Subjective type questions:-

1. What is immunomodulation? Classify the drugs altering the immune function

with suitable examples and discuss their clinical applications.
2. Define purgatives. Classify them based on their mechanism of action and
describe anyone.
3. Discuss important landmarks in the development of Veterinary Pharmacology
and explain the scope of Veterinary Pharmacology.
4. What are bioavailability and biological half-life? Discuss their importance in
drug absorption, distribution, and excretion.
5. Discuss drug-receptor interaction with examples along with theories.

Write short notes on

a) Absorption of drugs
b) Passive diffusion across the cell membrane
c) Volume of distribution
d) Bioavailability
e) Half life
f) Specialized absorption
g) Pinocytosis
h) Distribution of drugs
i) Phase I biotransformation
j) Enzyme inhibition
k) Enzyme induction
l) Factors affecting biotransformation
m) Drug displacement interaction
n) Barriers for drugs
o)
p) Digitalization
q) Intestinal astringents
r) Counter irritants
s) Angiotensin
t) Expectorants
u) Oxytocic
v) Antithyroid drugs
w) Placental transfer
x) Competitive antagonism Transport of drug across biological membrane
y) Microsomal enzymes
z) Species variation in the action of drugs
aa) Loop diuretics
bb) Tocolytics
cc) Plasma volume expander
dd) Thyroid hormone
ee) Natural coagulants
ff) Cholinergic receptors
gg) Antacid

6. What are bioavailability and biological half-life? Discuss their importance in

drug absorption, distribution, and excretion
7. What is biotransformation? Discuss the reaction of Phase II metabolism with
examples
8. What is Drug distribution? Write in brief factors affecting drug distribution
9. Differentiate between following
a) Bioavailability and Bioequivalence
b) Ion channel receptor and G protein coupled receptor
c) Ceiling dose and Threshold dose
d) Biliary excretion and Renal excretion
e) Active and Passive transport
f) Sedative and Hypnosis
g) Premedication and Post medication
h) Graded response and Quintal response
 i) Agonists and Antagonists
j) Nitrous oxide and Halothane
k) Facilated diffusion and Active transport
l) Drug elimination and biological half-life
m)

Definitions
1. Pharmacology: a word derived from Pharmacon means drug and logos science. It is a
branch of science that deals with the study of drugs, sources, absorption, distribution,
metabolism, and excretion of drugs and physiochemical effects and mechanism of
action, sources, diagnosis, and prevention of drugs
2. Drug: it is the substance of physical, chemical, or biological origin used in the
prevention, treatment, and diagnosis of disease in man or animals.
3. WHO (1966): A drug is any substance or product that is used or intended to be used
to modify or explore physiological systems or pathological states for the benefit of
the recipient.
4. Prodrug: it is a drug that after the metabolic activation in the living body produces
therapeutic effects, where the parent drug molecule is ineffective or inert but its
metabolite is pharmacologically active.
5. Placebo: it is a Latin word meaning ‘I may please you’ . it refers to an
agent/substance/ preparation consisting of an inert pharmacological agent (dummy
drug) to simulate real drug therapy in exerting psychological impact of medication in
human subject
6. Dose: the amount of drug to be administered at one time which is necessary to elicit
the desired therapeutic response in patients and expressed as quantity per unit body
weight.
7. Doses: pleural of dose.
8. Dosage: it refers to determination and regulation of doses.
9. Materia medica : it is derived from a Latin word “ signifying medical material” it
treats about the name, source, distribution, physical and chemical characteristics,
action, doses, test of purity etc. Regarding drugs.
10. Comparative pharmacology: It is the study of relative effect of drug in different
species of animals.
11. Pharmacognosy: it is the study of source and identification of drugs of vegetable and
animal origin.
12. Posology : it is the study of medicine dosage, which varies with the species of
animals, intended effect of drugs and individual tolerance / susceptibility
13. Metrology: It is the study of weights and measures as applied to preparation and
administration of drugs.
14. Pharmacometrics: The study quantitative aspect of drug effects.
15. Pharmacy: it is the science and art of collection, preparation, standardization and
dispensing of drugs so as to make them fit for administration.
16. Official Pharmacy: Compounding and Dispensing drugs according to pharmacopoeia.
17. Extemporaneous pharmacy: compounding of prescriptions of a qualified
practitioners.
18. Pharmacoeconomics: it deals with quantification of therapeutic use of drugs in
relation to the cost of treatment. It helps at arriving at the economics of drug use and
the derived benefits.
19. Pharmacogenetics: it is the study of genetic influences on drug responses study of
genetically mediated variations in drug responses.
20. Pharmacogenomics: it is the study of prediction of drug responses between
individuals based on their genetic makeup.
21. Immunopharmacology: branch of pharmacology which deals with the study of drug
induced immunomodulation.
22. Molecular pharmacology: it is the study of chemical interaction between drug
molecule and chemical groups in cell in explaining the mechanism of drug action and
the effect observed. Drug molecules must react with biomolecules (receptors) in cells
in exerting their effects.
23. Pharmaco epidemiology: it is the study of drugs effect at population level in order to
identify the variation in drug response between individuals in a population and /or
groups of population
24. Experimental pharmacology: it is the study to determine the effect of drugs on
different systems of body and their mechanism using the laboratory animals.
25. Applied pharmacology: the study of relative effect of drugs in normal and diseased
animals.
26. Neuropharmacology: the branch of pharmacology which deals with the study of
actins and effects of drugs on nerve functions.
27. Vety. Clinical pharmacology: Clinical evaluation of a drug for use in animal by actual
observation and treatment of patient as distinguished from theoretical or experimental
study.
28. Chemotherapy: It is the branch of pharmacology dealing with drugs that selectively
inhibit or destroy specific agents of disease such as bacteria, virus, fungi and other
parasites also neoplastic disease.
29. Toxicology: the science that defines limits of safety of chemical agents to human and
animal population. Or the science dealing with study of poisons effect of therapeutic
agents in excess and substances having only toxic effects.
30. Pharmacotherapy: use of drugs in the treatment of diseases.
31. Pharmacokinetics: The study of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of
drugs in body with respect to time. How the animal body affects the drugs.
32. Pharmacodynamics: How the drug affect the animal body. It is the study of
physiological and biochemical effects and mechanism of action of drugs. Action and
fate in body in the absence of disease.
33. Therapeutics: it describes the treatment of disease in general and includes use of
drugs, surgery, radiation, behavioral modifications and other modalities.
Rational: Nature of disease and action of drugs is well known.
Empirical: Both are unknown
Specific therapeutics / chemotherapy: Systemic infection / malignancy
General / accessory: treatment without drugs
Mechanical therapeutics: Massage, exercise. Pressure
Physical therapeutics: heat and air
Dietetic therapeutics: in obesity and diabetics
Psychotherapeutics: Advice and hypnotism
 Hydrotherapy: water in treatment
Helitherapy : sunlight
Placebo:
34. Pharmacology : The science which deals with study of drugs with respect to its
source, properties (physical and chemical), actions on living system, fate in body,
effects (physiological and biochemical), uses in treatment of disease conditions and
toxicity.
35. Veterinary Pharmacology: it deals with the use of pharmacology knowledge in the
animal treatment.
36. Pharmacokinetics: is branch of pharmacology that deals with the study of absorption,
distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs. The word pharmacokinetic is derived
from Greek word Pharmacon –drug, kinesis- movement meaning movement of drug
or It quantities fate of drugs in the body by the measurement of drug and its
metabolite conc. in blood and urine over period of time.
37. Absorption: process of movement of unchanged drug from its site of administration
to the blood stream.
38. Distribution: process by which drugs reversibly leave the blood stream and enter the
extravscular fluid and tissues.
39. Metabolism/Biotransformation: conversion from one chemical form of a substance to
another. Both Metabolism and Biotransformation terms are used interchangeably and
carry same meaning when applied to drug. Lipid, nonpolar drugs-water soluble.
40. Enzyme induction: several drugs or chemicals have the ability to increase drug
metabolizing activity of certain enzymes, interact with DNA –increase synthesis of
enzyme protein e.g. cytochrome P-450 and glucuronyl transferase. Reduce efficacy,
potency
41. Enzyme inhibition: several drugs or chemicals have the ability to decrease drug
metabolizing activity of certain enzymes, due to administration of hepatotoxic agents.
Results in depressed metabolism of drugs- enhanced plasma half life, duration of
action, efficacy.
42. Excretion: process by which drug and/or their metabolites are irreversibly transferred
from the body to external environment. Imp termination of drugs action.
43. Biliary excretion: route of drug removal in which drug and or metabolites are
excreted by haptocytes into the bile canaliculi and ultimately into duodenum via bile.
Digitoxin, Chloramphenicol.
44. Pulmonary excretion: gases and volatile substances are absorbed and excreted thro
lungs by simple diffusion nitrous oxide, alcohol
45. Mammary excretion: excretion of drug in milk, minor route of drug elimination, but
imp b’coz?
46. Salivary excretion: excretion of drug in saliva is lesser importance. Penicillin,
Phenytoin.
47. Gastro-intestinal excretion: excretion of drug in GI tract minor route, undergo
recycling (morphine)or excreted in feces.
48. Other: salicylic acid, alcohol, heavy metals-skin. Lachrymal fluid, intestinal fluid,
genital secretion. Heavy metals detected in hair and nails.
49. Minimum effective conc.(MEC): minimum conc. of drug in plasma required to
produce desirable pharmacological/ therapeutic response.
50. Maximum safe conc. or minimum toxic conc. :conc. of drug in plasma above which
toxic effects are produced.
51. Maximum plasma conc.: point of max conc. of drug in plasma.
52. Area under curve: total integrated area under plasma drug conc. time curve- express
total amt of drug that comes into systemic circulation after administration of drug.
53. Bioavailability: fraction or percentage of administered drug that reaches systemic
circulation in chemically unchanged form.
54. Area under curve: total integrated area under plasma drug conc. time curve from the
first time drug conc. can be measured to last time.
55. Volume of distribution: apparent volume of body fluid which would required to
contain total amount of drug in the body.
56. Half life: time taken for the conc. of drug in plasma to decline by one half or 50% of
initial value/ time required for body to eliminate half of the drug. Elimination half
life.
57. Peak effect:- maximal or peak pharmacological effect produced by the drug at peak
plasma conc.
58. Time of maximum conc.(tmax): time required for a drug to reach peak conc. in plasma-
faster absorption lower tmax. Useful in assessing efficacy of drugs used to treat acute
conditions-treated by single dose.
59. Onset of action: beginning of pharmacological response produced by drug, occurs
when plasma drug conc. Just exceeds the MEC.
60. Onset time: time required for drug to start producing pharmacological response,
usually corresponds to time fir plasma conc. to reach MEC after administration of
drugs.
61. Order of process: manner in which conc. of drug influences rate of process.
62. Zero order process: pharmacokinetic process whose rate is independent of conc. of
drug i.e. rate of pharmacokinetic process remain constant can’t increased further by
increasing conc.
63. First order process: pharmacokinetic process whose rate is whose rate is directly
proportional to conc. of drug i.e. greater conc. faster process.
64. Mixed order process: pharmacokinetic process whose rate is whose rate is mixture of
both zero order & first order processes. It follow zero at high conc. and first order at
low conc. of drug
65. volume of distribution is the theoretical volume that would have to be available for
drug to disperse in if the concentration everywhere in the body were the same as that
in the plasma or serum, the place where drug concentration sampling generally occurs
66. Dose rate: expression of dose in terms of amount of drug per unit body weight or
surface area.
67. Initial/loading dose: large dose of a drug given at the beginning of therapy to get
desired pharmacological response.
68. Maintenance dose: dose given during course of therapy to maintain desired
pharmacological effect produced by initial dose.
69. Divided dose: definite fraction of full dose given repeatedly at short interval so that
full dose is administered within specified period.
70. Lethal dose: dose of a chemical or drug that is likely to cause death.
71. Posology: study of determination of drug dosage of remedies.
72. Structure activity relationship: used to describe relationship between structure of drug
and its pharmacological activity.
73. Pharmacological effect: effect produced by pharmacological actions of a therapeutic
dose of a drug in the body.
74. Toxic/adverse effect: undesirable effect produced by a drug that is detrimental to
either survival or normal functioning of the animal
75. Side effect: undesirable effect produced by normal pharmacological actions of a drug
which may not be detrimental or harmful to the animal.
76. Transient effect: pharmacological effect produced by drug that remains for short
duration of time
77. Latent effect: pharmacological effect produced by a drug that has latent onset of
action.
78. Cumulative effect: progressive pharmacological effect produced by summation
incremental doses resulting from successive exposures of a drug.
79. Withdrawal effect: effect produced by abrupt discontinuance of a drug-additive drug
after long term treatment.
80. Risk benefit ratio: used to describe adverse effect of drug in relation to its beneficial
effect
81. Tachphylaxis:- rapid appearance of progressive decrease in tissue response following
repeated administration of a drug.
82. Tolerance: gradual decrease in responsiveness to a drug, taking days or weeks to
develop.
83. Drug resistance: loss of effectiveness of antimicrobial drugs.
84. Receptors: macromolecular components of cells or tissue to which drug interact/binds
and produced effects.
85. Drug action: it is initial combination of drug with receptors resulting in
conformational changes.
86. Drug effect: ultimate change in biological function brought about as consequence of
drug action.
87. Affinity: ability of the drug to combine with receptor (depends upon chemical
structure).
 88. Intrinsic activity: ability of drug to evoke pharmacological response on combining
with receptor.
89. Agonist: drug that interacts with a specific receptor and elicits observable positive
response.
90. Antagonists: drug that interact with a specific receptor or other part of the effector
mechanism to inhibit action of agonist.
91. Drug receptor interaction: for a drug to be useful as a therapeutic agent it must not
only act selectively on receptor but should also be able to produce the desired extent
of pharmacological response.
92. Dose response relationship: relationship dose of a drug and magnitude of response
(effect).
93. Dose response curve: if dose response data plotted on a graph the curve obtained.
94. Threshold dose: minimal dose produces the desired observable pharmacological
response
95. Pharmacopoeia: drug compendium consisting of officially recognized drugs.
96. Full agonist: produce full effect on activation with receptors.
97. Partial agonist : compound has high affinity but low efficacy , have both agonist and
antagonist action can’t produce 100% response even 100% receptors r occupied , e.g.
pentazocine, Nalorpine.
98. Inverse agonist: when react with receptor produce opposite effect to those of
antagonist e.g. Benzodiazepines, B-carbolines.
99. Competitive antagonist: when there is competition between agonist and antagonist for
receptor to which both have affinity and capable of reversing or blocking agonist
effect. These have greater therapeutic value, e.g. Atropine, Propranolol,
Diphenhydramine
100. Noncompetitive antagonist :it prevent agonist from producing its effect by
irreversible interaction of antagonist with same site of agonist to combine with its
receptor is altered, e.g. Phenoxybenzamine, organosphosphorus pesticides
101. Pharmacological antagonism-: when drug reduces another drugs effect by binding to
same receptor. Competitive and non competitive antagonists are example of this
class.
102. Physiological antagonism: - when a drug reduces another drugs response due to
activation of second species of receptor by eliciting an opposing response e.g. on heart
atropine blocks acetylcholine effect by virtue of physiological antagonism.
103. Chemical antagonism: -when there is administration of second drug for the purpose of
changing the structure of first or modifying effect of first is known as chemical
antagonism e.g. chelators EDTA removes lead, antacid for gastric acidity
104. Physical antagonism: -adsorbent such as charcoal binds to the free form of
drug or poison in gut and remove them.
105. Pharmacokinetic antagonism: - when antagonist effectively reduces
concentration of active drug at its site of action e.g. phenobarbitone induce hepatic
microsomal enzyme.
106. Dose response relationship: mathematical description of relationship between dose
administered and response obtained by quantitative analysis of drug action.
107. Graded dose response relationship: Intensity of response increases with dose ,size of
response is measure in single biological unit
108. Threshold dose: minimum dose required to produce measurable response.
109. Ceiling dose: minimum dose produce maximal response or ceiling effect. Increase in
dose above ceiling level does not result in increase response.
110. Quantal dose response relationship: Quantal dose response curve are used to
determine the effective toxic, lethal, or any other fixed response and also gives proportion of
subject in population responding or not responding to effect of drug i.e. all or none / yes or
no dose response
111. Therapeutic index = Ehrlich introduced concept therapeutic index is the ratio of
median lethal dose and median effective dose i.e. LD50/ED50 or maximum tolerated dose
divided by curative dose, higher the ratio safer the drug e.g. Penicillin has high therapeutic
index and digitalis has low.
112. Therapeutic ratio= ratio of LD25 to ED75, is expressed by LD25/ED75, it given
better index of safety of drug. Dose effective in 99 animals out of 100.
113. Semi-synthetic drugs: Synthesized in lab utilizing naturally occurring complex
chemical as starting material. These are neither pure natural nor pure synthetic produced by
chemical alteration of natural origin drugs.
114. Synthesis – chemicals, organic chemicals, antibacterial substances, vegetable and
plant product whose chemical structure have either been synthesized semisynthesises in
laboratory under process of synthesis
115. drug interactions or drug-drug interaction :When two or more drugs are given
together or in quick succession, they may be either indifferent to each other or alter each
others response or When one drug interfere the action of other drug
116. Addition :When combined effect of two drugs is equal in magnitude to sum of the
effects of each drug given alone, interaction
117. The effect produced is called additive effect
118. Potentiation :When one drug having no effects if its own increases pharmacological
effect of another drug
119. Effect produced is called potentitive effect.
120. Synergism: When combined effect of two drugs is either greater in magnitude than
sum of the effects of each drugs given alone.
121. Effect produced is called synergistic effect
122. Maternal and fetal blood vessels separated by layer of trophoblastic cell that
constitutes placental barrier.
123. Conversion of active drug to inactive metabolites C/as inactivation/pharmacological
inactivation. Phenobaribitone-hydroxy, morphine.
124. Conversion of active drug to more active metabolites called bioactivation or
toxicological activation e.g. codeine- morphine , malathion-malaxon
125. Conversion of inactive drug to active metabolites c/as pharmacological activation e.g.
phenacetin-paracetamol, pivampicillin-ampicillin.
126. Conversion of active drug to equally active metabolites e.g. Digitoxin- digoxin
127. Conversion of active drug to active metabolites having different pharmacological
activity iproniazid (antidepressant)-isoniazid (antitubercular).
128. Bitters: increase the flow of gastric juice & appetite.
129. Stomachic Agents help in digestion by increasing gastric acid secretion & motility.
130. Drug development: design, synthesis & introduction of chemicals or other agents as
therapeutic agent i.e. drugs for treatment of disease in animals, man &birds.
131. Drug screening: study of chemicals or other substances in order to evaluate their
pharmacological activity-pharmacodynamic properties.
132. Simple screening- testing of chemicals or drug for one or two specific predetermined
pharmacological activity e.g. blood glucose level.
133. Programmed screening- screening of drug or agent or series of chemically related
compound as per pharmacological tests e.g. antihypertensive drugs for CVS, blood vessel,
heart rate, BP.
134. Blind screening- when there is prior pharmacological or chemical knowledge of
compound available then this procedure is adopted
135. Cardiotonics: drugs which specifically increase the force of contraction of a failing
heart by increasing the functional capacity of the cardiac muscles without a corresponding
increase in oxygen consumption of myocardium.
136. Cardiac stimulants: drugs which stimulate a failing heart exerting positive inotropic
as well as chronotropic action
137. Antiarrhythmic drugs: cardiac depressants used in the treatment of cardiac arrhythmia
(flutter and fibrillation)
138. Antihypertensive drugs: drugs used to reduce elevated blood pressure
139. Hematinics: drugs that promote hemoglobin synthesis and/or erythropoietin in
general used in the treatment of anemia
140. Blood coagulants: agents which promote blood clotting used for arresting
hemorrhages
141. Blood anticoagulants: drugs used to prevent the clotting of blood
142. Digitalization: procedure followed for administration of cardiac glycosides in the
treatment of CHF.
143. Coagulant: Agent used to control bleeding e. g. Adrenaline is used to control epitasis
144. Local or physiological coagulant: Control oozing of blood from minute vessels
145. Systemic haemostat: control oozing of blood from large vessels
146. Laxative –promote soft formed stool without griping and without loss of water
147. Purgatives-drugs which promote defecation.
148. Super Purgation-Over dose of purgative causes extreme and continued intestinal
activity due to that there is frequent and painful evacuation of fluid & blood stained feces
comes out.
149. Saline or osmotic purgatives :Agents which are not absorbed and retained in GIT and
exert their effect by holding considerable amt of water & increase intestinal bulk
150. Carminatives: Agents used to expel gases from stomach or intestine in treatment of
flatulence and colic.
151. Antidiarrhoeal: Agents which reduce the diarrhoea
152. Sodium bicarbonate is absorbed in systemic circulation & cause alkalosis hence it is
called systemic antacid.
153. Cholagogue : Agents promote flow of bile into the intestine – result contraction of
gall bladder
154. Cholaretics: Stimulate liver increase output of bile
155. hydrocholorectics Stimulate liver to increase output of bile of low specific gravity
156. Catharatics- Are the drugs that cause severe or drastic purgation
157. Antianaemic drugs or Hematinic drugs : Agents which stimulate production of blood
cells.
158. Ecbolics: Oxytocics /Uterotonics/myometrial stimulants. Helps expulsion of its
contents
159. Tocolytics :Uterine relaxant /uterine spasmolytics Agents retards uterine motility
Delay /postpone labour
160. Diuretics: substances which elicit Diuresis
161. Natriuretic effect (enhance secretion of sodium and thus water)
162. Expectorant - Agents which increases fluidity & volume of respiratory secretion &
result in productive cough and promote drainage during inflammatory conditions of
respiratory tracts.
163. Antitussive- Agents used to relief or suppress coughing. Also called as cough
sedatives.
164. Bronchodilators: Agents which relax smooth muscles of bronchi and cause dilatation
of respiratory passage.
165. Respiratory stimulants Agents helps in stimulation depressed respiration i.e.
associated with excess dose of anesthetics
166. Analeptics - stimulates respirations by direct action on respiratory centre. Stimulate
vasomotor centre.
167. Urinary antiseptics : Inhibit microbial growth inside the kidney, bladder and urinary
tract
168. Intravenous or Intravascular (IV)- placing a drug directly into the blood stream
(superficial veins)
169. Intramuscular (IM) - drug injected into layers of skeletal muscle
170. Subcutaneous - Absorption of drugs from the subcutaneous tissues under skin.
171. Intraperitoneal IP- peritoneal space
172. Intrathecal – intraspinal- subarachnoid spaces.
173. Epidural – deposited thro vertebral interspace into epidural space.
174. Intra-arterial –deposited into artery
175. Intracardiac- directly into heart muscle
176. Intratracheal – between rings of trachea
177. Intramedullary- bone marrow of bone
178. Intradermal – within layers of skin
179. Bath: bathing or immersion of body or any of its parts in medicated water of other
fluid medium.
180. Dip : type of bath – whole body is immersed for time in medicated fluid- insecticidal
fluid.
181. Inunction: application of semisolid or liquid prep on surface of body with smearing or
rubbing. Ointments, oils liniments.
182. Dusting: application of fine particles of solid materials on surface of body. Dusting
powder on skin for superficial skin conditions or in body cavities for surgical conditions.
183. Intraocular – ophthalmic drugs-local effects in the eye.
184. Intranasal: drugs solutions applied as sprays or nose drops.
185. Intramammary :Into orifice of teat with help of teat siphon
186. Transdermal delivery systems (TDS): topical application in form of adhesive patches
that deliver contained drug at predetermined & controlled rate in systemic circulation via
stratum corneum. Bypass first pass effect
187. Liposomes : lipid bodies Utilized for transportation of drugs to areas not normally
accessible to free form of drug
188. Emollients: These are inert , oily agents which soften ,smoothen ,lubricate and protect
the skin or mucous membrane against irritation
189. Demulcents: Inert substances used for soothening mucus membrane against the
irritation.
190. Astringents : Agents cause precipitation of proteins in the superficial layers of skin or
gastric mucosa
191. Antipruritics: Agent which prevent irritation or itching. Also c/as skin sedatives
192. GI mucosal protectants These are the agents which protect the intestinal mucosa
against irritation by forming a protective layer, neutralizing the irritants or adsorbing the
irritants.
193. Keratolytics: These are the agents which dissolve the inter cellular substances in the
Horney layer of the skin.
194. Caustics: These are the Agents which are corrosive cause local tissue destruction
sloughing.
195. Counter irritants: agents used to produce hyperemia in an attempt to relive pain and
promote healing of tissues beneath the skin, after application over the surface (skin).
196. Rubefacient- cause mild irritation & congestion in local area e.g. liniments of
camphor, ammonia and turpentine.
197. Vesicants – cause localized vesicles by severe irritation & damage to capillaries e.g.
red iodide of mercury ointment (10 & 7%).
198. Postulants –cause severe inflammation of deep seated cutaneous tissue & cause
pustules e.g. strong ointment of red iodide of mercury and canthardine ointment 12%.
199. Wound healers: These are the drugs capable of enhancing the process of wound
healing by preventing secondary bacterial infection through antiseptic action.
200. Chemical assay = Determine conc. of drug by chemical method – Spectrophotometer,
Flurometry, GLC, HPLC/mass spectroscopy.
201. Immunoassay = for assay of hormonal preparation
202. Bioassay = Estimation of quantity of biologically active agent in unit quantity of drug
(test drug) in comparison to response produced by standard or reference drug.

Give one or two examples of following:

1. Nonnarcotic Antitussive- e.g. Noscapine, Dextromethorphan hydrobromide
chemically related to morphine, Butorphanol tartrate derivative of morphine
2. Saline expectorant–ammo chloride, ammo carbonate and pot iodide.
3. Demulcent expectorant – syrup of vasaka, glycerol and mucilage.
4. Nauseant expectorant – ipecac, antimony pot tartrate.
5. Stimulant expectorant-eucalyptus oil, terebene, lemon, anise and turpentine.
6. Anodyne expectorant –opium, codeine
7. Bronchodilators E.g. Aminophylline, Ephedrine, Antihistamines, metaproteronol.
8. Analeptics e.g. Doxopram, Nikethamide
9. Simple bitters are Chirata and gentian
10. Appetite stimulant Antihistamines- e.g. Buclizine & Cyproheptadine.
11. Pharmacological activation e.g. phenacetin-paracetamol, pivampicillin-ampicillin.
12. bioactivation or toxicological activation e.g. codeine- morphine , malathion-
malaxon
13. Inactivation/pharmacological inactivation. Phenobaribitone-hydroxy, morphine.
14. Partial agonist: e.g. pentazocine, Nalorpine.
15. Inverse agonist: e.g. Benzodiazepines, B-carbolines
16. Systemic antacids –sodium bicarbonate,
17. Nonsystemic antacids – milk of magna, Aluminum hydroxide [Al(OH) 3 ],
Magnesium hydroxide [Mg (OH)2], Magnesium trisilicate, Calcium carbonate
18. Bulk forming purgatives: Methyl cellulose, wheat or rice bran with drinking water.
19. Saline or osmotic purgatives: Magnesium, sodium and potassium salts.
20. Direct irritant purgatives e.g. Olive oil castor oil, and linseed oil
21. Drastic purgatives: e.g. Jalap, Corotonril, Barium chloride.
22. Lubricant laxatives: e.g. liquid paraffin
23. Neuromuscular purgatives: e.g. Carbachol, Bethanecol, Physostigmine and
Neostigmine
24. Carminatives e.g. Volatile oils peppermint oil, eucalyptus and turpentine oil
25. Antiulcer H2 receptor antagonist Cimetidine, Ranitidine
26. Centrally acting emetics: Apomorphine HCl, Xylazine HCl
27. Cholaretics: urosodeoxycholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid
28. Posterior pituitary hormone ecbolics – Oxytocin, pituitary extract, carbotocin.
29. Ergot alkaloids ecbolics –ergometrine, methylergometrine.
30. Prostaglandins ecbolics – PGE2, PGF2α, misoprostol, cloprostenol.
31. High efficacy diuretic 1.Loop diuretic – Frusemide, ethacrynic acid 2. Mercurial
diuretics – mersalyl
32. Moderate efficacy diuretic e.g. Thiazide & Thiazide like Chlorothiazide,
hydrothiazide, polythiazide, xipomide.
33. Low efficacy diuretics – Osmotic diuretic – mannitol, glycerin, sorbitol. , Carbonic
anhydrous diuretic – Acetazolamide, methazolamide, dichlorophenamide.
34. Potassium sparing diuretic a. inhibitors of renal epithelial Na+ channels e.g.
Triamterene, amiloride b. aldosterone receptor antagonists e. g Spironolactone
35. Acidifying salts diuretic – ammo chloride, Na chloride.
36. Alkalizing salts diuretic – pot acetate and pot citrate
37. Urinary antiseptics: Nalidixic acid, nitrofurantoin, Methenamine
38. Urinary Alkalizers: Potassium Citrate , Potassium Citrate and Citric Acid,
Potassium Citrate and Sodium Citrate, Sodium Citrate and Citric Acid, Tricitrates
39. Demulcents: E.g. Gum acacia, Glycyrrhizin root extract, Glycerin
40. Wound healers: E.g. Chlorehexalenol (dettol), Chlorhexidine (savlon), Neomycin
sulphate, Gentamicin sulphate
41. Emollients: A. Vegetable oil : olive oil , coconut oil etc
B. Animal fat: wool fat, bees wax
C. Hydro carbon: soft or hard paraffin, Vaseline.
D. Polyhydric alcohols, glycerol, glycerin
42. Astringents: white lotion, aqueous solution of zinc sulfate, zinc oxide ointment,
calamine lotion, and dusting powder.
 43. Mucus membrane – tannins.
44. These are the agents which protect the intestinal mucosa against irritation by
forming a protective layer, neutralizing the irritants or adsorbing the irritants.
45. GI mucosal protectants E.g. Kaolin, Activated charcoal
46. Keratolytics: E.g. A) Solution containing 40 % antimony tri chloride, 5% salicylic
acid solution in distilled water or 3- 5% salicylic acid in alcohol in treatment of
hyperkeratosis. B) Solution of salicylic acid 10 -20 % alcohol for dissolving
corns
47. Caustics : e.g. Phenol ( 80 % water), Copper sulphate ( 20 % water solution

Give full form of following:

1. I.P. -International pharmacopoeia or Indian pharmacopoeia
2. U. S. P. - United states pharmacopoeia
3. B.P.- British pharmacopoeia
4. B. P. C. - British pharmaceutical codex
5. N.F -National formulary
6. B. N. F.- British national formulary
7. N. N. D. -the New and nonofficial drugs
8. A. D. R.- the Accepted dental remedies
9. B. Vet. C. – British veterinary codex
10. BCG: Bacillus

B) Match the following pairs:

Column “ A” Column “ B”
1. Bronchodilator a) Potassium iodide
2. Saline expectorant b) Verapamil
3. Calcium channel blocker c) Aminophylline
4. Antitussive d) Propranolol
5. Ventricular fibrillation e) Codeine
6. Astringent f) Sodium bi-carbonate
7. Oesophegeal groove g) Alum
8. Corticosteroid h) Intracellular enzyme
9. MAO i) Dexamethasone
10. COMT j) Extra cellular enzyme
11. Pen Psao k).Emperor Shennung
12. Ebers Papyrus l) Egyptian document
13. , Kahun papyrus m).vet medicine, uterine diseases of women
14. Hippocrates n). first person to recognize disease as Use
metallic salts for treatment of variety of body disorders.
15. Aristotle - Gave scientific basis to medicine.
16. Theophrastus (380-287BC): great philosopher & natural scientist, called
“father of Pharmacognosy”,
17. Dioscorides (first century BC): Greek physician, compiled first Materia
medica in 78BC consist of six volumes describing 600 plants of medicinal
value and classified according to their origin like animal, vegetable &
mineral poison.
18. Galen (131-200AD): Galenial work, also put polypharmacy term
19. Paracelsus (1493-1541AD): introduced use of simple chemicals for
treating diseases, introduced mercury in treatment of syphilis & distilled
oils in medicine. Gave statement “All substances are poisons; there is none
which is not poison. The right dose differentiates poison and remedy.
20. Valerius Cordus (1514-1544AD): compiled first pharmacopoeia
21. Francois Magendie (1783-1855): foundation of modern pharmacology.
Developed experiments to elucidate physiological processes & action of
drugs in the body, studies IV inj. ipecac, morphine, hydrocyanic acid,
strychnine, iodine, carbon monoxide etc. & published his work
22. William Harvey(1628), discovered phenomenon of circulation,
23. Sir Christopher Wren and his assistants made first intravenous injection of
drugs. 1656 : Sir Christopher Wren and his assistants made first
intravenous injection of drugs.
24. William Withering, an English physician reported on his experience in the
use of crude digitalis (the fox glove plant) for the treatment of dropsy
(generalized edema generally due to cardiac malnutrition
25. Claude Bernard (1813-1878): student of Magendie & considered as
“father of Experimental medicine”. Identified site of action of curare and
propagated the physiological analysis of organic solvents can be done with
the help of toxic agents, used curare, strychnine and carbon monoxide.
26. Rudolph Buchheim (1820-1879): established first laboratory to study
pharmacology and conducted extensive research on action of drugs within
body
27. Oswald Schmiedeberg (1838-1921): established pharmacology as
independent scientific discipline based upon experimental methodology.
Introduced technique of perfusing isolated organs & studied effects of
drugs on them. Therefore, regarded as “father of Modern Pharmacology”.
28. John Jacob Abel (1857-1938): established department of pharmacology in
uni. Of Michigan & founded Journal of Biological chemistry & Journal of
pharmacology and Experimental therapeutics. Regarded as father of
American Pharmacology
29. Sir Col. Ram Nath Chopra (1882-1973): first professor of Pharmacology
in India. He laid foundation of scientific investigation on Indian
indigenous drug & was founder of Drug Research laboratory at Jammu.
He is acclaimed as “father of Indian pharmacology”.
30. L. Meyer Jones (1913-2002): regarded as father of modern Veterinary
Pharmacology. Authorized first edition of Veterinary Pharmacology &
therapeutics in 1954 & instrumental in shifting emphasis in veterinary
curriculum from Materia medica to modern science of veterinary Pharma
31. Friedrich W. Serturner 1807- isolated morphine from opium.
32. Crawford W. Long (1842) –introduced ether as general anesthetics.
33. Alexander Wood (1853) developed hollow hypodermic needle.
34. Oswald Schmiedeberg (1869)-isolated muscarine from Amanita muscaria.
35. H. Dresser (18899) introduced aspirin as analgesic.
 36. H. H. Meyer & Overton proposed theory of oil/water distribution to
explain anesthetic action.
37. Otto Loewi (1921) showed Ach is a mediator of neurotransmission.
38. R. N. Chopra (1921) established first laboratory at the School of Tropical
Medicine, Calcutta for scientific study of indigenous drugs of India.
39. Alexander Fleming (1928) discovered penicillins.
40. Sir Dale in London the term “Pharmakologie” was applied to the science
of Materia Medica (1692).
41. 1950 the Central Drug Research institute was established at Lucknow.
42. Rate theory of drug action -W. D. M. Paton
43. Occupation theory of drug action- A.J. Clark
44. LANGELY in 1878 introduced the concept of drug binding to cellular
components RECEPTORS.
45. Pinocytosis- vesicular transport :Process of engulfment of large
macromolecules
46. Facilitated diffusion Carrier mediated transport process, does not require
energy.
47. Passive diffusion without the expenditure of energy not saturable
48. Active transport Carrier mediated specialized transport process requires
energy Renal and Biliary secretion of many drugs and metabolites. Up-hill
movement.
49. Castor oil obtained from Ricinus communis
50. Digitalis purpuera – e.g. Digitoxin.
51. Digitalis lanata –Digitoxin, digoxin.
52. Strophanthus kombe - strophanthus
53. Strophanthus gratus–Quabain.
54. Thevetia nerifolia – theventin
55. Bufo vulgaris – Bufotoxin

1. Galen
2. Valerious Cordus
 3. F. W. A. Serturner
4. Priestly
5. Farady

Person associated with or matches the pair

1. James Simpson
2. Nakula
3. Dost
4. Lundi
5. Pen Psao (2700 BC): Materia Medica written by Emperor Shennung contained many
vegetables, metallic and animal products
6. Ebers Papyrus (1550BC): Egyptian document, contains information about no. of
diseases & 829 prescriptions includes castor oil, opium etc.
7. Kahun papyrus (2000BC) oldest record of Egyptian drugs containing no. of
prescriptions– vet medicine, uterine diseases of women
8. Hippocrates (460-375 BC): Greek physician is considered as father of medicine, first
person to recognize disease as abnormal reaction of body and tried to organize
science of medicine on basis of observation, analysis and balancing of body humors
Use metallic salts for treatment of variety of body disorders.
9. Aristotle (384-322 BC) : Gave scientific basis to medicine. Theophrastus (380-
287BC): great philosopher & natural scientist, called “father of Pharmacognosy”,
systemically classified medicinal plants on basis of their medicinal characteristics.
10. Dioscorides (first century BC): Greek physician, compiled first Materia medica in
78BC consist of six volumes describing 600 plants of medicinal value and classified
according to their origin like animal, vegetable & mineral poison.
11. Galen (131-200AD): Greek pharmacist-physician, described many formulae
containing plant & animal drugs & compiled this knowledge in 20 books called
Galenial work, also put polypharmacy term.
12. Paracelsus (1493-1541AD): introduced use of simple chemicals for treating diseases,
introduced mercury in treatment of syphilis & distilled oils in medicine. Gave
statement “All substances are poisons; there is none which is not poison. The right
dose differentiates poison and remedy.
13. Valerius Cordus (1514-1544AD): compiled first pharmacopoeia & carefully
described techniques to be employed in preparation of drugs.
14. Francois Magendie (1783-1855): French physiologist-pharmacologists with some of
the pupils established foundation of modern pharmacology. Developed experiments
to elucidate physiological processes & action of drugs in the body, studies IV inj.
ipecac, morphine, hydrocyanic acid, strychnine, iodine, carbon monoxide etc. &
published his work
15. William Harvey(1628), discovered phenomenon of circulation, which was followed
by the injection of water, colored fluid, ink and wax into the blood vessels of animals.
16. 1656 : Sir Christopher Wren and his assistants made first intravenous injection of
drugs.
17. 1753 : William Withering, an English physician reported on his experience in the
use of crude digitalis (the fox glove plant) for the treatment of dropsy (generalized
edema generally due to cardiac malnutrition
18. Claude Bernard (1813-1878): student of Magendie & considered as “father of
Experimental medicine”. Identified site of action of curare and propagated the
physiological analysis of organic solvents can be done with the help of toxic agents,
used curare, strychnine and carbon monoxide.
19. Rudolph Buchheim (1820-1879): established first laboratory to study pharmacology
and conducted extensive research on action of drugs within body
20. Oswald Schmiedeberg (1838-1921): established pharmacology as independent
scientific discipline based upon experimental methodology. Introduced technique of
perfusing isolated organs & studied effects of drugs on them. Therefore, regarded as
“father of Modern Pharmacology”.
21. John Jacob Abel (1857-1938): established department of pharmacology in uni. Of
Michigan & founded Journal of Biological chemistry & Journal of pharmacology and
Experimental therapeutics. Regarded as father of American Pharmacology
22. Sir Col. Ram Nath Chopra (1882-1973): first professor of Pharmacology in India. He
laid foundation of scientific investigation on Indian indigenous drug & was founder
of Drug Research laboratory at Jammu. He is acclaimed as “father of Indian
pharmacology”.
23. L. Meyer Jones (1913-2002): regarded as father of modern Veterinary Pharmacology.
Authorized first edition of Veterinary Pharmacology & therapeutics in 1954 &
instrumental in shifting emphasis in veterinary curriculum from Materia medica to
modern science of veterinary Pharma
24. Friedrich W. Serturner 1807- isolated morphine from opium.
25. Crawford W. Long (1842) –introduced ether as general anesthetics.
26. Alexander Wood (1853) developed hollow hypodermic needle.
27. Oswald Schmiedeberg (1869)-isolated muscarine from Amanita muscaria.
28. H. Dresser (18899) introduced aspirin as analgesic.
29. H. H. Meyer & Overton proposed theory of oil/water distribution to explain
anesthetic action.
30. Otto Loewi (1921) showed Ach is a mediator of neurotransmission.
31. R. N. Chopra (1921) established first laboratory at the School of Tropical Medicine,
Calcutta for scientific study of indigenous drugs of India.
32. Alexander Fleming (1928) discovered penicillins.
33. Sir Dale in London the term “Pharmakologie” was applied to the science of Materia
Medica (1692).
34. 1950 the Central Drug Research institute was established at Lucknow.
35. Rate theory of drug action -W. D. M. Paton
36. Occupation theory of drug action- A.J. Clark
37. LANGELY in 1878 introduced the concept of drug binding to cellular components
RECEPTORS.
38. Pinocytosis- vesicular transport :Process of engulfment of large macromolecules
39. Facilitated diffusion Carrier mediated transport process, does not require energy.
40. Passive diffusion without the expenditure of energy not saturable
41. Active transport Carrier mediated specialized transport process requires energy Renal
and Biliary secretion of many drugs and metabolites. Up-hill movement.
 42. Castor oil obtained from Ricinus communis
43. High efficacy diuretic 1.Loop diuretic – Frusemide, ethacrynic acid 2. Mercurial
diuretics – mersalyl
44. Moderate efficacy diuretic e.g. Thiazide & Thiazide like Chlorothiazide,
hydrothiazide, polythiazide, xipomide.
45. Low efficacy diuretics – Osmotic diuretic – mannitol, glycerin, sorbitol. , Carbonic
anhydrous diuretic – Acetazolamide, methazolamide, dichlorophenamide.
46. Potassium sparing diuretic a. inhibitors of renal epithelial Na+ channels e.g.
Triamterene, amiloride b. aldosterone receptor antagonists e. g Spironolactone
47. Acidifying salts diuretic – ammo chloride, Na chloride.
48. Alkalizing salts diuretic – pot acetate and pot citrate
49. Thiazide diuretic -Na+-Cl- symport inhibitors

Give sources for the followings;

a. Nuxvomica
b. Catechu
c. Gentian
d. Eucalyptus oil
e. Castor oil obtained from Ricinus communis
f. Atropine –Atropa belladonna
g. Muscarine –muscarine animate
h. Pilocarpine
i.

Give reason:
1. Belladonna toxic to most species but not to rabbit – presence of atropinase enzyme.
2. Some drugs orally ineffective because they or antibiotic inactivated by ruminal flora
or they may fail to diffuse into GI tract.
3. Greyhounds more susceptible to thiobarbiturattes due to lean body weight provide
less fat for distribution.
4. Pigs highly susceptible to halothane induced malignant hyperpyrexia
5. Female more susceptible adverse effect of drugs than males.
6. Pregnancy cause marked hormonal & metabolic changes affect response of certain
drugs. E.g. oral anticoagulant toxic to pregnant animals. High progesterone level-
increase hepatic microsomal enzymes – increase drug metabolism
7. Very young & very old more susceptible to harmful effect of drug compared with
adult–under-developed & inefficient drug microsomal system while very old
reduced liver mass decreases hepatic blood flow microsomal enzyme activity.
8. Neonates lesser blood brain barrier result entrance of polar and water soluble drugs
in brain.
9. Lactation alters pharmacokinetic of certain drugs. Lactation enhances excretion of
some lipophillic drugs and toxicants in milk. E.g. DDT.
10. Metabolism & biotransformation used interchangeably when applied to drug-
product of both c/as metabolites.
11. Essential pharmacokinetic process: Lipid soluble & nonpolar comp- water soluble
and polar comp – excrete. If not convert –remain in body for long period- toxic
reactions. Plasma protein binding is Non-diffusible because it reduces efficiency of
drug distribution
12. Plasma protein binding is Pharmacologically inactive because it is heavy protein
bound drug- less efficiency – less potent
13. Do not undergo metabolism & excretion – thro glomerular filtration –long plasma
half life
14. Drug displacement interaction- administration of phenybutazone to patient on
warfarin therapy-If one drug binding to such site then administration of second
having affinity for same site result in displacement of first drug from binding site.
15. Restricted lipid insoluble drugs in high conc. Or for long period in maternal blood –
gain access to fetal by non carrier mediated process- ineffective as BBB.
16. Care should be taken during pregnancy –uncertainty of their harmful effects on
developing fetus
17. Repeated used of lubricant purgative may cause deficiency of vitamins A, D, &E
18. Generally do not give oral antacids within 1-2hr of other oral medication because of
their ability to decrease absorption of drug such as tetracycline, cimetidine,
ranitidine, digoxin, corticosteroid, & ketoconazole.
19. Magnesium containing antacids are contraindicated in animals with renal disease
because
20. Saline purgatives are contraindicated in dehydrated animals because -
21. Direct irritant purgatives causes -Dehydration and electrolytic imbalance
22. Direct irritant purgative contraindicated in pregnancy- tendency to cause smooth
muscle contraction Uterine contraction
23. Chronic use of Direct irritant purgative lead to intestinal mucosal damage
24. Tetracycline autacoids several milk foods and eggs – bind- precipitate iron
25. Levodopa thyroxin ciprofloxacin- chelates iron
26. Thyroxin caporal – complex formation iron
27. Ergot alkaloids contraindicated in During pregnancy and before 3 rd stage of labour .
28. Ergot alkaloids contraindicated in Liver and kidney disease.
29. Ergot alkaloid is Less used during parturition because sometimes it causes
spasmodic contraction and delays birth
30. Loop diuretic contraindicated in Anuria or patient sensitize to it
31. Loop diuretic contraindicated in Preexist electrolyte or water imbalance
32. Loop diuretic contraindicated in Impaired hepatic function
33. Loop diuretic with Aminoglycoside antibiotics- nephrotoxicity, Ototoxicity.
34. Loop diuretic with Purgatives – excessive fluid & electrolyte loss.
35. Loop diuretic with Cephalosporin's – kidney damage
36. Nitrofurantoin Hypersensitive patients
37. Nitrofurantoin Food producing animals – carcinogenic effect in lab animals
38. Nitrofurantoin parentally – systemic toxicity.
39. Methenamine : Renal insufficiency
40. Methenamine Liver disease – release ammonia is not detoxified
41. Methenamine Acidosis of renal disease - accumulate s in blood and produce acidosis
42. Methenamine Sod bicarbonate, Thiazide diuretic, carbonic anhydrous inhibitors,
citrates – inhibit antibacterial activity of Methenamine.
43. Methenamine Ascorbic acid, ammonium chloride , methionine enhance antibacterial
action.
44. Oral administration of drug is Suitable for GI tract infections and parasites
45. First-pass effect disadvantage of oral - drugs absorbed orally are initially transported
to the liver via the portal vein
46. Sometimes inefficient - only part of the drug may be absorbed
47. irritation to gastric mucosa - nausea and vomiting
48. destruction of drugs by gastric acid and digestive juices
49. effect too slow for emergencies
50. unpleasant taste of some drugs
51. unable to use in unconscious, uncooperative or vomiting patient
52. Oral administration is not useful in ruminants- large volume of ingesta decreases
absorption.
53. Poor administration – intratracheal delivery- aspiratory bronchopneumonia
54. Emetics are not used in ruminants
55. H2 antagonists exert antiulcer action.
56. Propranolol is used to treat ventricular fibrillation in dogs.
57. Magnesium salts act as saline purgative.
58. Diuretics are used along with cardiac glycosides in treating CHF.
59. Ruminants orally treated with broad spectrum antibiotics need vitamin B-complex
supplementation.
60. Synergism may be called as Pharmacological cooperation.
61. Drug conjugates are readily excretable.
62. Drug effects vary as chemical structure is altered.
63. Plasma protein binding of drug limits its concentration in tissue and
64. General anesthesia is not followed normally in adult ruminants.
65. Cocaine is regarded as mother of local anesthetics
66. Very old and very young animals do not metabolized the drugs effectively
 67. Synergism is called Pharmacological co-operation.
68. Liquid dosage forms produce more rapid effects than solid dosage
69. Low and very high potency both can be dangerous
70. Biotransformation is essential process in pharmacokinetics
71. Higher therapeutic index , safer the drug
72. Plasma protein binding is a reversible interaction.
73. Acetylation is absent in dog
74. Glomurular infiltration is unidirectional process
75. Alteration of rate metabolism affect duration of drug action
76.
Choose the most appropriate words:-
1. The receptor concept was first introduced by …………………………
a. Langley c. Clark
b. WTN Paton d. Alexander Fleming
2. …………………. is used as dissociative anesthetics
a. Ketamine c. Xylazine
b. Morphine d. lignocaine
3. Nitrous oxide was discovered by ………………. in 1976
a. Faraday c. FWA Serturner
b. Priestly d. Alexander Fleming
4. An ultra short acting barbiturate used as intravenous anesthetics is …………………
a. Pentobarbitone c. phenobarbitone
b. Thiopentone d. Secobarbitone
5. A drug which produces calmness and reduces anxiety is a ………………………….
a. Sedative c. Tranquilizers
b. Hypnosis d. Narcotics

I.NAME THE FOLLOWING.

1 .Active principle in cayenne pepper .(Capsicin)
2 .A rubifacient of plant origin—(capsicum /cayenne pepper)
3. An emollient of animal origin—(wool fat)
4 .An adsorbent of plant origin.-(activated carbon)
5. An example for racial tolerance—Eschimos to fat)
6. A liquid alkaloid.—(Nicotine)
7. A natural rubifacient.-(Heat, Light) 8. An oleo resin .-(Asafoetida)
9. A drug from sea weeds.-(iodine)
10.Branch of pharmacology that deals with the study of dosage.-(Posology)
11.Capsules containing coated granules.(Spansules)
12.Father of polypharmacy.-(Galen)
13.Father of Medicine .-( Hippocrates)
14. Father of modern pharmacology.—( Oswald Schmiedeberg) 15. Father of American
pharmacology.—( John J. Abel)
16.Founder of Journal of Biological chemistry and Journal of Pharmacology and
Experimental therapeutics.-( John J. Abel)
17. Father of chemotherapy.—( Paul Ehrlich)
18. Five hydroxyl tryptamine antagonist- (Ondensetron)
19. Major organs of drug conjugation .-(Liver and Kidney) 20. Medicinal solution for
washing the mouth.-( Collutoria) 2
21. Medicinal solution for washing the nasal cavity.-(Collunaria)
22. One liquid volatile oil.-( ol. Eucalyptus, ol. Turpentine, oil of wintergreen )
23. One solid volatile oil.-(Camphor, Thymol ,Menthol)
24. One drug not metabolized by the body.-( Nitrous oxide)
25. One plant oil which is solid at ordinary room temperature .-(cocoa butter) 26. One drug
used as antiseptic obtained from sea weeds.-(iodine)
27. plant active principles----( Alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, resins, oleoresins, gums, oils,)
28. Solid preparation intended for introduction in to vaginal canal .-(Pessaries) 29. Scientist
who developed hypodermic needle.-(Alexander wood)
30. Scientist who wrote the first materia medica .-(Dioscorides)
31. Soft gelatine disc with medicinal agent for application in the eye.-(Lamella)
32. Solid preparation with medicine for administration in to the rectum.-(Suppositories)
33. Solid preparation with medicine for administration in to the veginal canal .-(pessaries)
34. Solid preparation with medicine for administration in to the nasal tract.-(Bougies)
35. Study of dosage of drugs.-( posology)
36. Study of weights and measures.-(Metrology)
37. Substituted talc for gloves which will not produce any harmful effect in the body.-
(Potassium bi tartrate)
38.The most important part of prescription.-( Inscription)
39. The Ancient Egyptian document written about disease and medicine.-( Ebers papyrus)
40. Father of Medicine .-( Hippocrates)
41. The product of acetyl choline hydrolysis.-( Acetic acid and choline)
42. The other name for poultice .-(Cataplasma)
43. Three important active principles present in plants.-(Alkaloids, glycosides, tannins,
resins)
44. The common source of iodine.-(sea weeds)
45. Water insoluble hydrocarbon used as vehicles for the preparation of ointments.-(Oil,
Wax, Vaseline) 3
46. Water soluble hydrocarbon used as vehicles for the preparation of ointments.-
(polysorbate – 80)

II.STATE TRUE OR FALSE

1.Action of carbon tetrachloride in the body is selective.-(T)
2 .Acidic drugs are not absorbed from the stomach.-(F)
3 .Agonist is having both affinity and efficacy.-(T)
4. Agonist is a drug that produce a pharmacologic effect when it combine with a receptor.-
(T)
5 .Agonist have only affinity.-(F)
6 .Alkaloids are soluble in water.—(F)
7 .All the receptors are present on the surface of the cells .-(F)
8. Antagonist have only affinity.-(T)
9. Antagonist is devoid of intrinsic activity.-(T)
10 .Antagonist have only efficassy.-(F)
11. An antagonist is a drug which reduces or abolishes the effect of an agonist.-(T)
12 .Applicaps are hard capsules.-(F)
13 .Area under the curve is the concentration of drug in the systemic circulation.-(T)
14 .A receptor that allows against binding without eliciting response is known as orphan
receptors.-(F)
15. At chemoreceptor trigger zone and posterior lobe of hypothalamus blood brain barrier is
not seen.- (T)
16. Autoradiography can be used to study the distribution of receptors .-(T )
17. A weak acidic drug will be highly ionized in plasma.-(T)
18. Basic compounds may be concentrated in milk.-(T)
19. Barbiturates have the suffix “al’ in USA.-(T)
20.Barbiturates have the suffix “one ’in UK.-(T
21. Because of species variation ,controlled clinical trials have to be taken up in human
patients even though it has been completed in animals.-(T)
22. Bioavailability is the fraction of the drug absorbed as such in to the systemic circulation
or the extent to which a drug reaches the site of action.-(T)
23. Bioavailability of drug by i/v route is one.-(T)
24.Blood brain barrier is located at the basement membrane of capillary.-(T)
25. Blood brain barrier is well developed in young animals.(F)
26. Blood interstitial fluid and lung is considered as the central compartment for
pharmacokinetic studies.-(T)
27. Blood brain barrier is not well developed in young ones.-(T)
28 .Blood brain barrier is the diameter covering the brain .-( F)
29 .Bone and fat is considered as the peripheral compartment for pharmacological studies .-
(T)
30 .By altering the pH of urine the excretion of drug can be altered .-(T)
31. Castor oil is a fixed oil.-(T)
32. Calcium ion is a second messenger.-(T)
33. Carrier mediated transport of drugs occurs against the concentration gradient.—(T)
34. Chemically dissimilar drug must produce similar action.-(F)
35. Change in molecular configuration of a drug changes all actions equally.-(F)
36. Chemically dissimilar drugs never produce similar action.-(F)
37 . Clearance is depended on t 1/2.-(T)
38 .Clearance is a measure of the body’s ability to eliminate the drug.-(T)
39. Creosote is an empyreumatic oil .—(T)
40. Cyclic AMP is a second messenger.-(T)
41. Cyclic GMP is a second messenger.-(T)
42. Cyclic AMP is an intracellular messenger.-(T)
43. Diseases and infections may alter drug clearance but not necessarily the t 1/2 value.-(T)
44. Dose is the quantity of drug administered per day.-(F)
45. Drugs having similar action must have similar structure.-(F)
46.Drugs assimilation from all sited of administration depends on solubility.-(T)
47. Drugs having similar action need not have similar structure.-(T)
48 .Drugs act at specific sites of the sensitive cells and this component of the cell have been
referred to as “receptor” –(T)
49. Drug protein binding not obeys laws of mass action.-(F)
50. Drugs which are biotransformed by glucuronicacid conjugation will give more duration
of action.-(T)
51. Drug biotransformation by glucuronic acid metabolite may be eliminated via the bile.-(T)
52. Each cell have only one G-protein type receptor.-(F)
53. ED 50 is a measure of potency of the drug.-( T)
54. ED 50 is the smallest dose of a drug that shows effect in 50 %of the population.-(T)
55. Efficacy is independent of the slope of or position of the dose response curve.-(T)
56.Empyreumatic oils are volatile oils which do not exist in the living plants. (T)
57. Erythromycin and lincomycin is found to be in higher concentration in milk than in
plasma.-(T)
58. Eventhough expired air is a minor route of excretion of drug it is the important route of
elimination for gaseous anaesthetic.-(T)
59. Ferric chloride can be used as an intestinal astringent.-(F)
60. Fixed oils leaves grease spot on paper.-(T)
61. Flavanoids are the major active principle present in plants .-(F)
62. For hit and run drug the effect of the drug last for much longer period than the drug
itself..-(T)
63. For selecting a drug in clinical situation efficacy is usually more important than potency –
(T)
64. Food will not influence the pH of urine in carnivors and herbivors.-(F)
65. Formaldehyde is a liquid available as20% solution.-(F)
66. Formaldehyde is available as formalin.-(T)
67. Generally cold blooded animals have a shorter t ½ for drugs compared to hot blooded
animals.-(T)
68. Glucuronic acid conjugation is not well developed in felines.-(T)
69. 70. Glucuronide form of the drug is eliminated via bile.-(T)
70. G-proteins many couple stimulatory response as well as inhibitory response.-(T)
71. G s protein coupled to adenylyl cyclase increase the formation of cyclicAMP .-(T)
72. Highly ionized drugs are less likely to show species variation in metabolism, eg
.Gentamicin in dogs and cats.-(T)
73. In cats glucuronide synthesis is less.-(T) 74. In dogs acetylation is absent and so affect
metabolism of sulfonamide.-(T)
75. In pigs sulphate conjugation is present only at a low extent.-(T)
76. Intrinsic activity is the property of the drug that permit it to initiate post receptor process
which leads to a response.-(T)
77. In accelerated review the manufacturers need not continue testing after approval to
demonstrate the therapeutic benefit to the patient.-(F)
78. Intestine is responsible for the first pass effect .-(F)
79. In the two compartment open model of the body the central compartment include the
following organ blood, liver, kidney, lungs ,brain and heart.. –(T)
80.In the two compartment open model muscles and skin will come under peripheral
compartment .-(T)
81.In the dose response curve a drug with more slope is more potent.-(F)
82. Intra-peritoneal absorption of drug is faster than intra-muscular.-(T)
83. In respiratory affection electuary form of preparation is more preferred.-(T)
84. In-vitro testing of organ toxicity is less reliable .-(T)
85. John J. Abel isolated Insulin and adrenaline for the first time in crystalline form.-(T)
86. Joseph Lister is considered as the Father of Antiseptic.—(T)
87. LD 50/ ED50 is known as Therapeutic index.-(T)
88. Medicinal preparations intended for oral use need not be sterile.—(T)
89.Medicinal preparation for oral therapy need not be sterile.-(T)
90. Microsoml enzymes are mostly seen in smooth endoplasmic reticulum in liver, kidney,
intestine and lung –mainly oxidases and cytochrome P-450.-(T)
91. Milk is more basic in reaction compared to plasma .-(F)
92. Mixed –order kinetic has been observed in the absorption of vitamin C-(T)
93. New molecules can be developed from plant active principles .-(T)
94.Nitrous oxide is one of the agents not metabolized by the body.-(T)
95. Non microsomal enzymes are mostly seen in cytoplasm, mitochondria of liver, flavor
proteins, oxidase and amidase ,besterase, all conjugation except glucuronidation.-(T)
96. Non ionised drugs will be better absorbed from the GI tract.-(T)
97. Observable effect is called as the intrinsic activity.-(T)
98. Of all the drug assay methods bioassay methods are highly accurate and most reliable .-
(F)
99. The official name of the drug is not the approved name .-(F)
100. Only lipid-soluble drugs can be metabolised by microsomal enzymes.-(F)
101. Oxidation is a phase I metabolic reaction.-(T)
102. Partial agonists have less intrinsic activity.-(T)
103. Pethidine and Dolantin are the same.-(T)
104. Phase II and phase III study of drugs can be conducted simultaneously.-(F)
105. Phase II biotransformation is called conjugation or synthetic reactions.-(T)
106. Phototoxic reactions occur when photosensitive chemicals exposed to u/v light of 290-
320 nm. wave length.-(T)
107. Photoallergic reactions occur when drugs or metabolites which are sensitive to u/v light
exposed to u/v light of 320-400nm , causes cell mediated immune response, contact
dermatitis like picture.-(T)
108. Pharmacotherapy deals with action of drugs in normal animals or individuals.—(F) 109.
Phase II and III studies of drug can be conducted simultaneously.-(F)
110. Phase I study also include structural activity relationship of the drug.-(T)
111. Phase one and phase two studies of drug can be conducted simultaneously.-(F)
112. Positron emission tomography can be used to measure the dopamine receptor blockage
.-(T)
113. Posology is the study of weights and measurers.-(F)
114. Potency is dependent on the slope of the dose response curve.-(T)
115. Quarterinary drugs are polar at all urine pH and so eliminated rapidly as they can not be
reabsorbed.-(T)
116.Receptor is the chemical group involved in the reaction with drug.-(T)
117. Since milk is acidic in relation to plasma weak organic bases will diffuse from plasma in
to milk.-(T)
118 . Soaps are anionic detergent having antiseptic action.-(T)
119. Some drugs are biotransformed by G I flora eg. Cardiac glycoside.-(T)
120.Sodium salicylate is a keratolytic agent -(T)
121. Solid extracts are generally less active than crude form.-(F)
122. Solutions intended for washing the eye is known as collyria.-(T)
123. Spironolactone is a competitive antagonist of aldosterone.-(T)
124. Spiritus are alcoholic solutions of volatile drug.-(T)
125.Structural activity study of one drug increases the cost of development of other drugs .-
(F)
126. Standard margin of safety is( LD1/ED 99 -1) x100
127. Sulphur dioxide as such is a powerful disinfectant.-(F)
128. Sub cutaneous administration will have faster action than intra muscular.-(F)
129. Targeted delivery is used in the treatment of all types of diseases.-(F)
130. The mediator of sweat glands in horse is nor adrenaline / adrenaline.-(T)
131. The blood cerebrospinal fluid barrier is formed mainly by the Choroid plexus.-(T)
132. The name Pharmacology is derived from Greek words Pharmacon (drug) and logos
(knowledge).— (T)
133. The word Drug is derived from the French word drogue-means dry herb.-(T)
134. The smaller the ED 50 of the drug lesser the potency .-(F)
135. Therapeutic ratio is LD 50/ED 95.-(F)
136. The excretion of weak acidic or weak basic drugs with a pka 5-8 can not be enhanced by
altering pH of urine.-(F)
137. The cell component directly involved in the initial action of drug is usually termed as
effector site.- (F)
138. The distribution of ionized portion of weak electrolyte is not dependend on its Pka.-(F)
139. Therapeutic index (TI) is LD 50/ED 95.—(F)
140. Therapeutic index (TI) is the ratio of LD 50/ ED 50.-(T)
141. The therapeutic index value increases the margin of safety also increases.-(T)
142. The metabolite of acetylation reaction are polar and water soluble.-(T)
143. Transport process is not existing in the liver for drugs in to bile other than glucuronide
drug.-(F) 144. Turpentine is a counter irritant volatile oil .-(T)
145. Volatile oils leaves grease spot on white paper.-(F)
146. Volume of distribution is a measure of apparent space in the body available to contain
drug.-(T)
147. When a drug is administered initial rapid decrease (alpha phase) mainly due to
distribution of drug.-(T)
148. When a drug is administered later decline after rapid decline (beta phase ) Is due to
elimination.- (T)

Choose appropriate word

1.Acidic and neutral drugs are generally bound to plasma protein fraction mainly to
......................................-(albumin)
2. A more gradual decrease in response to a drug , taking days or weeks to develop is called
..............— (tolerance)
3. A parallel shift of log dose response curve is seen ……………………antagonism.-
(competitive) 4. Antagonist have affinity but have no ........................--(efficacy) .
5. Alcoholic extract of a drug is known as ………………(Tinctures)
6. A minimum dose of one std, deviation from the mean can cause response in
……………percent of the population.-(68%)
7. A Greek physician called ……………………………………(372-287 BC) completed a
herbal formulary in which he described 450 plants having medicinal value.( Theophrastus)
8. A Greek physician ,………………………………(130-200 AD ) compiled many books
on the subject of medicine ,his medicinal formulations were popularly known as Galenical
preparations.—( Claudeus Galen)
9. Among the binding forces between drugs and receptors …………........…….bonding is the
most powerful --( covalent)
10. Basic drugs are bound primarily to …………………--(alpha-1 acid glycoprotein)
11. Capillary endothelial cells have large channels as big as …………….A in size .—(40)
12. DDT was introduced as an insecticide by scientist …………………..in Switzerland.-(
Geigy)
13. Drugs like phenytoin, pentobarbitone and phenothiazine binds to blood components
like..................-( haemoglobib)
14.Drugs like imipramine and chlorpromazine bind with blood components like..............-(
RBC membrane).
15. For weak bases Pka =PH + log concentration of ………………/ con. Of
……………………….—( ionized base/ non ionized base)
16. For getting 100% bio availability ..................route of administration is better.-(i/v)
17.Glucuronide form of the drug is eliminated via …………………….-(bile)
18. James Lindin 1747 introduced curative vitamin therapy by using orange and lemon in the
treatment of …………….—(Scurvey)
19. Highly irritant drugs are generally administered by ......................route—(i/v)
20. Hypodermic needle was devised by …………………………….-(Alexander wood)
21. Insulin was isolated first by .........................................................-(Banting and Best)
22. If cumulative effect of two drug is more than the sum total of each one it is called as
.................- (synergism)
23. In a frequency distribution curve ( Gaussian )a minimum dose of 2 std, deviation from the
mean can cause response in …………………percent of the population.-( 95%)
24. In the log dose response curve the efficacy is indicated by the …………….of the curve.-(
height)
25. Non parallel shift of log dose response curve with low E max is seen in
………………………..antagonism.- (non competitive)
26. Passive diffusion of drug is directly proportional to the concentration gradient
and……………………… …..coefficient of the drug.—( lipid water partition )
27. Pre-systemic metabolism of drug is otherwise called as ....................effect.—(first pass)
28. Pills contain only a ………….. dose medicine.-(single)
29. Solid extracts are otherwise known as extractum ……………….-(siccum)
30. Solutions for washing the mouth is known as…………………(collutoria)
31. Steroid hormone and thyroid hormone are bound to …………………--(specific globulin)
32. Study of absorption , distribution, metabolism and elimination of drug by the body is
known as........................(Pharmacokinetics)
33. Study of biochemical and physiological mechanism of action of drug in the body is
known as .........................(pharmacodynamics)
34. Study of qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the activity of drug is called
...................................(pharmacometrics)
35. The measure of strength of binding of a drug to a receptor is called as
............................—(affinity)
36. Therapeutic index is the ratio of ...................-( LD 50 / ED 50)
37.The earliest known chemotherapeutic agents were of ……………….origin.—(plant)
38.The hereditary basis for difference in pharmacological response to a drug in a population
is dealt under ...........................-(Pharmacogenetics)
39. The measure of how strongly a drug binds to a receptor binding site is called
................—(affinity)
40. The modern age of pharmacology begins with the advancement of………….( chemistry.)
41. The structural modification of an established drug often yield congeners that are aptly
termed as ……..drugs.—( “me-too”)
42. The non ionized portion of drug is……………………and can be readily diffuse across
cell membrane.—( lipid soluble)
43. There are two type of antagonist ………………………….and
………………………………--( Competitive and non competitive)
44. The earliest written compilation on drug is of ……………………..origin.-(Chinese)
45. When an antagonist is present, the log dose response curve is shifted to
……………..indicating that a higher concentration of agonist is necessary to achieve the
same response as and when antagonist is absent. –( right)
46. Urine of carnivores animal is ……………….in pH—(Acidic)
47. Urine of herbivores animal is ……………..in pH.-(basic)
48. ……………………..(organ) is the primary organ for drug excretion.-(kidney)
49.………………………(animal) have been suggested as possible “Sentinel” animal for
detection of toxic anti -cholinesterase agents like O. P because of their sensitivity.-(Sheeps)
50.……………………………….are drugs that binds to the receptors suppressing the
constitutive signaling activity eg. Propranolol , antihistamines.( inverse agonist)
51. ……………………effect of a drug has also been termed as meta reactions.—( unusual)
52. …………………………in 380-287 BC classified medicine systematically( Theophratus)
53. ………………….gave the first intra venous injection .-(Christopher wren)
54. …………are solid preparations intended for administration in to the rectum.(
suppositories)
55. ……………………………………deals with the distribution of drug in the body.-(
Pharmaco kinetics) 56. ......................................deals with the study of genetically determined
variation in response to drug .(pharmacogenomics)
57. ………………assay has to be performed to standardize partially purified drugs such as
crude extract of plants.—( Bio)
58. ……………………………………,an Egyptian formulary is the earliest (1500 BC)
written record of medicinal plants containing references to crude drugs.—(Papyrus of Ebers.)
59. ………………………………….. (460-377 BC) is considered as the “Father of
medicine” . He separate Greek medicine from religion , made extensive use of medicinal
herbs in the practice of medicine.—( Hippocrates)
60. …………………………………..is known as Persian Gallen.-( Avicenna)
61. ……………………………..introduced mercury in the treatment of Syphilis .—(
Paraclsus/ Theopharastus)
62. ……………………..(1632-1723) made first i/v inj. In dogs.—(Christopher wren)
63. …………………………………, considered as father of cardio vascular pharmacology
he published the monograph on Digitalis.-( William Withering)
64. ………………………..antagonist binds irreversibly with receptors site or another site
that inhibit the response to the agonist . action of antagonist can not overcome by increasing
the quantity of agonist .—( Non competitive)

CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWERS FROM THE GIVEN ONES

1.Ability of the drug to produce effects is called as a) affinity b) efficacy c) potency d)
selectivity.—(b)
2. Acidic drugs re generally binds with a) plasma albumin b) plasma globulin c) glycoprotein
d) alpha 1 acid glycoprotein.-( a)
3. Activated charcoal prevent the gastric absorption of poisons a) chemical antagonism b)
competitive antagonism c) physical antagonism d) dispositional antagonism.-( c )
4. Acetylation of amino group does not take place in a) dogs b) pigs c) rabbits d) cats --(a)
5. Active transport of drugs is a) against concentration gradient b) require energy c) inhibited
by metabolic poison d) all the above –(d)
6. Agonist have a) efficacy and affinity b) only affinity c) only efficacy d) none of the
above.-(a)
7. Aglycon can be released from the cardiac glycoside by a) acid hydrolysis b) enzymatic
hydrolysis c) both a and b d) none of the above.-(c)
8. All the following are non microsomal enzyme except a) alcohol dehydrogena se b)
monoamine oxidase c) glucuronidase d) xanthine oxidase -( c)
9. Among various plant active principles one of the following is most potent. a) glycoside b)
alkaloids c) saponins d) resins.-(b)
10. Antagonist have a) affinity and intrinsic activity b) no intrinsic activity but have affinity
c) no affinity but have intrinsic activity d) no affinity and intrinsic activity.—(b)
11. A person taking drug A had the tendency to increase the dose and on deprival of the drug
he developed withdrawal symptoms. This may be called as a) habituation b) tolerance c)
addiction d) allergy e) anaphylaxis.-( c)
12. Atropinase enzyme is comparatively more in a) sheep b) rats c) cattle d) rabbits.-( d)
13. Before marketing of a drug the following study has to be completed a) acute toxicity b)
chronic toxicity c) either of the above d) both the above.—( d)
14. Bio-availability is 100% with one of the following routes: a) IM b) Sc c) oral d) IV .—(d)
15. Bioavailability is 100% in the following route of administration a) intra peritoneal b)
intra muscular c) sub cutaneous d) none of the above –(d)
16. Carbolic acid is chemically : a) phenol b) cresol c) benzalkonium d) none.—(a) 17.
Capacity for sulphate conjugation during drug metabolism is limited in a) cats b) dogs c) pigs
d) all the animals—( c)
18. Elimination of a drug from the body refers to a) biotransformation b) excretion c)
biotransformation and excretion d) half life --(c)
19. Excitatory post synaptic potential is characterized by a) influx of sodium ion b) influx of
potassium ion c) influx of chloride ion d) efflux of sodium ion --(a)
20. Following drugs are examples for caustics. a) silver nitrate b) phenol c) trichloro acetic
acid d) all the above .-(d)
21. Following are examples for synaptic transmitters which act via ion channels a) acetyl
choline at nicotinic receptors b) glycine on GABA receptors. c) both .-(c)
22. Following lotions have astringent action.- a) Boric acid lotion b) White lotion c)
Potassium permanganate lotion d) all the above.-(b)
23. For the purpose of kinetic studies the following organs are included in the Central
compartments a) Blood b) ECF c) Lungs d) Liver e) Kidney f) Heart g) all the above --(G)
24. For the purpose of kinetic studies the following organs are included in the peripheral
compartment a) Muscles b) Skin c) Body fat d)all the above.—(D)
25. Germicide applied to inanimate objects are called : a) antiseptic b) detergents c)
disinfectants d) cleansing agent.--(b)
26. Germicide applied to living objects are called : a) antiseptics b) detergents c)
disinfectants d) cleansing agent.--(a)
27. Hundred percent bioavailability is possible with a) i/v route b) i/m route c) s/c route
d)oral route.-(a)
28. Hydroalcoholic solution that is sweetened and flavoured is known as a) mixture b)
syrups c) spirits d) elixir --(d)
29. In the kidney drug is excreted by a) glomerular filtration b) active tubular secretion c)
passive tubular reabsorption d) all the above. –(d)
30. IP3 generation in the cell increases the concentration of a) calcium ions b) ATP c) cAMP
d) all the above.-(a)
31. Larger the therapeutic index greater is the safety of the drug.- a) true b) false c) not
known.-(
32. Magnesium sulphate is generally administered for therapeutic purpose by a) I/v route for
hypomagnesemia, Euthanesia b) i/m route for muscle relaxation c) Oral as purgative d) all
the above—(d)
33. Margin of safety is a)LD 50/ED 50 b) LD 25 /ED 75 c)LD 1 / ED 99 d ) LD 99/ ED 1.-
(a)
34. Non competitive antagonist have a) high affinity b) have covalent bonds c) irreversible
bonding d) all the above.-(d)
35. One of the following lotion is having astringent action a) boric lotion b) white lotion c)
potassium permanganate lotion d) none of the above .-(b)
36. Oral route of administration is a) safe and convenient, economical b) may require the
drug to be mixed in the food to facilitate administration c) food may stimulate bile secretion
which will help to dissolve lipophilic drug to increase absorption .d) all the above are
correct.-(d)
37. One of the following drugs can be recommended as a styptic a) ferric chloride b)
vitamine K c) calcium gluconate d) sodium citrate.-(a)
38. Of all the plant origin active principles, one of the following is most potent. A)
glycosides b) saponins c) alkaloids d) resins.-( c)
39. One of the following is nitrogenous in nature: a) glycosides b) resins c) gums d) alkaloids
.-( d)
40. Pharmacokinetic deals with study of drugs on a) absorption b) distribution c)
biotransformation d) excretion e) all the above.-(e)
41. Plasma protein bound drugs a) is readily excreted by kidney b) rapidly leaves circulation
c) act as a reservoir d) is rapidly metabolised.-(c)
42. Posology is the study of a) dosage b) weight c) measures d) all the above -(a)
43. Re distribution is observed with drugs which are a) highly lipid soluble b) highly water
soluble c) acidic d) basic -( a)
44. Some of the following drugs induce drug metabolizing enzymes a) barbiturate b) chloral
hydras c) carbamazepine d) Griseofulvin e) Ethanol f) all the above.-(F)
45. Study of action of drugs in the absence of disease is called as: a) pharmacodynamics b)
pharmacotherapeutics c) pharmacokinetics d) pharmacognosy.-( b)
46. The phenomenon of acute development of tolerance to drug is known as a) tachyphylaxis
b) super sensitivity c) hyper sensitivity d) none of the above .-(a)
47. The binding forces of a drug to receptors are a) hydrogen bond b) covalent bond c)
vanderwal bond d) all the above.-(d)
48. The antagonism is of a) receptor antagonism b) physiologic antagonism c) chemical
antagonism. d) all the above.-(d) 49. The binding forces of drug to receptors are a) hydrogen
b) covalent c) vanderval d) all the above.- (d)
50. The ratio of LD 50 and ED50 is called as a) dose ratio b) therapeutic index c) potency d)
safe dose —( b)
51. The rate of absorption of a drug varies with the root of administration. They are in the
order fast to slow in one of the following example. a) IV > IP >IM >SC b) IP > IM > oral >
SC c) IM > IP > SC > oral d) IM> SC> IP>oral.—(a)
52. The nitrogenous substances of plants with suffix “ine” are called as: a) alkaloid b)
glycosides c) tannins d) saponins.-( a)
53. The best examplefor difference in action because of change in root of administrationi is
a) ketamine b) thiopentone c) sodium salicylate d) magnesium sulphate.-( d)
54. The drug which is a phosphodiesterase type V inhibitor that is used in dogs to decrease
the pulmonary artery pressure is a) nedocromil sodium b) pirbuterol c) metaproterenol d)
sildenafil - ( d) 55. The development of hypo reactivity after the administration of a few
dosage of drug is termed as a) tachyphylaxis b) supersensitivity c) hypersensitivity d) none of
the above --( a)
56. The binding of drugs to tissue proteins or plasma proteins means increase in duration of
action of a drug. a) true b) false c) not yet known.-( a)
57. The following are the signal transduction mechanism in cells a) ligand gated channel b)
G-proteins c) protein tyrosine kinase d) all the above.—(d)
58. The first chemotherapeutic agent other than plant origin include a) Mercury b) Copper c)
Zinc d) Iron --(a)
59. The local effect of drugs can be prolonged by vasoconstriction a) true b) false c) not
known.-( a) 60.The nature of medication is concealed from the patient a) placebo effect b)
single blind c) double blind d) none of the above ---( b)
61. The passage of lipid soluble non electrolyte is high in a) acidic pH b) basic pH c)
independent of pH d) none of the above ---( c)
62. The mechanism by which most of the drugs are absorbed is a) simple diffusion b) active
transport c) pinocytosis d) facilitated diffusion.-(a)
63. The phenomenon of acute development of tolerance to drug is known as a) super
sensitivity b) tachyphylaxis c) hyper sensitivity d) none of the above.-(b)
64. Which one of the following enzymes influences the t 1/2 of aspirin in domestic animals.
a) glutathione reductase b) glucuronyl transferase c) N-acetyl transferase d) cyclooxygenase.-
(b)
65. Volatile drug may be best administered by a) oral route b) inhalation c) sublingual d)
intrathecal administration.-( b)
66. Which of the following drugs produces qualitatively different responses when given by
different routes a) sodium bicarbonate b) folic acid c) magnesium sulphate d) barium
chloride.-(c)

Autonomic nervous system

1.The organic acid from which Acetyl choline is synthesized. -(Acetic acid)
2.The most important parasympathetic nerve in the body.-(Vagus)
3.The 10th cranial nerve.- (Vagus)
4.The parasympathetic nerve which supply to all thoracic and abdominal viscera- (Vagus)
5.The autonomic division of nerve supply to the sweat glands in cattle.-( Sympathetic)
6.The mediator of sweat glands in cattle. -(Acetyl choline)
7.Two cholinesterase other than acetylcholinesterase. -( Butyryl choline , Propionyl choline)
8.Two synthetic reversible cholinesterase inhibitor. -( Neostigmine, Carbamates)
9.Two non depolarising muscle relaxants.- ( Tubocurarine, Gallamine)
10.Two centrally acting muscle relaxants.-( Mephenesin, Methocarbamol)
11.Two drugs which will interact with neuromuscular blocking agents and relaxes the
muscles. -( Ether, Streptomycin, Magnesium, Kanamycin, Neomycin)
12.Two depolarizing muscle relaxants.- ( Decamethonium , Suxamethonium, Scoline,
Brevadil)
13.Two Catecholamines. -(Adrenaline, Nor adrenaline , Dopamine.)
14.Two mixed acting sympathomimetics.- ( Ephedrine, Mephenteramine)
15.The major class of adrenergic receptors. -(Alpha and Beta.)
16.Two selective α 2 adrenergic receptor antagonist .- ( Yohimbine, Atipamezole)
17.Three natural catecholamines. -( Epinephrine, Nor epinephrine, Dopamine)
18.Three non selective Apha adrenergic receptor antagonist.-( Phenoxy benzamine,
Tolazoline, Ergotamine)
19.Two repartitioning agent in animals.- (Rectopamine , Zilpaterol)
20.Two selective α adrenergic receptor antagonist.-( Prazosin, Indoramin, Ketanserin)
21.The most potent α 2 agonist available for use in veterinary medicine.- ( Meditomidine)
22.The enzyme which synthesize Acetyl choline.- ( Choline acetylase)
23.The enzyme which hydrolyze Acetyle choline. -( Acetylcholine esterase).
24.The precursor of nor epinephrine.- ( Dopamine)
25.The scientific name of Henbane.-( Hyoscyamus niger)
26.The active ingredient of pralidoxime.-( 2 PAM)
27.The other nameof Ergotism related to a Saint - ( St. Antony‘s fire)
28.The toxic principle in Mushroom.-(Muscarine)
29.The pre-junctional adrenergic receptor.- ( Alpha 2)
30.The parasympathetic receptors present in chromaphin cells .-(Nicotinic)
31.Three noncatecholamines.- ( Ephedrine, Amphetamine, Salbutamol,
Phenylephrine,Tyramine)
32.Three plants which are having cholinergic blocking principles.- ( Atropa belladonna,
Datura stramonium, Hyoscyamus niger)
33.Toxin responsible for the mushroom poisoning.-(Muscarine)
34.Two anti-nematodal drugs with nicotinic action.- (Levamisole, Pyrantal.)
35.Two basic types of cholinergic receptors.- ( Nicotinic and Muscarinic)
36.Two putative neurohumoral transmitters.- ( Histamine, 5HT, Purine and related
compounds to ATP)
37.Two Ergotoxin group of alkaloids.-( Ergocrystine, Ergocryptine)
38.Two intracellular second messenger.- ( cAMP, cGMP) 39.Two natural alpha blockers.- (
Ergot , Yohimbine)
40.Two non catecholamine adrenergic drug.-( Ephedrine, Amphetamine, Salbutamol,
Tyramine,Phenylephrine)
41.Two neurotransmitters with orthodihydrobenzene nucleus.-( Dopamine, Epinephrine, Nor
epinephrine)
42.Two β 1 blocker.- ( Atenolol, Sotalol, Practolol, Metalol)
43.Two MAO inhibitor.- (Pargylin, Amphetamine)
44.Two drugs which blocks both β 1 and β 2.- ( Propranolol, Diacetolol, Levobanolol)
45.Two nondepolarising muscle relaxant.- ( Tubocurarine, Gallamine, Pancuronium)
46.Two cholinergic stimulant alkaloids.- ( Pilocarpine, Muscarine, Arecoline)
47.Two quarternary ammonium compound .-( Hexamethonium, Penta methonium)
48.Two reversible cholinesterase inhibitor.- ( Physostigmine, Neostigmine, Carbamates)
49.Two parasympathomimetics used to control blood sucking parasites.- ( Ronnel, Coral,
Taban, Sarin)
50. Two cholinesterase reactivators .-( 2 Pyridine Aldoxime Methyl iodide , Mono Iso
Nitroso Acetate , Di Acetyl Monoxime)
51.Two nerve gases.- (HETP, TEPP, OMPA, DFA)
52.The active ingredient of ISUPREL . - (Isoproterenol)
53.The active ingredient of Carbachol.- ( Carbamyl choline)
54.The active ingredient of Dexedrine . -( Dexamphetamine).
55.The other name for Atropa belladonna. -( Deadly night shade)
56.The releasing material at the end of preganglionic sympathetic nerves .- ( Acetyl choline)
57.The receptors for Acetyl choline.- ( Muscarinic and Nicotinic)
58.The vitamin used in the synthesis of neuromuscular transmitter of skeletal muscle.-
(Choline)
59.The vitamin necessary for the synthesis of parasympathetic mediator.- ( Choline)
60.The most potent alpha receptor stimulant.-( Epinephrine)

State True or False

1.Autonomic nervous system is absolutely essential for the action of Heart.- (F)
2.Action of d –tubocurarine can be antagonized by anti cholinesterase like neostigmine or
edrophonium.-(T)
3.Acetyl choline is synthesized from choline and Acetyl Co-enzyme A.-(T)
4.Adrenaline is the most potent alpha receptor stimulant. -(T)
5.Adrenaline will act on sphinctur muscles of Eye. -(F)
6.Acetyl choline causes mydriasis.- (F)
7.Acetyl choline is seen only at the post ganglionic parasympathetic nerve endings.-(F)
8.Activated charcoal can be used as an oral antidote for Atropine.- (T)
9.Alpha receptors are excitatory in intestine.- (F)
10.Along with Magnesium less quantity of Brevadil should be used.- (T)
11.Along with Aminoglycoside antibiotics less quantity of Neuro muscular blocking agent
has to be used. -(T)
12.Alpha methyl Dopa is not destroyed by MAO.-(T)
13.At the end of pre-ganglionic fibers Acetyl choline is released.-(T)
14.Autonomic nervous system is absolutely essential for the action of various organs-( F)
15.Atropine is contra indicated in glaucoma. -(T)
16.Atropine protect the effectar cells from the shower of Acetyl choline.- (T)
17.Atropine is more active when vagal tone is low.- (F)
18.Atropine blocks the sensory buds topically.-(T)
19.Atropine blocks the sensory buds of the skin.- (T)
20.Atipamezole is an Alpha 2 agonist.- (T)
21.Atipamezole can be used to reverse the effect of medetomidine, Amitraz and Xylazine.-
(T)
22.A reduced quantity of neuromuscular blocking agent has to be prescribed while on
Magnesium therapy.-(T)
23. 4- Amino pyridine can antagonize the action of Tubocurarine.- (T)
24.Baclofen is a GABA derivative that acts as agonist on pre-synaptic GABA B Receptors.-
(T)
25.Baclofen suppress poly synaptic and monosynaptic pathway to relax muscles.- (T)
26.By stimulation of Beta receptors on adipose tissue adrenaline decreases the concentration
of free fatty acids in blood.- (F)
27.Dinoflagellate toxin, Snakevenom toxin and tick paralysis toxin acts similar to Botulinum
toxin on neuro muscular junction.-(T)
28.Guanidine reverses the neuro muscular block caused by Botulinum toxin.-(T)
29.Canal of Schleman is blocked by Atropine.- (T)
30.Catecholamine have primarily direct action.-(T)
31.Catecholamine with OH group only on 3rd position is indirectly acting compound-(F)
32.Catecholamine with OH group only on 4th position is directly acting compound- (F)
33.Dantrolene produce muscle relaxation by interfering with calcium release from
sarcoplasmic reticulum.-(T)
34.Dantrolene produce muscle relaxation by depression of polysynaptic path way in
internuncial spinal neuron.- (F)

35.Denervation does not reduce the effect of indirectly acting sympathomimetics.- (F)
36.De polarising muscle relaxants will attach to MM. receptors and depolarize the post
junctional membrane.-(T)
37.Dogs are highly susceptible to Tubocurarine, a neuro muscular blocking agent.-(F)
38.Dopamine deficiency can be treated with L–Dopa.-(T)
39. d-isomer of curare is less active than l –isomer.- (F)
40.Histamine release is one of the important side effect of Tubocurarine.-(T)
41. l- isomer of tubocurarine is more active than d isomer.- (F)
42.Epinephrine is the most potent Beta receptor stimulant.-(F)
43.Ergot contain only three alkaloids.- (F)
44.Ergot is an alkaloid obtained from a fungus. -(F)
45.Ergot is obtained from rye plant.- (F)
46.Ergometrine mainly acts on Uterus.- (T)
47.Ergotoxin will comes under ergocristin group of alkaloids.-(F)
48.Generally Alpha receptors are excitatory in nature .-(T)
49.Gallamine is a synthetic short acting neuro muscular blocking agent.- (F)
50.Glycopyrrolate, a synthetic quarterinary ammonium compound is used as pre anesthetic
agent.-(T)
51.Hyoscine is a CNS suppressant at therapeutic dose-(T)
52.High dose of Nicotine initially stimulate parasympathetic and sympathetic ganglia and
then paralyse the neuro muscular junction.-(T)
53. l- isomer of noradrenaline is more powerful. -(T)
54.Isoproterenol is a synthetic catecholamine.-(T)
55.In most tissues α receptors are excitatory and β receptors are inhibitory in nature.-(T)
56.In Intestine α receptors are inhibitory and relaxation occurs.-(T)
57.In Heart muscle β receptors are excitatory in nature.-(T) 58.In synechia Physostigmine
must be used alternatively with Atropine. -(T)
59.Levo isomer of norepinephrine is more powerful .-(T)
60.L –Dopa can easily cross Blood Brain Barrier unlike Epinephrine. -(T)
61.M1 receptors mediate gastric secretion and relaxation of lower oesophageal Sphincter.-
(T)
62.M2 receptors predominate in myocardium and some smooth muscles.-(T)
63.M3 receptors are located in smooth muscles and secretary glands.- (T)
64.M4 receptors are not found in CNS.-(F)
65.Methocarbamol is a centrally acting muscle relaxant acts by preventing the release of
Acetyl choline at neuro muscular junction.-( F)
66.Methocarbamol preferentially block convulsion due to electric shock and strychnine.-(T)
67.Mephenesin is a neuromuscular blocker with very long duration of action.-(F)
68.Mephenesin carbamate is having less duration of muscle relaxant action than
Mephenesin.-(F)
69.Magnesium interfere with release of Acetyl choline from the nerve terminals.- (T)
70.Magnesium compete with Calcium for the transport mechanism for mobilization into
nerve terminals.-(T)
71.Most of the non catecholamine have direct and indirect action.-(T)
72.Muscarinic receptor subtypes of CNS is mainly M 1 and M 2.- (T)
73.Muscarinic receptor subtypes of Autonomic ganglia is mainly M 1.-(T)
74.Muscarinic receptor subtypes of end organ is mainly M 2 .-(T)
75.Neostigmine can counteract the effect of Suxamethonium.- (F)
76.Nor epinephrine is the most potent alpha receptor stimulant.- (F)
77.Nicotinic receptors are present in chromaphin cells.- ( T)
78.Nicotine can be absorbed even through the intact skin. -(T)
79.Nicotine first stimulate and then suppress both the sympathetic and parasympathetic
autonomic ganglia. -(T)
80.Nicotine will stimulate both acceleratory and inhibitory mechanism of heart.-(T)
81.Heart rate is reduced by nicotine even though acceleratory and inhibitory mechanisms are
stimulated.-(T)
82.Nicotinic receptor subtype NM are found in neuromuscular junction.- (T)
83.Nicotinic receptor subtype NN are found in the neurons of the CNS and autonomic
ganglia.-(T)
84.Norepinephrine is equally potent as Epinephrine on Beta 1 receptors.- (T)
85.Norepinephrine is slightly less potent on Alpha receptors.- (T)
86.Nor epinephrine is the most potent Alpha receptor stimulant.- (F)
87.Orciprenaline is metabolized by COMT.- (F)
88.Octa methyl pyrophosphoramide is a nerve gas synthesized by Americans in the second
world war.- (F)
89.Organo phosphates will inactivate only acetyl choline esterase in the body.-(F)
90.Organo phosphates will inactivate acetyl choline esterase as well as Pseudo cholinesterase
in the body.-(T)
91.Para sympathetic ganglia is not far from the organ being innervated.- (T)
92.Phentolamine and Tolazoline blocks both α 1 and 2 receptors .-(T)
93.Physostigmine is a parasympathomimetic alkaloid .-(T)
94.Physostigmine can be used to overcome curariform drugs. -(T)
95.Post synaptic α 2 receptors are seen in blood vessels, Thrombocytes and CNS.-(T)
96.Post junctional adrenergic receptor is α 2. -(F)
97.Prazosine blocks only α1 receptor and not α 2. -(T)
98.Presynaptic α 2 receptor stimulation inhibits the further release of transmitters.- (T)
99.Presynaptic α 2 receptors are found at adrenergic and cholinergic nerve terminals.- (T)
100.Prazosine is used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.-(T)
101.Propantheline is a synthetic quarterinary ammonium compound having antimuscarinic
action.- (T)
102.Propantheline is used as antispasmodic and antisecretary agent in diarrhea and colitis .-
(T)
103.Propantheline is an effective drug in urinary incontinence. -(T)
104.Pseudo ephedrine is having only less CNS effect. -(T)
105.Pseudo cholinesterase is seen in various body tissues.- (T)
106.Pseudo cholinesterase is mainly found in neuromuscular junction.-(F)
107.Sympathetic de-nervation can terminate the action of direct acting adrenergic Agent.- (F)
108.Sympathetic de-nervation can terminate the action of indirectly acting adrenergic Agent.-
(T)
109.Release of adrenaline causes distant vision.- (T)
110.Rectopamine increase lypolysis.- (T)
111.Streptomycin and Brevidil have additive action on muscle relaxation.- (T)
112.Saliva is increased by pilocarpine and decreased by Arecoline.-(F)
113.Small doses of Nicotine stimulate parasympathetic ganglia. -(T)
114.Small doses of Nicotine stimulate both acceleratory and inhibitory mechanism of Heart.-
(T)
115.Radial muscles of the eye carry α1 receptors and so mydriasis with adrenaline.- (T)
116.Sweat glands receive innervations only from parasympathetic system.- (F)
117.Suxamethonium is a Non depolarizing ultra-short acting muscle relaxant.-(F)
118.Since the therapeutic index of neuromuscular blocking agents are wide supervision by a
qualified person is not necessary for administration.- (F)
119.Succinyl choline is a competitive inhibitor of Acetyl choline.- (F)
120.The neurons of the preganglionic fibers are located in paravertebral ganglia.-(F)
121.The neurons of the post gang ionic fibers are located in CNS.- (F)
122.The pre ganglionic fibers of sympathetic system is shorter than the post ganglionic
fibers.-(T)
123.The proposed mechanism of action of Dantrolene is by depression of polysynaptic
pathway in internuncial spinal neuron.- (T)
124.The mediator of sweat glands in Horse is adrenaline.-(T)
125.The centre of autonomic nervous system is pituitary.-(F)
126.To reverse the effect of xylazine in ruminants Tolazoline is effective.-(T)
127.Tolazoline is a competitive antagonist for α 1 and 2 receptors.-(T)
128.Tyramine is an indirectly acting sympatho mimetic amine. -(T)
129.Terbutaline is an orally effective β2 agonist.- (T)
130.Terbutaline is not advisable orally in horse since the absorption is very low. -(T)
131.6-Hydroxy dopamine produce anatomical peripheral sympathectomy.-(T)
132.Yohimbine promote the formation of c AMP by blocking the α 2 receptors activation.-
(T)
133.Pseudo ephedrine have no relation to Ephedrine and have more action on CNS.-(F)
134.Beta cells of pancreas posses α 1 receptors.-(F)
135.Neostigmine is a parasympathomimetic alkaloid.-(F)
136.Glycopyrrolate is aquarterinary amines having more marked antisialagogue action than
Atropine—(T)
137.Active release of Nor epinephrine from granules is mimicked by Guanithidine and
blocked by Bretylium—(T)
138.Dopamine Beta hydroxylase is blocked by Disulfiram—(T)
139.MAO is inhibited by Pargylin and Tranylcypromide.—(T)
140.Tyramine induces Nor epinephrine release by displacing it from the cytoplasmic pool but
not from the granules.---(T)
141.Benzodiazepins can raise the threshold for CNS toxicity of anaesthetics –(T)
142.Scopolamine is not superior to atropine as an antisilagogue—(F)
143.Even though Scopolamine is having superior antisilagogue action than atropine it is not
recommended because of its more marked sedation—(T)
144.GABA A receptor causes an increase in chloride conductance—(T)
145.Benzodizepins act by enhancing pre and post synaptic inhibition through GABA.(T)
146.Picrotoxin antagonise Benzodiazepins in a non competitive manner.—(T)
147.Barbiturates prolong the GABA response rather than intensifying it as in the case of
Benzodiazepins.—(T)
148.The so called ―Sleeping sponge was used to induce loss of consciousness in ancient
age.—(T)
149.Dandrolene inhibit depolarisation triggered release of calcium ion from sarcoplasmic
reticulm—(T)
150.Diamine butyric acid is a competitive inhibitor of neuronal uptake of GABA--(T)
151.Nipecotic acid is a competitive inhibitor of GABA—(T)
152.The so called ― Sleeping sponge was produced by soaking sponge in extract of opium,
Hemlock, Hyoscyamus, Lettuce etc.—(T)
153.The major site of action of local anaesthetic is receptor operated ion channels.—(T)
154.The major site of action of local anaesthetic is not voltage depended ion channels.(T)
154.One of the metabolic product of Epinephrine and Norepinephrine is Vanilic mandelic
acid.—(T)
155.Sympathetic nervous system also contain small amount of Acetyl choline along with Nor
adrenaline.—(T)
156.Adrenaline relaxes non pregnant and pregnant uterus in rats.—(T)
157.Adrenaline constrict non pregnant and pregnant uterus in rabbits.—(T)
158.Adrenaline relaxes non pregnant uterus and constrict pregnant uterus in cats.—(T)
159.Adrenaline constrict pregnant uterus and relax non pregnant uterus in humans.—(T)
160.Adrenaline fecilitate gluconeogenesis.—(T)
161.Adrenaline causes phosphorylation of Troponin and combine with calcium in heart.—(T)
162.Pseudo ephedrine is having no action on bronchi.—(T)
163.Pseudo ephedrine is used mainly as a nasal decongestant .—(T)
164.Adrenal medulla of ferocious animal is having more nor- adrenaline than other
animals.(T)
165.If autonomic fibers to an organ is disconnected the organ will slowly atrophy.---(F)
166.Noortropics will facilitate learning.—(T)
167.L DOPA and 5HT enters the brain easily.—(T)
168.Progabid is a GABA analog.—(T) 169.Tyrosine hydroxylase is not a rate limiting
enzyme.—(F)