Tutorial Sheet : 7

Course Code : BMAT102L

Course Title : Differential Equations and Transforms

Module 7: Z Transforms
Easy Questions
𝒏𝝅
1. Find the Z-transform of 𝟐𝒏 + 𝟕 𝒔𝒊𝒏 (
𝟒
) − 𝟔𝒂𝟐 .

Solution:
𝒛
𝟐𝒛 𝒛
(𝒛−𝟏)𝟐
+ 𝟓 𝒛𝟐−√𝟐 𝒛+𝟏 − 𝟔𝒂𝟐 𝒛−𝟏
√𝟐

2. Find the Z-transform of 𝒏𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝒏 𝜽)

Solution:
𝒛𝟑 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 − 𝟐 𝒛𝟐 + 𝒛 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽
(𝒛𝟐 − 𝟐𝒛 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 + 𝟏)𝟐
.

3. Find the inverse Z-transform of

𝒛𝟑 −𝟐𝟎𝒛 𝒛
(𝒂) (𝒃) ..
(𝒛−𝟐)𝟐 (𝒛−𝟒) 𝒛𝟑 −𝒛𝟐 +𝒛−𝟏

Solution:
𝒏𝝅 𝒏𝝅
𝟏 [𝟏−𝒄𝒐𝒔 ( )−𝒔𝒊𝒏( )]
(a) 𝟐
(𝟐𝒏 + 𝟐 𝒏𝟐 𝟐𝒏 ) − 𝟒𝒏 , (𝒃) 𝟐
𝟐
𝟐

𝒛𝟐
4. Use convolution theorem to evaluate 𝒁−𝟏 [(𝒛−𝟑)𝟐 ]

Solution:
(𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟑𝒏 .
.

5. Find Z-transform of 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝒏𝜽 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟏)𝜽.

Solution:
𝒛(𝒛−𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝜽) 𝒛𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
𝒛𝟐 −𝟐𝒛 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝜽+𝟏
+ 𝒛𝟐−𝟐𝒛 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽+𝟏.
.
Moderate Questions
6. Solve 𝒖𝒏+𝟐 − 𝟔𝒖𝒏+𝟏 + 𝟖𝒖𝒏 = 𝟓𝒏 , 𝒖𝟎 = 𝟎, 𝒖𝟏 = 𝟏 using Z
transform.

Solution:
𝒛𝟐 −𝟒𝒛 𝟏
𝑼(𝒛) = (𝒛−𝟓)(𝒛𝟐−𝟔𝒛+𝟖), 𝒖𝒏 = 𝟑 [𝟓𝒏 − 𝟑𝒏 ]
.

𝒛𝟐
7. Find 𝒁−𝟏 [ ].
(𝒛−𝟓)(𝒛−𝟕)

7𝑛+1 −5𝑛+1
Solution: 𝑢𝑛 =
2

8. Find the Z-transform of 𝒖𝒏 = 𝒏𝟓𝒏 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝟏𝟏𝒏 + 𝟏𝟑) + 𝒆𝟓𝒏 .

5𝑧 𝑧 sin(11) 𝑧[(z−cos(11)] 𝑧
Solution: 𝑈(𝑧) = + cos(13) + sin(13) +
(𝑧−5)2 𝑧 2 −2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠(11)+1 𝑧 2 −2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠(11)+1 𝑧−𝑒 5

9. Find the Z-transform of 𝒖𝒏 = (𝒏 − 𝟏)𝟐 𝒆𝟏𝟎𝒏+𝟗 .

𝑧(𝑧+𝑒 10 ) 2𝑧𝑒 19 𝑧𝑒 9
Solution: 𝑈(𝑧) = 𝑒 19 − (𝑧−𝑒 10)3 + 𝑧−𝑒 10
(𝑧−𝑒 10 )3 −

𝒛𝟐 −𝟓𝒛+𝟏𝟏
10. If 𝑼(𝒛) = where 𝑼(𝒛) = 𝒁(𝒖𝒏 ), then find 𝒖𝟏 and 𝒖𝟐 .
(𝒛−𝟏)𝟒
Solution: 𝑢0 = 0, 𝑢𝑞 = 0, 𝑢2 = 1, 𝑢3 =-1

11. Consider a situation in economic analysis where the demand function and the
supply functions for a given commodity are given by

(i) 𝑄𝑑𝑡 = 18 − 3𝑃𝑡 , 𝑄𝑠𝑡 = −3 + 4𝑃𝑡−1 , with 𝑃0 = 15

(ii) 𝑄𝑑𝑡 = 5 − 2𝑃𝑡 , 𝑄𝑠𝑡 = −2 + 5𝑃𝑡−1 , with 𝑃0 = 10

(iii) 𝑄𝑑𝑡 = 19 − 7𝑃𝑡 , 𝑄𝑠𝑡 = −4 + 6𝑃𝑡−1 , with 𝑃0 = 12

Assume that in each time period, the market price is always set at a level such that
quantity demanded is equal to the quantity supplied. That is, 𝑄𝑠𝑡 = 𝑄𝑑𝑡 . 𝑃𝑡 denotes the
price of the commodity at time 𝑡.
 𝟒 𝒕
Solution: (i) 𝑷𝒕 = 𝟏𝟐 (− 𝟑) + 𝟑,
𝟓 𝒕
(ii) 𝑷𝒕 = 𝟗 (− 𝟐) + 𝟏,
𝟔 𝒕 𝟐𝟑
(iii) 𝑷𝒕 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟐𝟑 (− 𝟕) + 𝟏𝟑.

12. Samuelson Multiplier-Accelerator Interaction Model: This model assumes that

the national income 𝑦𝑡 consists of three components
(i) Consumption (𝐶𝑡 )
(ii) Investment (𝐼𝑡 )
(iii) Government Expenditure (𝐺𝑡 ).

Income Function 𝑦𝑡 = 𝐶𝑡 + 𝐼𝑡 + 𝐺0
Consumption Function 𝐶𝑡 = 𝛾𝑦𝑡−1 (𝑜 < 𝛾 < 1)
Investment Function 𝐼𝑡 = 𝛼(𝐶𝑡 − 𝐶𝑡−1 ) (𝛼 > 0)
The government expenditure is assumed to be constant equal to 𝐺0 = 1. The constant
𝛾 represents the marginal propensity to consume and 𝛼 represents the acceleration
coefficient. Substituting consumption function and investment function in the income
function leads to the following governing equation
𝛼𝛾𝑦𝑡−2 − 𝛾(𝛼 + 1)𝑦𝑡−1 + 𝑦𝑡 = 1
Replacing all 𝑡 by 𝑡 + 2, we get
𝑦𝑡+2 − 𝛾(1 + 𝛼)𝑦𝑡+! + 𝛼𝛾𝑦𝑡 = 1. With the initial conditions 𝑦0 = 𝑦1 = 0.
Form the difference equation and solve
2 49
(i) 𝛼= , 𝛾= ,
3 50
2 24
(ii) 𝛼= , 𝛾=
3 25

𝟏𝟒 𝒕 𝟕 𝒕
Solution: (i) 𝒚𝒕 = −𝟔𝟒. 𝟑𝟕 (𝟏𝟓) + 𝟏𝟒. 𝟑𝟕 (𝟏𝟎) + 𝟓𝟎 ,
𝟒 𝒕
(ii) 𝒚𝒕 = (−𝟐𝟓 − 𝟔. 𝟐𝟓𝒕) ( ) + 𝟐𝟓.
𝟓