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Work Study and Ergonomics (IPX-303)

WORK STUDY AND ERGONOMICS
Course Coordinator: Dr. L P Singh (Associate Professor)
Course outcomes
CO 1: Students will be able to calculate the basic work content of a specific job
for employees of an organization. Thereby they will be able to calculate the
production capacity of man power of an organization.
CO 2: Students will be able to analyse the existing methods of working for a
particular job and develop an improved method through questioning technique.

DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL AND PRODUCTION ENGINEERING
WORK STUDY (WORK MEASUREMENT)
CO 3: Students will be able to rate a worker engaged on a live job and calculate
basic, allowed and standard time for the same.
CO 4: Students will be able to provide appropriate allowances for the jobs under
analysis.
CO 5: Students will be able to calculate the rate of wage andincentive for the
employees of an organization.
CO 6: Students will be able to analyze and calculate the level of risk of the job
causing stress, fatigue and musculoskeletal disorders among the employees of
an organization.
CO 7: Students will be able to assess the occupational environmental factors like
heat stress, noise, and vibration and RSPM level in the industry.
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Time Study/ Work Measurement Time Study/ Work

Work measurement is identified as a scientific
method of fixing standard of production or Measurement
standard time for a given job. Work measurement can be done
To manage, one must measure first. by following either of 2 things.
Work measurement means the application of a
set of techniques intended to establish the
A. Direct time study
i. Amount of work to be done by an operator B. Indirect time study
1. Stop watch 1. Synthetic timing
ii. within a given time approach. data.
iii. Under specific condition/s and 2. Work sampling. 2. Pre-determined
iv. At defined level of performance. 3. Analytic estimation. time and motion
study.

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A FAIR DAY'S WORK

THE TECHNIQUES OF WORK
MEASUREMENT Amount of work that can be produced by a qualified
1. Stop-watch time study
worker/operator/employee when working at normal pace and
2. Work sampling
effectively utilizing his time where work is not restricted by process
3. Predetermined time standards(PTS)
limitations.
4. Standard Data
Work Measurement

Work measurement is the application of techniques designed to

establish the time for a qualified worker to carry out a specific job at
a defined level of performance.

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THE QUALIFIED WORKER

A qualified worker is one who is accepted as having the necessary
physical attributes, who possess the required intelligence and
education and who has acquired the necessary skill and
knowledge to carry out the work in hand to satisfactory standards
of safety, quantity and quality.
STANDARD RATING
Rating is the assessment of the worker's rate of working
relative to the observers' concept of the rate corresponding to
standard pace.
Dividing a pack of 52 cards in to four equal sets in 23 seconds

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STANDARD RATING SCALES OF RATING

Different methods of Scales of Rating

Sr. Description 60-80 100-133 0-100

Rating is the assessment of the worker's rate of working relative to the No.
observers' concept of the rate corresponding to standard pace. 1 No Activity. 0 0 0
Standard Pace of Walking on a levelled ground = 6400 mts /hr 2 Very slow- No interest in the Job. 40 67 50

6400 meters = 3600 seconds 3 Steady, deliberate unhurried performance 60 100 75

of the workers.
1.7 meters in 1 second 4 Brisk business like performance with 80 133 100
quality and accuracy.
Time taken for 100 mtr walk= 100/1.7 = 58.82 second
400 meters = 3.75 minutes
5 Very fast with high degree of assurance, 100 167 125
dexterity and co-ordination of movement.
6 Exceptionally fast, requires intense effort 120 200 150
and concentration, can not be kept for
along periods.

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FACTORS AFFECTING RATE OF STANDARD PERFORMANCE

WORKING It is the rate of output which qualified workers will naturally
achieve without over-exertion as an average over the working
FACTORS OUTSIDE THE CONTROL OF WORKER day or shift, provided that they know and adhere to the specified
1. Variation in the quality of materials used method and provided that they are motivated to apply
themselves to their work.
2. Changes in the operating efficiency of the equipment
3. Changes in climatic and surrounding conditions of
operation.
FACTORS WITHING THE CONTROL OF WORKER
a. Acceptable variations in the quality of the product
b. Variations due to his ability
c. Variations due to his attitude

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Essentials for Time Study

Stop Watch Time Study
‘Time study is a work measurement technique mainly comprising
of; recording the data with respect to time and rate of
working, for the elements of the specific job being carried out
under the given condition, and subsequently analyse the data in
order to establish the basic time (normal time) and standard
time required to carry out the job at a distinct level of
performance’.
The following are the four essential requirements for the time study of any
job
a) An accurate specification of start and end of the job, and also of
method of doing the operation, including details of materials, equipment
condition, etc.
b) A system of recording the observed time taken by workers to do the job
while under observation.
c) A clear concept of what is meant by standard rate of working.
d) The means of accessing the amount of rest and other allowances
which should be associated with the job.

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TIME STUDY
Basic Steps
a) Obtaining and recording all available information about the job, operator
Steps in Work Measurement
and the surrounding conditions likely to affect the execution of the work
1. Selection:- As it follows the method study, the selection
b) Recording the complete description of the method, breaking down the process is already done. But it should eliminate the inferior
operation into 'elements' methods, as it won’t justify the cost & efforts involved.
c) Measuring with a stopwatch and recording the time taken by the 2. Obtain the necessary information. In terms of worker,
operator to perform each 'element' of the operation. machines, material, quality, standards, layout etc.
d) Assessing the rating
e) Extending observed time to 'basic times'
f) Determining the allowances to be made over and above the basic time
for the operation
g) Determining the 'standard time' for the operation.

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Steps in Work
Measurement Steps in Work Measurement
3. Divide the job into elements. The division of jobs is 4. Time the elements. Stop watch is generally used in the
necessary for the following reasons. system. Either of continuous or Fly-back method is used for
recording time.
a. Provide better understanding.
b. Break the study into manageable size. 5. The number of cycles to be timed. There should be
sufficient readings to get reasonably accurate results. It
c. Workers efficiency thorough out job. depends on
d. Distinguish between various parts. 1. Variation in times of element.
e. Isolate man and machines. 2. Degree of accuracy required.
3. Prescribed level of confidence.

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Steps in Work Measurement Rating Factor

5. Rating of operator.
6. Objective rating. Here emphasis is laid on speed and
difficulty experienced in performing a job. At first operator is
rated on normal speed and movement. Then other factors
are considered.
7. Allowances.

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Example Work content

The work content of a job or operation can be defined as the sum of
basic or normal time and relaxation / other allowance. As the amount
of allowances increases, thus the work content also increases; the
same is described in the mathematical form as follows:
Work content (WC) = Basic Time (BT) + Relaxation Allowance (RA) + If
any allowance provided for additional work like; contingency
allowance (CA).
WC = BT + RA + CA

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Contingency
allowance
Standard Time Observed time
Rating factor

Unavoidable
Relaxation
Allowance

(Only when job performed at a pace

work

delays
greater than standard pace)

Basic time

Work content

Standard time

Figure 4.6 Calculation of Standard Time.

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Allowances
There is always need of some energy expenditure in the form of human
effort or the worker may need to spend some time for his personal
needs like; going to toilet, drinking water, getting material or tools, or to
get instructions from the supervisor of the shop floor.
Allowances
It is very important to understand the fact that the calculation of
allowances cannot be accurate under all the circumstances and also
allowance can’t be used as a dumping ground for any of the missed or
neglected factors during the time study. In order to arrive at fair and
accurate time standards, as the study man can go to greater extent of
thoroughness.

Hence in order to recover from fatigue, some rest allowance must be Hence, these cannot be afforded to ruin by the hurried or unplanned
provided. addition of a few points here and there “just in case”. In practical
conditions it is very difficult to prepare a universally accepted set of
Some allowance must also be provided to a worker to attend to his precise allowances that can be applied to every working situation
personal needs and alongside some contingency allowances may have anywhere in the world, and there are various reasons for the same,
to be added to the basic time in order to give the work content. however some of the most important among them are:
Factors related to the individual worker.
Factors related to the nature of the work
Factors related to the environment

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Procedure for calculation of Allowances

Individual Personal/fatigue allowances for male workers
needs
Percentage
Permanent
Essential allowances Sr. No. Description of Allowance of Remarks
fatigue Allowance
Relaxation 1. Personal Allowance 5% ---
allowances Total
allowances 2. Basic Fatigue Allowance 4% ---
w.r.t. level of risk
Stress and strain 3. Awkward Work Posture 0-15 %
involved
Variable
Environmental allowances Contingency 4. Visual Concentration 0-10 % --do--
allowances 5. Poor lightening 1- 5 % --do--
Basic Work conditions; ventilation, bad w.r.t. level of risk
time 6. 1-5 %
smell, fumes, dust, smoke etc. involved
Policy 7. Level of noise 0-10 % --do--
allowances 8. Protective measures/equipments 0-20 % --do--
Wherever
Work
applicable
content
9. Exposure to heat stress 0-20 % --do--
10. Tediousness or monotony 0-5 % --do--
Special
allowances 11. Mental strain 1-8 % --do--
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Types of Elements
Types of Elements
1. Repetitive element: It is the element that occurs in every work cycle of 5. Manual element: It is an element performed by worker e.g. manual
the job e.g. Picking up a part prior to an operation. sweeping of the floor.

2. Occasional element: It is that one which does not occur in each work 6. Machine element: A machine element is one, which is automatically
cycle of the job, but which may occur in regular or irregular intervals performed by a power driven machine for e.g. turning, facing, cutting on
e.g. cleaning the scrap from the machine tools. an automatic machine tools.

3. Constant element: The reading of basic time remains invariable for this
element whenever it is performed e.g. Switching on or off machine.
4. Variable element: It is the element in which the basic time varies as per
characteristic of the product, tool, process e.g. dimension, weight,
quality etc. for e.g. Pushing a trolley of components to other section.
7. Governing element: The element which takes longer time than that of
any other element which is being performed consecutively e.g. turning
diameter on a lathe. While gauging time to time.
8. A foreign element: The element is observed during a study which is
not found to be a necessary part of the job after analysis e.g. cleaning a
part yet to be machined.

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Calculating the Number of Observation Required

Rules Concerning Breaking
Down of the Job into Elements Cycle time
in minutes
Recommended
no. of cycles
1. Every element must be easily noticeable with definite initiate and 0.1 200
destination point, so that, once founded they can be recognised 0.25 100
again and again. The end point of an element can be noticed, as the
operator lay the tool down. This is known as break point- instant at 0.50 60
which one element in a work cycle and another starts. 0.75 40
2. Elements should be short enough so that can be conveniently timed 1.00 30
by a trained observer. 2.00 20
3. Manual elements should be separated from machine elements. 2 to 5 15
Manual time is normally completely within the control of the 5 to 10 10
operator. Machine time with automatic feed and fixed speeds can 10 to 20 8
be calculated and used as a check on the stop watch data. 20 to 40 5
4. Constant elements should be differentiating from variable elements. 40 and 3
Element which do not occur in every second should be timed above
separately from those that occurs.

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Where B= 2 for 95% confidence level

= 3 for 99% confidence level
A = 0.05, for ± 5% desired precision and so on for other value of
n = ∑f
∑X = ∑fx
∑X2= ∑fx2
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Non-fly back stopwatch

Fly back stopwatch
In fly back system, slide is used to start and stop the watch. The hands
come to zero by pressing the winding knob. However they do not stop
and begin straightaway moving forward again. The slide is employed to
stop the hands at any point. This stopwatch is preferred for taking fly
back timing or continuous timing observations and can easily give
precise reading

With first pressing of the winding knob the watch starts and long hand
begins moving. If winding knob is pressed again the long hand pauses and
with third pressing, hands come to initial position. In the case of timing two
parts, where the second part happens right after the first, the non-fly back
system doesn’t work well because it involves stopping the watch at the end
of the first part, pressing the knob to bring hands back to zero, and again
pressing the knob to start the hands.

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Time Study form Conducting the observation

TIME STUDY FORM
(time study)
Once the number of readings to be made for the time study is
Product Name/ID:_______________ Name of Time Study Engineer: _________________ calculated, the next step is to conduct the time study. In order to
Operation No:________________ Date: ______________ start the time study, suitable stopwatch, time study board and
form, pencil, eraser, etc., are acquired by the time study officer.
Operation Description: _________ Then he should go to the job site and introduce himself to the
No. of cycles: _______ Standard Time found: _________ worker, and must stand some distance away from the actual work
place of the worker so that work is not hindered. The stopwatch
Element 1 2 3 --- N Average Rating Normal Allowance Standard and study board are positioned in line with the operation being
Description Observed factor time s time studied, so that reading the stopwatch and recording the rating
time can be done while making the observation about the task. The
most common methods of reading the stopwatch are as follows:
1. Continuous timing
2. Repetitive timing
(Signature)
3. Accumulative timing
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4. Split hand watch timing WORK STUDY (WORK MEASUREMENT) 38

In continuous timing
In continuous timing method, a non-fly back type of stopwatch is
utilized. In this method the stopwatch is started at the beginning of first
element and run continuously all through the period of the study. The
reading of the watch is noted at the end of each element and the same
is recorded on the observation sheet opposite its name or serial
number. The time for each element is determined later by subtraction
as explained in Table
Repetitive Timing
In the repetitive timing, also known as snap back method, a fly back type
of stopwatch is used. At the beginning of first element the observer snaps
the hand back to zero by pressing the winding knob of the watch. The
hand moving forward immediately begins to measure the time for the
first element. At the end of the first element, the observer reads the
watch, snaps the hand back to zero and then records his reading. In the
same manner the observer times the rest of the elements. This method
of timing gives the direct time without subtraction and the data are
recorded on the observation sheet as read from the watch. This system
has one disadvantage that the observer has to read the stopwatch while
its hands are moving

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Accumulative timing Various Times and Calculations

This method permits the direct reading of the time for each
element by the use of two stopwatches. These watches are
mounted close together on the time study board and are
connected by a level mechanism in such a way that when the
first watch is started, the second watch automatically
stopped, and when a second watch is started the first is
stopped. The watch may be snapped back to zero
immediately after it is read, thus making subtraction
unnecessary. The watch is read with greater ease and
accuracy because its hand is not in motion at the time it is
read

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The constituents of standard time are Example: Consider fatigue allowances as 10%, process allowances 5%,
contingency allowances 5%, and policy allowance is 20%. Let us
diagrammatically represented as calculate the normal rime, sustained time, allowed time and standard
time for the operation. The time recorded for the four elements is
follows. shown in Table below
Observed Rating Factor Rest Process Special Policy
Time Allowance Allowance Allowance Allowance Element No. 1 2 3 4

Normal Allowances Cycle No. Stopwatch reading in seconds

Time
1 10 30 50 70
Sustained Performance Time 2 90 107 125 145
3 155 175 195 210
Allowed Time
4 225 240 260 280
5 290 310 330 350
Standard Time
Average Rating 110 110 120 90

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Solution
Element No. 1 2 3 4
Solution:
Cycle No. Stopwatch reading in seconds
1 10 20 20 20
2 20 17 18 20
3 10 20 20 20
4 15 15 20 15
5 10 20 20 20

Average
Average Rating 110 110 120 90

Normal Time

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Example: An eight hour work measurement study in a plant reveals that

number of units produced = 320, ideal time =15%, performance rating
=120%, allowance 12% of normal time. Determine standard time /unit
produced.
Solution:
Observed time for 320 unit = (working time - ideal time)
= (8.0- 8.0 × 0.15) = 6.8
= 6.8 × 60 = 408 minutes
Observed time per unit = 408 /320 = 1.275 minutes
Normal time/unit = (observed time/unit × observed rating)/standard rating
= 1.275× 120/100= 1.53 minute
Standard time/unit =normal time/unit + allowances
= 1.53 minute +12% of 1.53 minute
= 1.714 minute

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Q. Compute the production cost per piece from the following data:
direct material per piece = Rs 2, wage rate Rs 2000 per month consisting
of 25 working days and 8 hours per day
Solution
over head expressed as a % of direct level cost =200%
Element Average observed time
The time for manufacture of 4 pieces of the item was observed during
time study. (O.T) in minutes
The manufacture of the item consist of 4 elements a, b, c, d. the data
collected during the time study are as under.
A
The personal, fatigue and delay allowances may be taken as ± 25%. Time
observed (mins) during the various cycle are as below:
B

Element Cycle Time (minutes) Element rating on C

1 2 3 4 B.S. scale (0-100)
A 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.4 85 D
B 0.7 0.6 0.65 0.75 120
C 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.2 90
D 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.4 70

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Q. An industrial engineer, deputed to conduct a time study 4 a

job, has, after observation, divided the job into 5 elements. He
noted that the timing for 4 cycle of the job as below (time in
minutes).
Element Time for Cycle Performance
1 2 3 4 Ratting

1 1.246 1.328 1.298 1.306 90

2 0.972 0.895 0.798 0.919 100
3 0.914 1.875 1.964 1.972 100
4 2.121 2.198 2.146 2.421 110
5 1.253 1.175 1.413 2.218 100

WORK STUDY (WORK MEASUREMENT)
1. Are they any outliers in the data i.e. probable errors in reading or
recording data which should not be included in the analysis?
2. Compute the basic time for the job and the standard time. If a
relaxation data allowances of 12 %, a contingency allowance of 3 % and
an incentive of 20% are applicable for the job
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Solution : The times for element no 3 in cycle 1 and for element no 5 in

cycle 4 are suspect and should be disregarded as they vary much as compare Work Sampling
with time values for these elements in other cycle 3 the basic time or normal The work sampling technique includes taking a number of intermittent,
time is calculated on the basis of data excluding the outliers as below.
randomly-spaced, instantaneous observations about an activity and
Elem Mean Performance Normal or basic time determining the percentage of time spent on each part of the process.
ent actual rating (mins) Work sampling (also known as ‘activity sampling’, ‘ratio-delay study’,
time ‘random observation method’, ‘snap-reading method’ and ‘observation
(mins) ratio study’) is, as the name implies, a sampling technique.
1 1.295 90 1.295×100/100=1.196
Mathematically, the probability ‘p’ of occurrence of an activity is calculated as:
2 0.896 100 0.896×100/100=.896
3 1.937 100 1.937×100/100=1.937 p = x/n = no of observation of the activity/ total no of observation
4 2.222 110 2.222×110/100=2.444 When we toss a coin there are two possibilities of outcome; either head or tail.
5 1.280 100 1.280×100/100=1.280 The law of probability says that we are likely to have 50 heads and 50 tails in
every 100 tosses of the coin. Note that we use the term ‘likely to have’. In fact,
Normal time for total job which include all the five elements = 7.723 mins we might have a score of 55-45, say, or 48-52, or some other ratio. But it has
Calculation of standard time. been proved that the law becomes increasingly accurate as the number of tosses
Standard time for the job = Normal time + Allowances increase. In other words, the greater the number of tosses, the more chance we
7.723 + 12/100 × 7.723 + 3/100 × 7.723 = 8.881 mins have of arriving at a ratio of 50 heads to 50 tails. This suggests that the larger the
If, 20 % incentive allowance is given, total time allowed under incentive scheme size of the sample, the more accurate or representative it becomes with respect
= 8.881 + 20/100 × 8.881 = 10.657 mins to the original ‘population’, or group of items under consideration.

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Principle of work sampling Steps in work sampling

The principle of work sampling is statistical hypothesis of random sampling and
probability of normal distribution with associated confidence level. It is elaborated The work sampling study consists of essentially the following steps:
by following example. 1. Establish the goal of study which contains explanation of the state of action to
be noticed.
Let x = number of observation of an activity i.e. machine/operator is working.
2. Arrange the sampling process including:
N = total no of observation in the activity of the pilot study, then the proportion of
the activity is (a) An approximation of the percentage of time devoted to every face of the
activity precision limit.
p = x/N
(b) situation of precision limit.
The proportion of activity = 1 – p = q
(c) judgement of number of observation needed.
The both states which are cohesively exclusive is 1
(d) selection of the duration of study and programming of the number of reading
i.e. p + q = 1 during this period.
where, p = probability of an occurrence and q = probability of non-occurrences. (e) the foundation of the apparatus for making observations, route and
This may be extended to take account of a number of observation (n) and become recording of data.
(p + q)n = 1. 3. Gathering of data as considered.
If this term is extended by the binomial theorem, the first term of the expression 4. Analyze the data and present result.
will have the probability that x = 0, the second term x = 1 and so on ….
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Advantages:
1. Inexpensive to apply and usually cost is significantly less than continuous Establishing confidence levels
time study.
Let us go back to our previous example and toss five coins at a time, and
2. Used to determine various impractical actions which are difficult to measure then record the number of times we have heads and the number of
by time study. times we have tails for each toss of these five coins. Let us then repeat
this operation 100 times.
3. Trained work measurement analyst are not essential to make observation.
4. Work sampling measurement can be made with a predetermined assigned
level of consistency.
5. Directly measure the working/engagement of individuals and equipment.
6. Eliminate the need of stopwatch for measurement.
Limitations:
1. Does not recommend several of the opportunity for methods study that
accompanies time; study and less improved work methods.
2. The worker may be unable to understand statistical work sampling.
3. The results may be unfair if random sampling is not done.

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95 per cent confidence level or 95 per cent of the area under the curve Determination of sample size
= l.96 σp;
• 99 per cent confidence level or 99 per cent of the area under the
curve = 2.58 σp;
• 99.9 per cent confidence level or 99.9 per cent of the area under the
curve = 3.3σp;

In this case we can say that if we take a large

sample at random we can be confident that in
95 per cent of the cases our observations will
fall within ± 1.96 σp. In work sampling the
most commonly used level is the 95 per cent
confidence level.

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In the present case let us assume that we shall carry out our
observations during a day shift of eight hours, from 8 am to 4 pm. An
eight-hour day has 480 minutes. These may be divided into 48 ten-
minute periods.
We can start by choosing any number at random from the random
number Table.
For example let us close our eyes and place a pencil point somewhere
on the table. Now, let us assume that in this case we pick number 20, by
mere chance, which is in the first block, fourth column, and fourth row
as shown in Table

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Table: Time sequence for random observations

We now choose any number between 1 and 10. Assume that we choose the
number 2; we now go down the column picking out every second reading Usable number Number Arranged Laps Time Time of Observation
and noting it down, as shown below (if we had chosen the number 3, we Selected from in Ascending order
should pick out every third figure, and so on).
20, 06, 07, 56, 38, 34, 74, 26, 49, 05 Random table
Looking at these numbers, we find that we have to discard 56, 74 and 49 20 05 10 × 05 = 50 8:50 am
because they are too high (since we have only 48 ten-minute periods, any 06 06 10 × 06 = 60 9:00 am
number above 48 has to be discarded). Similarly, the numbers which are 10 × 07 = 70
07 07 9:10 am
repeated will also have to be discarded. We therefore have to continue with
our readings to replace the three numbers that we have discarded. Using the 38 14 10 × 14 = 140 10:20 am
same method, that is choosing every second number after the last one (05), 34 15 10 × 15 = 150 10:30 am
we now have 14, 15 and 47. These three numbers are within the desired 26 20 10 × 20 = 200 11:20 am
range and have not appeared before. Our final selection may now be
05 26 10 × 26 = 260 12:20 pm
arranged in ascending order and the times of observation throughout the
eight-hour day worked out. Thus our smallest number (05) represents the 14 34 10 × 34 = 340 01:40 pm
fifth ten-minute period after the work began at 8:00 am. Thus our first 15 38 10 × 38 = 380 02:20 pm
observation will be at 8:50 am, and so on, the same is exhibited in Table 10 × 47 = 470
47 47 03:50 pm

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Conducting the study Observation Steps

Before making our actual observations, it is important to determining
the scope of the study and hence there is need to define the objective
of our work sampling. The simplest objective is that of determining
whether a given machine is idle or working. In such a case, our
observations aim at detecting one of two following possibilities;
1. Possibly we may wish to get an idea of the percentage distribution
of time when the machine is working and when it is idle, in which
case we combine the last two models.
2. We may also be interested in the percentage time spent by a worker
or groups of workers on a given element of work. If a certain job
consists of ten different elements, by observing a worker at the
defined points in time we can record on which element he or she is
working and therefore arrive at a percentage distribution of the time
he or she has been spending on each element.

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Making the observations Work sampling record sheet showing

observation when is machine running and Idle.
So far we have taken the first five logical steps in conducting a work
sampling study, these can be summarized as follows:
1. Selecting the job to be studied and determining the objectives of the
study;
2. Making a preliminary observation to determine the approximate
values of p and q; in terms of a chosen confidence level and
accuracy range, determining n (the number of observations
needed);
3. Determining the frequency of observations, using random tables;
4. Designing record sheets to meet the objectives of the study.

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Work sampling record sheet showing observation on Work sampling record sheet showing observation on
distribution of machine idle time of nine elements of distribution of machine idle time of nine elements of
operation performed operation performed

Date: Name of Observer: Study No:

No. of Observations: 85
Worker Elements of Work
ID
W-1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
W-2
W-3
W-4
W-5

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