DECLARATION

I Pratiksha Yadav here by declare that this report on the topic “A comparative
Study Of Corporate Social Responsibility of TATA and RELIANCE Company”
has been solely written by me for the partial fulfillment for the award of
Bachelor of Business Administration from Study Hall College, Lucknow and
will be used only for Academic purpose. It will not be produced in any
condition as a source of information anywhere else.

Pratiksha Yadav
BBA 6th Semester
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Commencement of this Minor Project Report was impossible without acknowledging the people
whose support was absolutely helpful for the completion of my report. There have been many
people who have supported me throughout the project and I take this opportunity to thank them for
their time and effort.
I am greatly indebted to my guide MISS PRIYANKA RAJ MODANWAL
(Asst. Prof. Study Hall College, Lucknow) who has provided me with the necessary guidelines,
instructions, criticisms and theoretical insights that helped in the development of my dissertation in
giving it proper shape.
Last but not least I would like to thank my family, friends and faculty of my institute for their
constant encouragement and support.

Pratiksha Yadav
BBA 6th Semester
 TABLE OF CONTENT

S.no. CONTENT PAGE NO.

1. Introduction

1.1 Company Profile of TATA

1.2 Company Profile of RELIANCE
2. Literature Review
3. Objective of the Study
4. Research Methodology
5. Data Analysis and Interpretation
6. Findings
7. Limitations
8. Suggestions
9. Conclusion
Reference
Annexure
CHAPTER-1
 INTRODUCTION

CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a business concept that focuses on the ethical,

environmental, and social impact of a company’s operations. It's essentially a way for

companies to act with social consciousness by taking responsibility for the way they affect

the world around them. This can include things like environmental sustainability, labor

practices, and community involvement.

Here are some of the reasons why CSR is important:

* It helps companies improve their reputation and brand image.

* It can attract and retain top talent.

* It can help companies manage risks and comply with regulations.

* It can create a more sustainable and equitable future.

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) refers to a company's ongoing commitment to operating

ethically and sustainably. It involves businesses considering the impact of their operations on

society, the environment, and the economy. Here's a breakdown of CSR:

* Focus areas: Environmental responsibility, ethical labor practices, philanthropic giving, and

community engagement.

* Benefits: Enhances brand reputation, attracts and retains talent, fosters customer loyalty, and

helps manage risks.

The National Corporate Social Responsibility Data Portal is an initiative by the Ministry of

Corporate Affairs, Government of India to establish a platform to disseminate Corporate

Social Responsibility related data and information filed by the companies registered with it.

The Corporate Social Responsibility concept in India is governed by Section 135 of the Companies

Act, 2013 (‘Act’), Schedule VII of the Act and Companies (CSR Policy) Rules, 2014
 wherein the criteria has been provided for assessing the CSR eligibility of a company,

Implementation and Reporting of their CSR Policies. India having the most elaborated CSR

mechanism and implementation strategy has started its journey to set a benchmark in

attaining sustainability goals and stakeholder activism in nation building.

The CSR ambit is getting bigger and for upcoming years it would turn out to be a unique

knowledge base for analyzing and achieving sustainability goals as among various large

economies. India is a country which has assured by mandating CSR through its legislative

action.

India is the first country in the world to make corporate social responsibility (CSR)

mandatory, following an amendment to the Companies Act, 2013 in April 2014. Businesses

can invest their profits in areas such as education, poverty, gender equality, and hunger as

part of any CSR compliance.

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a self-regulating business model that helps a

company be socially accountable to itself, its stakeholders, and the public.

Through CSR programs, philanthropy, and volunteer efforts, businesses can benefit society

while boosting their brands. A socially responsible company is accountable to itself and its

shareholders. CSR is commonly a strategy employed by large corporations. The more

visible and successful a corporation is, the more responsibility it has to set standards of

ethical behavior for its peers, competition, and industry.

TYPES OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY

● Environmental responsibility: Corporate social responsibility is rooted in preserving the

environment. A company can pursue environmental stewardship by reducing pollution and

emissions in manufacturing, recycling materials, replenishing natural resources like trees,

or creating product lines consistent with CSR.

 ● Ethical responsibility: Corporate social responsibility includes acting fairly and ethically.

Instances of ethical responsibility include fair treatment of all customers regardless of age,

race, culture, or sexual orientation, favorable pay and benefits for employees, vendor use

across demographics, full disclosures, and transparency for investors.

● Philanthropic responsibility: CSR requires a company to contribute to society, whether a

company donates profit to charities, enters into transactions only with suppliers or vendors

that align with the company philanthropically, supports employee philanthropic endeavors,

or sponsors fundraising events.

● Financial responsibility: A company might make plans to be more environmentally,

ethically, and philanthropically focused, however, it must back these plans through

financial investments in programs, donations, or product research including research and

development for products that encourage sustainability, creating a diverse workforce, or

implementing DEI, social awareness, or environmental initiatives.

Benefits of CSR
According to a study published in the Journal of Consumer Psychology, consumers are more likely

to act favorably toward a company that has acted to benefit its customers. As a company engages

in CSR, it is more likely to receive favorable brand recognition. Additionally, workers are more

likely to stay with a company they believe in. This reduces employee turnover, disgruntled

workers, and the total cost of a new employee.

For companies looking to outperform the market, enacting CSR strategies may improve how

investors view the company's value. The Boston Consulting Group found that companies

considered leaders in environmental, social, or governance matters had an 11% valuation premium

over their competitors. CSR practices help companies mitigate risk by avoiding troubling

situations. This includes preventing adverse activities such as discrimination against employee
groups, disregard for natural resources, unethical use of company funds, and activity that leads to

lawsuits, and litigation.

● Business Benefits

CSR can have a positive impact on an organization’s brand identity as well as its bottom line.

Some CSR efforts, such as improving energy efficiency, can reduce operating costs and might lead

to savings in the end. Consumers increasingly prefer brands that share their values, and CSR

policies offer ways for organizations to demonstrate those values, building trust and loyalty to fuel

a competitive advantage.

CSR can also help attract top talent and drive employee engagement and retention, as more

workers seek employers whose values align with their own. Additionally, a proactive approach to

ethical and social issues has the potential to prevent legal problems, fines and reputational damage.

● Consumer benefits

CSR initiatives can help people become more responsible consumers, making it easier for them to

access products and services that align with their values and educating them on issues of

sustainability and ethical consumption. It can encourage companies to prioritize and invest in

testing, quality control and safety measures. CSR can also minimize the likelihood of defective or

harmful products reaching consumers.

● Environmental benefits

CSR can have a positive impact on the overall health of the planet, as it encourages environmental

responsibility and sustainable practices. CSR initiatives can help companies reduce their

greenhouse gas emissions or pursue net-zero emissions goals that are key to slowing climate

change. They might also help conserve natural resources, reduce pollution and limit disruption of

ecosystems. Additionally, a focus on CSR can support investment in research and development of

eco-friendly products and practices.

 ● Societal benefits

Corporate social responsibility can help support local communities and address societal issues,

such as poverty, inequality and environmental concerns. CSR initiatives can fuel economic growth

by creating jobs. They can also shape public opinion as companies leading the way inspire others

to follow suit, creating a positive ripple effect. A focus on ethical behavior at the corporate level

reinforces a broader norm of ethical behavior across other parts of society.

EVOLUTION OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY

The term CSR may be relatively new to India, but the concept dates back to Mauryan history,

where philosophers like Kautilya emphasized on ethical practices and principles while conducting

business. CSR has been informally practiced in ancient times in the form of charity to the poor and

disadvantaged. Indian scriptures have at several places mentioned the importance of sharing one’s

earning with the deprived section of society. We have a deep rooted culture of sharing and caring.

Religion also played a major role in promoting the concept of CSR. Islam has a law called Zakaat,

which rules that a portion of one’s earnings must be shared with the poor in form of donations.

Merchants belonging to Hindu religion gave alms, constructed temples and night shelters for the

poorer class. Hindus followed Dharmada where the manufacturer or seller charged a specific

amount from the purchaser, which was used for charity. The amount was known as charity amount

or Dharmada. In the same fashion, Sikhs followed Daashaant.

Here, we can understand that the history of CSR in India runs parallel to the historical

development of India. CSR has evolved in phases like community engagement, socially

responsible production, and socially responsible employee relations. Therefore, the history of

Corporate Social responsibility in India can be broadly divided into four phases:
The first phase of CSR was driven by noble deeds of philanthropists and charity. It was influenced

by family values, traditions, culture and religion along with industrialization. Till 1850, the

wealthy businessmen shared their riches with the society by either setting up temples or religious

institutions. In times of famines, they opened their granaries for the poor and hungry. The approach

towards CSR changed with the arrival of colonial rule in 1850. In the Pre-independence era, the

pioneers or propagators of industrialization also supported the concept of CSR. In the 1900s, the

industrialist families like Tatas, Birlas, Modis, Godrej, Bajajs and Singhanias promoted this

concept by setting up charitable foundations, educational and healthcare institutions, and trusts for

community development. It may also be interesting to note that their efforts for social benefit were

also driven by political motives.

The second phase was the period of independence struggle when the industrialists were pressured

to show their dedication towards the benefit of the society.

In the third phase from 1960-1980, CSR was influenced by the emergence of Public sector

undertakings to ensure proper distribution of wealth. The policy of industrial licensing, high taxes

and restrictions on the private sector resulted in corporate malpractices. This led to enactment of

legislation regarding corporate governance, labor and environmental issues. Still the PSUs were

not very successful. Therefore, there was a natural shift of expectation from the public to the

private sector and their active involvement in socio-economic growth. In 1965, the academicians,

politicians and businessmen set up a national workshop on CSR, where great stress was laid on

social accountability and transparency.

In the fourth phase from 1980 onwards, Indian companies integrated CSR into a sustainable

business strategy. With globalization and economic liberalization in the 1990s, and partial

withdrawal of controls and licensing systems there was a boom in the economic growth of the

country. This led to the increased momentum in industrial growth, making it possible for the

companies to contribute more towards social responsibility. What started as charity is now

understood and accepted as responsibility.

In the current scenario in India, the new companies act amended in December 2012 mandates the

corporate to spend 2% of their average net profits of the last three financial years towards CSR.

This is applicable for companies with a turnover of 1000 Cr/ PAT of 5 Cr/ or net worth of 500 cr.

The new bill replaces the Companies act 1956 and emphasizes carrying forward the agenda of

Corporate Social Responsibility.

WHY CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY MATTERS TO BUSINESSES

Companies are increasingly ramping up their focus on social responsibility, whether they are
championing women’s rights, protecting the environment, or attempting to obliterate poverty, on
local, national, or global levels. From an optics perspective, socially responsible companies project
more attractive images to both consumers and shareholders alike, which serves to positively affect
their bottom lines.

Customers Matter
Embracing socially responsible policies goes a long way toward attracting and retaining customers,
which is essential to a company’s long-term success. Furthermore, many individuals who know
that part of a company's profits will be channeled toward social causes near and dear to them will
gladly pay a premium for goods.

Increases Employee Motivation

Social responsibility is an effective tool to increase employee engagement. These companies tend
to attract employees who are eager to make a difference in the world—in addition to simply
collecting a paycheck. With large companies, there is strength in numbers, and collective employee
efforts can achieve substantial results, which increases workplace morale and boosts productivity.

Community Support and Customer Loyalty

Social responsibility works as a platform for companies and consumers alike to make a positive
impact on local and global communities. Businesses that implement a social responsibility
initiative that’s in line with their values have the opportunity to increase customer retention and
loyalty.
TYPES OF CSR ACTIVITY

Eradicating extreme hunger and poverty.

Promotion of education
Promoting gender equality and empowering women
Reducing child mortality and improving maternal health
Combating human immunodeficiency virus, acquired immune deficiency syndrome,
malaria, and other disease
Ensuring environmental sustainability
Employment enhancing vocational skills
Social business project
Other activity not mentioned above
 COMPANY PROFILE

TATA COMPANY

The Tata Group is a group of companies headquartered in Mumbai, India. Established in 1868, it is

India's largest conglomerate, with products and services in over 150 countries, and operations in 100

countries.Founded by Jamsetji Tata in 1868, the Tata Group is a global enterprise, headquartered in India,

comprising 30 companies across ten verticals.The group operates in more than 100 countries across six

continents, with a mission 'To improve the quality of life of the communities we serve globally, through

long-term stakeholder value creation based on Leadership with Trust’.Tata Sons is the principal

investment holding company and promoter of Tata companies. Sixty-six percent of the equity share

capital of Tata Sons is held by philanthropic trusts, which support education, health, livelihood generation

and art and culture.In 2022-23, the revenue of Tata companies, taken together, was $150 billion (INR 12

trillion). These companies collectively employ over 1 million people.Each Tata company or enterprise

operates independently under the guidance and supervision of its own board of directors. There are 29

publicly listed Tata enterprises with a combined market capitalisation of $300 billion (INR 24 trillion) as

on July 31, 2023.

Company type Corporate group

Industry Conglomerate

Founded 1868; 156 years ago

Founder Jamsetji Tata

Headquarters Bombay House, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

Area served Worldwide

Key people ● Ratan Tata

(Chairman Emeritus)
 Natarajan Chandrasekaran

(Chairman & Managing Director)

S Parmar (chief corporate counsel)

Products ● Automotive

● chemical

● Defence

● Electronics

● FMCG

● Jewelers

● Home appliances

● Salt

● Steel

● Cement

● Tea

Services ● Airlines

● Aerospace

● Consultancy

● Electric utility

● Electric power

● Finance

● Hospitality

● Hotels
 ● Information technology

● Retail

● E-commerce

● Real estate

● Telecommunications

Revenue ₹1,200,000 crore (US$150 billion) (FY 2023)

Number of employees 1,028,000 (FY 2023)

Subsidiaries 35

CSR ACTIVITY DONE BY TATA COMPANY

1.Education and Holistic Development.

2 Livelihoods and Skill Development.

3.Rural Development.

4.Water and Sanitation.

5.Healthcare.
 1. EDUCATION AND HOLISTIC AND DEVELOPMENT.

The Adult Literacy Programme was set up to help the Government of India improve adult literacy rates,
using the Computer Based Functional Literacy (CBFL) solution. Using the CBFL model, non-literate
adult learners can achieve functional literacy (reading, writing, arithmetic) within 50 hours, over a period
of three months, which is about 1/6th the time demanded by conventional learning methods. The CBFL
software is available in nine Indian and three foreign languages. TCS fosters strategic partnerships with
local governments, jail authorities, NGOs and other companies to enhance the reach.

Target Beneficiaries

The programme has a unique focus on women and adults from marginalized communities and has been
extensively used by prison authorities as a reformation process for the inmates.

2.LIVELIHOODS AND SKILL DEVELOPMENT

MPowered programme in collaboration with Trickle Up aims to empower ultra-poor women who
live on less than USD 1.25 (INR 91) per day from remote locations of Jharkhand and Odisha, by
enhancing their livelihood through mobile technology and interventions that support sustainable
livelihood development. Given the persistent gender gap in mobile phone usage in rural India,
Tata Communications as an industry leader in telecommunications sought to bring instant access
to information into the hands of 2,800 women about government schemes and provide training
and other resources to strengthen their economic condition. In addition, a custom-made mobile
app, Package of Practices (or PoP - a step-by-step guide in vernacular with modules on organic
cultivation techniques of five crops) has enabled women to adopt better agricultural, livestock and
business practices.

Target Beneficiaries

Ultra-poor tribal women

3. RURAL DEVELOPMENT

Pathardi, a tribal village in Jawhar block of Palghar district in rural Maharashtra, lags behind in all
developmental indicators. Tata Motors along with Sahabhag- the AA cell of Government of
Maharashtra, decided to work on an Integrated Village Development approach which aims to
work across themes of water, health, education, livelihood, micro entrepreneurship, physical
infrastructure and governance.

Tata Motors currently works in six hamlets of Pathardi comprising 300 households with 3000 tribal
population. Within two years; Under the Government convergence scheme, about 102 hectares of
unproductive land has been converted into productive agricultural land through wadi and
floriculture. Nine of the Village committees have been made functional.

Target Beneficiaries

Rural and underprivileged villagers

4. WATER AND SANITATION

Focus on water has a dual approach, offering support for drinking & household use as well as for
agricultural use. Participatory Groundwater Management and innovative ways of conservation are
facilitated in partnership with Government, community based organizations & beneficiaries we
serve. Amrutdhara is a participatory groundwater management (PGWM) initiative to harvest
rainwater and maintain water levels.

Target Beneficiaries

Low income and underprivileged households

5. HEALTHCARE
 The programme works on a public-private partnership mode which focuses on building capacity of
existing government voluntary health workers (Accredited Social Health Activists-ASHAs,
known as Sahiyyas in Jharkhand). Low literacy levels of Sahiyyas was a constraint in many cases.
Maternal and Newborn Survival Initiative (MANSI) overcame this through classroom sessions
where Sahiyyas are provided training, using largely visual/ pictorial aids, on parameters which
would address the root causes and underlying reasons for neonate and infant mortality.

MANSI was later scaled up—from 167 pilot villages to 1,686 villages of Jharkhand and Odisha. It
now covers a massive 2.2 lakh households in 12 blocks across Jharkhand and Odisha

Target Beneficiaries

Pregnant mothers and newborn in rural areas

​
 COMPANY PROFILE

RELIANCE COMPANY

Reliance is India’s largest and most profitable private sector company. Our motto “Growth is Life”

aptly captures the ever-evolving spirit of Reliance. In just over four decades, we have emerged as one

of India’s most valuable, stakeholder-centric organizations, building valuable assets for India and

innovating for a better future for all Indians.

Formerly Reliance Commercial Corporation (1958–1966)

Reliance Textiles and Engineers (1966–1973)

Reliance Industries Limited (1973–present)

Company type Public

Traded as ● BSE: 500325

● NSE: RELIANCE

● LSE: RIGD

● BSE SENSEX Constituent

● NSE NIFTY 50 Constituent

ISIN INE002A01018

Industry Conglomerate
Founded 1958 (66 years ago)

Founder Dhirubhai Ambani

Headquarters Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

Area served Worldwide

Key people Mukesh Ambani

(Chairman & Managing Director)

Products ● Petroleum

● Natural gas

● Chemicals

● Petrochemicals

● Oil refining

● Retail

● Telecommunications

● Media

● Entertainment

Revenue ₹974,864 crore (US$120 billion) (2023)

Operating income ₹94,801 crore (US$12 billion) (2023)

Net income ₹73,670 crore (US$9.2 billion) (2023)

Total assets ₹1,713,506 crore (US$210 billion) (2023)

Total equity ₹821,153 crore (US$100 billion) (2023)

Owner ● Mukesh Ambani (50.39%)

Number of employees 389,414 (2023)

Subsidiaries ● Jio Platforms

● Reliance Retail

● Jio-bp

● Network18 Group

● DEN Networks

● Hathway

● Alok Industries

● Reliance Foundation

● Indiawin Sports

● Relicord

● Reliance Institute of Life Sciences

 ● Reliance Industrial Infrastructure

● Renewable Energy Corporation

● Reliance Global Corporate Security

Our belief "What is Good for India is Good for Reliance" has shaped our ambitions and actions every day
since inception. We have evolved from being a textile and polyester company to an integrated player
across energy, materials, retail, entertainment, and digital services, putting India on the global energy map
and triggering a nationwide retail and digital revolution.
We are committed to self-reliant, sustainable growth and are embracing the New Energy and digital-first
future by making it India’s own.
Reliance is one of the largest taxpayers (direct and indirect) in India. We have a strong track

record of mandatory and voluntary compliance, and we endorse national schemes set for India’s

growth.

Reliance is a pioneer to have started the equity revolution in India. Over the years, we have given

superior and consistent returns to our shareholders and investors.

Through Reliance Foundation, we run one of the largest corporate philanthropies in India, with

far-reaching impact.

Consistently ranked among India's top employers of choice, Reliance attracts skilled talent from

various backgrounds and provides them with a fair, inclusive, diverse, and meritocratic ecosystem

for growth.

Reliance is a consumer-oriented company, offering consumer-centric solutions across its business

verticals. We provide superior and delightful experiences for our customers across all our

businesses.

Our partnerships continue to power our way forward in the sectors that we operate in on shared

growth platforms. We also maintain an agile, yet predictable supply chain, and work closely with

our vendors, including MSMEs, and domestic manufacturers.

 CSR ACTIVITY OF RELIANCE COMPANY

1. Rural transformation

2. Health

3. Education

4. Sports

5. Disaster response

6. Arts, Culture and Heritage

7. Urban renewal

8. Animal Conservation and Care.

1. RURAL TRANSFORMATION

Our Rural Transformation initiatives address critical development indicators such as rural

livelihoods, water, food and nutrition, women’s empowerment, and access to knowledge

resources. Our initiatives have so far reached 17.6+ million people.

Bharat-India jodo (BIJ) aims to bridge the social, development, and economic gap between rural

and urban India.we support market linkage for farmers through Farmer Producer Organisations

(FPOs).

Reliance Nutrition Gardens (RNG) These small patches of land are cultivated to grow fruits and

vegetables in a house or community setup like an Anganwadi. This helps households and

communities get nutrition food at a low cost.

2. HEALTH

We are committed to enhancing India’s healthcare ecosystem through community health

initiatives and health outreach to vulnerable communities. We also strive to make primary,
secondary, and tertiary healthcare services accessible to all. During the COVID-19 pandemic,

Reliance launched a multi-pronged response by leveraging infrastructure and resources. Our

“Health for All”

ASMAN -Project Alliance for saving Mother and Newborns:First-of -a-kind project in

partnership with Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, MSD India, Tata Trusts, and USAID.

Sri H N Reliance Foundation Hospital and Research Centre is a 345- bed quaternary care hospital

in Mumbai. Dhirubhai Ambani Hospital in Lodhivali is an 82-bed, state- of-the-art hospital that

caters to an industrial and rural population in Raigad, Maharashtra.

3.EDUCATION

We aim to provide opportunities for the young to develop themselves into future citizens who

contribute to society.Early Childhood Care and Education (ECCE) in India:Aim to build evidence

- based innovative models to improve early childhood development outcomes.Dhirubhai Ambani

International School (DAIS) , Reliance Foundation Scholarships providing scholarships to

meritorious students for over 25 years. 12,776 scholars have supported the Dhirubhai Ambani

Scholarship for marginalized communities since 1996; 50% female and 20% are persons with

disabilities. 14 Reliance Foundation schools have provided quality education to 80,300+ students

to date.

4. DISASTER RESPONSE

We provide a quick response to mitigate the effects of natural disasters. This includes early

warnings, mobilization and distribution of relief materials, and supporting local governments to

help communities affected by disasters, including post-disaster relief.

130,000+ people were provided emergency support during natural disasters in FY 2022-2023.

5. SPORTS
Our initiatives in sports include Reliance Foundation Youth Sports (RFYS), Reliance Foundation

Young Champs (RFYC), Reliance Foundation Jr. NBA, and Reliance Foundation Olympics

Initiatives. Our initiatives offer a platform for budding athletes across India to develop their talent

and prowess in various sporting segments.

Reliance Foundation Scholarship athletes bagged 139 medals, of which 98 were at the national

level and 41 were at the international level.

6. ARTS, CULTURE AND HERITAGE

We support and promote India's art, culture and heritage. We also help in the revival and upkeep

of public spaces.

7. URBAN RENEWAL

Urban renewal spans massive modernisation initiatives that enrich public spaces to improve the

quality of life and infrastructure in cities.

8. ANIMAL CONSERVATION AND CARE

Vantara is focused on creating best-in-class animal conservation and care practices, including

state-of-the-art healthcare, hospitals, and research and academic centers. Within its programmes,

Vantara also focuses on integrating advanced research and collaboration with reputed

international universities and organizations such as the International Union for Conservation of

Nature (IUCN) and the World Wildlife Fund for Nature (WWF).

Vantara has a center for elephants and facilities for several other large and small species including

lions and tigers, crocodiles, leopards, etc.

CHAPTER-2
 LITERATURE REVIEW

Majumdar et al. (2008) described CSR as an inescapable priority for corporate houses in today’s

modern and globalized world. They examined existing CSR models and tried to find out

difficulties associated with them during actual application in developing countries. Various

models based on the academic approach, institutional approach were discussed. They suggested

that a conceptual framework of corporate social responsibility is needed in order to bridge the

gap between developed and developing countries. All five domains namely economical, ethical,

legal, philanthropic and environmental are required to be addressed while practicing CSR.

Du et al. (2010) analyzed various aspects of CSR communication namely, message content,
communication channels, and stakeholder specific factors. According to them, CSR
communication is a delicate matter but very important for businesses. The main challenge is to
overcome the skepticism of the stakeholders and to generate CSR attributions. A number of ways
may be adopted by companies to disseminate information or communicate their CSR initiatives.
Corporate sustainability reports, Press Releases, Website Reporting, Advertising
MediaBillboards, TV commercials, Magazines, etcProduct Packaging are a few ways companies
use to communicate their CSR activities. Companies must
aim for positive media coverage and CSR rating in order to have better CSR associations.
Nicolae and Sabina (2010) discussed various dimensions and challenges of corporate social
responsibility. The focus was on the number of issues relating to CSR and also on how changes
in attitudes and reorientation of efforts are required for effective and efficient CSR
implementation. They discussed legal, ethical, economic and philanthropic dimensions of CSR.
Increased inclination and transparency are needed in a few areas in order to make the CSR
concept a hit. The areas are Code of conduct, Standards management, financial reports, audit and
reporting (information), Labeling & Socially responsible investment. This behavior can
definitely fulfill CSR’s objective of Sustainability or Sustainable development.
Arevalo and Aravind (2011) surveyed a number of managers at the top level of a few selected
companies that are engaged in CSR activities namely the UN Global Compact (GC), in order to
represent various industry factors. Certain research questions on the model of CSR followed by
Indian firms and different drivers and obstacles associated with Proper CSR implementation
were answered. They found that Indian firms follow the Stakeholder approach for its CSR
activities, Ethics and values are important drivers for CSR and lack of resources or sufficient
funds is the major obstacle in the effective implementation of CSR initiatives. Researchers
believe that Indian firms have the right framework for proper implementation of CSR; it’s just
that an inclusive strategy that involves a majority of the workforce is needed.
Rahman (2011) explored different dimensions of CSR. Various CSR definitions were studied
from the 50s until the 21st century to identify CSR dimensions. In the 1950s CSR was an
obligation towards society and in the 1960s it was considered to be a relationship between
corporate houses and society. CSR definitions included a few other aspects like stakeholders,
ethics, voluntariness, philanthropic, environmental stewardship and triple bottom line in the ’70s
to ’90s. The 21st century’s CSR dimensions have a much wider scope; apart from the above
aspects it also includes improving the quality of life of citizens, human and labor rights,
environmental concerns, corruption issues, issues of transparency and accountability.
Rajput et al. (2012) conducted a study on the largest 500 Indian companies to test the
relationship between CSR and financial performance. Sales and profit figures of companies were
taken to know their financial performance and CSR rating were considered for their CSR
contribution. By analyzing and interpreting the data researchers found that CSR expenditure by
corporate houses leads to improved financial performance. Firms with larger sales and profit
figures contribute more towards CSR. They found that a positive relationship exists between
CSR rating and the financial performance of the company.
Sharma and Mani (2013) conducted a study based on secondary data (annual report of banks) on
30 banks including public, private and foreign banks. The purpose of the study was to analyze
different CSR activities carried out by the banks. Some of the activities which they analyzed
were rural branch expansion, priority sector lending, environment protection, community
welfare, women welfare, farmer’s welfare, financial literacy, education, etc. Now, the company’s
performance is not only judged based on its financial parameters but also on CSR activities
initiated by them. They concluded that though Indian Banks are currently continuing with CSR
initiatives still there is a dire need of putting more emphasis on Corporate Social Responsibility.
Public sector banks contribute more towards CSR as compared to Private sector banks. RBI
needs to be more stringent while enforcing regulatory requirements on these banks.
Dubbink et al. (2014) discussed the pros and cons of transparency in association with CSR. They
evaluated transparency policy based on three key criteria i.e. efficiency, freedom and virtue.
Transparency enhances allocation efficiency, dynamic efficiency, and innovative efficiency but
on the other hand, maintaining full transparency can be really a costly affair. When information
quality is good and good information can be provided at a low cost, then only transparency will
be efficient.
Prathima (2015) tried to portray the best CSR Practices of the top 10 companies globally. The
researcher studied 115 companies of different industries including automobiles, banks, FMCG,
power, steel and many others. Sustainability programs by corporate houses can enhance
innovation; retain employees, help in building positive relationships with Government and
NGOs, building industry reputation and Brand. Tata group, Infosys ITC, Indian Oil, Reliance
industries, etc. are few companies that religiously contribute towards CSR. Carrying out CSR
activities is no more an option. It is an obligation of corporate houses to comply with the
particular act. Therefore, there is an important need to look at CSR more strategically.
Prieto-Carrón et al. (2016) aimed at incorporating new insights into the CSR study. They talked
about the impacts of CSR initiatives, the relationship between business and poverty, issues of
power & participation in CSR, and governance-related dimensions of CSR. They are of the view
that currently only one side view of CSR is being considered and studied, but various sensitive
questions related to corporate social responsibility are ignored. There is a pressing need to deeply
study the pros and cons of CSR initiatives in developing countries. They suggested that
researchers and people who practice CSR must indulge in collaborative studies on CSR in order
to develop better impact assessment methodologies. Attention must be given to all important
issues which are unaddressed or were overlooked.
Saxena (2016) studied various issues and challenges associated with CSR. History of CSR in
India before 1900 and after 1900 till present was reviewed by the author. Ethical models, statist
models, liberal models, and stakeholder models were discussed in association with history
related to each model. Currently, Indian companies work on the Stakeholder model for its CSR.
The stakeholder model came into existence during the 1900s and is still continuing. It works on a
triple bottom line i.e. people, planet and profit. Under this model, companies try to address and
communicate with all of its stakeholder’s examples, employees, customers, government,
suppliers, investors, etc. Demands of customers, investors, government and various labor
markets are considered to be key drivers of CSR. Issues like transparency, narrow perspective,
lack of consensus, lack of infrastructure, visibility factors are considered to be the main
challenges to CSR. Creating awareness among the general public is the need of the hour for
effective implementation of CSR efforts by various corporate houses.
Jothi (2016) made an attempt to analyze various factors that drive a few selected public and
private firms towards CSR contribution. Data was collected from 318 respondents. Nature of
ownership, Hierarchy level, gender, age, qualification, experience, and CSR driving forces are
some of the variables which were considered. Compliance with companies’ act 2013 was ranked
number one factor driving firms to contribute towards CSR followed by community pressures,
increasing awareness, commercial pressures, reputation, etc. Companies today can’t work in
isolation; they must have a good CSR policy and should align their business goals with
sustainable goals.

Dhawan (2019) tried to study the acceptance of Green HR practices by Indian companies and
how these practices help the environment. Today, a lot of companies have started practicing
Green HRM i.e. incorporating green measures in every aspect of HR practice in the company.
The researcher talked about Green recruitment, green selection, green training and development,
green performance appraisal, green retention, etc. Companies try to integrate their objectives of
profit maximization with environmental objectives by incorporating green measures in each HR
activity. Though it is in its nascent stage, the future of G-HRM is really bright in India. If it is
applied with proper planning and strategy it will be really fruitful. Carbon and environment
footprints can be reduced, making an organization a green organization.
 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY:

i. To understand the concept of Corporate Social Responsibility.

ii. To analyze different issues and challenges associated with CSR.
iii. To study activities carried out by TATA and RELIANCE in various areas.
CHAPTER-3
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Methodology refers to the systematic process used to conduct and analyze research. It
involves a set of procedures and techniques employed to gather, organize, and interpret data.
Various types of research methodology, such as qualitative and quantitative methods, form the
foundation for investigating and understanding diverse phenomena.
Diverse research methodology provides a spectrum of advantages in scientific exploration.
1. Qualitative methodologies, such as interviews and observations, delve deep into understanding
human behavior and motivations.
2.Quantitative approaches, like surveys and experiments, offer precise numerical data for
statistical analysis. 3.Mixed-methods enable a comprehensive view by merging qualitative and
quantitative strengths.
4. Experimental methods establish cause-and-effect relationships, while case studies offer
in-depth insights into specific instances. Each methodology caters to different research needs,
fostering a nuanced understanding of complex phenomena and contributing to the richness and
depth of scholarly inquiry.
5. Survey Research, gathers data from a selected group through structured questionnaires.
Examines trends, attitudes, and opinions.
6. Case study methodology, in depth analysis of specific instances or cases.
7. Action research involves collaboration between researchers and practitioners.
8. Ethnographic research, immersive study of a specific group or culture.
1. Qualitative methods
2. Quantitative methods
3. Mixed methods
4. Experimental methods
5. Survey research methods
6. Case study research methods
7. Action research methods
8. Ethnographic research methods
 RESEARCH DESIGN

● Descriptive Method

Current research method: Qualitative method is used in my research to study the

quality of services which are provided by the companies. Quantitative method is also

used in my research to study the quantity of services which are provided by the

companies.

Data Collection Method: Secondary source is used in my report, including official

websites of companies, research papers, journals.

Sampling:
CHAPTER -4
 DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

Variables: Education,

Health,

Rural Development,

Natural Disaster.

These are the variables on which Data analysis and Interpretation are held.
TABLE NO.1.Total investment by both companies (TATA and Reliance ) in corporate social

responsibility.

TATA Reliance

Investment(in rupees) 19371995 8130000000

FIGURE NO. 1: Total investment by both companies (TATA and RELIANCE) in corporate

social responsibility.

INTERPRETATION 1: In this analysis we got that TATA invests in CSR activities is 2.5% and

RELIANCE invests in CSR activities is 97.5% .

TABLE NO.2. Total number of beds in hospitals of both companies (TATA and RELIANCE)

under corporate social responsibility.

TATA RELIANCE

Beds( in numbers) 431 343

FIGURE NO. 2: Total number of beds in hospitals of both companies (TATA and RELIANCE)

under corporate social responsibility.

INTERPRETATION 2: In this analysis we found that TATA provides 55.7% beds in their

hospitals and RELIANCE provides 44.3% beds in their hospitals under CSR activities.
TABLE NO. 3. Total number of people are impacted through education initiatives by both

companies (TATA and RELIANCE) under corporate social responsibility.

TATA RELIANCE

People( in numbers) 1000000 650000

FIGURE NO. 3: Total number of people are impacted through education initiatives by both

companies (TATA and RELIANCE) under corporate social responsibility.

INTERPRETATION 3: In this analysis we found that TATA gives education to the people is

60.6% and RELIANCE gives education to the people is 39.4 % regarding CSR activities.
TABLE NO. 4. Number of people impacted through rural development projects by both

companies (TATA and RELIANCE) under corporate social responsibility.

TATA RELIANCE

People( in numbers) 3000 17600000

FIGURE NO. 4 : Number of people impacted through rural development projects by both

companies (TATA and RELIANCE) under corporate social responsibility.

INTERPRETATION 4: In this analysis we found that development of rural areas by TATA CSR

activities is 0.0 % and development of rural areas by RELIANCE CSR activities is 100.0%.
TABLE NO. 5. Number of states in which education is provided by both companies (TATA and

RELIANCE) under corporate social responsibility.

TATA RELIANCE

No. of States( in 17 7
numbers)

FIGURE NO. 5: Number of states in which education is provided by both companies (TATA and

RELIANCE) under corporate social responsibility.

INTERPRETATION 5: In this analysis we got that 70.8% are states in which TATA provide

education regarding CSR activities and 29.2% are States in which RELIANCE provide education

regarding CSR activities.

TABLE NO. 6. Number of people who were given relief during natural disasters by both

companies (TATA and RELIANCE) under corporate social responsibility.

TATA RELIANCE

Number of people( in 300000 130000

numbers)

FIGURE NO.6: Number of people who were given relief during natural disasters by both
companies (TATA and RELIANCE) under corporate social responsibility.
INTERPRETATION 6: In this analysis we found that TATA were given relief during natural

disasters at 69.8% and RELIANCE were given relief during natural disasters at 30.2% under

CSR activities
 FINDINGS

● In the study, it was found that TATA invests more than RELIANCE in beds of hospitals.

● In the study, it was found that TATA invests more than RELIANCE in the number of

people who are impacted through education initiatives.

● In the study, it was found that TATA invests less than RELIANCE in rural development.

● In the study, it was found that TATA invests more than RELIANCE in natural disasters.
 ISSUES AND CHALLENGES

Running a business and keeping in mind the social Responsibility is really a challenging task.
The companies today have to consider more than just profits if they want to keep their
stakeholders happy. They are still trying to master the art of maintaining a balance between the
company’s strategic objectives and Social/Environmental concerns. Some of the challenges that
the company face during CSR implementation are:
Failure to Consider CSR’s Holistic View: Companies still have a narrow perception of
CSR. They fail to understand the holistic view of CSR, that CSR has its impact on mostly all of
the stakeholders of the company and it impacts both society and the environment as a whole. It is
very important for businesses to realize new opportunities and use them in solving public
problems. They must try to create shared-value i.e. they must integrate business objectives with
sustainability and social objectives. The business should embrace CSR in their business
operations and should clearly identify the areas of priority and investment.
Lack of Transparency: For the success and proper implementation of CSR policy within a
company, Transparency is an important condition. CSR and Transparency are closely linked.
This helps various stakeholders involved with a company to get a proper insight into different
issues that are relevant to them. Practicing window-dressing within the organization can hide a
lot of information from the stakeholders. If society today needs CSR then they also need CSR
transparency. The present level of transparency by corporate houses is completely insufficient.
Companies do not make adequate efforts to disclose relevant information. This comes in between
the trust-building among corporate houses and communities. Transparency is crucial for the
success of any CSR initiative therefore; lack of transparency is the biggest challenge faced by
CSR.
Harmonizing the Company’s Development Goals with the Interests of its
Shareholders: It is really important to reconcile social responsibility and economic
performance and is, therefore, a big challenge too. The creation of shared and sustainable value
thereby integrating the company’s development goals with the interests of its stakeholders is a
big challenge in the road of CSR. Greenwashing: Inequality in India is really high. The CSR law
does not go far enough in reducing inequality and doesn’t have a coercive enforcement
mechanism. CSR is not that transparent enough and therefore gives an illusion of progress. This
leads to Green Washing on a national scale. This is one of the biggest challenges for CSR
compliance and effectiveness.
 Lack of Sufficient Financial Resources, Local Capacities, and Infrastructure: CSR
may involve a hefty amount of investments. Therefore, companies must properly plan and
prioritize their investments. Proper planning of resources to be involved and issues to be tackled
must be done before executing initiatives. Also, there is a lack of local capacities and proper
infrastructure. There are no good governmental and non-governmental organizations which can
contribute towards CSR therefore; there is a dire need to build local capacities and infrastructural
facilities for effective implementation of CSR.
Lack of Consensus: There is a lack of consensus among different local agencies and corporate
entities which results in duplication of efforts by the firms in terms of CSR initiatives. This leads
to unnecessary competitive spirit among the firms which go against the main objective of
building value for the society. Lack of Participation by Communities: Communities for which
CSR is to be done to show less interest in the programs and initiatives scheduled by
organizations. Also, not proper efforts are undertaken to spread the activities of CSR among the
communities and thereby not instilling needed confidence in the people. The inadequate
communication between the organizations and communities is one of the major challenges for
CSR.
Lack of Strategic Planning: Due to a lack of strategic planning, proper experimentation,
innovation, and engagement, companies aren’t able to make a meaningful impact on their CSR
efforts. They are not able to identify ideal investment projects and therefore cannot provide high
impact results. Corporate houses must understand the challenges faced by its citizens and then
invest properly.
Faulty Execution and Implementation: Companies fail massively when it comes to the
execution and implementation of CSR strategy. Companies must go in with a commitment of
long term, they must try to engage the workforce, and leaders should personally commit and plan
effectively. Don’t just speak about it, act upon it and make it happen. For increased effectiveness
and efficiency it is important to execute CSR efforts strategically
 LIMITATIONS

Although all efforts have been made to study whole CSR activities of both companies TATA and
RELIANCE Company, but due to lack of time and other resources study has been based on
secondary resources. But the study will try to find out the actual CSR activities of both
companies TATA and RELIANCE as far as possible.
The study has following limitations:
● Duration of study also posed limitations on further intensive study.
● Limited access to information.
● Cost constraints.
● Lack of available or reliable data.
● Lack of prior research studies on the topic.
 SUGGESTIONS

● Creating awareness about Corporate Social Responsibility amongst the general public.
● Companies must think of some diverse issues to be tackled by their CSR practices. They
should consider the development agenda in a much broader way to avoid duplication.
● Efforts should be taken for poor and underprivileged people of both Urban and Rural
areas.
● The government should give awards and accolades to corporate houses that are doing
their bit for the needy and poor.
● Sensitization of students by making CSR a compulsory subject or discipline in schools,
colleges or universities. This approach will motivate young blood and help them to face
future challenges. And also, to provide more innovative solutions for the betterment of
society and the environment as a whole.
● Sustainability Reporting: Sustainability reporting is gaining importance these days
because of the growing recognition of issues relating to sustainability. Framework for
sustainable reporting is provided by an organization known as the Global Reporting
Initiative (GRI). Guidelines on sustainability reporting provided by GRI are widely used
by the corporate houses. A sustainability report is a proper presentation of the
sustainability performance of the company. It includes both positive and negative
contributions by an organization towards sustainability. It discloses all the material
information relating to the organization’s goals, strategies, commitments, and approaches
followed.
 CONCLUSION
Thus from the above collected, codified and tabulated data it can be concluded that Successful
Companies in India value social responsibility and ethics in marketing and it is an viable option
for companies to become social entrepreneurs in the future because majority of the corporate
population believes that Corporate social responsibility is a reality ,which is voluntary and which
helps in enhancing the reputation and brand name of the corporations, increases its sales and
consumer loyalty, attracts and retains the equality of employees and also builds political capital
too. Thus the charity given by the corporations definitely changes the way its business is done.
but at the same time there is a minority population which thinks that corporate social
responsibility is forcibly placed upon the corporations and its just mere “website” declaration on
each company’s website and thus it does not seem to be a globally practiced work ethic.
Even though companies are taking serious efforts for the sustained development, some critics
still are questioning the concept of CSR. There are people who claim that Corporate Social
Responsibility underlies some ulterior motives while others consider it as a myth. The reality is
that CSR is not a tactic for brand building; however, it creates an internal brand among its
employees. Indulging into activities that help society in one way or the other only adds to the
goodwill of a company. Corporate Social Responsibility is the duty of everyone i.e. business
corporations, governments, individuals because of the reasons: the income is earned only from
the society and therefore it should be given back; thus wealth is meant for use by self and the
public; the basic motive behind all types of business is to quench the hunger of the mankind as a
whole; the fundamental objective of all business is only to help people. CSR cannot be an
additional extra - it must run into the core of every business ethics, and its treatment of
employees and customers. Thus, CSR is becoming a fast-developing and increasingly
competitive field. The case for demonstrating corporate responsibility is getting stronger as
expectations among key opinion formers, customers and the public are increasing. Being a good
corporate citizen is increasingly crucial for commercial success and the key lies in matching
public expectations and priorities, and in communicating involvement and achievements widely
and effectively.
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 ANNEXURE
BIBLIOGRAPHY
● https://www.tata.com/
● https://www.ril.com/
● https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliance_Industries
● https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tata_Group