Electronic Devices and Circuits Lab

(Subject Code- 2021307)

ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
 Experiment No.- 1
AIM: Construct the circuit and plot the VI characteristics of the PN Junction Diode, find the cut in
voltage

APPARATUS:

1. P-N Diode IN4007 - 1No.

2. Regulated Power supply (0-30V) - 1No.

3. Resistor 1KΩ - 1No.

4. Ammeter (0-20 mA) - 1No

5. Ammeter (0-200µA) - 1No.

6. Voltmeter (0-20V) - 2No.

7. Bread board

8. Connecting wires

THEORY:

A P-N junction diode conducts only in one direction. The V-I characteristics of the diode are curve
between voltage across the diode and current flowing through the diode. When external voltage is
zero, circuit is open and the potential barrier does not allow the current to flow. Therefore, the
circuit current is zero. When P-type (Anode) is connected to +ve terminal and n- type (cathode) is
connected to –ve terminal of the supply voltage is known as forward bias. The potential barrier is
reduced when diode is in the forward biased condition. At some forward voltage, the potential
barrier altogether eliminated and current starts flowing through the diode and also in the circuit.
Then diode is said to be in ON state. The current increases with increasing forward voltage.

When N-type (cathode) is connected to +ve terminal and P-type (Anode) is connected –ve
terminal of the supply voltage is known as reverse bias and the potential barrier across the junction
increases. Therefore, the junction resistance becomes very high and a very small current (reverse
saturation current) flows in the circuit. Then diode is said to be in OFF state. The reverse bias current
is due to minority charge carriers.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

MODEL GRAPH:

OBSERVATIONS:
Calcutions:

PROCEDURE:

A) FORWARD BIAS:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. for forward bias, the RPS +ve is connected to the anode of the diode and RPS –ve is
connected to the cathode of the diode
3. Switch on the power supply and increases the input voltage (supply voltage) in Steps of
0.1V
4. Note down the corresponding current flowing through the diode and voltage across the
diode for each and every step of the input voltage.
5. The reading of voltage and current are tabulated.
6. Graph is plotted between voltage (Vf) on X-axis and current (If) on Y-axis.

B) REVERSE BIAS:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram

 2. For reverse bias, the RPS +ve is connected to the cathode of the diode and RPS –ve is
connected to the anode of the diode.
3. Switch on the power supply and increase the input voltage (supply voltage) in Steps of 1V.
4. Note down the corresponding current flowing through the diode voltage across the diode
for each and every step of the input voltage.
5. The readings of voltage and current are tabulated
6. Graph is plotted between voltage (VR) on X-axis and current (IR) on Y-axis.

RESULT:

Experiment No.- 2
Aim- Construct the circuit and plot the characteristics of a Zener Diode. Find the breakdown
voltage

APPARATUS:

1. Zener diode - 1No.

2. Regulated Power Supply (0-30v) - 1No.

3. Voltmeter (0-20v) - 1No.

4. Ammeter (0-20mA) - 1No.

5. Resistor (1K ohm)

6. Bread Board
7. Connecting wires

THEORY:

A zener diode is heavily doped p-n junction diode, specially made to operate in the break down
region. A p-n junction diode normally does not conduct when reverse biased. But if the reverse bias
is increased, at a particular voltage it starts conducting heavily. This voltage is called Break down
Voltage. High current through the diode can permanently damage the device.

To avoid high current, we connect a resistor in series

with zener diode. Once the diode starts conducting it maintains almost constant voltage across the
terminals whatever may be the current through it, i.e., it has very low dynamic resistance. It is used
in voltage regulators.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
OBSERVATIONS:

PROCEDURE:

A) Static characteristics:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. The Regulated power supply voltage is increased in steps.
3. The Forward current (lf), and the forward voltage (Vf.) are observed and then noted in the
tabular form.
4. A graph is plotted between Forward current (lf) on X-axis and the forward voltage (Vf) on
Y-axis.

B) Load Regulation characteristics:

1. Connect the Circuit as per the Circuit Diagram on the bread board.
 2. By changing the load Resistance, kept constant I/P Voltage at 5V, 10 V, 15 Vas per table
given below. Take the readings of O/P Voltmeter (Vo=Vz).
3.Now by changing the I/P Voltage, kept constant load Resistance at 1K, 2K, 3K as per table
given below. Take the readings of O/P Voltmeter (Vo=Vz).

PRECAUTIONS:

1. The terminals of the zener diode should be properly identified

2. While determined the load regulation, load should not be immediately shorted.

3. Should be ensured that the applied voltages & currents do not exceed the ratings of the diode.

RESULT:

Experiment No.- 3
Aim: Construct a Half Wave Rectifier and obtain regulation characteristics – Without Filters and
with Filters. Compare the results

APPARATUS:

Digital Multimeter - 1No.

Transformer (6V-0-6V) - 1No.

Diode, 1N4007 - 1No.

Capacitor 100μf/470 μf - 1No.

Decade Resistance Box - 1No.

Breadboard CRO and CRO probes Connecting wires

THEORY:

In Half Wave Rectification, When AC supply is applied at the input, only Positive Half Cycle appears
across the load whereas, the negative Half Cycle is suppressed. How this can be explained as follows:

During positive half-cycle of the input voltage, the diode D1 is in forward bias and
conducts through the load resistor RL. Hence the current produces an output voltage across the load
resistor RL, which has the same shape as the +ve half cycle of the input voltage

During the negative half-cycle of the input voltage, the diode is reverse biased and there is
no current through the circuit. i.e., the voltage across RL is zero. The net result is that only the +ve
half cycle of the input voltage appears across the load. The average value of the half wave rectified
o/p voltage is the value measured on dc voltmeter.

For practical circuits, transformer coupling is usually provided for two reasons.

1. The voltage can be stepped-up or stepped-down, as needed.

2. The ac source is electrically isolated from the rectifier. Thus preventing shock hazards in the
secondary circuit

Theoretical calculations for Ripple factor:

Without Filter:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
MODEL WAVEFORMS:

A WAVEFORMS:

PROCEDURE:

1.Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2.Connect the primary side of the transformer to ac mains and the secondary side to the rectifier
input.
 3.By the multimeter, measure the ac input voltage of the rectifier and, ac and dc voltage at the
output of the rectifier.

4.Find the theoretical value of dc voltage by using the formula, Vdc=Vm/П Where, Vm=2Vrms,
(Vrms=output ac voltage.)

5.The Ripple factor is calculated by using the formula r = ac output voltage/dc output voltage.

REGULATION CHARACTERSTICS:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. By increasing the value of the rheostat, the voltage across the load and current flowing through
the load are measured.

3. The reading is tabulated.

4. From the value of no-load voltages, the %regulation is calculated using the formula, %Regulation =
[(VNL-VFL) /VFL]*100

PRECAUTIONS:

1. The primary and secondary side of the transformer should be carefully identified

2. The polarities of all the diodes should be carefully identified.

3. While determining the % regulation, first full load should be applied and then it should be
decremented in steps

RESULT:
 Experiment No.- 4

Aim: Construct a Full Wave Rectifier and obtain regulation characteristics – Without Filters and with
Filters. Compare the results

APPARATUS:

Digital multimetersMultimeter - 1No.

Transformer (6V-0-6V) - 1No. Diode, 1N4007 - 2No.

Capacitor 100μf/470 μf - 1No.

Decade Resistance Box - 1No.

Breadboard

CRO and CRO probes

Connecting wires

THEORY:

The circuit of a center-tapped full wave rectifier uses two diodes D1&D2. During positive half cycle of
secondary voltage (input voltage), the diode D1 is forward biased and D2 is reverse biased. So the
diode D1 conducts and current flows through load resistor RL.

During negative half cycle, diode D2 becomes forward biased and D1 reverse
biased. Now, D2 conducts and current flows through the load resistor RL in the same direction.
There is a continuous current flow through the load resistor RL, during both the half cycles and will
get unidirectional current as show in the model graph. The difference between full wave and half
wave rectification is that a full wave rectifier allows unidirectional (one way) current to the load
during the entire 360 degrees of the input signal and half-wave rectifier allows this only during one
half cycle (180 degree).
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

A) FULL WAVE RECTIFIER WITHOUT FILTER:

B) FULL WAVE RECTIFIER WITH FILTER:

MODEL WAVEFORMS:
WITHOUT FILTER:

PROCEDURE

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Connect the ac mains to the primary side of the transformer and the secondary side to the
rectifier.

3. Measure the ac voltage at the input side of the rectifier.

4. Measure both ac and dc voltages at the output side the rectifier.

5. Find the theoretical value of the dc voltage by using the formula Vdc = 2Vm/П

6. Connect the filter capacitor across the load resistor and measure the values of Vac and Vdc at the
output.

PRECAUTIONS:

1. The primary and secondary side of the transformer should be car

efully identified.

2. The polarities of all the diodes should be carefully identified

RESULT:
 Experiment No.- 5
Aim- Construct a Bridge Rectifier and obtain regulation characteristics – Without Filters and with
Filters

Overview
Filter:

The full-wave rectifier circuit with capacitor filter is shown in Fig. 3. The smoothing capacitor
converts the full-wave rippled output of the rectifier into a smooth dc output voltage. The detailed
description of its filtering action is already explained in half-wave rectifier handout. Two important
parameters to consider when choosing a suitable a capacitor are its working voltage, which must be
higher than the no-load output value of the rectifier and its capacitance value, which determines the
amount of ripple that will appear superimposed on top of the dc voltage.

Apart from rectification efficiency, the main advantages of a full-wave bridge

rectifier is that it has a smaller ac ripple value for a given load and a smaller smoothing capacitor
than an equivalent half-wave rectifier. The amount of ripple voltage that is superimposed on top of
the dc supply voltage by the diodes can be virtually eliminated by adding other improved filters such
as a pi-filter.

Circuit components/Equipments:

(i) A step-down transformer,

(ii) 4 junction diodes,
(iii) 3 Load resistors,
(iv) Capacitor
(v) Oscilloscope
(vi) Multimeters
(vii) Connecting wires
(viii) (viii) Breadboard.

Procedure:

i) Configure the full-wave rectifier circuit as shown in the circuit diagram. Note down all the
values of the components being used.

ii) Connect the primary side of the transformer to the a.c. Mains and secondary to the input of
the circuit.

iii) Measure the input a.c. voltage (Vac) and current (Iac) and the output a.c. (Vac) and d.c. (Vdc)
voltages using multimeter for at least 3 values of load resistor (Be careful to choose proper
settings of multimeter for ac and dc measurement).
iv) Feed the input and output to the oscilloscope (we will use oscilloscope here only to trace the
output waveform) and save the data for each measurement. BE CAREFUL NOT TO MEASURE THE
INPUT AND OUTPUT VOLTAGES SIMULTANEOUSLY.

v) Multiply the Vac at the input by √2 to get the peak value and calculate Vdc Using the formula
Vdc = 2Vmax/ π. Compare this value with the measured Vdc at the output.

vi) Calculate the ripple factor and efficiency.

vii)Connect the capacitor across the output for each load resistor. Measure the output a.c. and
d.c. voltages once again and calculate the ripple factor. Trace the input and output waveforms in
oscilloscope and notice the change. (If time permits you could also use different values of
capacitors and study the output)

Observations:

vi) Code number of diode = ________

vii)Input Voltage: Vac = _________ Volt

Results:
 Experiment No.- 6
Aim: Obtain the characteristics of DIAC and TRIAC

Theory:
Graph:
 Experiment No.- 7
Aim: Simulate half wave, full wave and bridge rectifier using simulation tool like PSpice/ Orcad/
Multisim.

Introduction to Rectifiers in PSpice

A rectifier is an electrical term for a circuit that converts an AC (alternating current)
signal to a DC (direct current) signal. In simple words, a circuit that can convert AC
to DC is known as a rectifier. The opposite of a rectifier is an inverter. Two main
types of simple rectifiers are:

 Half-wave rectifier
 Full-wave rectifier
Half Wave Rectifier

A half-wave rectifier consists of a single diode and a load resistance. It only allows
the positive part of an AC signal, and during the negative half cycle, the diode will act
as reverse bias, and the voltage at the output resistance will be zero.

Full Wave Rectifier

In a full-wave rectifier, four diodes are connected in the form of a bridge (that’s why
it’s called a bridge rectifier). The two diodes allow the positive half cycle of the AC
signal to pass, and the other two diodes change the direction of the negative half
cycle. At the output resistor, it also appears as a positive cycle, and we get a
pulsating DC, as we will see in the simulation part.

Full Wave and Half Wave Rectifiers in PSpice

Let’s design a full-wave rectifier first, as it is the most complex one. Open the
PSPICE design manager on the PC by typing design manager in the search bar.
From the design manager, click on the run schematic button to open a new blank
schematic, as shown in the figure below.
After opening the new schematic, before jumping into designing, first save the
schematic by clicking on the file button at the top left corner and then
selecting save as so that we can access it anytime in the future. Refer to the
figure below.

In the get new part window, type “d”. It will display a list of diodes available in
PSPICE. From that list, select D1N4002 (a simple diode), as shown in the
figure below.,
After selecting the diode, place four diodes on the schematic we created
previously in such a manner that each of the two diodes is in series with each
other and is in parallel with another pair of diodes already in series. Refer to
the figure below to see the arrangement of the diodes in a full-wave rectifier.

Again, open the get new part window, and in the pat name block type Vsin,
select the supply from the list given, and then click on Place & Close as
shown in the figure below.
Place the component in the circuit diagram, and again open the Get New Part
window. In the Part Name block type R, select the resistor to be used as a
load from the list given, and then click on Place & Close as shown in the
figure below.
The components placed in the schematic window are shown in the figure
below.

Complete Circuit Diagram

The next step is to make connections between all these components. On the
top bar of the schematic window, select the place wire option and connect all
the components with the wire as shown in the figure below.
If we are interested in checking the voltage on a specific wire in spite of
checking it at a node, double click on the wire, and in the window that appears
as a result, we will type the name of the wire to label it with, as shown in the
figure below.
Full Wave Rectifiers in PSpice
A schematic window will appear showing the voltage across the load resistor,
as shown in the figure below
The output of the full-wave rectifier, as we have discussed previously, is
pulsating DC and not pure DC. The introduction of a capacitor in parallel with
the load resistor will result in the conversion of this pulsating DC into a pure
DC signal. From the graph above, it is obvious that the signal at the load
resistor is unidirectional, i.e., no part of the signal is below the 0 line of the
graph (negative), which implies that the rectifier is working properly.

Half Wave Rectifiers in PSpice

As we have placed the parts in the case of a full-wave rectifier, do the same
with a half-wave rectifier. Adjust the input settings and the analysis setup
settings, and simulate the circuit. The output of the half-wave rectifier is shown
in the figure below.
 Experiment No.- 8
Aim: Develop a simulation model for Voltage Series and Voltage Shunt Feedback Amplifiers

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

THEORY:
When any increase in the output signal results into the input in such a way as to causethe
decrease in the output signal, the amplifier is said to have negative feedback.The
advantages of providing negative feedback are that the transfer gain of the amplifierwith
feedback can be stabilized against variations in the hybrid parameters of the transistor or
the parameters of the other active devices used in the circuit. The most advantage of the ne
gativefeedback is that by proper use of this, there is significant improvement in the
frequency responseand in the linearity of the operation of the amplifier. This disadvantage
of the negative feedback isthat the voltage gain is decreased.
In Voltage-Series feedback, the input impedance of the amplifier is decreased and theoutput
impedance is increased. Noise and distortions are reduced considerably.
OBSERVATIONS:
VOLTAGE GAIN:
MODEL WAVEFORM

PRECAUTIONS:
1.While taking the observations for the frequency response, the input voltage must be
maintainedconstant at 20mV.
2.The frequency should be slowly increased in steps.
3.The three terminals of the transistor should be carefully identified.
4.All the connections should be correct

RESULT:
he effect of negative feedback (Voltage -Series Feedback) on the amplifier is observed.The
voltage gain and frequency response of the amplifier are obtained. Also gain-
bandwidth product of the amplifier is calculated.
 Experiment No.- 9
Aim: Develop circuits for Voltage Series and Voltage Shunt Feedback Amplifiers and obtain output
plots. Compare the results with the simulation model.