acid give out hydrogen on reaction with Magnesium.
Hydrogen can also be prepared in the laboratory in the following ways,
1. By the action of Sodium hydroxide on zinc metal or aluminium.
Zn(s) + 2NaOH(aq) → Na2ZnO2(s) + H2(g)
2Al(s) + 2NaOH(aq) + 2H2O(l) → 2NaAlO2(s) + 3H2 (g)
2. Action of steam on heated metals e.g. Iron, Magnesium.
3Fe(s) + 4H2O(g) → 2NaOH(aq) + H2(g)
PREPARATION OF DRY HYDROGEN
The hydrogen gas produced in the first method of flask containing concentrated tetraoxosulphate
(vi) acid or anhydrous calcium (ii) chloride as d drying agents.
SUB TOPIC 2: INDUSRIAL PREPARATION OF HYDROGEN
Hydrogen can be prepared industrially by different methods. These methods are as follows;
From water gas; in this case, water gas and excess stream are passed over a catalyst such as Iron
(III) oxide, Fe2O3 at a temperature of 723k. The products are hydrogen and carbon (iv) oxide as
shown in the equation below.
CO(g) + H2 (g) + H2O ⇌ CO2 (g) +2H2 (g)
It is a reversible reaction. CO2 is dissolved in water under pressure of 30atm or absorbed by caustic
soda, leaving hydrogen in good yield. This is Bosch process.
H2O(l) + CO2( g) → H2CO3(aq)
METHOD 2
From natural gas. E.g methane – when natural gas is heated to a temperature of 1000℃ [thermal
cracking] hydrogen is produced as shown in the equation below
1000𝑜 𝐶
CH4(g) → 2H2(g) + C(s)
Methane [CH4] is one of the main constituents of natural gas.
METHOS 3 – FROM HYDROCARBONS
When hydrocarbon e.g methane or propane mixed with steam it is heated to a temperature of 800℃
in the presence of nickel catalysts, CO(g) and H2(g) are produced.
𝑁𝑖
CH4(g) + H2O(g) → CO(g) + 3H2(g)
The mixture of carbon (ii) oxide and hydrogen gas is called synthestic gas. The mixture of [CO (g)
+ H2(g) is reacted with more steam
CO(g) + H2(g) + H2O(g) ⇋ CO2(g) + 2H2(g)
The CO2(g) is removed by absorption in water or any alkali such as Sodium hydroxide [NaOH]
solution.
METHOD 4 – FROM COAL
Here, steam is passed over red-hot coal to obtain water gas[CO + H2]:
C(s) + H2O(g) → CO(g) + H2(g)
The water gas [CO + H2] is reacted with more steam in the presence of nickel or platinum catalyst
to produce CO(g) + H2(g) + H2O(g) ⇋ CO2(g) + 2H2(g)
METHOD 5- FROM ELECTROLYSIS OF BRINE
Hydrogen is obtained as a by- production in the electrolysis of brine for the large scale production
of Sodium hydroxide and Chlorine H2 can also be produced by electrolysis of acidified water
PERIOD 3; PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF HYDROGEN
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
1. It is a colourless, odourless and tasteless gas which burns in air with a high pitch sound.
2. It is combustible and when it burns in the absence of gas, it burns quietly with pale blue flame.
3. It is the highest known gas.
4. It is 14.4 times less than air.
5. It exists ad diatomic molecule [H2 ]
6. At high pressure, hydrogen can be liquefy at a critical temperature of -235℃
7. It is neutral to litmus and is insoluble in water
8. It does not support combustion.
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
The chemical reactions of hydrogen arise from the fact that it can donate its single electron to form
a positive ion [H+]; it can accept electron [to give a dublet structure] to form a negative hydride
ion [H-] and it can share electron with another atom to form a covalent molecule.
1. Hydrides of hydrogen: An important reaction of hydrogen is the formation of hydride with
metals and non-metals.
(i) Metallic hydrides: Hydrogen is slightly electro negative and forms ionic hydrides e.g. NaH
(Na+ + H-) with alkali metals which are strongly electro positive. These hydrides contain
the hydride ion H-
2Li + H2 → 2LiH (Lithium hydride)

Ca + H2 → CaH2[ Calcium hydride]

The hydrides react with water with the liberation of hydrogen.
CaH2(s) + 2H2O(l) → Ca[OH]2(aq) + 2H2(g)
(ii) Non-metallic hydrides: Hydrogen forms mainly covalent compounds with less electropositive
metals [e.g. aluminium] and with non-metals. These are covalent hydrides. The reaction is
spontaneous as shown in the reaction with fluorine and chlorine.
F2(g) + H2(g) → 2HF -------------------(1)

Cl2(g) + H2(g) → 2HCl (g) -----------------(2)

The reaction with chlorine is explosive in the presence of sunlight. Reactions with oxygen, sulphur
and nitrogen require the use of catalyst.
Hydrogen reacts with molten sulphur to form hydrogen sulphide which smells like a rotten egg
and it also reacts with nitrogen to form ammonia.
H2(g) + S(s) → H2S(g) ------------(3)

3H2(g) + N2(g) → 2NH3(g)---------(4)

1. Hydrogen is strong reducing agent when it is passed over the heated oxides as shown below.
PbO(s) + H2(g) → Pb(s) + H2O(g)
FeO4(s) + 4H2(g) ⇌ 3Fe(s) + 4H2O(g)
The reaction of tri-iron tetraoxide and hydrogen is a reversible reaction, other reduction reaction
are
i. CuO(s) + H2(g) → Cu(s) + H2O(g)
ii. ZnO(s) + H2(g) → Zn(s) + H2O(g)
iii. Fe2O3 + 3H2(g) → 2Fe(s) + 3H2O(g)
2. Hydrogen burns in air with pop sound and with formation of water [steam] as shown in the
equation below.
2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(g)
The reaction is explosive and gives out a large amount heat.
PERIOD 4 : USES OF HYDROGEN AND COMPOUNDS OF HYDROGEN
1. It is used in the synthesis of ammonia as shown in the equation below
N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⇌ 2NH3(g)
The ammonia formed is used in the manufacture of fertilizers, drugs, plastics, wares, dyes among
others.
2. It is used in the hardening of vegetable and animal oils for the manufacture of Margarine,
candles, soap among others. The hydrogenation reaction occurs at high pressure and in
presence of catalyst.
3. It is used to inflate airships and balloons, but hydrogen is very flammable. The use of
hydrogen in balloons, but hydrogen in very flammable. The use of hydrogen in balloons is
due to its low density.
4. In oxy-hydrogen flames, small quantities of hydrogen are required to produce high
temperature that can melt metals.
5. It is used in the synthesis of methanol and HCl(aq)
6. Hydrogen + powder coal + oil at high pressure and temperature when a mixture of
hydrocarbon is called synthetic petroleum from petrol (gasoline) and lubricants are obtained.
7. Gaseous hydrogen is a constituent of coal gas and water gas, and liquid hydrogen is used as
rocket fuel.
COMPOUNDS OF HYDROGEN
When hydrogen combines with other elements it forms hydrides
1. The hydrides of alkali and alkaline earth metals are crystalline solids with high melting
points that conduct electricity when molten. They react with water to liberate hydrogen gas.
CaH2 + 2H2O → Ca(OH)2 + 2H2

2. Boron and aluminium form complex covalent hydrides which are important reducing
agents especially in organic chemistry. Some of them are lithium tetrahydridoaluminate (iii) and
sodium tetrahydridoborate (iii)

TEST FOR HYDROGEN

If a lighted splint is plunged into a gas jar of hydrogen, it gives a pop sound.

GENERAL EVALUATION

OBJECTIVE TEST:

1. If the valency of hydrogen is one and that of oxygen is two the formula is ___________. (a)
HO2 (b) H2O (c) 2OH (d) H2O3
2. One of the Isotopes of hydrogen is _____________. (a) Ozone (b) Deuterium (c) diamond (d)
graphite
3. Hydrogen is prepared in the laboratory by the action of dilute H2SO4 on the following metals
except (a) Zn (b) Na (c)Al (d)Fe
4. The gas given out when sodium reacts with water is ........... (a) oxygen (b) hydrogen (c)
nitrogen (d) Chlorine
5. On a large scale hydrogen is produced from ___________ (a) producer gas (b) water gas (c)
coke (d) coal tar

ESSAY QUESTIONS

1. Describe how you can prepare a sample of hydrogen in the laboratory

2. Discuss the reducing properties of this gas
3. How do you test for hydrogen in the lab?
4. Enumerate five uses of hydrogen
Describe commercial preparation of hydrogen.