1

1 The names of the elements of Period 2 of the Periodic Table are shown.

lithium beryllium boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon

Identify the element which has the highest rate of diffusion at room temperature.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

2 Ester Y has the structure shown.

O H

H C O C H

Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the arrangement of electrons in a molecule of

ester Y.

O
H

H C O C H

[3]

[Total: 3]
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3 Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement and charges of the ions in
sodium oxide.

....... .......

Na O

.......

Na

[3]

[Total: 3]

4 Potassium is a Group I element.

Name and describe the bonding in potassium.

name ........................................................................................................................................

description ................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [4]

[Total: 4]

5 This question is about nitrogen.

Nitrogen molecules have the formula N2.

Some properties of nitrogen are shown:

• melting point of −210 °C

• boiling point of −196 °C
• non-conductor of electricity when solid
• insoluble in water.

(a) Name the type of bonding between the atoms in an N2 molecule.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]
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(b) Explain, in terms of attractive forces between particles, why nitrogen has a low melting point.

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) Explain why nitrogen does not conduct electricity.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 3]

6 Two isotopes of sulfur are shown.

32
16S

33
16S

Use your knowledge of protons, neutrons and electrons to answer the following questions.

(a) Describe how these isotopes of sulfur are the same and how they are different.

same .................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

different .............................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [3]

(b) Explain why each of these isotopes have an overall charge of zero.

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) Explain why both isotopes have the same chemical properties.

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 5]

7 Aluminium reacts with oxygen to form an amphoteric oxide.

(a) State what is meant by the term amphoteric.

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [1]
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(b) The reaction between aluminium oxide and aqueous sodium hydroxide forms a salt containing
the negative ion AlO2 . The only other product is water.

Write a chemical equation for the reaction between aluminium oxide and aqueous sodium
hydroxide.

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 3]

8 Compound X has the following composition by mass.

H, 3.66%; P, 37.80%; O, 58.54%

Calculate the empirical formula of compound X.

empirical formula = ........................... [2]

[Total: 2]

9 Dilute sulfuric acid and aqueous potassium hydroxide are used to make aqueous potassium sulfate.

H2SO4 + 2KOH → K2SO4 + 2H2O

The method includes use of the following apparatus.

dilute sulfuric acid

conical flask

25.0 cm3 of aqueous

potassium hydroxide

3
Calculate the volume of 0.0625 mol / dm dilute sulfuric acid, H2SO4, that completely reacts with
3 3
25.0 cm of 0.100 mol / dm potassium hydroxide, KOH, to produce aqueous potassium sulfate.
 5

Use the following steps.

3 3
(a) Calculate the number of moles of KOH in 25.0 cm of 0.100 mol / dm KOH.

= ................................mol [1]

(b) Deduce the number of moles of H2SO4 that react with KOH.

= ................................mol [1]

(c) Calculate the volume of H2SO4 required.

3
volume = .................................cm [1]

(d) The experiment is repeated using the same volume and concentration of potassium hydroxide
and the same concentration of dilute sulfuric acid. In this second experiment, the product is
aqueous potassium hydrogensulfate, KHSO4.

H2SO4 + KOH → KHSO4 + H2O

Use your answer to (c) and the equation to deduce the volume of H2SO4 required.

3
volume = .................................cm [1]

[Total: 4]
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10 A student prepares magnesium sulfate crystals, MgSO4, by adding excess magnesium to dilute
sulfuric acid.

Magnesium sulfate crystals have the formula, MgSO4•xH2O, where x is a whole number of molecules
of water.

The student heats the crystals to remove the molecules of water.

MgSO4•xH2O(s) → MgSO4(s) + xH2O(g)

The student heats a sample of MgSO4•xH2O and finds it has lost 0.140 moles of H2O and has
2.40 g of MgSO4 remaining.

Determine the value of x .

Use the following steps.

(a) Calculate the Mr of MgSO4.

Mr = .................................. [1]

(b) Determine the number of moles of MgSO4 formed.

moles of MgSO4 formed = ........................... [1]

(c) Determine the value of x in MgSO4•xH2O.

x = .................................... [1]

[Total: 3]
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11 When NaOH(aq) is added to aqueous iron(III) chloride, FeCl3(aq), a solid product is formed.

Write the ionic equation for the reaction. Include state symbols.

.................................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 3]

12 The formula for crystals of hydrated copper(II) sulfate is CuSO4•5H2O.

Hydrated copper(II) sulfate is made by reacting copper(II) oxide with dilute sulfuric acid.

The overall equation is shown.

CuO + H2SO4 + 4H2O → CuSO4•5H2O

The crystals are made using the following steps:

3 3
step 1 50.0 cm of 0.200 mol / dm dilute sulfuric acid is heated in a beaker. Powdered copper(II)
oxide is added until the copper(II) oxide is in excess. Aqueous copper(II) sulfate is formed.

step 2 The excess copper(II) oxide is separated from the aqueous copper(II) sulfate.

step 3 The aqueous copper(II) sulfate is heated until a saturated solution is formed.

step 4 The saturated solution is allowed to cool and crystallise.

step 5 The crystals are removed and dried.

Calculate the maximum mass of copper(II) sulfate crystals, CuSO4•5H2O, that can form using the
following steps.
3 3
(a) Calculate the number of moles of H2SO4 in 50.0 cm of 0.200 mol / dm H2SO4.

...................................mol [1]

(b) Deduce the number of moles of CuSO4•5H2O that can form.

...................................mol [1]
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(c) The Mr of CuSO4•5H2O is 250.

Calculate the maximum mass of CuSO4•5H2O that can form.

.......................................... [1]

[Total: 3]

13 The Group I metals react with cold water.

Transition elements do not react with cold water.

(a) Describe two other differences in the chemical properties between Group I metals and
transition elements.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................ [2]

(b) Describe the observations when potassium is added to cold water.

Write a balanced equation for the reaction. Include state symbols.

observations .....................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

equation ............................................................................................................................ [5]

[Total: 7]

14 Ethane is an alkane which undergoes a photochemical reaction with chlorine.

The equation for the reaction can be represented as shown.

H H H H

H C C H + Cl Cl ® H C C Cl + H Cl

H H H H
Some bond energies are given.

bond energy
bond
in kJ / mol
 9

C−H 410

C−C 350

Cl−Cl 240

C−Cl 340

H−Cl 430

Use the bond energies in the table to calculate the energy change in this reaction.

Use the following steps.

(a) Calculate the energy needed to break bonds.

energy = ...................... kJ [1]

(b) Calculate the energy released in making bonds.

energy = ...................... kJ [1]

(c) Determine the energy change in this reaction.

energy change in this reaction = .................. kJ / mol [1]

[Total: 3]

15 Ethane is an alkane which undergoes a photochemical reaction with chlorine as shown.

C2H6(g) + Cl2(g) → C2H5Cl(l) + HCl(g)

The energy profile diagram of this reaction is shown.

 10

A
C2H6 + Cl 2
energy
B
C2H5Cl + HCl

progress of reaction

(a) Name the energy change labelled A.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Name the energy change labelled B.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) State how the energy profile diagram shows this is an exothermic reaction.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 3]

16 Bromine monochloride, BrCl, is made by the reaction between bromine and chlorine.

The chemical equation is shown.

Br2(g) + Cl2(g) → 2BrCl(g)

bond energy in
bond
kJ / mol

Br-Br 190

Cl-Cl 242

Br-Cl 218

Calculate the overall energy change for the reaction using bond energies.

Use the following steps.

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(a) Calculate the total amount of energy required to break the bonds in 1 mole of Br2(g) and
1 mole of Cl2(g).

.................................................. k J [1]

(b) Calculate the total amount of energy released when the bonds in 2 moles of BrCl(g) are formed.

....................................................kJ [1]

(c) Calculate the overall energy change for the reaction.

............................................kJ / mol [1]

[Total: 3]
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17 The chemical equation for a reaction can be represented as shown.

H H H H

C C + Cl Cl Cl C C Cl

H H H H

The energy change for the reaction is −180 kJ / mol.

Use the bond energies in the table to calculate the bond energy of a C−Cl bond, in kJ / mol.

bond C−H C=C Cl−Cl C−C

bond energy in kJ / mol 410 610 240 350

Use the following steps.

step 1 Calculate the energy needed to break bonds.

energy needed to break bonds = ..................................... kJ

step 2 Use your answer in step 1 and the energy change for the reaction to determine the energy
released when bonds are formed.

energy released when bonds form = ............................... kJ

step 3 Use your answer in step 2 and bond energy values to determine the energy of a C−Cl bond.

bond energy of a C−Cl bond = .................................kJ / mol [4]

[Total: 4]

18 Gaseous phosphorus(V) chloride decomposes into gaseous phosphorus(III) chloride and gaseous
chlorine.
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When the three gases are present in a closed container the system reaches equilibrium.

PCl5(g) ⇌ PCl3(g) + Cl2(g)

(a) Complete the table using only the words increases, decreases or no change.

effect on the rate of effect on the equilibrium

the forward reaction yield (PCl3(g) and Cl2(g))

increasing the temperature increases

decreasing the pressure

adding a catalyst no change

[1]

(b) The table shows that when the temperature increases, the equilibrium yields of PCl3(g) and
Cl2(g) increase.

State what conclusion can be made from this.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 2]

19 Sulfuric acid is manufactured by an industrial process. Sulfur is obtained from sulfur-containing

metal ores.

The sulfur in the metal ore is converted to sulfur dioxide which is then oxidised to sulfur trioxide as
shown.

2SO2(g) + O2(g) ⇌ 2SO3(g)

The reaction that produces sulfur trioxide is an equilibrium. The forward reaction is exothermic.

(a) Describe two features of an equilibrium.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................ [2]

(b) State the effect, if any, on the position of equilibrium when the following changes are made.

Explain your answers.

temperature is increased ..................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

pressure is increased .......................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [4]
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[Total: 6]

20 Ammonia is made in an industrial process starting with nitrogen.

The equation for the reaction is shown.

N2 + 3H2 ⇌ 2NH3

The forward reaction is exothermic.

State the effect, if any, on the position of the equilibrium when the following changes are made.
Explain your answers.

temperature is reduced ............................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

pressure is reduced .................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [4]

[Total: 4]

21 Explain, in terms of particles, what happens to the rate of a reaction when the temperature is
reduced.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 3]

22 The formula for crystals of hydrated copper(II) sulfate is CuSO4•5H2O.

Hydrated copper(II) sulfate is made by reacting copper(II) oxide with dilute sulfuric acid.

The overall equation is shown.

CuO + H2SO4 + 4H2O → CuSO4•5H2O

The crystals are made using the following steps:

 15

3 3
step 1 50.0 cm of 0.200 mol / dm dilute sulfuric acid is heated in a beaker. Powdered copper(II)
oxide is added until the copper(II) oxide is in excess. Aqueous copper(II) sulfate is formed.

step 2 The excess copper(II) oxide is separated from the aqueous copper(II) sulfate.

step 3 The aqueous copper(II) sulfate is heated until a saturated solution is formed.

step 4 The saturated solution is allowed to cool and crystallise.

step 5 The crystals are removed and dried.

(a) State one observation that indicates the copper(II) oxide is in excess in step 1.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Step 1 is repeated without heating the dilute sulfuric acid.

All other conditions are kept the same.

The rate of reaction decreases.

Give a reason why the rate of reaction decreases.

Explain your answer in terms of particles.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [3]

(c) Name a substance, other than copper(II) oxide, that can be added to dilute sulfuric acid to
produce copper(II) sulfate in step 1.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(d) Name the process used to separate excess copper(II) oxide from aqueous copper(II) sulfate
in step 2.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(e) Suggest what is meant by the term saturated solution in step 3.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]
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(f) The phrase ‘heating to dryness’ means heating until no more water is given off.

Explain why aqueous copper(II) sulfate is not heated to dryness in step 3.

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 9]