PROPOSAL

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OPERATIONS III PRACTICUM

Module 5
SOLID – LIQUID EXTRACTION
(LEACHING)
Day : Wednesday
Group :1
Practitioner : 1. Kresna Ramadhani Fauzan (5008201072)
2. Dian Maulidya Hanif (5008201120)
3. Aryasatya Wicaksono (5008211047)
4. Faras Naufal Barianto (5008211145)
Assistant : Shafira Nur Adiningsih (6008212003)
Practicum Date : 25/10/2023

Department of Chemical Engineering

Faculty of Industrial Technology and Engineering Systems
Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology
Surabaya
2023
PROPOSAL

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

I.1. The Practicum's Objective

1. Solve the problem statement, namely producing 5000 liters of coffee bean extract in batch
operations using laboratory equipment
2. Calculate how much product is produced from 100 liters of solvent.

I.2. Basic Theory

Many biological, organic and inorganic substances are found in a mixture of different
components in a solid. To separate the desired solute or separate unwanted dissolved
components from a solid phase, the solid is contacted with a liquid phase. The two phases are
in good contact and the solute or dissolved substances can diffuse from the solid phase to the
liquid phase. (Geankoplis, 2003)

According to Wilson (2010), solid-liquid extraction or better known as leaching is the

process of separating solid substances that can dissolve (soluble substances) from their
mixture with other solid substances that are insoluble or inert by dissolving. In general, the
extraction separation process consists of three basic steps, namely:

1. Addition of a mass of solvent to contact with the sample, usually

through a diffusion process.
2. The solute will separate from the sample and dissolve in the solvent to form the
extract phase.
3. Separation of the extract phase from the sample.

A. Extraction
Extraction is a process of separating chemical compounds from tissue
plants or animals using certain filters. An extract is a concentrated preparation obtained by
extracting the active substance using a suitable solvent, then all or almost all of the solvent is
evaporated and the remaining mass or powder is treated in such a way, until it meets the
standards set by the Ministry of Health (RI, 1995)

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Extraction aims to extract all the chemical components contained in the simplicia.
Extraction is based on the mass transfer of solid components into the solvent where the
transfer begins to occur at the interface layer, then diffuses into the solvent. The process of
extracting chemical components in plant cells, namely the organic solvent will penetrate the
cell wall and enter the cell cavity which contains the active substance, the active substance
will dissolve in the organic solvent outside the cell, then the concentrated solution will
diffuse out of the cell and this process will repeat continuously until There is a balance
between the fluid concentration of active substances inside and outside the cell. Factors that
can influence the extraction rate are the type of sample preparation, extraction time, solvent
quantity, solvent temperature, and solvent type. Ministry of Health (RI, 1995)

Solid-liquid extraction has another term, namely Leaching. Leaching is the extraction
of solutes contained in solids using organic solvents. The mechanism that occurs in the
leaching process is as follows: the solvent moves to the surface of the solid, then the solvent
diffuses into the solid, so that the solute dissolved in the solvent will diffuse outward towards
the surface of the solid, and finally the solute will move into the body of the solution
(Kurniawan, 2008 )

The variables that influence an extraction process are:

a. Amount of solvent,
b. Extraction temperature,
c. Type of solvent.
d. Solid particle size,
e. extraction time,
f. Total stage (stage),
g. Solvent viscosity,
h. Solvent flow rate

B. Solvent
In the extraction process, the choice of solvent plays an important role

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whether the extraction process was successful or not. The choice of solvent is generally
influenced by factors:

1. Selectivity.
2. Solubility
3. Reactivity
4. Boiling point

The extraction process is carried out using a solvent. Extraction can use single
solvents or mixed solvents. Mixed solvents that are commonly used are a mixture of water
and ethanol, a mixture of water and methanol, a mixture of water and ether (Agoes, 2007).

According to Guenther (1987), the first requirement for the solvent used must be
selective, meaning the solvent must be able to dissolve all compounds quickly. The second
condition is that it must have a fairly low boiling point. This is so that the solvent can be
easily evaporated without using high temperatures. but it should not be too low because it
will result in losses due to evaporation. The third condition is that it is inert, meaning that the
solvent does not react with the oil components. The fourth condition is to look for a solvent
that is cheap and easy to obtain. The way extraction works with a vaporizer is quite simple,
namely by inserting the extracted material into a special extractor (socklet). Extraction takes
place systematically at a certain temperature using a solvent. The solvent will penetrate into
the material. Oil extracted using solvents has the advantage of having an odor that is similar
to the smell of natural oil. (Gluenther 1987):

C. Extractor
An extractor is a tool used in the extraction process. Where in the process
Solid-liquid extraction can use a Soxhlet extractor which consists of several parts
namely Extraction Thimble and Siphon Tube. The Soxhlet must be assembled to be able to
extract components, the Soxhlet extractor series consists of the Soxhlet, round bottom flask,
and condenser.

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CHAPTER II
PRACTICUM

II.1 Variables
In this experiment the variables used were the extraction method with operating temperature
and contact time variables. The extraction method used is batch extraction. The temperatures
used for coffee bean extraction are 75°C, 80°C, and 85°C with a contact time of 10 minutes.

II.2 Tools and Materials of Experiment

II.2.a. Tools
1. Beaker glass 100 mL
2. Beaker glass 1000 mL
3. Corong
4. Neraca Analitic
5. Peralatan Extration
6. Stopwatch
7. Kertas Saring 3 Buah

II.2.b. Materials
The materials used in this practicum are
1. Biji Kopi
2.Air
Figure II.2.1 Schematic Tools Used in The Practicum

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Description of Figure 11.4.1:

T1: Valve Tee controls the direction of solvent flow from the reboiler to the extractor

T2: Valve Tee controls the direction of solution flow from the extractor to the solvent boiler
or reboiler

V1: Valve opens/closes the solution flow out of the extractor

S1: Valve opens/closes to test solvent flow speed or output

S2: Valve opens/closes the solution flow output

S3: Valve opens/closes the solution flow output. S4: Valve opens/closes the solution flow
output

II.3 Methodology

1. Ensure all valves are closed.

2. Fill the solvent, namely distilled water, into the boiler until it is 3/4 full.

3. Weigh the material to be extracted \ weighing 100 grams and then put it in the extraction
vessel.

4. Turn on the solvent boiler and set it to a temperature of 75°C then wait until it reaches
steady state.

5. After steady state, valve T1 is opened and adjusted to fill the extractor from above.

6. Turn on the pump and adjust until the pump is at maximum speed.

7. Pay attention to the solvent flowrate on the rotameter and note the flowrate if the pump is
at maximum speed.

8. When the solvent starts to enter the extraction vessel, immediately start calculating the
filling time.

9. Let the solvent fill the vessel for 10 minutes.

10. Turn off the pump and close valve T1 to prevent more solvent from entering the
extraction vessel.

11. Stop the timer and determine the volume of solvent in the vessel.

12. Turn on the timer again to start experimenting with temperature

13. Once finished, the extractor is emptied of the extracted water.

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II.5 Practicum Data

And here are the experiment data for this practicum:

Table II.5.1. Experiment Data for Solid – Liquid Extraction for 10 Minutes Extractions
Solvent Temperature Vol Aquadest in Extractor Kafein Mass (gr)
(cm^3)
75

80

85

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Geankoplis, Christie John. (2003). Transport Processes and Separation Process Principles 4th
edition. Pearson Prentice Hall.
Guenther (1987) dan Agoes (2007) dalam Widiati, Sylvia (2011) DAYA HAMBAT
EKSTRAK AMPAS TEH HITAM (Camellia sinensis L.) TERHADAP
PERTUMBUHAN Staphylococcus epidermidis. S1 thesis, UAJY.
Kurniawan, Adityo, dkk (2008). Ekstraksi Kafein Kulit Jeruk Dengan Metode Distilasi,
Pengepresan Dan Leaching. Surabaya: Widya Mandala.
RI, D. K. (1995). Materia Medika Indonesia (Vol. VI). Jakarta: Depkes RI.

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