REVIEWER

Reading and Writing

Intertextuality- is a powerful writing tool in which a text gains layers of meaning through citation
and referencing in other texts. The strategy, the authors borrow a prior text fromanother and
integrate it in his writing.
Hypertext- is a new way of reading a text online. Traditionally,reading was viewed as a linear
process, where you read from the beginning until the end of the text
Hypermedia- Is use links to the text since many multimedia devices are present such as the
use of pictures, sounds, animations and many more which can make the learning more
worthwhile
Textual Evidences- are facts, sources and other statistical records that may be obtained from
researches
Claim or thesis statements- are assertions of something as a fact
Analysis- is the process of breaking complex topic into smaller parts in order to gain
understanding.
Critical reading- involves presenting a reasoned argument that evaluates and analyzes what
you have read.
Reasoning- is an act of giving statements for justification and explanation. It is the ability of
someone to defend something by giving out reasons.
Evaluative statement- is a way of giving better explanation to show the strength and
weaknesses of something through writing.
Evidence- should be data driven and everything is from a true or accurate source.
Evaluative statements can be done by :a.) formulating assertions about the content and the
properties of a text read b.) formulating a meaningful counterclaim in response to a claim made
in the text read.
Assertion or claims and counterclaims can be gleaned after reading a text.
Textual evidence or evidences are needed to support whether claims or counterclaims
presented in a text.

DIASS

Social Work- is a practice-based profession that promotes social change, development,

cohesion and empowerment of people and communities.
Social workers- are professionals who aim to enhance overall well-being and help meet basic
and complex needs of communities and people.
Goal of Social Work- The primary mission of the social work profession is to enhance human
well-being and help meet basic and complex poverty. To develop competent social work
professionals grounded in knowledge, values, and skills necessary for entry-level generalist
practice with individuals, families, groups,
Scope of Social Work- The scope of practice of the profession of social work means the
assessment, diagnosis, treatment and evaluation of individual, interpersonal and societal
problems through the use of social work knowledge, skills, interventions and strategies, to assist
individuals, dyads, families, groups, organizations and communities to achieve optimum
psychosocial and social functioning and includes, without limiting the generality of the foregoing
National association of Social Workers (NASW)- in the US defined social work as the
professional activity of helping individuals, groups or communities enhance or restore their
capacity for social functioning and creating societal conditions favorable to the goal.
United Nations of Economic, Social and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)- considers social
work as a field within human services of the government. It considers social work as an
important service to the society focusing in individuals and families in need of help.
International Federation of Social Workers (IFSW)- defines social work as a practice-based
and academic discipline that promotes change and social development.
Australian Association of Social Workers (AASW)- adheres to the definition of IFSW and
recognizes that social work is a practical profession designed at helping people address their
problems and matching them with the resources they need to lead healthy and productive lives.
International Association of Social Workers (IASSW)- and IFSW agreed on adopting an
international definition of social work, which indicates as:"The social work profession promotes
social change, problem solving in human relationship. and the empowerment and liberation of
people to enhance well- being. "
Core Values and Principles
• Importance of human relationships-social workers recognize the central importance of human
relationships
• Integrity-Social workers behave in a trustworthy manner
• Competence-Social workers practice within their areas of competence and develop and
enhance their professional expertise
What are the 6 core values and corresponding ethical principles of the NASW Code of
Ethics?
• Service-primary goal is to help people in need and to address social problems
• Social Justice-Social Workers challenge social injustice
• Dignity and Worth of the Person-Social Workers respect the inherent dignity and worth of the
person
Principles Relative to Respect for Human Rights
1. Upholding and promoting human dignity and well-being.
2. Respecting the right to self-determination.
3. Promoting the right to participation.
4. Creating each person as a whole.
5. Identifying and developing strengths.
Principles Relative to Social Justice
1. Challenging discrimination.
2. Recognizing diversity.
3. Distributing resources.
4. Challenging unjust policies and practices.
5. Working in solidarity.
Principles Relative to Professional Integrity
1. Upholding the values and reputation of the profession
2. Being trustworthy
3. Maintaining professional boundaries
4. Making considered professional judgements
AREAS OF SPECIALIZATION
• Child, Family and School Social Worker
• Community Social Worker
• Hospice and Palliative Care Social Worker
• Medical and Health Social Worker
• Mental Health and Substance Abuse Social Worker
• Military and Veterans Social Worker Psychiatric Social Worker
OTHER SPECIALIZATIONS:
• GERONTOLOGICAL SOCIAL WORKER - Deal with care of old people in old people's home;
works in centers handling cases of AIDS
• CRIMINOLOGY AND CORRECTIONAL SOCIAL WORKERS- Work in prisons, remand
homes, crime and delinquent prevention programs.
MEDICAL AND PSYCHIATRIC SOCIAL WORKERS- work in clinics, hospitals, child guidance
clinic, mental hospitals, medical colleges, community public health centers -
SOCIAL WORKERS IN COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT- are involved in field work in
community groups, government and voluntary agencies, and Non-government agencies
(NGOS)
Right- a moral or legal entitlement to have or obtain something or to act in a certain way.
Responsibility- the state or fact of being accountable or to blame for something.
Accountability - the acceptance responsibility for one's own actions.
Code of Ethics of Social Work:
• It is the duty of a social worker to always protect the health and well-being of people who avail
of the services.
•Respect for the inherent worth and dignity of persons, pursuit of justice, integrity of professional
practice, confidentiality in professional practice, and competence in professional practice.
Code of Ethics of the National Association of Social Workers-they are broad ethical
principles based on social work's core values of service, social justice, dignity and worth of the
human person, importance of human relationships, integrity, and competence.
Ethical dilemma-a situation in which a difficult choice has to be made between two courses of
action, either of which entails transgressing a moral principle.
Service- Social workers' primary goal is to help people in need and to address social problems.
Social justice- social workers challenge social injustice.
Dignity and worth of the person- Social workers respect the inherent dignity and worth of the
person.
Importance of human relationships- social workers recognize the central importance of
human
relationships
SWRB-Social Workers Registration Board
IFSW-International Federation of Social Workers
Ethical Responsibilities- to Clients,to Colleagues,in Practice Settings, as Professionals, to the
Social Work Profession, to the Broader Society
NEEDS ASSESSMENT- a step taken to systematically identify the actual needs
INTERVENTION/ PROGRAM DESIGN- It is the process of planning the methods and tools for
social work services.
IMPLEMENTATION- It is the process that involves acting on the plan for an effective
social work services.
MONITORING- a detailed process of documentation to be able to explain what is happening on
both sides, the social work and on the recipients of services
EVALUATION- examination of the impacts and influence of the services, determine the efficacy
and effectivity of the program
COMMUNICATION
Sender - is the person who delivers the message to a recipient.
Encoding – is the process wherein the sender converts the message into a thought, idea, or
fact into a message composed of symbols, pictures, or words.
Decoding - is the interpretation of the message. Decoding is performed by the receiver.
Receiver - is the person who gets or receives the message.
Feedback – is the response of the receiver as to the message sent by the sender. This starts
an interaction.
Noise – is anything that interferes with a message being sent between participants in a
communication encounter.
Verbal Communication- occurs when we engage in speaking with others, i.e., sounds,
language, and tone of voice.
Non-verbal Communication- is the transmission of message or signals through nonverbal
platform such as facial expressions, body language and posture.
Written Communication- refers to the process of conveying a message through the written
symbols, such as letters, memos, journals, emails, blogs, and text messages.
Mass Media- All forms of communication that are devoted to transmitting standardized
messages to widespread audience are called mass media (Thomson & Heckey 1999). This
includes newspapers, magazines, books, e-books, radio, social networking sites and the
Internet, television, and motion picture.
New Media and Social Media- Under new media and social media, communication is not
necessarily relational but the issue and interest-based instead. With the help of technology, new
media has helped transform the notion of a community based on geography to a community
based on interest, from citizens to netizens.
Telecommunication- refers to the transmission of information by electromagnetic means.
Large volumes of information in the form of words, sounds, or images, over long distances, are
transmitted in the form of electromagnetic signals, by telegraph, telephone, radio, or television.
The term covers a vast range of information transmitting technologies including mobile phones,
landlines, VoIP, and broadcast networks
Conducting a needs assessment-is essentially the same. The communicator
wants to know the purpose of communicating that may include considering five
essential elements: the sender, the message being transmitted, the medium used to
carry the message, the receiver of the message, and the interpretation given to the message.
Monitoring and Evaluating Communication Effectivity-A logical model in monitoring and
evaluating communication effectivity involves splitting the variables into two: those that pertain
to making something happen (the causes) and those that account for results (the effects)
Self-development is a process of consciously improving oneself in various aspects of his or her
life. One of the most rational decisions you can make for yourself is to strive towards continuous
self-development.
Persuasion- is a form of social influence in which an audience is intentionally encouraged to
adopt an idea, attitude, or course of action by symbolic means. The advent of the so-called
computer age strengthens persuasion in the form of social media.
ART & ENTERTAINMENT -Arts can be classified into: visual arts (painting, photography,
printmaking, filmmaking and plastic arts like sculpture & architecture), performing arts (music,
dance and theater which uses the artist’s body, face & presence as medium), language arts
(novels, prose and poetry), culinary (art of cooking) physical arts (sports).
NEWS & INFORMATION FUNCTION- News is meant to make people aware of their
surroundings, people and events whereas information are regular pieces of facts that do not
change with time. The proliferation of news outlets, channels, and purposes require increased
ability of the audience and participants in the news making and consumption
ORGANIZING ADVOCACY AND MOBILIZATION- ” It involves all relevant segments of society,
from policy and decision makers to religious associations, professional groups, etc.
SOCIALIZATION- The lifelong process by which a person acquires the values, behaviors, and
attitudes considered appropriate in his culture.
Sociological Theories of Socialization- we develop our sense of self by using symbols and
language in our interaction with others.
Preparatory stage – children generally copy the actions and behavior of people around them 2.
Play stage – children become slowly aware of the existing social relationships that exist around
them, at this stage, children begin to assume the role of the other person
Game stage – children begin to understand their own roles as well as the roles of the other
people.
Education- is the systematic transfer of knowledge and skills from one generation to the next
through teaching, training or research; may take place in formal (e.g. schools) and informal (e.g.
home) settings.
Awareness- perceives, knowing, feeling or being conscious of events, objects, thoughts,
emotions, or sensory patterns.
Knowledge- is facts, information, and skills acquired through experience or education.
EAPP

Facts- are the things that we know to be true like personal experiences or observations and
interviews, which provide empirical or statistical information. These should come from a credible
source.
Empirical Evidence- are data that have been observed and tested.
Statistical Information -is data gathered, sorted, analyzed, interpreted, and presented by
scientists.
Position paper- Statistical Information -is data gathered, sorted, analyzed, interpreted, and
presented by scientists.
Issue - is the topic being argued upon in the paper where the writer takes a stand whether its
affirmative or negative.
Argumentative Thesis - is formed when the writer took a stand on the issue.
Claims - are statements that support the writer’s stand.
Evidence – is a proof that strengthen the writer’s claim.
Argument is a list of statements, one among these statements is the conclusion and the others
are the premises or assumptions of the argument
To analyze an author’s argument, take it one step at a time:
1. Briefly note the main assertion (what does the writer want me to believe or do?)
2. Make a note of the first reason the author makes to support his/her conclusion.
3. Write down every other reason.
4. Underline the most important reason
Manifesto- is a statement in which someone makes his or her intentions or views easy for
people to ascertain (Merriam Webster dictionary), manifesto as a document publicly declaring
the position or program of its issue, it advances a set of ideas, opinions, or views, but it can also
lay out a plan of action.
fallacy is reasoning that comes to a conclusion without the evidence to support it
Ad Hominem- It is attacking the person making the argument rather than the argument itself.
Strawman- It is misrepresenting someone’s argument to make it easier to attack.
Loaded Question-It is asking a question that has an assumption built into it so
that it can be answered without appearing guilty.
Black or white- It is where two alternative states are presented as the only
possibilities when in fact more possibilities exist.
Slippery slope- It is asserting that if we allow A to happen, then Z will
consequently happen too, therefore A should not happen.
Burden of proof- It is saying that the burden of proof lies not with the person
making the claim, but with someone else to disprove.
Composition Division-It is assuming that what’s true about one part of
something has to be applied to all or other parts of it.
Bandwagon- It is appealing to popularity or the fact that many people do
something as an attempt of validation.
Appeal to Emotion-It is manipulating an emotional response in place of a valid
or compelling argument.
Reports communicate information that has been compiled as a result
of research and analysis of data and of issues. Reports can cover a wide range of topics,
but usually focus on transmitting information with a clear purpose, to a specific audience.
Business report discipline with an applied focus such as Engineering, Information
Technology, Commerce, Accounting and Finance, will set report writing assignments that
simulate the process of report writing in industry.
Technical report is a formal report designed to convey technical information in a clear
and easily accessible format.
Field report is common in disciplines such as Law, Industrial Relations, Psychology,
Nursing, History and Education. These types of reports require the student to analyze his
or her observations of phenomena or events in the real world in light of theories studied
in the course.
Scientific report (also called laboratory reports) is another kind of report. They are
common in all the Sciences and Social Sciences. These reports use a standard scientific
report format describing methods, results and conclusions to report upon an empirical
Investigation.

ITWR

Hinduism:
Founder: Hinduism lacks a single founder, evolving over thousands of years with contributions
from various cultures and traditions.
Beliefs: Central tenets include karma, dharma, and moksha, emphasizing the cyclical nature of
existence and the pursuit of liberation from the cycle of rebirth.
Historical Foundation: Originating in the Indian subcontinent, Hinduism has deep roots in the
Vedic texts and has been shaped by numerous cultural and religious influences over time.
Cultural and Geographic: Integral to the cultural fabric of India, Hinduism's influence extends
globally, with significant populations in Southeast Asia and beyond.
Statistics: With over a billion adherents, Hinduism ranks among the world's major religions,
impacting diverse societies and cultures.
Socio-Cultural Effect: Hinduism has profoundly influenced art, literature, philosophy, and
social structures across millennia, fostering rich cultural traditions and societal norms.

Shintoism:
Founder: Shintoism emerged indigenously in Japan, blending indigenous animistic beliefs with
influences from Chinese religions.
Beliefs: Reverence for kami (spirits) and nature, purification rituals, and the concept of harmony
(Wa) are central to Shinto beliefs.
Historical Foundation: Rooted in ancient Japanese mythology and folklore, Shintoism has
been intertwined with Japanese history and culture for centuries.
Cultural and Geographic: Predominantly practiced in Japan, Shintoism plays a crucial role in
shaping Japanese identity and traditions.
Statistics: While precise statistics are challenging due to its syncretic nature with other
religions, Shintoism remains a significant cultural force in Japan.
Socio-Cultural Effect: Shintoism profoundly influences Japanese art, architecture, festivals,
and societal norms, emphasizing respect for nature and community.

Buddhism (Mahayana, Theravada):

Founder: Siddhartha Gautama, later known as the Buddha, founded Buddhism in ancient India.
Beliefs: Core tenets include the Four Noble Truths, the Eightfold Path, and the concept of
Nirvana, emphasizing the cessation of suffering and the path to enlightenment.
Historical Foundation: Emerging as a reform movement within Hinduism, Buddhism spread
across Asia, adapting to diverse cultural contexts.
Cultural and Geographic: Mahayana Buddhism predominates in East Asia, while Theravada
Buddhism is prevalent in Southeast Asia, influencing diverse cultures and societies.
Statistics: With hundreds of millions of followers globally, Buddhism ranks among the major
world religions, with significant populations in Asia and beyond.
Socio-Cultural Effect: Buddhism has left a profound imprint on art, literature, philosophy, and
societal values, fostering compassion, mindfulness, and ethical living.

Taoism:
Founder: Often attributed to Laozi, Taoism emerged in ancient China, emphasizing harmony
with the Tao (the Way) and natural spontaneity.
Beliefs: Taoist principles include wu wei (effortless action), Yin and Yang balance, and the
pursuit of simplicity and humility.
Historical Foundation: Rooted in ancient Chinese philosophy and folklore, Taoism has
influenced Chinese culture and spirituality for millennia.
Cultural and Geographic: Predominantly practiced in China, Taoism has also spread to other
East Asian countries, shaping cultural practices and beliefs.
Statistics: While precise statistics are elusive, Taoism remains a significant cultural and
spiritual force in China and beyond.
Socio-Cultural Effect: Taoism has influenced Chinese art, medicine, martial arts, and societal
values, promoting harmony with nature and balance in life.

Confucianism:
Founder: Confucius (Kong Fuzi) founded Confucianism in ancient China, focusing on ethical
and moral principles for individual and societal harmony.
Beliefs: Core tenets include the Five Confucian Virtues, filial piety, and the importance of social
hierarchy and ritual propriety.
Historical Foundation: Rooted in ancient Chinese thought and governance, Confucianism has
shaped Chinese culture, politics, and education for centuries.
Cultural and Geographic: Confucianism has profoundly influenced East Asian societies,
particularly China, Korea, and Japan, impacting cultural norms and social structures.
Statistics: While not a formal religion, Confucianism has deeply ingrained itself in East Asian
cultures, influencing millions of adherents.
Socio-Cultural Effect: Confucianism has shaped East Asian values, education systems,
familial relationships, and societal norms, emphasizing harmony, respect, and moral integrity.
Christianity:
Founder: Jesus Christ founded Christianity in the 1st century CE, teaching love, forgiveness,
and salvation through his life, death, and resurrection.
Beliefs: Core doctrines include the Trinity, salvation by grace through faith, and the belief in
Jesus as the Son of God and savior of humanity.
Historical Foundation: Originating in ancient Israel, Christianity spread across the Roman
Empire and later globally, shaping Western civilization and world history.
Cultural and Geographic: Christianity is practiced worldwide, with significant populations in
Europe, the Americas, Africa, and Asia, influencing diverse cultures and societies.
Statistics: Christianity is the world's largest religion, with over two billion adherents, impacting
global politics, culture, and social movements.
Socio-Cultural Effect: Christianity has shaped Western art, literature, ethics, governance, and
societal values, influencing moral frameworks and social justice movements.

Judaism:
Founder: Abraham is often considered the patriarch of Judaism, with Moses receiving the
Torah at Mount Sinai and establishing the covenant with God.
Beliefs: Central tenets include monotheism, the covenant with God, ethical living based on the
Torah, and the hope for the coming of the Messiah.
Historical Foundation: Originating in ancient Israel, Judaism has evolved over millennia,
surviving persecution and diaspora to become a foundational element of Jewish identity.
Cultural and Geographic: Judaism is practiced worldwide, with significant communities in
Israel, North America, Europe, and other regions, influencing diverse cultures and societies.
Statistics: Judaism has millions of adherents globally, contributing to religious diversity and
shaping interfaith dialogue and understanding.
Socio-Cultural Effect: Judaism has profoundly impacted Western civilization, contributing to
ethics, law, literature, and cultural traditions, fostering a sense of community and identity among
Jewish people.

Islam:
Founder: The Prophet Muhammad founded Islam in the 7th century CE, receiving revelations
from God recorded in the Quran.
Beliefs: Core principles include monotheism, the Five Pillars of Islam (faith, prayer, fasting,
almsgiving, pilgrimage), and submission to the will of Allah.
Historical Foundation: Originating in Arabia, Islam spread rapidly, establishing a vast empire
and influencing diverse cultures and civilizations.
Cultural and Geographic: Islam is practiced globally, with significant populations in the Middle
East, Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Americas, shaping diverse cultural landscapes.
Statistics: Islam is one of the world's major religions, with over a billion followers, impacting
global politics, economics, and social movements.
Socio-Cultural Effect: Islam has shaped art, architecture, literature, governance, and societal
norms, fostering a sense of unity among Muslim communities and contributing to cultural
diversity
.
Sikhism:
Founder: Guru Nanak founded Sikhism in the 15th century CE, advocating for the worship of
one God, equality, and social justice.
Beliefs: Core tenets include the belief in one God, the importance of community service (seva),
and the pursuit of spiritual liberation through meditation and ethical living.
Historical Foundation: Emerging in the Punjab region of South Asia, Sikhism has faced
persecution and adversity, growing into a distinct religious and cultural identity.
Cultural and Geographic: Sikhism is predominantly practiced in the Punjab region of India and
has diaspora communities worldwide, influencing cultural diversity and social dynamics.
Statistics: Sikhism has tens of millions of adherents globally, contributing to religious pluralism
and interfaith dialogue.
Socio-Cultural Effect: Sikhism has influenced art, music, literature, and social activism,
promoting egalitarianism, community empowerment, and humanitarian values.

Jainism:
Founder: Founded by Lord Mahavira in ancient India, Jainism emphasizes non-violence
(ahimsa), asceticism, and spiritual liberation (moksha).
Beliefs: Core principles include the doctrine of karma, the pursuit of self-discipline, and the
reverence for all living beings.
Historical Foundation: Emerging as a reform movement within Hinduism, Jainism has evolved
into a distinct religious tradition, advocating for non-violence and ethical living.
Cultural and Geographic: Jainism is primarily practiced in India, with significant communities
in other regions, influencing cultural practices and societal values.
Statistics: While Jainism has relatively fewer adherents compared to other major religions, it
has a profound impact on Indian culture and religious diversity.
Socio-Cultural Effect: Jainism has influenced Indian art, architecture, ethics, and societal
norms, promoting compassion, non-violence, and environmental stewardship.