In the wake of Nigeria's attainment of independence in 1960, there emerged a heightened

awareness of the critical importance of preserving the nation's unparalleled biodiversity and
natural landscapes. This recognition was driven by a growing understanding of the ecological,
cultural, and economic value of the country's diverse ecosystems. In response to this awareness
and in a bid to address the pressing need for effective conservation measures, the Nigerian
Conservation Foundation was established in 1982. The foundation marked a pivotal moment in
the evolution of Nigeria's approach to conservation. As a non-governmental organization, the
foundation swiftly assumed a central role in advancing the cause of environmental preservation
and the development of Nigeria's national park system.

The Nigerian Conservation Foundation embarked on a mission, working in close collaboration

with both the government and local communities. This collaborative approach was instrumental
in promoting conservation efforts and laying the groundwork for the establishment of new
national parks. The foundation leveraged its resources, expertise, and outreach to not only
advocate for the protection of natural areas but also to engage with local communities, whose
support and involvement were deemed essential for the success of conservation initiatives. By
fostering partnerships and cooperation between governmental bodies, indigenous populations,
and environmental organizations, the foundation played a pivotal role in advocating for the
preservation of Nigeria's unique natural heritage and promoting the sustainable management of
these precious resources. This approach not only helped safeguard the nation's biodiversity but
also contributed to the broader goals of ecological sustainability and the protection of Nigeria's
cultural and ecological patrimony.

National Park Establishment (Late 20th Century - Early 21st Century)

The Nigerian government has, over the years, demonstrated a strong commitment to recognizing
and preserving the nation's natural and cultural heritage through the establishment of national
parks. These protected areas serve as crucial repositories of the country's diverse ecosystems, as
well as its rich cultural and historical significance. The establishment of several national parks
has been a pivotal step in this direction, with each park strategically located within various
ecological zones of Nigeria to ensure comprehensive conservation coverage.

Yankari National Park

One of the most notable national parks in Nigeria is Yankari National Park, which was officially
established in 1991. Yankari National Park, located in the northeastern part of the country, is
renowned for its unique combination of wildlife, geothermal features, and cultural heritage. It
encompasses a wide range of ecosystems, including savannas, forests, and wetlands, making it a
biodiversity hotspot. Yankari National Park is home to diverse species of mammals, birds, and
reptiles, making it a popular destination for wildlife enthusiasts and ecotourists.

Gashaka-Gumti National Park

Gashaka-Gumti National Park is a national park in Nigeria, It was gazetted from two game
reserves in 1991 and is Nigeria's largest national park. It is located in the eastern provinces of
Taraba and Adamawa to the border with Cameroon

Kamuku National Park

Kamuku National Park, established in 1991 as well, is another vital component of Nigeria's
national park system. Located in the northwest of the country, this park is known for its
extensive woodlands and dry savannas. Kamuku National Park plays a crucial role in conserving
the unique flora and fauna adapted to these arid environments. It is an important habitat for
species such as antelopes, baboons, and diverse birdlife. The park's establishment has helped
protect these ecosystems and the wildlife that call them home.

Kainji National Park

Kainji National Park is a national park in Niger State and Kwara State, Nigeria. Established in
1978, it covers an area of about 5,341 km². Kainji National Park is a national park in Niger State
and Kwara State, Nigeria. Established in 1978, it covers an area of about 5,341 km2 (2,062 sq
mi). The park includes three distinct sectors: a part of the Kainji Lake in which fishing is
restricted, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to
the southeast. Due to insecurity in the region, the National Parks Service temporarily suspended
operations and research in the Kainji National Park in 2021.

Old Oyo National Park

The Old Oyo National Park is one of the national parks of Nigeria, located across northern Oyo
State and southern Kwara State, Nigeria. The park is 2,512 km2 of land in northern Oyo state,
south west Nigeria, at latitude 8° 15’ and 9° 00’N and longitude 3° 35’ and 4° 42’ E. The
location has inevitably placed the park at a vantage position of abundance land area as well as
diverse wildlife and cultural/historical settings. Eleven local government areas out of which ten
fall within Oyo State and one in Kwara State surrounds it. The Administrative Head Office is
located in Oyo, Isokun area along Oyo-Iseyin road, where necessary information and booking
could be made. The landscaping and organized space within the large yard has made the facility
very endearing to the public. It is rich in plant and animal resources including buffaloes,
bushbuck and a variety of birds. The park is easily accessible from southwestern and
northwestern Nigeria. The nearest cities and towns adjoining Old Oyo National Park include
Saki, Iseyin, Igboho, Sepeteri, Tede, Kishi, and Igbeti, which have their own commercial and
cultural attractions for tourism.

Okomu National Park

The Okomu National Park, formerly the Okomu Wildlife Sanctuary, has been identified as one
of the largest remaining natural rainforest ecosystem. Due to the high biodiversity seen in the
Okomu National Park, a Wildlife Sanctuary was first established there.

It is a forest block within the 1,082 km2 (418 sq mi) Okomu Forest Reserve in the Ovia South-
West Local Government Area of Edo State in Nigeria and is located between latitudes 6° 15ʹ and
6° 25ʹ North and longitude 5° 9ʹ and 5° 23ʹ East. The park is about 60 km (37 mi) north west of
Benin City. The park holds a small fragment of the rich forest that once covered the region, and
is the last habitat for many endangered species. It is the smallest of Nigeria's seven national
parks, with a total land size of about 200 km2 and continues to shrink as villages encroach on it,
and is now less than one third of its original size. Powerful corporations are involved in
plantation development and logging concessions around the park, which also pose a threat

Cross River National Park

The Cross River National Park is a national park of Nigeria, located in Cross River State,
Nigeria. There are two separate sections, Okwangwo (established 1991) and Oban (established
1988). The park has a total area of about 4,000 km2, most of which consists of primary moist
tropical rainforests in the North and Central parts, with mangrove swamps on the coastal zones.
Parts of the park belong to the Guinea-Congolian region, with a closed canopy and scattered
emergent trees reaching 40 or 50 meters in height.

Cross River National Park borders Korup National Park in Cameroon and is the largest rain
forest area in Nigeria. It is also a hotspot for biodiversity. The park has one of the oldest
rainforests in Africa, and has been identified as a biodiversity hot spot. Sixteen primate species
have been recorded in the park. Rare primates include common chimpanzees, drills and (in
Okwangwo) Cross River gorillas. Another primate, the gray-cheeked mangabey, seems to have
recently become extinct in the area

Chad Basin National Park

The Chad Basin National Park is a national park in northeastern Nigeria, in the Chad Basin, with
a total area of about 2,258 km2. The park is fragmented, with three sectors. The Chingurmi-
Duguma sector is in Borno State, in a Sudanian Savanna ecological zone. The Bade-Nguru
Wetlands and Bulatura sectors are in Yobe State in the Sahel ecological zone.

Biodiversity Conservation and Research

Nigeria's national parks are not only important for conservation but also serve as sites for
scientific research. They have provided researchers, both local and international, with unique
environments for studying and understanding the nation's exceptional flora and fauna, including
numerous endangered species. These research initiatives aim to inform and enhance conservation
strategies and further the knowledge of Nigeria's natural heritage.
Challenges and Conservation Efforts

Despite their establishment, Nigeria's national parks have faced various challenges, including
habitat degradation, poaching, illegal logging, and conflicts with local communities. To address
these challenges, the Nigerian government, in collaboration with non-governmental
organizations and international organizations, has implemented a range of conservation efforts.
These initiatives encompass community engagement, capacity building, anti-poaching measures,
and environmental education programs.

International Recognition and Collaboration

Several of Nigeria's national parks have gained international recognition for their ecological
importance. Some have been designated as UNESCO Biosphere Reserves or recognized under
international conservation agreements, fostering collaboration with global conservation
organizations. These partnerships contribute to enhanced conservation efforts and the protection
of the parks' unique ecosystems.

The Future of Nigeria's National Parks

As Nigeria continues to expand its national park system, there is a growing emphasis on
promoting sustainable ecotourism. This approach aims to generate revenue for park management
while simultaneously supporting the conservation of Nigeria's rich biodiversity. As the nation
evolves, its national parks remain vital for preserving its natural treasures and fostering
sustainable development.

Importance

National parks in Nigeria serve a multifaceted role, contributing significantly to the nation's
social, cultural, and economic well-being. They are not only vital for the conservation of the
country's natural heritage but also for the development and enrichment of Nigerian society.
SOCIAL SIGNIFICANCE

National parks have a profound social impact on Nigeria, benefiting the local communities,
visitors, and society as a whole:

Recreation and education: National parks provide opportunities for recreation and education.
They offer a serene escape from the hustle and bustle of urban life, allowing visitors to connect
with nature. Educational programs in parks raise awareness about environmental conservation,
ecosystem functions, and biodiversity. A prime example is Yankari National Park, a popular
destination in Nigeria, offering ecotourism activities like wildlife safaris, birdwatching, and
interpretive walks.

Cultural and historical preservation: Some national parks in Nigeria encompass cultural and
historical landmarks. For instance, the Osun-Osogbo Sacred Grove within Osun-Osogbo Sacred
Grove National Park is not only a biodiversity hotspot but also a UNESCO World Heritage Site
known for its sacred groves, sculptures, and rituals of the Yoruba people, promoting cultural
heritage preservation.

Community involvement: National parks often engage local communities in conservation efforts.
These collaborations can lead to improved livelihoods through sustainable eco-tourism and
community-based conservation initiatives. An example is the partnership between the Nigeria
National Parks Service and local communities around Gashaka-Gumti National Park, which has
led to the protection of critical wildlife habitats and provided economic opportunities for nearby
residents.

CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE

National parks play a crucial role in preserving Nigeria's cultural identity, traditions, and
indigenous knowledge:

Cultural festivals and practices: Some national parks host traditional cultural festivals,
celebrating the rich heritage of the Nigerian people. For instance, the annual Osun-Osogbo
Festival within Osun-Osogbo Sacred Grove National Park is a vibrant cultural event that attracts
visitors from across Nigeria and around the world. It promotes cultural understanding and
appreciation.

Art and craft: National parks also serve as sources of inspiration for Nigerian artists and
craftspeople. Local communities often create handicrafts and artwork inspired by the natural and
cultural features of the parks, providing an additional source of income for the region.

ECONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE

National parks are not only centers for conservation but also contribute significantly to the
Nigerian economy:

Tourism revenue: Nigeria's national parks are increasingly becoming popular tourist
destinations. The revenue generated from tourism, including entrance fees, accommodations, and
other services, helps support park management and local economies. Yankari National Park is a
prime example of a park that generates substantial revenue from ecotourism.

Employment opportunities: The tourism industry linked to national parks provides direct and
indirect employment opportunities for local communities, including tour guides, hospitality staff,
and artisans. This economic activity helps reduce poverty and supports sustainable development
in the vicinity of the parks.

Research and education: National parks also attract researchers, environmental scientists, and
educators. Their presence generates research funding and educational opportunities that
contribute to the nation's knowledge base, fostering innovation and academic development.