TUM BILIM ADAMLARI - Gamze Nargileci slaytlarinda gecen isimlerin hepsi

CHAPTER 1- HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY

Socrates - dualism
Plato- dualism, knowledge is innate
Aristotle - monism
John Locke- mind at birth is tabula rasa, blank slate
Wilhelm Wundt - Structuralism , concious awareness, introspection
William James - functionalism
Mary Whiton Calkins - first women president of APA
Margaret Floy Washburn - first women to earn a ph. D. in psychology
G. Stanley Hall- study of child development, first president of APA
Max Wertheimer - Gestalt psychology, total experience, whole is more important than the sum of the parts
Sigmund Freud- Psychoanalysis, discovered the unconscious mind, early childhood experiences
Ivan Pavlov- Behaviorism, experiment with dog salvation and food
John Watson - Behaviorism, Albert and white rat
B.F. Skinner- Behaviorism, reinforcement and punishment, rat electroshock
Abraham Maslow- Humanistic
Carl Rogers- Humanistic
Charles Darwin -natural selection, survival adaptation

CHAPTER 3- BIOLOGICAL BASES OF BEHAVIOR

Wilder Penfield, Otfrid Foerster- map the motor cortex

Eduard Hitzig, Gustav Fritsch - applied electricity current to the exposed cerebral cortex in dogs to show
that stimulation of different parts of the brain can cause different types of movements.
Thomas Bouchard- Minnesota twin study

CHAPTER 4- SENSATION AND PERCEPTION

Young-Helmholtz - Trichromatic theory, eyes do their own color mixing
Hermann von Helmholtz- specific sound frequencies vibrate specific portions of the basilar membrane,
producing distinct pitches
Rutherford- We sense pitch because the hair cells fire at different rates in the cochlea
Wever and Bray - volley principle
Ronald Melzack and Patrick Wall - gate control theory
Gustav Fencher and Ernest Weber- webers law to measure difference threshold
Eleanor Gibson- visual cliff experiment, depth perception

CHAPTER 5- STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS

William James - stream of consciousness ?
Rosalind Cartwright- information processing theory- dreams work through everyday problems and
emotional issues
Robert Mccarley and J. Alan Hobson- activation-synthesis theory dreams are electrical impulses that pull
random thoughts
Thedore Barber and Nicholas Spanos- hypnosis produces a normal mental state in which suggestible
people act out the role of hypnotic subject and behave as they think hypnotized people are supposed to .
Ernest and Josephine Hilgard- hypnotic suggestibility
Ernest Hilgard- dissociation theory
CHAPTER 6- LEARNING
Ivan Pavlov- classical conditioning, dog bell salvation
John Watson and Rosalie Rayne- Albert and rat , aversive conditioning is used
Edward Thorndike- puzzle box study, operant conditioning
B.F. Skinner- operant conditioning
Keller and Marian Breland- raccoon experiment, natural instincts can overcome conditioning
John Garcia and Robert Koelling- learned taste aversion, some stimulus-response associations are much
easier than others, radiation rat experiment
Robert Rescola- revised pavlovian model to take into account the cognitive part of conditioning,
contingency model
Albert Bandura- social learning theory, importance of observing, modeling, imitating the behaviors
Edward Tolman-latent learning, cognitive map
Wolfgang Köhler- insight learning

CHAPTER 7- COGNITION
George Sperling- iconic memory, asked participants which letters they remembered
George Miller- capacity of short term memory is 7 unrelated bits of info at one time
Alexander Luria- studied a patient with eidetic memory who could repeat a list of 70 letters or digits
Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart- levels of processing theory
Hermann Ebbinghaus- foregetting curve, the order of the items in a list is related to whether or not we will
recall the
B.F. Skinner- children learn language by association, reinforcement and imitation
Noam Chomsky- nativist theory of language acquisition
Benjamin Whorf- linguistic relativity hypothesis, different languages cause people to view the world quite
differently

CHAPTER 8- EMOTION AND MOTIVATION

Abraham Maslow- Maslow’s hierarchy of need
William Masters and Virginia Johnson- sexual response cycle
Alfred Kinsey- experiment about sexual orientation
David McClerland- people with high need for achievement choose moderately challenging tasks
Douglas McGregor - management theory, 2 different management styles
Paul Ekman- nonverbal expression of emotions, showed pics pf people expressing diff emotions to
people from different cultures and ask them to label the emotions
Walter Cannon and Phillip Bard- canon-bard theory, to feel an emotion we also need a cognitive
awareness
Stanley Schachter and Jerame Singer- two factor theory, we infer emotion from arousal and label it
according to our cognitive explanation for the arousal
Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe- designed a test to measure study stress, stress scale

CHAPTER 9- DEVELOPMENT
Konrad Lorenz- infant animals attach to the care giver , geese tam bilmiyom
Harley Harlow - wirelike monkey, importance of psychological needs
Mary Ainsworth- strange situation , studied attachment
Diana Baumrind- how parenting styles affect the emotional growth of the children
Vygotsky- sociocultural theory of cognitive development , role of envoriment, nurture , the zone of
proximal development
Sigmun Freud- psychosexual development theory
Erik Erikson- stage theory of psychosocial development , neofreudian, we continue to grow beyond
teenage years
Jean Piaget- theory of cognitive development, recognized children think differently from adults, knowledge
begins with schemas
Lawrence Kohlberg- stages of moral development, used Heinz dilemma
Carol Gilligan- gender based developmental differences, kohl bergs assumption that girls would come to
the same moral conclusion is wrong

CHAPTER 10- PERSONALITY

Psychodynamic
Karen Horney- womb envy, feminist perspective
Carl Jung- personal and collective unconsciousness, 4 major jungian archetypes
Alfred Adler- social aspects, superiority-inferiority, importance of birth order
Biological and Evolutionary
Hippocrates and Galen- temperament depends on fluids in the body.
William Sheldon - somatotype theory
Humanistic
Abraham Maslow- holistic dynamic theory, reject behaviorism, self-actualization
Carl Rogers- self theory, self-concept, self esteem, incongruence
Behavioral
Skinner- behavior is personality, environment and reinforcements we experience shapes
who we become
Social Cognitive
Albert Bandura- reciprocal determinism or triadic reciprocality , self efficacy
George Kelly- personal construct theory, fundamental postulate
Julian Rotter- locus of control
Trait theories
Hans Eysenck- extraversion, neuroticism, psychoticism
Raymond Catell- 16 personality factors, 16 primary or source traits
Paul Costa and Robert McCrae- The big 5 personality ,OCEAN
Gordon Alport- cardinal, central and secondary trait

CHAPTER 11- TESTING

Charles Spearman- intelliegence is single underlying trait and each trait influences each other, g factor
John Horn and Raymond Cattell- divided spermans g into two, fluid and crystalized intelligence
Howard Gardner- multiple intelligence
Robert Sternberg- triarchic theory of intelligence
Peter Salovey and John Mayer- social intelligence
Daniel Goleman- Emotional Intelligence
Francis Galton-nativist, intelligence must be inherited, founder of psychometrics
James Mckeen Cattell- brought Dalton’s studies to USA, strength, reaction time, sensitivity and pain
Alfred Binet- French government identify which students in class need special attention
Thedore Simon- first measurabşe IQ test for students, Binnet-Simon scale
Lewis Terman- Stanford-Binet IQ test
David Wechsler- Wechsler test, most widely used adult intelligence test.
CHAPTER 12- ABNORMALITIES
Aaron Beck- cognitive theorist, depression results from unreasonably negative ideas that people have
about themselves, their world, and their futures - cognitive triad
Martin Seligman- learned helplessness

CHAPTER 13- TREATMENTS

Hippocrates and Galen- proposed that psychological problems have physical or biological causesand can
be treated. medicine
Philippe Pinel and Dorothea Dix - reformers, leading the call to treat victims of mental illness more
humanely.
Carl Rogers- client centered therapy
Fritz Perls- Gestalt therapy
Mary Cover Jones- counterconditioning
Aaron Beck- Cognitive Behavioral therapy
Albert Ellis- rational emotive therapy

CHAPTER 14- SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY

Fritz Heider- attribution theory

Harold Kelley- covariation model, attributions are based on three kinds of info
Robert Rosenthal and Lenore Jacobson- “Pygmalion in the Classroom”, study involving self-fulfilling
prophecy, Pygmalion effect
Richard LaPiere - attitudes do not perfectly predict behaviors. Inconsistent. Asian couple experiment
Leon Festinger- cognitive dissonance
Herbert Kelman - three major types of conformity
Philip Zimbardo- prison experiment
Stanley Migram- electric shock and obedience experiment
Solomon Asch- conformity, stick experiment
Irving Janis- groupthink
Muzafer Sherif- contact theory robbers cave study