CRIMINOLOGY

1. Introduction to Criminology:
Definition and scope of criminology.
Historical development of criminology.
Importance and relevance of criminology in contemporary society.
Theoretical perspectives in criminology (e.g., classical, positivist, critical, and feminist theories).
2. Understanding Crime:
Definition and types of crime (e.g., violent crime, property crime, white-collar crime, organized crime,
cybercrime).
Causes and correlates of crime (e.g., social, economic, psychological, and biological factors).
Victimology: Understanding victims of crime, their rights, and victimization patterns.
3. Criminal Justice System:
Components of the criminal justice system (e.g., law enforcement, judiciary, corrections).
Functions and objectives of the criminal justice system.
Critique and reform of the criminal justice system in Pakistan.
4. Criminal Law:
Introduction to criminal law in Pakistan.
Classification of offenses and punishments.
Key legal concepts (e.g., mens rea, actus reus, liability, defenses).
Principles of criminal liability and culpability.
5. Crime Prevention and Control:
Strategies for crime prevention (e.g., situational crime prevention, social crime prevention, community
policing).
Role of technology in crime prevention and control.
Rehabilitation and reintegration of offenders.
6. Research Methods in Criminology:
Qualitative and quantitative research methods used in criminology.
Sampling techniques and data collection methods.
Data analysis techniques (e.g., descriptive statistics, inferential statistics).
7. Contemporary Issues in Criminology:
Terrorism and counterterrorism measures.
Human rights issues in the criminal justice system.
Transnational crimes and their impact on society.
Emerging trends in crime (e.g., cybercrimes, environmental crimes).
8. International Perspectives in Criminology:
Comparative analysis of criminal justice systems.
International cooperation in combating crime.
Globalization and its impact on crime and criminal justice.
9. Case Studies and Practical Examples:
Analyzing real-life case studies related to criminology.
Understanding landmark judgments and their implications for criminological theory and practice.
10. Ethical Considerations:
Ethical issues in criminological research and practice.
Professional ethics for criminologists and criminal justice practitioners.
11. Revision and Practice:
Regular revision of concepts.
Solving past papers and practice questions to familiarize yourself with the exam format and improve
time management.
12. Stay Updated:
Keep abreast of current affairs related to criminology, criminal justice, and law enforcement in Pakistan
and globally.
 SOCIOLOGY

1. Introduction to Sociology:
Definition and scope of sociology.
Theoretical perspectives in sociology (e.g., functionalism, conflict theory, symbolic interactionism).
Importance and relevance of sociology in understanding society.
2. Basic Concepts in Sociology:
Socialization and its agents (e.g., family, education, media).
Social institutions (e.g., family, religion, economy, politics).
Social structure and social stratification (e.g., class, race, gender, ethnicity).
3. Social Change and Development:
Theories of social change (e.g., modernization theory, dependency theory, world-systems theory).
Factors contributing to social change (e.g., technology, globalization, social movements).
Development models and their impact on society.
4. Culture and Society:
Definition and elements of culture.
Cultural variation and cultural relativism.
Cultural change and cultural diffusion.
Subcultures, countercultures, and multiculturalism.
5. Social Groups and Organizations:
Types of social groups (e.g., primary groups, secondary groups, reference groups).
Formal and informal organizations.
Group dynamics, cohesion, and conformity.
Bureaucracy and its characteristics.
6. Socialization and Social Interaction:
The process of socialization (e.g., primary socialization, secondary socialization).
Agents of socialization (e.g., family, peers, media).
Social roles, statuses, and identities.
Theories of social interaction (e.g., dramaturgical approach, ethnomethodology).
7. Social Institutions:
Family as a social institution (e.g., functions of the family, types of family, changes in family structure).
Education as a social institution (e.g., functions of education, educational inequality).
Religion as a social institution (e.g., functions of religion, religious diversity, secularization).
8. Social Stratification:
Theories of social stratification (e.g., functionalist, conflict, and symbolic interactionist perspectives).
Dimensions of social stratification (e.g., class, status, power).
Social mobility and social inequality.
Global stratification and the world system.
9. Gender and Society:
Gender as a social construct.
Theories of gender (e.g., feminist theory, gender roles theory).
Gender inequality and gender discrimination.
Intersectionality and its relevance to gender.
10. Race, Ethnicity, and Minority Groups:
Definitions and concepts related to race and ethnicity.
Theories of race and ethnicity (e.g., assimilation, pluralism, conflict theories).
Racism, prejudice, and discrimination.
Ethnic conflicts and ethnic identity.
11. Social Deviance and Social Control:
Definitions and theories of deviance (e.g., labeling theory, strain theory, control theory).
Social control mechanisms (e.g., formal and informal sanctions, surveillance).
Crime and punishment (e.g., types of crime, criminal justice system).
12. Research Methods in Sociology:
Qualitative and quantitative research methods.
Sampling techniques and data collection methods.
Data analysis techniques (e.g., content analysis, statistical analysis).
13. Contemporary Issues in Sociology:
Globalization and its impact on society.
Environmental sociology and sustainability.
Social media and its effects on social interaction and identity.
Health and illness in society.
14. Case Studies and Practical Examples:
Analyzing real-life case studies related to sociological concepts.
Understanding sociological research findings and their implications for society.
15. Ethical Considerations:
Ethical issues in sociological research (e.g., informed consent, confidentiality, minimizing harm).
16. Revision and Practice:
Regular revision of concepts.
Solving past papers and practice questions to familiarize yourself with the exam format and improve
time management.
17. Stay Updated:
Keep abreast of current affairs related to sociology, social issues, and trends in society.

GENDER STUDIES

1. Introduction to Gender Studies:

Definition and scope of gender studies.
Theoretical frameworks in gender studies (e.g., feminist theory, queer theory, intersectionality).
Importance of gender studies in understanding power dynamics and social relations.
2. Historical Perspectives on Gender:
Gender roles and expectations throughout history.
Evolution of feminist movements and their impact on society.
Key milestones in the struggle for gender equality.
3. Gender Identity and Expression:
Definitions of sex, gender, and gender identity.
Social construction of gender.
Gender identity development and exploration.
Gender expression and its variations.
4. Gender Inequality and Patriarchy:
Concepts of patriarchy and matriarchy.
Systems of oppression based on gender.
Gender-based discrimination and its manifestations (e.g., wage gap, glass ceiling).
Intersectionality: Understanding how gender intersects with other social identities (e.g., race, class,
sexuality).
5. Feminist Theories:
Different waves of feminism (e.g., first-wave feminism, second-wave feminism, third-wave feminism).
Major feminist perspectives (e.g., liberal feminism, Marxist feminism, radical feminism).
Contemporary feminist debates and critiques.
6. Masculinity Studies:
Understanding masculinity as a social construct.
Hegemonic masculinity and alternative masculinities.
Men's roles in feminist movements and gender equality efforts.
Intersection of masculinity with race, class, and sexuality.
7. Gender and Work:
Gendered division of labor.
Occupational segregation and its impact on gender inequality.
Gender pay gap and wage disparities.
Work-life balance and gendered expectations.
8. Gender and Education:
Gender disparities in access to education.
Gender bias in educational systems.
Gendered patterns in academic achievement and subject choice.
Feminist pedagogy and efforts to promote gender equity in education.
9. Gender and Health:
Gender disparities in health outcomes.
Gendered experiences of health and illness.
Reproductive rights and access to healthcare.
Gender-sensitive healthcare practices.
10. Gender-based Violence:
Forms of gender-based violence (e.g., domestic violence, sexual assault, honor killings).
Causes and consequences of gender-based violence.
Legal and policy responses to gender-based violence.
Support services for survivors.
11. Sexuality and Gender:
Understanding sexuality as a spectrum.
LGBTQ+ rights and activism.
Gender identity, sexual orientation, and their intersections.
Challenges faced by LGBTQ+ individuals in society.
12. Media and Representation:
Gender stereotypes in media and popular culture.
Representation of gender in advertising, film, and literature.
Media activism and efforts to challenge gender norms and stereotypes.
13. Global Perspectives on Gender:
Gender issues in different cultural contexts.
Transnational feminism and global solidarity.
Gender and development: Addressing gender inequality in international development efforts.
14. Environmental Gender Studies:
Gendered impacts of environmental degradation.
Women's roles in environmental conservation and sustainability.
Intersection of gender, climate change, and environmental justice.
15. Research Methods in Gender Studies:
Gender-sensitive research methodologies.
Ethical considerations in gender studies research.
Data collection techniques and analysis methods.
16. Contemporary Debates in Gender Studies:
Debates on gender fluidity and non-binary identities.
Challenges to traditional notions of masculinity and femininity.
Transgender rights and recognition.
17. Case Studies and Practical Examples:
Analyzing case studies related to gender inequality, activism, and policy interventions.
Examining real-life examples of gender discrimination and resistance.
18. Ethical Considerations:
Ethical issues in gender studies research (e.g., informed consent, confidentiality, reflexivity).
19. Revision and Practice:
Regular revision of concepts.
Solving past papers and practice questions to familiarize yourself with the exam format and improve
time management.
20. Stay Updated:
Keep abreast of current affairs related to gender issues, feminist movements, and advancements in
gender equality.

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

1. Introduction to International Relations:

Definition and scope of international relations.
Key concepts (e.g., state sovereignty, power, diplomacy, globalization).
Importance and relevance of international relations in contemporary global politics.
2. Theories of International Relations:
Realism: Concepts of power, security dilemma, balance of power.
Liberalism: Emphasis on international cooperation, institutions, and norms.
Constructivism: Role of ideas, norms, and identities in shaping international relations.
Other theoretical perspectives (e.g., Marxism, feminism, post-colonialism).
3. International Security:
Security challenges and threats (e.g., terrorism, proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, cyber
threats).
Arms control and disarmament efforts.
Collective security arrangements (e.g., United Nations, regional organizations).
Human security and its dimensions (e.g., food security, environmental security, human rights).
4. International Organizations and Institutions:
United Nations: Structure, functions, and role in international peace and security.
Regional organizations (e.g., NATO, EU, ASEAN): Objectives and significance.
International financial institutions (e.g., IMF, World Bank): Functions and roles in global governance.
Non-governmental organizations (NGOs): Contributions to global issues and advocacy.
5. Global Governance and Diplomacy:
Multilateralism vs. unilateralism in international relations.
Diplomatic tools and techniques (e.g., negotiation, mediation, arbitration).
Soft power and public diplomacy.
International law and its role in regulating state behavior.
6. Foreign Policy Analysis:
Theoretical approaches to understanding foreign policy decision-making (e.g., rational actor model,
bureaucratic politics model, cognitive psychology).
Factors influencing foreign policy (e.g., domestic politics, international system, individual leaders).
Case studies of foreign policy decisions and their implications.
7. Conflict Resolution and Peacebuilding:
Causes of conflicts (e.g., territorial disputes, ethnic and religious tensions, resource scarcity).
Conflict resolution mechanisms (e.g., negotiation, mediation, peacekeeping).
Post-conflict reconstruction and reconciliation efforts.
Role of third-party actors in peace processes.
8. Globalization and Economic Relations:
Economic globalization: Trends, drivers, and consequences.
International trade and investment: Trade theories, trade agreements, and trade disputes.
Economic interdependence and its implications for international relations.
Development issues and challenges in the global South.
9. Humanitarian Interventions and Responsibility to Protect (R2P):
Evolution of the R2P doctrine.
Criteria for humanitarian interventions.
Critiques and controversies surrounding R2P.
Case studies of humanitarian interventions.
10. Environmental Issues and Global Commons:
Global environmental challenges (e.g., climate change, biodiversity loss, pollution).
International efforts to address environmental issues (e.g., Paris Agreement, Convention on Biological
Diversity).
Management of global commons (e.g., oceans, outer space).
11. International Trade and Finance:
International trade theories (e.g., comparative advantage, factor endowment theory).
Trade policies and barriers (e.g., tariffs, quotas, subsidies).
International monetary system and exchange rate regimes.
Financial crises and their impact on global economy.
12. Globalization and Cultural Relations:
Cultural globalization: Homogenization vs. hybridization.
Cultural diplomacy and soft power projection.
Cultural imperialism and resistance.
Role of technology in shaping cultural interactions.
13. Regional Studies:
Study of specific regions and their geopolitical dynamics (e.g., Middle East, South Asia, East Asia).
Regional integration efforts and challenges.
Conflicts and security issues in different regions.
Economic cooperation and trade blocs.
14. Ethical Considerations in International Relations:
Ethical dilemmas in foreign policy and diplomacy.
Humanitarian ethics and intervention.
Ethics of war and peace.
15. Case Studies and Practical Examples:
Analyzing historical and contemporary case studies in international relations.
Understanding the application of theoretical concepts in real-world scenarios.
16. Research Methods in International Relations:
Qualitative and quantitative research methods.
Data collection techniques and analysis methods.
Ethical considerations in international relations research.
17. Revision and Practice:
Regular revision of concepts.
Solving past papers and practice questions to familiarize yourself with the exam format and improve
time management.
18. Stay Updated:
Keep abreast of current affairs related to international relations, global politics, and diplomatic
developments.

USA HISTORY

1. Colonial America (1607-1776):

Establishment of the thirteen British colonies.
Colonial society, economy, and culture.
Colonial conflicts, including the French and Indian War.
The road to American independence, including the Declaration of Independence.
2. The Revolutionary Era and the Early Republic (1776-1800):
The American Revolutionary War and the role of key figures such as George Washington and Thomas
Jefferson.
The Articles of Confederation and the challenges of the early republic.
The Constitutional Convention and the drafting of the U.S. Constitution.
The ratification debates and the Bill of Rights.
3. Expansion and Manifest Destiny (1800-1860):
Westward expansion and the concept of Manifest Destiny.
The Louisiana Purchase and the Lewis and Clark Expedition.
The War of 1812 and its impact on American identity.
The Jacksonian Era and the rise of populism.
The Mexican-American War and the acquisition of territory in the southwest.
4. The Civil War and Reconstruction (1861-1877):
Causes of the Civil War, including slavery and states' rights.
Key battles and military strategies.
The Emancipation Proclamation and the abolition of slavery.
Reconstruction efforts and the challenges of integrating freed slaves into society.
The rise of Jim Crow laws and the struggle for civil rights.
5. Industrialization and Progressive Era (1877-1920):
The Second Industrial Revolution and its impact on American society.
Immigration and urbanization.
Progressive reforms in areas such as labor, women's suffrage, and regulation of big business.
The Spanish-American War and the emergence of the United States as a global power.
6. The Roaring Twenties and the Great Depression (1920-1940):
The Jazz Age and cultural changes in the 1920s.
The stock market crash of 1929 and the onset of the Great Depression.
The New Deal and President Franklin D. Roosevelt's response to the economic crisis.
The Dust Bowl and its impact on agricultural communities.
7. World War II and the Cold War (1941-1991):
America's entry into World War II following the attack on Pearl Harbor.
The home front and the mobilization of the American economy.
The dropping of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
The beginning of the Cold War and the rivalry with the Soviet Union.
The Korean War and the Vietnam War.
8. Civil Rights Movement and Social Change (1950s-1970s):
The struggle for civil rights for African Americans, including key figures such as Martin Luther King Jr.
and Rosa Parks.
The landmark Supreme Court case Brown v. Board of Education.
The feminist movement and the fight for gender equality.
The counterculture movement and protests against the Vietnam War.
9. Contemporary America (1980s-present):
The Reagan Era and conservative resurgence.
The end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union.
The Gulf War and America's role in the Middle East.
Economic booms and busts, including the dot-com bubble and the 2008 financial crisis.
The election of the first African American president, Barack Obama, and subsequent political
developments.
10. Key Political Documents and Figures:
The Federalist Papers and other founding documents.
Presidents and political leaders who shaped American history.
Supreme Court decisions that have influenced American society.
11. Cultural and Social Movements:
Literature, art, music, and other cultural expressions that reflect American identity.
Social movements such as the environmental movement, LGBTQ+ rights, and the Black Lives Matter
movement.
12. Foreign Policy and Global Affairs:
America's role in international organizations such as the United Nations and NATO.
Major diplomatic initiatives and conflicts, including the Cuban Missile Crisis and the War on Terror.
Trade agreements and economic relations with other countries.
13. Historiography and Interpretations:
Different historical interpretations of key events and periods in American history.
Debates over issues such as slavery, imperialism, and the role of government.
14. Research Methods and Sources:
Historical research methods, including primary and secondary sources.
Analyzing historical documents and interpreting their significance.
15. Revision and Practice:
Regular revision of historical facts, dates, and themes.
Solving past papers and practice questions to familiarize yourself with the exam format and improve
time management.
16. Stay Updated:
Keep abreast of current events and developments that shape contemporary American society and
politics.