STEAM ENGINE

Steam Engine – is a heat engine supplied by steam which presses the piston on one side and followed
on the other side that causes to move the cylinder in reciprocating motion which converted into a
mechanical power or shaft power.

Single acting engine – is an engine in which work is done on only one side of the piston, having only
one working stroke to a revolution.

Double acting engine – is an engine in which work is done on both sides of the piston, having two
working strokes to a revolution.

Engine Indicator – is an instrument for graphically recording the pressure versus piston displacement
through an engine stroke cycle.

Planimeter – is an instrument used to measure the area of P-V diagram.

Dynamometer – is a device used for measuring torque.

Tachometer – is an instrument designed to measure the rotation speed of an engine.

Brake Power – the actual power delivered by the engine to the shaft.

Indicated Power – the power developed in the engine cylinder as obtained from the pressure in the
cylinder.

Friction Power – The pressure and torque spent in overcoming friction of reciprocating and revolving
parts of the engine and the automobile before it reached the drive shaft.

Mean Effective Pressure – is the average pressure acting on the piston during the operating cycle.

Steam

h1 piston
piston rod

D
Brake
d Power
Indicated
h2
Power H2O (out)

Condenser QR

H2O (in)
h3
FORMULAS:
1. Volume Displacement:
a. If piston rod is neglected: Note:

➢ 2-stroke cycle engine

𝛑𝐃𝟐 ➢ single cylinder
𝐕𝐃 = A L Ns 𝐕𝐃 = 2 [( ) 𝐋𝐍] ➢ double acting
𝟒

b. If piston rod is considered: (no.of cylinders) (no.of acting) (n) (2)

Ns = [ ]
no.of stroke
𝟐
𝛑𝐃 𝛑
𝐕𝐃 = [(
𝟒
) 𝐋𝐍] + 𝟒 (𝐃𝟐 − 𝐝𝟐 ) LN c a (n) 2
Ns = [ ]
s

where:
𝟐 𝟐 rpm
𝛑𝐃 𝛑𝐝 N=n=
𝐕𝐃 = 2 [( ) 𝐋𝐍] - ( ) 𝐋𝐍 cyl
𝟒 𝟒

2. Indicator diagram is used to find the mean indicated pressure.

𝐀𝐚𝐯𝐞 𝐊
𝐏𝐦𝐢 =
𝐥

where: P Area
Aave = average area of diagram for both sides of the piston
AHE + ACE
=
2
, m2
K = Spring scale constant, kPa/m
l = length of the indicator card, m
Pmi = indicated mean effective pressure, kPa
Pmi
Length
3. Indicated Power: V

IP = 𝐏𝐦𝐢 VD

4. Brake Power:

BP = 𝐏𝐦𝐛 VD where:
Pmb = brake mean effective pressure
𝟐𝝿𝐓𝐧 T = torque, kN-m
BP = , kW n = rotative speed, rpm
𝟔𝟎

5. Friction Power:

FP = IP – BP
6. Mechanical Efficiency:

𝐁𝐏 𝐏𝐦𝐛
𝛈𝐌𝐄 = =
𝐈𝐏 𝐏𝐦𝐢

7. Indicated Thermal Efficiency:

𝐈𝐏 𝐈𝐏
𝐞𝐈 = 𝐞𝐈 =
𝐄𝐜 𝐦𝐬 (𝐡𝟏 − 𝐡𝟑 )

8. Brake Thermal Efficiency:

𝐁𝐏 𝐁𝐏
𝐞𝐁 = 𝐞𝐁 =
𝐄𝐜 𝐦𝐬 (𝐡𝟏 − 𝐡𝟑 )

9. Indicated Engine Efficiency:

𝐈𝐏
𝛈𝐈 =
𝐦𝐬 (𝐡𝟏 − 𝐡𝟐 )

10. Brake Engine Efficiency:

𝐁𝐏
𝛈𝐁 =
𝐦𝐬 (𝐡𝟏 − 𝐡𝟐 )

11. Equivalent Rankine Efficiency:

(𝐡 − 𝐡𝟐 )
𝐞𝐞 = (𝐡𝟏
𝟏 − 𝐡𝟑 )

12. Cooling Water Requirement in Condenser:

Heat absorbed by the water = Heat rejected of steam

𝐦𝐰 𝐂𝐩𝐰 (𝐭 𝟐 − 𝐭 𝟏 ) = 𝐦𝐬 (𝐡𝟐 − 𝐡𝟑 )