The Per Unit System (Examples)

Example 1
A three-phase, wye-connected system is rated at 50MVA and 120kV.
Express 40MVA of three-phase apparent power as a per unit value
referred to:
a) The three-phase system as MVA base, and
b) The per-phase system MVA as base.

Solution
a) For the three-phase system MVA as base,
S B 3φ = 50 MVA V B (line ) = 120 kV
S actual 40
S pu 3φ = = = 0.8 pu
S B 3φ 50

b) For the per phase base

S B 3φ 50 M
S B 1φ = = = 16.67 MVA
3 3
VB ( line ) 120 k
V B ( phase ) = = = 69.28kV
3 3
1 40
S pu 1φ = × = 0.8 pu
3 16.67

Example 2
Find the per unit value for XT1, XT2 and XT if the base values are 11kV and
60MVA.
T1 T2
60 MVA
11kV X T=20Ω
G
X G=0.5
EG=1.5pu
60 MVA 30 MVA
12/132kV 132/33kV
X T1=10% X T2=10%

Solution
Step 1: Draw the section of the network.

1
 T1 T2
60 MVA
11kV XT=20Ω
G
X G=0.5
EG=1.5pu
60 MVA 30 MVA
12/132kV 132/33kV
XT1=10% X T2=10%

Step 2: Find the base value of the voltage for each section.
S B = 60 MVA
V B1 = 11kV
V2 132
VB 2 = × V B1 = × 11kV = 121kV
V1 12
V3 33
VB 3 = × VB 2 = × 121kV = 30.25kV
V2 132

Step 3: Find the per unit values of each component

Transformer T1 and T2
Since both transformer voltage base are the same as their rated values,
their p.u reactance on a 60MVA are:
2
 V old   S new 
Z new
pu =Z old
pu ×  Bnew  ×  Bold 
 VB   S B 
2
 12   60 
X new
T1 = 0.1 ×   ×   = 0.12 pu :: Looking at the LV side of T1
 11   60 
OR
2
 132   60 
1 = 0.1 × 
X Tnew  ×   = 0.12 pu :: Looking at the HV side of T1
 121   60 

2
 132   60 
2 = 0.1 × 
X Tnew  ×   = 0.24 pu :: Looking at the HV side of T2
 121   30 
OR
2
 33   60 
X new
T1 = 0.1 ×   ×   = 0.24 pu :: Looking at the LV side of T2
 30.25   30 

NOTE: The per unit value for the transformer impedance is the same whether it is seen
in the HV or LV side of the transformer- one of the advantages of per unit system.

2
Line Impedance
Since the impedance given in actual value, we have to find the base value
for the impedance.

X T ( base ) =
(V B 2 ) 2 =
(121k ) 2 = 244Ω
SB * 60 M
X T ( actual ) 20
X T ( pu ) = = = 0.082 pu
X T ( base ) 244

Note that the line impedance has only the resistive value.
Therefore the complex power conjugate value is the same since θ is equal to 0.

Example 3
The one-line diagram of three-phase power system is shown below. Select
a common base of 100 MVA and 22 kV on the generator side. Draw
an impedance diagram with all impedance including the load
impedance marked in per-unit.
50 MVA 40 MVA
22/220 kV 220/11 kV
X = 10% X = 6.0%
T1 T2
1 2 4
Line 1
220 kV 66.5 MVA
X = 48.4 Ω 10.45 kV
X = 18.5%

G M
90 MVA
T3 T4
22 kV 3
X = 18%
Line 2
110 kV Load
57 MVA
X = 64.43 Ω 0.6 pf lag
40 MVA 40 MVA
22/110 kV 110/11 kV 10.45 kV
X = 6.4% X = 8.0%

Solution

Step 1: Draw the zone in the circuit diagram

3
 50 MVA 40 MVA
22/220 kV 220/11 kV
X = 10% X = 6.0%
T1 T2
1 2 4
Line 1
220 kV 66.5 MVA
X = 48.4 Ω 10.45 kV
X = 18.5%

G M
90 MVA
22 kV 3 57 MVA
X = 18% 0.6 pf lag
Line 2 10.45 kV
110 kV Load
X = 64.43 Ω
T3 T4
40 MVA 40 MVA
22/110 kV 110/11 kV
X = 6.4% X = 8.0%

Step 2: Find the base voltage for each zone.

Vb1 = 22kV
V2 220
Vb 2 = × Vb1 = × 22k = 220 kV
V1 22
V3 110
Vb 3 = × Vb1 = × 22k = 110kV
V1 22
V4 11
Vb 4 = × Vb 2 = × 220 k = 11kV
V2 220

Step 3: Find the per unit value

Generator and Transformer

Since generator & transformer voltage base are the same as their rated
values, their p.u reactance on a 100 MVA
2
 V Bold   S Bnew 
Z new
pu = Z  new   old 
old
pu
 VB   S B 
old  S B 
new
new
Z pu = Z pu  old 
 SB 
 100 
Z Gnew = 0.18  = 0.2 pu
 90 
 100 
1 = 0.10
Z Tnew  = 0.2 pu
 50 
 100 
2 = 0.06
Z Tnew  = 0.15 pu
 40 
 100 
3 = 0.064
Z Tnew  = 0.16 pu
 40 
Motor
 100 
4 = 0.08
Z Tnew  = 0.2 pu 4
 40 
 S Bnew = 100 MVA S Bold = 66.5MVA
V Bnew = 11kV V Bold = 10.45kV
old
Z motor = 0.18
2
 V old  S new
Z new
motor =Z old
motor ×  Bnew  × Bold
 VB  SB
2
 10.45   100 
= 0.18 ×   × 
 11   66.5 
= 0.25 pu

Line Impedance

Line 1

V B 2 = 220 kV Line 2
S B = 100 MVA
V B 3 = 110 kV
(V )
B2
2
( 220k ) 2
S B = 100 MVA
Z B line1 = = = 484Ω
SB 100 M
(V B 3 ) 2 (110k ) 2
Z actual 48.4 Z B line 2 = = = 121Ω
Z line1( pu ) = = = 0.1 pu SB 100 M
Z B line1 484
Z actual 65.43
Z line 2 ( pu ) = = = 0.54 pu
Z B line 2 121

Load

S 3φ = 57 MVA VL = 10.45kV pf = 0.6 lagging

θ = cos −1 0.6 = 53.13°
S 3φ load = 57 ∠53.13°MVA

Z load ( act ) =
VL
2
=
(10.45k ) 2 = 1.1495 + j1.5327 Ω
S 3φ load * 57 M∠53.13°

Z load (base ) =
( VB 4 )
2
=
( 11k )
2
= 1.21Ω
SB 100 M
Z load ( act ) 1.1495 + j1.5327 Ω
Z load ( pu ) = = = 0.95 + j1.267 pu
Z load ( base ) 1.21Ω

Step 4: Draw the per unit impedance diagram.

5
 XT1= j0.2p.u ZL1= j0.10p.u XT2= j0.15p.u

XT3= j0.16p.u ZL1= j0.54p.u XT4= j0.20p.u

XG= j0.2p.u
Zmotor= j0.25p.u

G M
ZLoad= 0.95+j1.267

Example 4

Using base values of 30kVA and 240V in the generator side, draw the per
unit circuit, and determine the per unit impedances and the per unit
source voltage. Then calculate the load current both in per unit and in
amperes. Transformer winding resistance and shunt admittance branches
are neglected.

T1 T2
30 kVA Xline=2Ω
G
VG=220∟0ºV
Zload=0.9+j0.2Ω
30 kVA 20 kVA
240/480V 460/115V
X T1=0.1pu XT2=0.1pu

Solution

Step 1: Draw the zone in the network.

T1 T2

30 kVA Xline=2Ω
G
VG=220∟0ºV

30 kVA 20 kVA Zload=0.9+j0.2Ω

240/480V 460/115V
X T1=0.1pu XT2=0.1pu

Step 2: Draw the per unit circuit

6
 XT1(pu) Zline(pu) XT2(pu)
IS(pu) Iload(pu)

VS(pu) G Zload(pu)

Step 3: Find the base values

SB for the entire network is 30kVA. Find the base voltages and impedances
of each zone.

2
VB
ZB =
SB
240 2
V B1 = 240V Z B1 = = 1.92Ω
30k
V2 480 480 2
VB 2 = × V B1 = × 240 = 480V Z B2 = = 7.68Ω
V1 240 30k
115 120 2
VB 3 = × 480 = 120V Z B3 = = 0.48Ω
460 30k

Find base current in zone 3 [!:to calculate the load current later]
S 30k
I B3 = B = = 250 A
V B 3 120

Step 4: Find the per unit values

7
 Vs 220∠0°
Vs ( pu ) = = = 0.9167 ∠0° pu
V B1 240
1 = X T 1 = 0.1 pu
X Tnew old

X line 2
X line ( pu ) = = = 0.2604 pu
Z B2 7.68
2
 V Bold   S Bnew 
X new
T2 =X old
T2 ×  new  ×  old 
 VB   S B 
2
 460   30 
= 0.1 ×   ×   = 0.1378 pu :: calculation using base value
 480   20 
or
2
 V old   S new 
X new
T2 =X old
T2 ×  Bnew  ×  Bold 
 VB   S B 
2
 115   30 
= 0.1 ×   ×   = 0.1378 pu :: calculation using voltage ratio
 120   20 
Zload 0.9 + j 0.2
Z load(pu) = = = 1.875 + j 0.4167 pu
ZB3 0.48

Step 5: Find the load current

Vs ( pu )
I load ( pu ) = I s ( pu ) =
Z total ( pu )
Vs ( pu )
=
j ( X T 1 + X line + X T 2 ) + Z load ( pu )
0.9167 ∠0°
=
j (0.1 + 0.2604 + 0.1378) + (1.875 + j 0.4167 )
0.9167 ∠0°
=
2.086∠26.01°
= 0.4395∠ − 26.01° pu
I load = I load ( pu ) × I B 3
= 0.4395∠ − 26.01° × 250
= 109.9∠ − 26.01° A