A

Project Report
On

“(SOLAR POWER CAR)”

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT
FOR THE
AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Submitted by:
Name of Student (s) Roll No.

1. ZUBI KHAN 21074041

2. VAIBHAV CHAUHAN 21074035
3. VINEET KUMAR 21074038
4. YOGESH KUMAR 21074040
5. MEENU SANKAR 21074042
6. VIKASH KUMAR 21074036

Guided By:
DR. Vineet singh
(Assistant Professor)
 DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

IFTM UNIVERSITY, MORADABAD 2023-2024
IFTM UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY (SET)
(Established under UP Govt. Act No. 24 of 2010 and approved under section 22 of UGC
Act 1956)

Lodhipur Rajput, Delhi Road, Moradabad- 244102, U.P

Tel: 0591-2360817, 2360818 Email: info@iftmuniversity.ac.in

Website: www.iftmuniversity.ac.in

Date: 10/05/2024

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

It is certified that Name (Zubi khan (21074041) Vaibhav Chauhan (21074035) Vineet kumar
(21074038) Yogesh kumar (21074040) Meenu Sankar(21074042) Vikash kumar (21074036))

has carried out the project work presented in this report entitled “SOLAR POWER CAR” for the
award of Bachelor of Technology in Mechanical Engineering from IFTM University,
Moradabad under my supervision. The report embodies results of original work and studies
are carried out by the students himself/herself and the contents of the report do not form the
basis for the award of any other degree to the other
candidate or to anybody else from this or any other University/Institution.

HOD: Guided by:

Dr. Sanjay Kumar Yadav Dr. Vineet Singh
Associate Professor Designation
Department of Mechanical Engineering Department of Mechanical Engineering
 DECLARATION

We certify that
The work contained in this project report is original and has been done by
our group under the guidance of our supervisor.
The work has not been submitted to any other institute for any degree or
diploma.
We have followed the guideline provided by the institute in preparing the
report.
We have conformed to the norms and guidelines given in the Ethical Code
of conduct of the institute.
Whenever we have used material (data, theoretical analysis, figure, and
text) from the sources, we have given due credit to them by citing them in
the text of the report and giving their details in the references.
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

We would like to acknowledge my indebtedness and render my warmest

thanks to my supervisor, Mr. Dr VINEET SINGH, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
, Department Mechanical, School of Engineering & technology, IFTM
University Moradabad (U.P.), who made this work possible. Her friendly
guidance and expert advice have been invaluable throughout all stages of the
work. We would also wish to express my gratitude to Mr. . KUNAL TRIVEDI,
Assistant Professor& Project coordinator, Department of Electrical
Engineering School of Engineering & technology, IFTM University
Moradabad (U.P.) for extend discussion and valuable suggestions which
have contributed greatly to the improvement of the project, the project has
also benefited from comments and suggestions made by Dr . SANJAY
KUMAR YADEV, Professor &head, Department of MECHINICAL
Engineering, School of Engineering & technology, IFTM University
Moradabad (U.P.),who has read through the manuscript.
.
 ABSTRACT

A solar car is an electric vehicle (EV) that uses solar energy to charge its
batteries. Solar cars are powered by solar panels, which convert sunlight
into electricity. The electricity is then stored in batteries, which power the
car's motor. Solar cars are much more efficient than conventional cars, and
they produce zero emissions. This makes them a much more
environmentally friendly option than conventional cars.
Solar cars are still in their early stages of development, but they have the
potential to revolutionize the automotive industry. As solar technology
continues to improve, solar cars will become more affordable and efficient.
This will make them a more viable option for consumers, and it could help
to reduce our reliance on fossil fuels.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION
2. PLATFORM USED
3. AIM OF THE PROJECT
4. BLOCK DIAGRAM
5. WORKING OF THE PROJET
6. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
7. ADVANTAGES
8. CONCLUSION
9. REFRENCE
 CHAPTER-01
1. INTRODUCTION

The quests for a constant, safe, clean, environmental-friendly fuel is

neverending. Carbon-based fuels, such as fossil fuels are unsustainable and
hazardous to our environment. Some of the alternatives are renewable
energy sources which include all fuel types and energy carriers, different
from the fossil ones, such as the sun, wind, tides, hydropower and
biomass. Amongst these elements, solar energy is preferred since it could
provide the cleanest sustainable energy for the longest duration of time –
the next few billion years. Photovoltaic production becomes double every
two years, increasing by an average of 48 percent each year since 2002.
Due to its innumerable benefits in environmental, economic and social
aspects PV systems have becomes the world’s fastest growing energy
technology. It can arguably be said that the only limitation to solar power
as an energy source is our understanding of developing efficient and cost
effective technology which can implement it.
 CHAPTER-02
PLATFORM USED

HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

1. MODDEL
2. CONNECTORS
3. MOTOR
4. BATTERY
5. SWITCH
6. SOLAR PANNEL
7. AC TO DC RECTIFICATION
 CHAPTER-03

AIM OF THE PROJECTS

A solar car is a solar vehicle for use on public roads or race

tracks. Solar vehicles are electric vehicles that use selfcontained
solar cells to provide full or partial power to the vehicle via
sunlight. Solar vehicles typically contain a rechargeable battery
to help regulate and store the energy from the solar cells and
from regenerative braking. Some solar cars can be plugged into
external power sources to supplement the power of sunlight used
to charge their battery.

Solar cars combine technology typically used in the aerospace,

bicycle, alternative energy and automotive industries. The design
of solar vehicles always emphasizes energy efficiency to make
maximum use of the limited amount of energy they can receive
from sunlight. Most solar cars have been built for the purpose of
solar car races. However several prototypes of solar cars
designed for use on public roads have been designed and built.

BLOCK DIAGRAM
 MOTOR

WHEELS

CHAPTER-04
 WORKING OF THE PROJECT

1. SOLAR PANEL:- Solar cars are powered by the sun’s energy ergo
solar panels are the most important part of a solar car since they
are solely responsible for collecting the sun’s energy. The solar
panels used in this project are mono crystalline and flexible. They
can be mounted and fitted on top of the car or on the bonnet with
ease owing to their thin semi-flexible nature.

2. BATTERIES:- The solar panels will collect energy from the sun and
convert it into usable electrical energy, which in turn will be stored
in the lead acid batteries to be supplied to the motor when
necessary.

3. CHARGE CONTROLLER:- The batteries are connected to a charge

controller which will ensure healthy life of the batteries by
preventing it from over charging and over discharging. A
microcontroller inside the charge controller is programmed to
detect the voltages at the battery terminal and/or the solar panel
terminals and accordingly determine what charging current the
battery needs to be supplied.
4. PLUG-IN CHARGING :-A critical factor here is that the charge
controller will be available with an additional input that can be used
to charge the batteries from an AC power supply (simply by plugging
in). Thus the solar car will have this plug-in charging system for use
when there

5. BATTERIES :-The solar panels will collect energy from the sun and
convert it into usable electrical energy, which in turn will be stored in
the lead acid batteries to be supplied to the motor when necessary.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
 CHAPTER-05
COMPONENTS

1. MOTOR:- A DC motor is any motor within a class of electrical

machines whereby direct current electrical power is converted into
mechanical power. Most often, this type of motor relies on forces that
magnetic fields produce. Regardless of the type, DC motors have some
kind of internal mechanism, which is electronic or electromechanical. In
both cases, the direction of current flow in part of the motor is changed
periodically.

The speed of a DC motor is controlled using a variable supply voltage

or by changing the strength of the current within its field wind rings.
While smaller DC motors are commonly used in the
making of appliances, tools, toys, and automobile mechanisms, such as
electric car seats, larger DC motors are used in hoists, elevators, and
electric vehicles.
 DC MOTOR

2. BATTERY:-

A battery is a device that converts chemical energy into electrical

energy through an electrochemical reaction. Batteries work by using
two different metals in an electrolyte to create a chemical reaction that
frees more electrons in one metal than the other. The metal with more
electrons develops a positive charge, and the other metal develops a
negative charge. The flow of electrons from one material to another
through an external circuit creates an electric current that can be used
to do work.
The electrical potential difference between the cathode and the anode,
which drives the electrons in the external circuit, is called electromotive
force (emf). The type of electrolyte and electrodes used in a battery affects
how it works, how much energy it can store, and its voltage. For example,
the electrolyte can use anion salts like lithium hexa fluoro phosphate,
lithium hexa fluoro arsenate monohydrate, lithium per chlorate, or lithium
hexa fluoro borate. The type of salt used
affects the battery's voltage,
capacity, and life

BATTERY
3. SOLAR PANEL:-

A solar panel is a device that converts sunlight into electricity by using

photovoltaic (PV) cells. PV cells are made of materials that produce
excited electrons when exposed to light. The electrons flow through a
circuit and produce direct current (DC) electricity, which can be used to
power various devices or be stored in batteries. Solar panels are also
known as solar cell panels, solar electric panels, or PV modules.

Solar panels are usually arranged in groups called arrays or systems. A

photovoltaic system consists of one or more solar panels, an inverter that
converts DC electricity to alternating current (AC) electricity, and
sometimes other components such as controllers, meters, and trackers.
Most panels are in solar farms, which supply the electricity grid as can
some rooftop solar.

Some advantages of solar panels are that they use a renewable and clean
source of energy, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and lower electricity
bills. Some disadvantages are that they depend on the availability and
intensity of sunlight, require cleaning, and have high initial costs. Solar
panels are widely used for residential, commercial,
and industrial purposes, as well as in space, often
together with batteries.

SOLAR PANEL

4. CONNECTORS:-

Wire pin connectors are solderless connectors that can be used to make
electrical contact between bare wires in clamp or set screw connections.
They are available in a variety of wire gauges, and can be either fully
insulated or non-insulated. The color of the insulation indicates the wire
gauge that the connector can accept. Wire pin connectors can be circular or
rectangular, and come in a variety of pin diameters, lengths, and sizes.
Wire-to-wire connectors are used to connect two wire-terminated
connectors. They can be used as electrical, electronic, or computer
connectors. When choosing a wire-to-wire connector, you can consider
things like the number of circuits or positions, the wire size, and the mating
combination or gender.
Here are some steps for connecting wires to a connector:
1. Ensure that wires of the same color are held parallel, with their ends
aligned. For example, black/hot wires should be held parallel with
other black/hot wires, and white/neutral wires should be held parallel
with other white/neutral wires.

2. Place the wire connector on top of the wire.

3. Twist the connector clockwise to allow the

wires to wrap around each other.

4. Check that each wire is secure

WIRE TO WIRE PIN CONNECTOR

5. SWITCH:- an electrical engineering, a switch is an electrical
component that can disconnect or connect the conducting path in an
electrical circuit, interrupting the electric current or diverting it from
one conductor to another.[1][2] The most common type of switch is an
electromechanical device consisting of one or more sets of movable
electrical contacts connected to external circuits. When a pair of
 contacts is touching current can pass between them, while when the
contacts are separated no current can flow.

Switches are made in many different configurations; they may have

multiple sets of contacts controlled by the same knob or actuator, and the
contacts may operate simultaneously, sequentially, or alternately. A switch
may be operated manually, for example, a light switch or a keyboard
button, or may function as a sensing element to sense the position of a
machine part, liquid level, pressure, or temperature, such as a thermostat.
Many specialized forms exist, such as the toggle switch, rotary switch,
mercury switch, push-button switch, reversing switch, relay, and circuit
breaker. A common use is control of lighting, where multiple switches
may be wired into one circuit to allow convenient control of light fixtures.
Switches in high-powered circuits must have special construction to
prevent destructive arcing when they are opened

SWITCH

6. AC TO DC ADAPTOR :-
An AC adapter or AC/DC adapter (also called a wall
charger, power adapter, power brick, or wall wart)[1] is a
type of external power supply, often enclosed in a case
similar to an AC plug.[2] AC adapters deliver electric power
to devices that lack internal components to draw voltage
and power from mains power themselves. The internal
circuitry of an external power supply is often very similar to
the design that would be used for a built-in or internal
supply.

When used with battery-powered equipment, adapters

typically charge the battery as well as powering the
equipment.

Aside from obviating the need for internal power

supplies, adapters offer flexibility: a device can draw
power from 120 VAC or 230 VAC mains, vehicle battery,
or aircraft battery, just by
using different adapters.
Safety can be another
advantage, as hazardous 120
or 240 volt mains power is
AC TO DC ADAPTER
 transformed to a lower, safer voltage at the wall outlet
before going into the appliance handled by the user.
CHAPTER-06

ADVANTAGES :-

Solar cars have several advantages due to their operation and structure.
They are different from the traditional ones in many ways. Read further to
know more about the advantages of solar cars.

1. Environment-Friendly
Solar cars are very good for the environment because they don’t release any
emissions. This is primarily due to the fact that they do not use any
resources that are not renewable, like fuel. As a result, neither harmful
toxins nor greenhouse gases are released. Due to a lower greenhouse effect,
the condition of the ozone layer has also improved. Solar energy can be
used to its fullest potential by these automobiles.

2. Reduce Noise Pollution

Because these automobiles have very quiet electric motors, noise pollution
is reduced. So, these vehicles are quiet when compared to other
fuelsupplied vehicles.

3. Saves Fuel Costs

Since solar cars do not use fuel, fuel costs go down, which saves a lot of
money. Contrasted with customary vehicles fueled by gas and diesel, they
require less maintenance.

4. Accessibility to Energy
The sun is the primary power source for a solar car. The solar panels store
this light energy for later use as horsepower for vehicles. The free resource
is dependable due to its abundance and unlimited availability.

5. Driving Comfort
As they are made of light materials, solar vehicles run more quickly and
smoothly.

6. Cost-Effective
The best part of these solar-oriented vehicles is their capacity to constantly
re-energize their battery in any event, when left inactive under daylight.
Hence this lessens the expense of operation to practically zero.
 CHAPTAR 6. Solar car
A solar car is a solar vehicle for use on public roads or race tracks. Solar vehicles
are electric vehicles that use self-contained solar cells to provide full or partial
power to the vehicle via sunlight. Solar vehicles typically contain a rechargeable
battery to help regulate and store the energy from the solar cells and
from regenerative braking. Some solar cars can be plugged into external power
sources to supplement the power of sunlight used to charge their battery.

Solar cars combine technology typically used in

the aerospace, bicycle, alternative energy and automotive industries. The design
of solar vehicles always emphasizes energy efficiency to make maximum use of
the limited amount of energy they can receive from sunlight. Most solar cars have
been built for the purpose of solar car races. However several prototypes of solar
cars designed for use on public roads have been designed and built.

There are various solar car competitions around the world that are generally
partaken by collegiate and company teams. The most notable competitions is
the World Solar Challenge, which is an international competition that takes place
in Australia. Some other competitions include the American Solar Challenge and
the United Solar Challenge.

As of December 2022, only one solar car had reached production, the Lightyear
0, but at the limited delivery rate of one car a week.[1] In January 2023 the
company halted vehicle manufacture and sales, and the vehicle maker's
production company, Atlas Technologies B.V., requested bankruptcy
protection.[2][3]

The Aptera's production is expected to start in 2024.[4]

Solar cars depend on a solar array that uses photovoltaic cells (PV cells) to
convert sunlight into electricity. Unlike solar thermal energy which converts solar
energy to heat, PV cells directly convert sunlight into electricity.[5] When sunlight
(photons) strike PV cells, they excite electrons and allow them to flow, creating
an electric current. PV cells are made of semiconductor materials such
as silicon and alloys of indium, gallium and nitrogen. Crystalline silicon is the
most common material used and has an efficiency rate of 15–25%.
 CHAPTER 7.

Solar array

The solar array consists of hundreds of solar cells converting sunlight into
electricity. In order to construct an array, PV cells are placed together to form
modules which are placed together to form an array.[8] The larger arrays in use
can produce over 2 kilowatts (2.6 hp).

The solar array can be mounted in six ways:

 • horizontal. This most common arrangement gives most overall power
during most of the day in low latitudes or higher latitude summers and
offers little interaction with the wind. Horizontal arrays can be integrated
or be in the form of a free canopy.
• vertical. This arrangement is sometimes found in free standing or
integrated sails to harness wind energy.[9] Useful solar power is limited
to mornings, evenings, or winters and when the vehicle is pointing in the
right direction.
• adjustable. Free solar arrays can often be tilted around the axis of
travel in order to increase power when the sun is low and well to the
side. An alternative is to tilt the whole vehicle when parked. Two-axis
adjustment is only found on marine vehicles, where the aerodynamic
resistance is of less importance than with road vehicles.
• The Squad Solar City Car, as presented of the Fully Charged 2022
event in Amsterdam. integrated. Some vehicles cover every available
surface with solar cells. Some of the cells will be at an optimal angle
whereas others will be shaded.
• trailer. Solar trailers are especially useful for retrofitting existing vehicles
with little stability, e.g. bicycles. Some trailers also include the batteries
and others also the drive motor.
remote. By mounting the solar array at a stationary location instead of the
vehicle, power can be maximised and resistance minimized. The virtual grid-
connection however involves more electrical losses than with true solar vehicles
and the battery must be larger.
The choice of solar array geometry involves an optimization between power
output, aerodynamic resistance and vehicle mass, as well as practical
considerations. For example, a free horizontal canopy gives 2-3 times the
surface area of a vehicle with integrated cells but offers better cooling of the cells
and shading of the riders. There are also thin flexible solar arrays in
development.

Solar arrays on solar cars are mounted and encapsulated very differently from
stationary solar arrays. Solar arrays on solar cars are usually mounted using
industrial grade double-sided adhesive tape right onto the car's body. The arrays
are encapsulated using thin layers of Tedlar.

Some solar cars use gallium arsenide solar cells, with efficiencies around thirty
percent. Other solar cars use silicon solar cells, with efficiencies around twenty
percent.[10]
 CHAPTER 8.

Races
Two solar car races are the World Solar Challenge and the American Solar
Challenge, overland road rally-style competitions contested by a variety of
university and corporate teams.

The World Solar Challenge features a field of competitors from around the world
who race to cross the Australian continent, over a distance of 3,000 kilometres
(1,900 mi). Speeds of the vehicles have steadily increased. For example, the
high speeds of 2005 race participants led to the rules being changed for solar
cars starting in the 2007 race and 2014 also.

The American Solar Challenge,

previously known as the 'North
American Solar Challenge' and
'Sunrayce USA', features mostly
collegiate teams racing in timed
intervals in the United States and
Canada. This race also changed
rules for the most recent race due to
teams reaching the regulated speed
limits. The most recent American Solar Challenge took place
from Independence, Missouri to Twin Falls, Idaho from July 9 to July 16, 2022.[13]
The Dell-Winston School Solar Car Challenge is an annual solar-powered car
race for high school students. The event attracts teams from around the world,
but mostly from American high schools. The race was first held in 1995. Each
event is the end product of a two-year education cycle launched by the Winston
Solar Car Team. In odd-numbered years, the race is a road course that starts at
the Dell Diamond in Round Rock, Texas; the end of the course varies from year
to year. In even-numbered years, the race is a track race around the Texas Motor
Speedway. Dell has sponsored the event since 2002.

Solar cells spread over the top of this car produce enough energy to keep
its electric motor running:-

The South African Solar Challenge is a bi-annual two-week race of solar-

powered cars through the length and breadth of South Africa. Teams will have to
build their own cars, design their own engineering systems and race those same
machines through the most demanding terrain that solar cars have ever seen.
The 2008 race proved that this event can attract the interest of the public, and
that it has the necessary international backing from the FIA. Late in September,
all entrants will take off from Pretoria and make their way to Cape Town via the
N1, then drive along the coast to Durban, before climbing the escarpment on
their way back to the finish line in Pretoria 10 days later. In 2008 the event was
endorsed by International Solar car Federation (ISF), Fédération International de
l'Automobile (FIA), World Wildlife Fund (WWF) making it the first Solar Race to
receive endorsement from these 3 organizations.
 CHAPTER 9.

SPEED RECORD

Sunswift IV and control

vehicle during speed record
attempts at HMAS Albatross

Guinness World
Records recognize a land speed
record for vehicles powered only
by solar panels. This record is
currently held by the Sky Ace
TIGA from the Ashiya
University.[14] The record of
91.332 km/h (56.75 mph) was set on 20 August 2014 at the Shimojishima
Airport, in Miyakojima, Okinawa, Japan. The previous record was held by
the University of New South Wales with the car Sunswift IV. Its 25-kilogram
(55 lb) battery was removed so the vehicle was powered only by its solar
panels.[15] The record of 88.8 km/h (55.2 mph) was set on 7 January 2011 at the
naval air base HMAS Albatross in Nowra, breaking the record previously held by
the General Motors car Sunraycer of 78.3 kilometres per hour (48.7 mph). The
record takes place over a flying 500 metres (1,600 ft) stretch, and is the average
of two runs in opposite directions.
CARS FOR PUBLIC USE :-

See also: List of

prototype solar-powered
cars

Prototype of the Sion family

car

The first solar family car

was built in 2013.
Researchers at Case
Western Reserve
University, have also
developed a solar car which can recharge more quickly, due to materials used in
the solar panels.[17]

Chinese solar panel manufacturer Hanergy plans to build and sell solar cars
equipped with lithium-ion batteries to consumers in China.[18][19] Hanergy says
that five to six hours of sunlight should allow the cars' thin-film solar cells to
generate 8–10 kWh of energy a day, allowing the car to travel about 80 km
(50 mi) on solar power alone.[20] Maximum range is about 350 km (217 mi).
In June 2019 the solar-electric Lightyear One was announced, since renamed
the Lightyear 0. Designed by former engineers from Tesla and Ferrari, the car's
hood and roof are composed of solar panels. The vehicle also charges on regular
electric power as well as fast-charging stations.[21] In September 2021, the
company Lightyear was reported to have raised enough money to bring the
vehicle to limited production, at a cost of €149,000, delivering the first units in
2022.[22]
First prototype of the Aptera solar powered EV :-

In August 2019, Aptera Motors announced a funding campaign for a solar-

powered, very efficient "Never Charge" EV, the Aptera, with up to a 1000-mile
range.[23][24] That funding campaign was successful and the first Aptera prototype
was shown and the EV launched on December 4, 2020.[25] As of July 2023, three
generations of prototypes have been built and shown, production equipment and
tooling is being acquired and fundraising continues.

In July 2020, the German car manufacturer Audi signed an MOU with an Israeli
start-up Apollo-Power for development plan to incorporate the company
proprietary lightweight flexible panels into Car parts. Apollo-Power's Agenda is to
turn every car in the world to become Solar.

In 2019 the Squad Solar City Car by Squad Mobility was announced and in May
2022 it was finally presented in the Media. The Squad Solar City Car is the first
Solar Micro Car for (sub)urban use
 1. Solar-Powered Cars.

Could They Play a Role in the Future?

The idea that cars could operate purely on solar power causes quite a stir,
especially at a time when the fight against the climate crisis is high on the
agenda of major international organizations and one of its primary lines of
action is to rethink how people get around. So, more than 60 years
later, why isn’t the automobile market full of solar-powered
alternatives?

A DECADE-LONG EVOLUTION:-
This first miniature model “solar car” was named Sunmobile and was the
brainchild of William G. Cobb, a General Motors employee. It ran on 12
photovoltaic cells attached to its roof, producing the energy needed to
power the little vehicle’s engine. The Sunmobile painted a futuristic
picture of where the car industry could be headed, except that it was
impossible to bring the concept to fruition because the maximum power
that the solar panels could produce was not enough to run any of the
automobiles of the era. It was the first of many prototypes.
The first real-size, sun-powered model came a few years later, in 1960. U.S.
company, International Rectifier, converted a 1912 Baker Electric, into a
solar-powered car that reached just over 12 mph (20km/h) with a
duration of three hours.
The Bluebird, built by Ed Passeneri in 1977 is considered by some to be the
first real solar vehicle. It had three wheels and could move by dint of the
energy created by photovoltaic cells, without the use of a battery. In
1982, The Quiet Achiever became the first solar-powered car that could go
for long distances. It covered 2,485 miles (4,000 km), traveling from the
west coast of Australia to the east coast in less than 20 days.
The 1980s ushered in what is still today the primary use of solar-
powered vehicles: racing. In 1985, the first official solar-powered vehicle
race was held in Switzerland: the Tour de Sol. The best known race today
is the World Solar Challenge, which was first held in 1987. It is now a
biannual event, and for the most part its participants are university and
corporate teams. The automobiles that participate are light vehicles
covered in solar panels — typically a single square — and they move on
three wheels about the size of bicycle tires. Hence they are a far cry from a
workable prototype for present day commercial automobiles.
TODAY’S SOLAR-POWERED AUTOMOBILES:-

Apart from the world of

racing, photovoltaic cell
technology is not
currently prevalent in the
automobile market. The
primary obstacles are the
prohibitive cost
associated with rolling
out the technology, the
space constraints which
cap the number of panels that can be placed on the car, the distance the car
can travel, and the speed it can reach.
There are a number of solar-powered vehicle initiatives that have tried to
open the door to the consumer. One of the most talked about is Lightyear
One. With a distance capacity of 435 miles (700 kilometers), it uses
photovoltaic cells that, according to its creators, can store 20 percent more
energy than traditional ones, and they operate independently, even when
some are covered by shade. With a €150,000 price tag, it is not a viable
option for most people, but the idea that its technology could be used by
other manufacturers holds interesting promise. Another strong bet is the
Sono Sion, which uses 248 solar cells spread across its body, providing it
an additional 21 miles (34 km) of distance capacity to the 155 miles (250
km) it can run thanks to its battery charge. It is priced on the market at
€25,500. Other projects that aspired to be much more accessible have
stalled due to financing difficulties. One of these cases is the Spanish-
designed mö, a two-seater created for city travel with a price tag of €5,000.

IS THERE A FUTURE FOR SOLAR-POWERED CARS?

Although the
reality of an
accessible,
mainstream
solar-powered
car continues
to be a distant
reality, solar
energy can
contribute in
other ways to more sustainable transportation. Solar-charged
vehicles themselves are not fitted with solar panels, but they are powered
by electricity that is externally generated by solar panels, which can be
located on the roof of a house or garage, etc.
There is also the possibility, already proven in various commercial models,
of placing solar panels on the roofs of electric or hybrid cars, as a
supplementary power source that does not intend to actually move the car,
but can provide the energy needed for other uses, like powering the air
conditioning.
At present, using photovoltaic panels for automobile travel has not proven
to be an efficient solution to the problem of replacing fossil fuels, but it
could serve to supplement other systems. After all, the future
of sustainable transportation relies on knowing how best to exploit each
clean technology.
The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Solar Power Cars:-

What Are Solar Powered Cars?

Solar powered cars are electric vehicles which are powered by solar
energy that is obtained from solar panels on the surface of the car.
Basically, photovoltaic cells then convert the sun’s energy directly into
electrical energy. Solar powered cars are can operate for limited
distances without the sun, but they are still not considered as a practical
form of transportation.
Solar powered cars were first built by universities and manufacturers,
and development continues on solar cell design and car power supply
requirements such as heater or air-conditioning fans.
The solar array on solar powered cars consists of hundreds of
photovoltaic cells converting sunlight into electricity. Cars, unlike many
other objects that use solar energy, can use a variety of solar cell
technologies, which most often involves polycrystalline silicon,
monocrystalline silicon, and gallium arsenide. Solar cars usually have
incredibly distinctive shapes, as designers aim to minimize drag,
maximize the exposure to the sun, minimize weight and still make the
vehicles as safe as possible.

The Advantages And Disadvantages:-

There are both advantages and disadvantages to solar cars, and all of
these should be taken carefully and thoughtfully into consideration. Some
of the advantages include, for one, that of safety and convenience, for
instance there are batteries available on most solar cars which store
electrical energy that is to be used later by the electric motor when the
demand for electric power exceeds that of the output of the onboard
generating device.
There is also the advantage involving efficiency, which relates to the fact
that all solar cars are able to produce their full rated power at any speed,
unlike that of regular automobiles. Another prime advantage of solar cars
is that they are positive in regards to the economy. This is because an
electric motor and an electric generator are the same device, basically,
and electrical current is fed into such a device, causing it to act as a motor
and, thus, creates mechanical power.
There are certain disadvantages, too, such as, most of the solar cars
available do not have the power or speed of many of the regularly
available cars and vehicles and, as well, the battery on the solar car may
have to be used far too frequently depending on the weather, for instance
if it is dark out for several days, you will have to rely on the battery of the
car in order to make it work. This can seem as a hassle to many people,
which is a large explanation towards why solar cars still aren’t that
popular today.
Do Solar Panels Work at Night?
Have you ever once wondered if solar panels work at night or if they
work better at specific times of the day? Well, we're here to answer
those questions and more. In this article, we'll dive into whether or not
solar panels can generate electricity at night and provide some
insightful tips on how to get the most out of your PV/solar panel
investment. So, let's get started
 Do solar panels work better at specific times of the day?

Solar panels are specifically designed to convert sunlight into

electricity, and their efficiency largely depends on the intensity and
angle of the sunlight they receive. As a result, solar panels typically
work better at specific times of the day. The most productive hours for
solar panels are usually around midday (9 AM – 3 PM) when the sun is
at its peak point in the sky. During this time, the sunlight is more direct,
and the panels can generate the maximum amount of electricity.
However, the efficiency of solar panels can also be influenced by
numerous factors, such as geographic location, weather conditions,
and the angle at which they are installed. In some locations, the
morning or afternoon sun may provide more optimal conditions for
power generation. Additionally, cloud cover and other atmospheric
conditions can impact the amount of sunlight reaching the panels,
affecting their performance. Therefore, while solar panels generally
work better around midday, their efficiency can be influenced by
various factors, making it essential to consider these when installing
and optimizing solar panel systems.

Can Anker solar panels generate electricity at night?

Solar panels are designed to generate electricity by converting sunlight

into usable electrical energy through a process called the photovoltaic
effect. During the day, sunlight strikes the solar cells, causing the
electrons to move and create an electrical current. However, at night,
there is no sunlight to fuel this process. As a result, solar panels are
unable to generate electricity during nighttime hours.

Like any other solar panels, Anker solar panels rely on sunlight to
produce electricity. Therefore, they also cannot generate electricity at
night. While some solar panels can still produce a minimal amount of
energy in low-light conditions or under artificial light, the energy output
is significantly lower compared to their performance during daylight
hours. To provide electricity during the night, solar energy systems
typically use energy storage solutions like batteries and power stations
to store excess energy produced during the day, which can eventually
be used when the sun is not shining.

Simple Ways to Get the Most out of Your Solar Panel

Investment
1. Proper Installation and Positioning
To maximize the efficiency of your PV/solar panels, it is crucial
to have them installed by professionals who understand the
optimal angle and direction for your location. Solar panels
should be positioned to face the sun at an angle that allows
them to absorb the most sunlight throughout the day, which
typically means facing south in the Northern Hemisphere and
north in the Southern Hemisphere.
2. Regular Maintenance and Cleaning
 To keep them operating at their best performance, solar panels
need routine maintenance. This entails washing the panels to
get rid of dust, dirt, and other debris that can build up and lower
their efficiency. Also, routine checks should be made to find and
fix any damage or problems that could impair performance,
such as loose connections or cracked panels.
3. Monitor and Optimize Energy Usage
You can maximize your solar panel investment by monitoring
your energy consumption and adjusting your usage habits. This
may involve using energy-intensive appliances during peak
sunlight hours, investing in energy-efficient appliances, and
implementing energy-saving practices throughout your home.
4. Take Advantage of Government Incentives and Rebates
Many governments provide subsidies and incentives to promote
the use of solar energy. The initial cost of your PV/solar panel
installation may be partially offset by these incentives, which will
lower the cost of your investment. To get the optimum potential
of your investment in solar panels, make sure to look into and
submit an application for any local programs that are offered.

5. Invest in a Quality Solar Panel System

When it comes to solar panels, investing in a high-quality
system with a reputable manufacturer can pay off in the long
 run. Quality solar panels are more efficient, durable, and have
longer warranties, ensuring you get the most out of your
investment. If you're looking for a quality solar panel that
checks all the boxes mentioned, check out our Anker 531 Solar
Panel!

The 531 Solar Panel offers three convenient angle adjustments,

allowing you to easily set it at 40°, 50°, or 60° using the adjustable
kickstand. This feature ensures optimal solar power generation by
positioning the panel to capture the maximum amount of sunlight. The
solar panel's design caters to various environments and situations,
providing flexibility and efficiency in harnessing solar energy. In
addition to its adjustable angles, our panel boasts an IP67 waterproof
rating, making it capable of withstanding even harsh weather
conditions and fitting perfectly into your adventurous lifestyle.

Anker SOLIX PS200 Portable Solar Panel :-

3-Mode Angle Adjustments: Seamlessly adjust 531 Solar Panel to 40°,

50°, or 60° via the adjustable kickstand for optimal solar power. IP67
Waterproof: The solar panel's IP67 waterproof protection allows it to
withstand even the harshest weather and your adventurous lifestyle.
1.5X Higher Energy Conversion Efficiency: Monocrystalline solar cells
and a powerful sunlight-trapping surface provide a conversion
efficiency rate up to 23%. Superior Portability: Designed to be brought
on adventures, the foldable solar panel is compact, so you can have
continuous power to charge your devices quickly on the go. What You
Get: Anker 531 Solar Panel, 9.84ft / 3m solar charging cable, welcome
guide, 24-month worry-free warranty, and our friendly customer
service.

Wrapping Up

To wrap up, harnessing solar energy efficiently and effectively is

crucial for maximizing the benefits of your solar panel investment. By
ensuring proper installation, regular maintenance, monitoring energy
usage, taking advantage of government incentives, and investing in a
quality solar panel system like the Anker 531 Solar Panel, you can
optimize your solar energy production and enjoy the long-term
advantages of renewable energy. Remember, while solar panels work
best during specific times of the day, various factors can influence their
efficiency, making it essential to consider these when installing and
optimizing your solar panel system. So, what are you waiting for? Go
for a greener, more sustainable lifestyle with solar energy today!
Do Solar Panels Work In Rainy Season? (Yes, But …)?

Given that weather

conditions play a significant
role, you may wonder if solar
panels work in the rain. Even
though solar power is limited
on cloudy and rainy days,
sunlight is still available.
Because sun rays may
penetrate through rain and
clouds, solar energy can be
produced in the rain.
Whether cloudy, sunny, or
heavy rain, adverse weather conditions do not prohibit a solar panel from
working. Instead, the rain helps clean away dirt or dust, keeping your solar panel
naturally clean. And while rain causes up to 75% less power production, it can
still charge the batteries.

Key takeaways of solar panels in the rainy season:

• Heavy rain
• Without direct sunlight
• Solar design
• Some places have more sunny than cloudy days, thus generating
more Angle of panels
 Will A Solar Panel Work When It Rains?

• Most sunlight gets reflected into space when it rains, but solar panels will
continue to work even if the sun’s rays are diverted or blocked by clouds.
Photovoltaic panels may generate power from either direct or indirect
sunlight, while direct sunlight is more efficient.
• Rain aids in the proper operation of your solar panels by washing away any
dust or grime. Therefore, when the rain is over, you have a clean solar panel
that can perform better. However, the protective glass could get damaged
by heavy rain and hailstorms.

Solar Panel Array Reorientation:-Placing your panels at a certain angle

would allow excess water to slide off when heavy rain occurs. While doing
this, it keeps your panels clean and safe. Adding automation to the
structure to turn the panels away from hail is possible but can be
somewhat pricey.

Hire A Professional To Automatic Solar Panel Protection:-If cost is not of

utmost concern, then automatic cleaning robots can be an option to make
sure your solar panels stay clean from any dirt or leaves that may stick
after heavy rain in the monsoon season.

Do An Inspection :-Getting a solar professional to your home for inspection

twice a year is crucial, especially during the rainy seasons, as it will give you
some peace of mind that the solar panels are safe and checked. In addition,
expert advice will help with preventing future problems.
Does There Are Solar Panels Specifically For Heavy Rain Areas?

Not yet, but soon Hybrid Triboelectric Nanogenerators solar panel

technology could become a reality. The concept was produced by Soochow
University in China using a unique hybrid form of solar panel. It will be a
better option for installing solar panels in areas with a lot of rain.

These Hybrid solar panels generate electricity through sunlight and even
rain. Therefore, it is best to install them on top of a rooftop where sunlight
can get absorbed, and while heavy rain occurs, it still produces power by
the force of the rain falling onto the panels.

Rainy days have around 90 percent less sunlight for solar panels to absorb
to generate electricity, but this is not a problem in the Hybrid solar panel’s
case. The Hybrid solar panel produces the same amount of sunny or rainy
electricity.

Standard solar panels are still fighting to overcome weather-related solar

restrictions. Luckily, the new triboelectric nanogenerator solar panels
technology can do precisely that. So next, transforming rain into electricity
is just another step closer to a future where evening rains can also
generate power.
Do Solar Panels Work Without Direct Sunlight?

Yes, a solar panel does not require direct sunshine to function. Because the
protons in natural daylight enable solar panels to generate energy, direct sunlight
is not necessarily required for a solar panel’s complete functionality. Indirect
sunlight will be less efficient, but the solar panel will still work.

As a result, solar panels can operate in various weather situations, including rain,
overcast weather, and even the winter. Furthermore, photovoltaic panels may be
used in direct or indirect sunlight, making it comforting to know that solar panels
can be used in overcast or damp conditions.

The Effect Of Water On Solar Panels:-

Solar panels generate energy using light; therefore, the more light or sunshine,
the more power generated. Water does not affect the amount of light that
reaches the panels; hence it has no bearing on power production. Water does not
accumulate on solar panels very long in any case.

However, remember that too much dirt might prevent photovoltaic cells from
absorbing enough light to generate electricity. Keeping your panels free of dust
and grime will improve the light absorbed. Rain helps keep the panels free from
dust; otherwise, you will need to clean them.
 CHAPTER -10

Do Solar Panels Work In The Winter?

Solar panels continue to generate electricity during the winter months, so you will
not be left without power. Also, keep in mind that there are fewer sunlight hours
and less power generated. However, the solar panel will continue to work, and
the system will not completely halt.

A Solar panel’s PV cells absorb more light around noon or even simply when it is
a bright sunny day out, meaning more power to be produced. Knowing that the
winter months make less efficient energy, we always advise scaling your system
for the winter months.
CONCLUSION :-

Solar cars are cost-effective over time because they use free
sunlight as fuel, and solar panels last a long time and require little
maintenance. Solar cars also reduce carbon emissions and air
pollution.
However, solar cars are less efficient in low sunlight conditions,
and the initial investment costs are high. Solar cars also have a
lower top speed than traditional cars, and there isn't much
infrastructure to support solar cars.
As solar technology improves, solar cars may become more feasible
and affordable.