MSc in Civil Engineering

BLT4014
Analysis of Water Systems
Examples
Free Vortex Example
A point on the surface of a free vortex is at a radius of 300mm from the vortex centre
and 375mm above a datum. The natural free surface, unaffected by the vortex, is
600mm above datum. Determine the radius where the vortex free surface is 215mm
above datum.
H z =
2
2
gr 2
c
0.6 0.375 =
2
2
0.3 . g 2
c

g 2
c
2
= 0.020
At z = 0.215m
then, 0.6 0.215 = 0.385 =
2
020 . 0
r

385 . 0
020 . 0
r
= 0.228m
Free Vortex Example
2
Sea water ( = 1025 kg/m
3
) flows through a rectangular culvert ( 1.6m wide x 2.4
high). At a certain section, the culvert describes a horizontal circular arc of mean
radius 8m. It is found that a pressure difference of 56 N/m
2
exists between the inner
and outer walls of the culvert. Assuming that the sea water flows through the culvert
under free vortex conditions, calculate the flow rate.
v =
r
c
i.e. greater velocity at inner radius
Applying Bernoulli between O and I :-
g
p
o

+
g 2
v
2
o
+ z
o
=
g
p
I

+
g 2
v
2
I
+ z
I
g
p p
I o

=
g 2
c
2
1
]
1

2
o
2
I
r
1
r
1
1
]
1

2 2
2
8 . 8
1
2 . 7
1
2
c
1025
56
= 0.0032c
2
c
0032 . 0 x 1025
56
= 4.132m
2
/s
Now v =
r
c
and v =
r
c
( v is mean celocity)
v =
8
132 . 4
= 0.517 m/s
Q = v x A = 0.517 x 1.6 x 2.4 = 1.984 m
3
/s
Forced Vortex Example
A closed vertical cylinder, 450mm dia & 700mm high containing some water, is
rotated about its vertical axis at a speed of 270 r.p.m. When stationary, the water
3
inside the cylinder fills the cylinder to a depth of 640mm, the remainder being air at
atmospheric pressure. Calculate the force on the end plates of the cylinder.
= 270 rpm = 2

.
60
270
= 28.274 rad/s
Water volume =
4
d
2

x h = 0.64 x
4
0.45 x
2

= 0.102m
3
(this volume remains constant, since the cylinder is closed)
When rotating the water profile becomes the paraboloid CDE, now
Vol of water = vol of cylinder vol of paraboloid
i.e. 0.102 =
4
45 . 0 x
2

x 0.07 -
2
1
x

x.
2
o
r x z
5.940 x 10
3
=
2
o
r x z __________ 1
* Note: Vol of paraboloid = vol. of circumscribing cylinder.
Now, z =
c
g 2
r
2 2
+

(Equation 5 in notes p.6)

Using the origin of the parabola as datum, i.e. D (datum) when r = 0, z = 0 c = 0
And when r = r
o
, then z = z
1
z
1
=
9.81 x 2
r x 28.274

g 2
r
2
0
2 2
o
2

= 40.745 r
o
2
______ 2
Substituting in 1 :-
4
5.940 x 10
3
= r
o
2
(40.745 r
o
2
)

o
r = 0.140m
z
1
= 0.492m
To determine the force on the base and lid, first consider the pressure distribution
(Equation 6 in notes p.6):-
z - c
2g
r

g
p
2 2
+

As before, c = 0

g
p

=
g 2
r
2 2

- z _______3
z at lid = 0.492m
The water is in contact with the lid between r = r
o
and r = r
1
,
Consider annulus, r wide, force on annulus, F = p . 2

r r. So to find the
force on the lid, integrate between r = r
o
and r = r
1
i.e. F
L
=
1 r r
ro r

P . 2

r.
but P =
g
1
]
1

Z -
g 2
r
2 2
( From equation 3)
=
g
1
]
1

0.492 -
g 2
r
2 2

L
F
= 2

g
1 r
ro
r r 0.492 -
g 2
r
2 2

1
]
1

= 61638
1 r
ro [ ] 0.492r - r 745 . 40
3
r
= 61638 [ ]
225 . 0
110 . 0
2 4
0.246r - r 186 . 10
L
F
= 933N
5
Now consider the base,
z = 0.208m (-ve since below datum D)
and F
B
= 2

g
1 r
ro
1
]
1

(-0.208) -
g 2
r
2 2
r r
=61638 [ ]
226 . 0
0
2 4
r 104 . 0 r 186 . 10 +
B
F
= 1934 N
Alternatively the force on the base can be found by adding the weight of the water to
the force on the lid:-
F
B
= 933 + (
4
d
2

x h x x g)
= 933 +
4
45 . 0 x .
2

x 0.64 x 10
3
x 9.81
= 933 + 999
= 1932 N
6
Compound Vortex example
A vertical cylindrical drum (int. dia = 500mm) contains water. A set of paddles (dia =
300mm) rotate concentrically with the axis of the drum at 150 rev/min and produce a
compound vortex in the water.
Assuming that all the water in the central core rotates as a forced vortex, determine:-
i the water velocity at a) 60mm radius
b) 200mm radius
ii the depth of the total depression
iii the pressure head at 200 mm radius relative to the centre of the vortex.
=
60
150
x 2

= 15.708 rad/s
i a) Forced Vortex, where v = r

v 60 = 0.06 x 15.708
= 0.943m/s
7
i b) Common radius forced vortex to free vortex = 150 mm
ie) r =

c
0.150 =
708 . 15
c
c = 0.353 m
2
/s
200mm radius i.e. free vortex v
200
=
r
c
=
2 . 0
353 . 0

v 200 = 1.767m/s
ii Total depression = y
1
+ y
2
=
g
r
2 2

=
81 . 9
0150 . 0 . 708 . 15
2 2
= 0.567m
iii 200mm radius free vortex
ie)
g
p

= (H-Z) -
2
2
2gr
c
____ p/o
on surface
g
p

= o
Z = H -
2
2
2gr
c
= 0.567 -
2
2
0.2 . 9.81 . 2
353 . 0
= 0.408m
Pressure head relative to centre = 0.408m of water
( P = g h h =
g
p

= pressure head)
Flow under varying head Example 1
8
A vertical cylindrical tank, 0.6 in diameter and 1.5m high, has an orifice 25mm
diameter in the bottom. The discharge coefficient is 0.61. If the tank is originally full
of water, what time is required to lower the level by 0.9m?
Let tank area = A ; v
s
= surface velocity; orifice area = a.
o
; v
o
= outlet velocity
Q = A v
s
= a
o
v
o
Q = C
d
a
o

gh 2
- for an orifice
C
d
a
o

gh 2
= A .
,
_

dt
dh
dt =
dh h
2g a c
A
1/2 -
o d

Integrating:-
T =
) h (h .
2g a c
A 2
2 / 1
2
1/2
1
o d

=
) 6 . 0 (1.5 x
) 62 . 19
4
0.025
x ( 61 . 0
)
4
2
0.6 x ( 2
2 / 1 1/2
2

Time = 192 seconds

9
Flow under varying head Example 2
A cylindrical tank; 0.9m diameter, is emptied through a 50mm diameter pipe, 3.6m
long ( both ends being sharp) for which = 0.04.
Find the time taken for the head over the outlet to fall from 2.4 m to 1.2m
1
Bernoulli between 1 and 2:-
z
1
+
g
p
1

+
g 2
v
2
1
= z
2
+
g
p
2

+
g
v
2
2
2
+
2gd
v L
2
2

+ K
L
g 2
v
2
h =
1
]
1

+ 5 . 0
d
L
1
g 2
v
2
2
K
L
= 0.5 Entry loss
h =
1
]
1

+
d
L
5 . 1
g 2
v
2
2
v =
d
L
5 . 1
gh 2

+
v
2
= n h
2 / 1
where n =
d
L
5 . 1
g 2

+
Q = v
1
A = v
2
a where a = pipe area
- A
dt
dh
= n h
2 / 1
a
dt =
n. a
A
h
2 / 1
dh
t =
n a
A 2
( )
2 / 1
2
2 / 1
1
h h
10
t =
2 / 1
d
L
5 . 1
g 2
a
A 2

,
_

+
( )
2 / 1
2
2 / 1
1
h h

=
( )
) 2 . 1 (2.4 x
0.05
3.6 x 04 . 0
5 . 1
62 . 19
4
0.05

0.9 x 2
2 / 1 1/2
2 / 1
2
2/4

,
_

=
0.454 x
2.117 x 00196 . 0
272 . 1
Time = 139 seconds
11
Surge Tank - Example
A 6m diameter surge tank is located at the downstream end of a 1m diameter water
pipeline. The pipeline is 3km long with = 0.02 and a velocity of flow = 3m/s.
Determine the difference in water level between the upstream reservoir and the surge
tank, and the period of oscillation of the water level in the surge tank, when the flow
becomes unsteady.
Using a time interval of 10 seconds and a finite difference integration method,
calculate the water level in the surge tank and the velocity in the pipeline at a time of
40 sec after load rejection.
Level difference between reservoir
& surge tank =
2gd
V L
2

1.0 x 9.81 x 2
3.0 x 3000 x 02 . 0
2
27.523m
Period of oscillation, T = 2

ag
AL
(pg 9 in notes)
= 2

9.81 x 1
3000 x 6
2
2
= 659.3 sec
Equations appropriate are:-
dv = - 1
]
1

t t
d g 2
v v L
z
l
g
dt (eqn 5 pg 10 in notes)
dz = v a
A
dt
(eqn 6 pg 10 in notes)
Equation 6 becomes:-
dz = v
2
2
6
1
10 = 0.278v
and
gd 2
L
=
1.0 . 81 x 9 . 2
3000 x 02 . 0
= 3.058
Equation 5 becomes
12
dv = -
[ ] 10 v v 058 . 3 z
3000
81 . 9
t t
dv = - 0.033
[ ] v v 058 . 3 z t t
Initially z
o
= - 27.523 and v
o
= 3.0 m/s i.e. at t = 0 secs
dz = 0.278 x 3 = 0.834m;
dv = 0.033 [-27.523 + 3.058 x 3.0 x 3.0] = 0
At t = 10secs, z 10 = -27.523 + 0.834 = -26.689m
v
10
= 3.0 0.0 = 3.0m/s
dz = 0.278 x 3 = 0.834m
dv = -0.033 [ -26.689 + 3.058 x 3 x 3] = - 0.028 m/s
At t = 20secs; z
20
= -26.689 + 0.834 = -25.855m
v
20
= 3 0.028 = 2.972m/s
dz = 0.278 x 2.972 = 0.826 m/s
dv = -0.033 [-25.855 + 3.058 x 2.972 x 2.972]= - 0.038 m/s
At t = 30secs, z
30
= - 25.855 + 0.826 = -25.029m
v
30
= 2.972 0.038 = 2.934m/s
dz = 0.278 x 2.934 = 0.816m
dv = - 0.033 [-25.029 + 3.058 x 2.934 x 2.934] = - 0.043 m/s
At t = 40secs, z
40
= - 25.029 + 0.816 = -24.213m
v
40
= 2.934 0.043 = 2.891m/s
etc
13
Open channel surge waves: Positive upstream surge example
A rectangular concrete channel, 3m wide, slope = 1in 900 and Mannings roughness
coefficient n = 0.012 conveys a flowrate of 15 m
3
/s. The downstream flowrate is
suddenly reduced to 9m
3
/s by the partial closure of a sluice gate.
Determine the initial depth of flow and the celerity of the positive surge wave.
Assuming uniform flow conditions exist initially then:
Q =
n
A
R
3 / 2
S
o
2 / 1
Mannings equation
15 =
2 / 1
3 / 2
1
1 1
900
1

2y 3
y 3
.
0.012
y 3

,
_

,
_

+
Trial and error gives, y
1
= 2.0m
v
1
=
1
1
A
Q
=
2 . 3
15
= 2.5m/s
v
2
=
2
2
A
Q
=
2
y 0 . 3
0 . 9
=
2
y
3
Continuity gives:-
A
1
(v
1
+ c ) = A
2
( v
2
+ c )
3.0 x 2 .0 (2.5 + c) = 3.0 x y
2

,
_

+c
y
3
2
c =
2
2
2
y
Now, c =
( )
1
2 / 1
1
1 2 2
v
y
y y

2
gy

1
]
1

( )
5 . 2
0 . 2
0 . 2 y

2
y 9.81

2
2
2 / 1
2 2
2

1
]
1

y
14
Trial and error gives:- y
2
= 2.66m = depth of flow
c =
2 66 . 2
2

= 3.03m/s = wave celerity

If the gate is rapidly closed completely, determine the increase in the depth of the
surge wave.
v
1
= 2.5m/s y
1
= 2.0 v
2
= 0 y
2
= ?
Continuity:-
A
1
(v
1
+ c) = A
2
(v
2
+ c)
3.0 x 2.0 (2.5 + c) = 3.0 x y
2
(0 + c)
c =
2 y
5
2

c =
( )
1
2 / 1
1
1 2 2
v
y
y y

2
gy

1
]
1

( )
5 . 2
0 . 2
0 . 2 y

2
y 9.81

2 y
5
2 / 1
2 2
2

1
]
1

Trial and error gives y

2
= 3.26m
Increase in depth = 3.26 2.66 = 0.6m
Hydraulic Modelling Example
15
A fixed bed model is to be constructed of a 15km length of river (direct length =
10km) for investigation of flood wave flow. At normal winter discharge of 270m
3
/s
it is known that the average depth and width are 4m and 45m respectively. The
Mannings roughness coefficient n, is estimated to be 0.035. The maximum flood
discharge is 910m
3
/s.
If the laboratory is 22m long, calculate :-
i suitable scales for the model
ii scales for horizontal velocity and acceleration in the downstream
direction
iii the maximum discharge required from the circulating pump
Kinematic viscosity of water = 1.15 x 10
6
m
2
/s.
i Max horizontal scale = 1 :
22
10000
= 1 : 454.5
say 1 : 455
Say distortion of 1 : 5 vertical scale = 1.91
Time scale horizontal
p
m
T
T
=
p
m
X
X

2 / 1
m
p
Y
Y

,
_

p
m
T
T
=
455
1

2 / 1
1
91

,
_

= 1:47.7
ii Horizontal
Velocity scale =
m
p
p
m
p
m
T
T

X
X

V
V

=
,
_

1
47.7

455
1
= 1 : 9.54
Acc
n
scale =
m
p
m
p
p
m
m
p
p
m
T
T

T
T

X
X

T
T

V
V

T
V

=
455
1

T
T

X
X
2
m
p
p
m

,
_

(47.7)
2
= 1 : 5
iii
p
m
Q
Q
=
2 / 3
p
m
p
m
Y
Y
X
X

,
_

16
p
m
Q
Q

=
2 / 3
91
1

455
1

,
_

= 2.5 . 10
6
m
3
/s
-6
m
10 x 2.5 x 910 Q = 2.275 x 10
3
m
3
/s = 2.275 /sec
b)
6 / 1
p
m
p
m
Y
Y

n
n

,
_

e
2 / 1
2 / 1
m
p
p
m
6 / 1
p
m
p
m

X
X
.
Y
Y

Y
Y

n
n

,
_

,
_

2 / 1 6 / 1
m
455 x
91
1

91
1
0.035 n
,
_

,
_

= 0.037
Check Re
m
> 800 y =

91
4
0.044m B =
455
45
= 0.099m
R =

P
A

0.099 2(0.044)
0.099 x 0.044
+
= 0.023m
p
m
V
V
=
2 / 1
p
m
Y
Y

,
_

=
2 / 1
91
1

,
_

= 0.105
V
p
=
p
p
A
Q
=
45 . 4
270
= 1.5m/s
m
V
= 1.5. 0.105 = 0.158m/s
m
Re
=

R V
=
6 -
10 . 1.15
0.023 . 158 . 0
= 3160 > 800 Turbulent & ok
p
Re
=

R V
45 . 4
270
A
Q
V
p

= 1.5m/s
6
10 . 15 . 1
396 . 3 . 5 . 1

p
R
=
5 . 4 4 . 2
45 . 4
+

P
A
= 3.396
= 4.430 . 10
6 +
Turbulent
17