Cswip RI General

Radiographic Interpreter – Coursework
Radiographic Interpreter – Coursework
NDT2
NDT2 - 1 Copyright © TWI

RI (General
RI coursework 1 (General Part)
1 X-ray radiation can:

Ionise matter
Propagate through matter
Expose the film material
All of the above
2 What indicates the number of protons in an

atom? Atomic number
Mass number
Density number
Skerik number
3 Which material is the

heaviest? Tin
Uranium
Steel
Copper
4 Which of the particles is

heaviest? Proton
Electron
Beta
particle
Alpha particle
5 Electromagnetic radiation can

be: Visible light
X-ray
Gamma ray
All of the above
6 Short wavelength radiation

has: Low penetrating ability
High energy
Short life-time
Red colour
7 A difference in material thickness will be shown on a radiograph

as: Difference in thickness
Difference in exposure time
Difference in optical density
Difference in shape

RI (General
8 Which of the following is a property of ionising

radiation Propagates with velocity of 300,000 km/s
Can be focused by glass lens
Can be reflected by mirror
All are properties of ionising radiation
9 Which of the following has an influence on the absorption ability of a material?

Thickness of the material
Density of the material
Energy of the radiation
All of the above
10 Which material can be

ionised? Gases
Liquids and gases
Solids
All of the above
11 What is usually NOT part of an

atom? Photon
Proton
Electron
Neutron
12 High energy of radiation

enables: Higher speed
Better penetration ability
Lighter colour
Answers (a) and (b) are correct
13 Which of the following has the highest penetrating

ability? Alpha particles
Beta particles
Marble particles
Gamma photons
14 Wavelength of X-rays is related

to: Penetration ability
Energy
Speed

RI (General
15 Which of the following is NOT a weld

defect? Crack
Pore
Frilling
Undercut
16 What is monochromatic radiation?

Radiation which has just one wavelength
Radiation which has just one energy
Radiation emitted only by chrome
17 What does the “Z” number stands for?

It expresses the number of neutrons in atom
It expresses the number of protons in atom
It expresses the number of protons and neutrons in atom
It expresses the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in atom
18 What may be called an “ion”?

Another name for a photon
Atom which lost an electron
Any particle which has no charge
Atoms which have more neutrons than protons
19 What is the meaning of “192” in the name of Iridium

192? It is a count of protons
It is a count of protons and neutrons
It is a count of protons, neutrons and electrons
It is just the serial number of isotope
20 Penetrating ability of radiation is related

to: Wavelength and energy
Energy and intensity
Intensity and speed
Speed and wavelength
21 Which of the following would be considered as the most serious weld

defect? Pore
Undercut
Crack
Slag inclusion
22 What is a “nucleus”?
First element of periodic table (Hydrogen)
Another name for the atom core
Another name for the atom shell
Another name for the proton

RI (General
23 How many protons does Cobalt 60

have? 27
33
60
None
24 Which of the following materials is the

heaviest? Steel
Tungsten
Copper
Titanium
25 What does the “A” number stands for?

It expresses the number of neutrons in atom
It expresses the number of protons in atom
It expresses the number of protons and neutrons in atom
It expresses the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in atom
The following questions are addressed to full Radiographic Testing

examination candidates.
Note: PCN Radiographic interpretation examination is using full RT papers – therefore, PCN RI candidates are advised to review
these questions as well.
26 Various particles are moving with the same (very high) velocity. Which of the following
has the lowest penetration ability?
Alpha
Beta
Gamma
Delta
27 Which units may be used to measure specific the activity of

radioisotope? Curies per gram [Ci/g]
Giga Becquerels per gram [GBq/g]
Tera Becquerels per kilogram [TBq/kg]
All of the above may be used
28 The atomic number determines:

Number of protons in the
nuclei
Number of protons and neutrons in the nuclei
Element (of periodic table)
Both (a) and (c) are correct

RI (General
29 HVL of lead is 12.5 mm when using Cobalt 60. How much lead shall be used to
reduce intensity of radiation below 1% of the initial value?
2 in.
3 in.
4 in.
5 in.
30 Penetrating ability of X-rays is related to its energy and/or wavelength. Which units
are used to measure these properties?
nm and kV
Ci and nm
kV and Ci
Ci and Bq
31 Which of the following has shortest half-

life? Tm 170
Cs 137
Yb 169
Co 60
32 What is produced during collision of high velocity electron with

material? Gamma ray
Beta particle
X-ray
All of the above
33 Which of the following combination of parameters will the most probably secure the
best contrast?
High kV, high mA and long exposure
Low kV, high mA and long exposure
High kV, high mA and short exposure
Low kV, low mA and long exposure
34 Which of the following has NO effect on the half value

layer? Energy of radiation
Inspected material
Source type
Film type and source activity
35 What is “specific activity”?

Activity of radioisotope per unit of its mass
Activity specific to given set of set-up parameters
Activity specific to radioisotope, and exposure time
Equivalent of exposure time (used for comparison of Gamma ray with X-ray)

RI (General
RI Coursework 2 (General Part)
1 If the energy of radiation is increased, then contrast

is: Increased – is better
Reduced – is worse
Not changed
Lost completely
2 What happens after one half-life time?

Energy is reduced to one half
Activity is reduced to one half
Exposure time reduced to one half
Size of source is reduced to one half
3 Which of the following sources has the highest penetrating

ability? X-ray (200 kV)
Selenium75
Iridium192
X-ray (350 kV)
4 Which of the following particles has a negative

charge? Alpha particles
Beta particles
Gamma rays
All of the above
5 What is the principle difference between an X-ray and a gamma ray

photon? Source of origin
Speed
Energy
Wavelength
6 Which of the following represents a greater exposure

(dose)? 10 mA per 2 minutes
5 mA per 4 minutes
1 mA per 20 minutes
All are equal
7 How can the dose of radiation (amount of photons) be

increased? By adjusting the energy (kV)
By adjusting the current
(mA) By adjusting the time
(sec) By all of the above

RI (General
8 Which of the following is the

biggest? Effective focal spot
Actual focal spot
Virtual focal spot
All have same dimensions
9 X-rays are produced at

the: Electrode
Anode
Cathode
Diode
10 What is necessary to produce X-

rays? Source of electrons
Means of acceleration of particles
Target
All of the above
11 Energy of X-rays is related to:

Size of X-ray machine
Acceleration voltage (kV)
Current (mA)
12 What can cause ionisation of a

material? X-rays
Visible light
Heat
All of above
13 Atomic number determines the:

Number of electrons
Number of protons
Number of neutrons
Number of protons and neutrons
14 The shell of an atom consists

of: Photons
Protons
Electrons
Neutrons
15 Electromagnetic radiation:
Propagates in straight lines
Propagates at the speed of light
Can sensitise film material
All are correct

RI (General
16 If the wavelength of radiation is

increased: Energy is reduced
Energy is increased
Energy is the same
All ionising radiation has same wavelength
17 How fast does ionising radiation

propagate? At the speed of light
At the speed of sound
Faster than the speed of light
It depends on the penetrating power/energy
18 What is an advantage of radiography (compared to

UT)? Can detect more defects
Provides permanent record
Can detect bigger defects
All of the above
19 If there is a cavity in an inspected object (material is missing); this will appear on

a radiograph as:
Lighter area
Darker area
Un-sharp
area
This cannot be observed on radiograph
20 If we need to increase the absorption of ionising radiation (improve the shielding),

we should:
Increase the thickness of material
Change the material (light instead of heavy)
Change the exposure time (prolong it)
Change the inspector (Level 3 instead of Level 2)
21 A weld in steel plate (thickness 42 mm) shall be inspected in order to detect slag
and porosity. What is the best choice for the inspection?
X-ray (low kV)
Gamma ray
Penetrant testing (PT)
There is no difference
22 The target (on anode) is usually made

of: Lead
Silver
Tungsten
Plutonium

RI (General
23 Which of the following has the highest penetrating

ability? Visible light
X-ray (100 kV)
Cobalt 60
Selenium 75
24 Selenium has a half-life of 120 days. Now its activity is 80 Ci. What will its activity
be after one year?
Still the same – activity is not related to half-life)
40 Ci
20 Ci
10 Ci
25 Which of the following will provide the best

contrast? Selenium 75
Iridium 192
Cobalt 60
X-ray (25 MV – Betatron)

26 Match the radioisotopes with their half-life and thickness, which may be tested with
them. For the purpose of correct answers review please record the answers in
sequence
e.g. 1Ce
1 Cobalt Co 60 A 32 days a steel, penetrated thickness 18 mm
2 Iridium Ir 192 B 74 days b steel, penetrated thickness 2 mm
3 Selenium Se 75 C 127 days c steel, penetrated thickness 50 mm
4 Ytterbium Yb 169 D 5.3 years d for calibration or measurement only
5 Thulium Tm 170 E 30 years e steel, penetrated thickness 8 mm
6 Caesium Cs 137 F 120 days f steel, penetrated thickness 120 mm
1 2 3 4 5 5
27 Which of the following describes the reduction process in developer?

Exposed silver bromide is reduced to metallic silver consuming free electrons
supplied by developer
Silver is recombined with bromide supplied by developer to
Bromide absorbs electrons supplied by developer and converts to the silver.
Reduction process is happening in fixer only.

RI (General
28 Which of the following sources is naturally occurring

radioisotope? Ytterbium Yb 169
Thulium Tm 170
Caesium Cs 137
Radium Ra 226
29 How is the film contrast indicated on an H&D

curve? It is related to film characteristic curve
only
It is on the horizontal scale
It is on the vertical scale
It is indicated by gradient of the curve
30 Concentration of which chemical is usually maintained by

replenishment? Water
Developer
Wetting agent bath
Stop-bath
31 Energy of X-ray depends on the velocity of electrons striking the target. Which of
the following is used to increase the velocity?
Making both cathode and anode a negative magnetic pole
Manufacturing target of the lighter materials
Increasing the voltage on the filament
Increasing the voltage between cathode and anode.
32 Which of the following rules apply to placement of all IQIs (wire type, flat hole
type, step hole type, etc.)?
Lead identification of IQI must be positioned out of ROI
IQI must be parallel to the welds
IQI must be placed on the weld
IQI must be perpendicular to the weld
33 Intensity of radiation needs to be reduced to 1/8 of its original value. How much
steel needs to be used if HVL = 0.5 in. when Iridium 192 is used?
12.5 mm
1 in.
38.1 mm
2 in.
34 Which of the following statements about gamma rays is

true? They are emitted by all isotopes
They are particles ejected from disintegrated atom by high velocity
They are quanta of electromagnetic energy emitted during atom disintegration
They are fractions of disintegrated atoms

RI (General
35 Wavelength is measured
in: nm
kV
Ci
B
q

RI (General
RI Coursework 3 (General Part)
1 Which of the following is NOT a property of ionising radiation?

Can penetrate the material
Cannot be absorbed (stopped)
Can expose film material
Travel in a straight line
2 Which of the following will cause light indication on the

radiograph? Slag inclusion
Tungsten inclusion
Pore
Crack
3 What is the relationship between frequency and wavelength?

They are the same
Frequency is in direct proportion to wavelength
Frequency is in inverse proportion to wavelength
There is no relationship
4 Which of the following particles are

heaviest? Proton
Electron
Photon
5 Dense (heavy) material on an inspected object will appear on a radiographic image

as: An unsharp area
A darker area
A lighter area
This cannot be observed on a radiographic image
6 Which material is the

heaviest? Aluminium
Titanium
Steel
Copper
7 Ionisation is the:
Process when an atom loses an electron as a result of interaction with radiation
Process when a film turns darker in developer
Process when radiation is lost in a material (absorbed)
Process related to the geometry of an inspected part

RI (General
8 X-ray machines can produce:

Only one wavelength of X-ray or Gamma ray
Continuous spectrum of X-ray wavelengths
Discreet spectrum of gamma ray wavelengths
Both (a) and (b) – it depends on setting
9 How fast does ionising radiation

propagate? With the speed of light
About 300,000 km/s
About 186,000 miles per second
All are correct
10 Mass number determines:

Number of electrons
Number of protons
Number of neutrons
Number of protons and neutrons
11 What is Bremsstrahlung?
German expression for an X-ray machine
Expression for braking radiation
Name of circuit inside an X-ray generator
Surname of the inventor of X-rays
12 What is a function of the anode hood (made of

copper)? Focus X-ray beam
Protect personnel from radiation
Contain high velocity electrons; prevent them striking the vacuum envelope.
Save electric energy
13 Which of the following is a source of electrons in an X-ray

machine? Anode
Electrode
Cathode
Diode
14 Which of the following sources has the highest

energy? X-rays produced by X-ray machine
X-rays produced by betatron
Gamma rays produced by Selenium 75
Gamma rays produced by Iridium 192
15 Which of the following materials needs the highest energy for

inspection? 10 mm thick aluminium plate
10 mm thick titanium plate
10 mm thick steel plate
10 mm thick copper plate

RI (General
16 A micro-focus X-ray source is used for the inspection

of: Standard objects
Circumferential welds on pipes
Very small objects (with geometrical magnification)
Airport security
17 What is an alpha particle?

Photon
Electron
Neutron
Two protons and two neutrons (helium nucleus)
18 A half-life of 5.3 years belongs

to: Selenium 75
Iridium 192
Beafium 53
Cobalt 60
19 Which of the following particles has no

charge? Proton
Electron
Photon
All particles have a charge
20 Iridium has a half-life of 74 days. Now its activity is 80 Ci. What will its activity be
after one year?
80 Ci (activity is not related to half-life)
20 Ci
2.5 Ci
0 Ci
21 Which materials are most commonly used for the shielding of

radioisotopes? Wood and glass
Lead and plutonium
Tungsten and depleted uranium
Silver and Platine
22 Which of the following will provide the lowest

contrast? X-ray 100 kV
Selenium 75
Iridium 192
Cobalt 60
23 If the energy of radiation is reduced, then contrast

is: Increased
Reduced
Not
changed
Lost
RI (General
24 How is the penetrating ability of radiation

increased? By increasing the energy (kV)
By increasing the current (mA)
By increasing the time (sec)
Answers (a) and (c) are correct
25 Which of the following sources would be selected for inspection of 6 mm thick

steel plate?
Iridium 192
Selenium 75
X-ray 150 kV
X-ray 450 kV

26 Which of the following has single negative

charge? Alpha particle
Beta particle
Both of the above mentioned (depending on the particle speed)
None of the above
27 Sensitivity depends
on: IQI used
Length of fixing time
Unsharpness and contrast achieved
All of the above is correct
28 Ytterbium 169 has original activity 40 Ci. What will be approximately its activity
2 months later?
50 %
25 %
12.5 %
This cannot be determined information is missing
29 Which of the following is TRUE about processing?

Films must be pre-washed before immersion in developer to maintain good contact
with developer
Developer works faster when cold
If not agitated properly during the development the films will be developed
unevenly and will show darker and lighter areas
Manual processing is usually faster than automatic processing

RI (General
30 Which of the following materials is used to avoid electrons deflected from the
target hitting the X-ray tube envelope?
Lead
Glass
Beryllium
Silver
31 Where manual processing takes place, a convention is to process the film for 5
minutes in developer at 20°C while agitated. Could this processing time be altered?
No – under any circumstances
Yes, only longer time could be accepted to maintain film graininess
Yes, but only shorter time could be accepted to maintain contrast
Yes, the colder developer needs longer time and vice versa, time may usually vary
from 4 to 7 minutes
32 Which of the following statements about coarse and fine grain films is
correct? A coarse grain film has less latitude
The film with the higher gradient will have lower contrast
Fine grain film has a steeper film curve and requires longer exposure times
The coarse grain film will need a longer exposure time.
33 Optical density is calculated as logarithm of incident and transmitted light ratio.

How much light is transmitted by film with density 2.0?
1/2 of incident light
34 Calcium tungstate is used

in: Fixer
Developer
Fluorescent screens
Duplex wire IQI
35 A collimator is used to restrict the gamma ray beam in order

to; Reduce amount of scatter
Protect the personnel
Both of the above is correct
None of the above is correct

RI (General & Specific
RI Coursework 4 (General & Specific Part)
1 Why do all international standards set a minimum limit for optical

density? Because the viewer is not able to work with low density
images
For better comfort of the interpreter
For better contrast of the image
To protect the interpreters eyes
2 Which of the following interaction mechanisms will most probably occur if X-rays at
80 kV are used to inspect steel?
Absorption
Compton
scattering Pair
production Mottling
effect
3 Which of the scattering mechanisms is the most harmful to

contrast? Photo effect
Compton
scatter Pair
production
Blow-up effect
4 The half value thickness of a material is 15 mm. How much material is necessary
to reduce radiation intensity from 100 % to 25 %?
15 mm
30 mm
45 mm
60 mm
5 Excessive film fog may result

in: Better definition
Reduced contrast
Higher sensitivity
Greater unsharpness
6 Film contrast is related to:

Difference in thickness of material to be tested
Characteristic curve
Difference in density on the film
None of above
7 Which substance makes processed film

black? Thiosulfate
Silver
Carbon
Lead

8 What is the processing sequence?

Developer – stop bath – washing – drying
Fixer – developer – stop bath – drying
Developer – stop bath – fixer – washing
Developer – fixer – washing – stop bath
9 Fixer is:
Acetic (acidic)
Alcaic (alkaline)
Neutral
Positive
10 Intensifying screens should be placed:

In the cassette (in direct contact with film)
Behind the cassette with the film
On the top of the object being inspected
In the developer (to increase density)
11 Which film has the fastest “film

speed”? AGFA D4 (C3 class)
Kodak T200 (C4 class)
Fuji IX100 (C5 class)
12 What is the sensitive material in the film

emulsion? Lead
Silver-bromide
Tungsten
Gelatine
13 Size of film grain has influence

on: Film speed
Film contrast
Exposure time
needed All of the
above
14 Radiographic film is sensitive

to: X-rays
Heat
Visible light
All of the above
15 Characteristic curve of a film

defines: Film contrast
Film size
Film colour
All of the above

16 What can damage radiographic

film? Chemical dust
Light
Pressure
All of the above
17 Which source can produce the highest optical

density? X-ray (up to D = 7)
Iridium 192 (up to D = 5)
Selenium 75 (up to D = 75)
This cannot be determined
18 What happens if the fixing process is NOT performed correctly (too short
time)? Film will not be black enough
Film will have reduced contrast
It will not be possible to dry the film
Fingerprints will be more visible on the film
19 Film with fine grains (compared to coarse grain

film): Has better definition
Is faster
Is
cheaper
All of above
20 The base of the film is made

of: Glass
Polyester
Silver
Lead
21 Which film has smallest grains?

AGFA D4 (C3 class)
Kodak T200 (C4 class)
Fuji IX100 (C5 class)
There is not difference#
22 Why are lead screens used in combination with the

film? To accelerate exposure
To eliminate influence of contrast
To reduce influence of scattered radiation
Answers (a) and (c) are correct
23 How long should film be immersed in

developer? Same time as in fixer
Half of fixing time
10 minutes
According to manufacturer’s recommendation

24 Radiographic sensitivity is influenced

by: Contrast
Definition
Scattered
radiation All of the
above
25 To block (shield) a radiation beam it is necessary to use 50 mm of steel. What

thickness of aluminium plate is necessary to do the same job?
50 mm
Thicker (than 50 mm)
Thinner (than 50 mm)
~ 85 mm

26 Penumbral shadow needs to be reduced. Which screens may help to do

this? Metallic screens
Fluorescent screens
Fluorometallic screens
None of the above – all screens increase unsharpness
27 Selection of the proper IQI is based on required sensitivity. Which of the following is
NOT an acceptable approach to the selection of the IQI?
Follow the standard (which lists a wire required for given penetrated thickness)
To follow the written instruction (which dictates the IQI and wire required for the
job)
From known penetrated thickness and required sensitivity calculate the wire
diameter and select IQI with the nearest smaller wire
All the answers may be considered correct
28 Which of the following is true?

If an IQI sensitivity of 1% is achieved, a pore of diameter of 1 mm will be 100%
detected
If an IQI sensitivity of 1% is achieved, a pore reducing the material thickness by
1% will be 100% detected
1% of all pores may be detected if an IQI sensitivity of 1% is achieved
There is no direct relation between flaw sensitivity and IQI sensitivity
29 Graininess – the grain like structure on the film visible by naked eye on the
processed film is caused by:
Single grains
Clusters of the
grains Silver
bromide grains Lead
inclusions

30 Fixer is used to convert unexposed silver bromide to a water-soluble compound.

Which of the following chemicals could assist this action?
Thio-suplhate
Silver ion solution
Metal-hydrate of silver oxide
Low concentration sulphur acid
31 Which of the following is bombarded by electrons in order to produce X-

rays? Focussing cup on cathode
Hood on anode
Surface of whole target
An area on the target called the focal spot
32 Which of the following is part of developer

action? Removal of all free silver from the
emulsion
Removal of all silver-bromine crystals from the emulsion
Removal of all gelatine from the emulsion
Removal of the latent image from the emulsion
33 Compared to a standard lower energy X-ray image, a radiograph produced using

Cobalt 60 radiograph will have:
Higher contrast
Better sensitivity
Greater latitude
Smaller inherent unsharpness
34 Constant potential units are preffered as they offer:

Better sensitivity (as they have smaller focal
spot)
Shorter exposure times thanks to increased intensity of short wavelenght part of
the emitted spcectum
Better portability due to simplified electrical circuits
All of the answers may be considered correct
35 A number of specific areas may be identified on a characteristic curve of each film

(e.g. underexposure area, working area etc.). What is the appearance of an area
where the film is highly overexposed (e.g. density D >> 7)?
It is flat – parallel to the horisontal axis of H & D curve
The curve is rising with very high gradient
The curve is falling down having negative gradient, which causes solarisation
Radiographic film cannot reach density above 7

RI Coursework 5 (General & Specific Part)
1 Radiographic contrast is the:

Difference in thicknesses of a tested item
Difference in optical densities on radiographic film
Difference between fine and coarse grain film
Difference between film density before and after processing
2 What of the following does NOT influence the subject

contrast? Film used
Inspected material
Energy of radiation
All of the above
3 A half value layer (HVL)

reduces: Film size by half
Sensitivity by half
Intensity of radiation by half
Optical density by half
4 What is the minimum energy necessary for pair production in

steel? 100 kV
Selenium 75
1.02 MV
None of the above
5 Unsharpness may be caused by:

Relative movement of object during exposure
The film (inherent unsharpness)
Geometrical conditions (geometric unsharpness)
All of the above
6 Source to film distance is important because it

affects: Contrast
Unsharpness
Number of defects
Film speed
7 Radiographic contrast may be improved

by: Usage of smaller film
Usage of smaller source to film distance
Usage of smaller energy
All of the above

8 The sensitivity of radiograph is influenced

by: Optical density
Definition
Contrast
All of the above
9 Compared to the object under test, the IQI may be made

of: Radiographically similar material
Lighter material
Heavier material
10 Image sensitivity is:

Another name for definition of image
Another name for ability to detect a defect
A parameter expressing how sensitive a film is to X-rays
A parameter expressing the size of film
11 A procedure says to use 150 kV. The inspector used 250 kV. How will this change
affect the radiograph?
More defects will be visible on image
Contrast will be reduced (less wires on IQI)
Radiograph will have smaller unsharpness (more wires on IQI)
All are correct
12 If the source to film distance is increased, which is

true? Unsharpness will be reduced
Contrast will be improved
Density will be increased
Sensitivity will be reduced
13 Which geometric configuration was used

to produce this 10 x 24 cm radiograph?
SWSI
DWSI
Panoramic
Cannot be determined
14 Which of the following configurations is best for

the inspection of a small pipe (140 mm diameter, wall thickness 12 mm)?
SWSI
DWSI
DWDI – elliptical
DWDI – perpendicular

15 Which standard specifies wire type

IQIs? EN ISO 9712
EN ISO 19232-1
EN ISO 17636-1
EN ISO 10675-1
16 According to a procedure film AGFA D7 shall be used. Is it acceptable to replace it

with AGFA D5?
Yes – it is acceptable to use film with bigger grains.
No – it is not possible to replace film D7
Yes – it is acceptable to use film with smaller grains.
No – because film D5 does not exist.
17 Which source is suitable for the inspection of a 10 mm thick steel

plate? Cobalt 60
Iridium 192
X-ray 180 kV
X-ray 380 kV
18 Which location of IQI is

preferred? On the film side
On the source side
Both source or film side – there is no difference
It depends on source (X-ray or Gamma ray)
19 Which standard specifies the wires to be visible on a radiograph of the

weld? EN ISO 9712
EN ISO 19232-1
EN ISO 17636-1
EN ISO 10675-1
20 DWSI configuration is used for pipe testing. The energy should be selected on the
basis of:
One wall thickness
Penetrated thickness
External diameter
Internal diameter of pipe
21 A big scratch across a weld image is shown on a radiograph. Is this

acceptable? Yes
Yes – if the scratch is smaller than the thickness of the weld on the image
No – scratches in the region of interest are not acceptable
No – scratches are not acceptable regardless of location on the radiograph

22 A radiograph was incorrectly washed (not enough). This would result

in: Increased unsharpness
Increased sensitivity
Reduced definition
Reduced life of the radiograph
23 Which of the following is the best environment for archive of

radiographs? Cold and wet
Warm and dry
Room temperature and dry
Room temperature with controlled humidity
24 Which IQI should be used for the inspection of

brass? Aluminium IQI
Copper IQI
Titanium IQI
Steel IQI
25 Image of location markers helps to identify:

The item which is shown on radiograph (e.g. number of the weld)
Postal address where inspection was carried out
Location of defects in the weld (place to be repaired)
Location of radiograph in the archive

26 Please match the artefacts with their appearance and causes. For the purpose of
correct answers review please record the answers in sequence e.g. 1Ce
Mechanical damage to the film
1 Reticulation A Grain like structure a due to poor handling (before or
after exposure)
Two colour / multi colour
Thermal shock to film during the
2 Crimp mark B patterns visible while b
processing
viewing in reflected light
Reverse interpretation of Presence of grain clusters in
3 Grainines C image colours (positive c emulsion (normal appearance of
image) the film)
Puckered or net like
4 Dichroic fog D appearance of the film d Extremely long exposure time
emulsion
Light or dark crescent Development process continues
5 Solarisation E e
shaped indication in fixer (contamination)
1 2 3 4 5

27 Which of the following may be used to harden the

beam? Mask
Filter (at the tube port)
Screen
Collimator
28 Comparing Co 60 and Ir 192, both having the same activity of 18 Ci at the same
moment in time, which of the following statements is TRUE?
Radiation from both sources has the same energy.
The same exposure time will be necessary for inspection of 10 mm steel plate
Both sources will have activity of 9 Ci after the same time.
Activity of sources will be not the same tomorrow.
29 The pipe (50 mm diameter, 5 mm wall thickness) is to be inspected using elliptical

configuration, source size is 3 mm, required geometric unsharpness is 0,3 mm. What
is the minimum source to film distance to be used?
450 mm
500 mm
550 mm
600 mm
30 Two X-ray sets manufactured by different manufacturers are set up to the same
operation parameters (220 kV, 6 mA and 3 minutes). A steel plate (17 mm thickness)
is to be inspected using the same film. Which of the films will be darker?
The film exposed by the machine that is capable of delivering the higher kV
The film exposed by the machine that is capable of delivering the higher mA
The film exposed by the machine that is capable of delivering the longest exposure
time
This cannot be determined; even two machines of the same type produced by the
same manufacturer may have different characteristics.
31 The difference in density on radiograph is 2.0 and 3.0. What is the ratio of incident
and transmitted light when using viewer?
2/3
10
100
32 An accpetable radiograph was exposed from an SFD distance 1000 mm. The same film
is then exposed using the new SFD distance of 700 mm. which of the parameters shall
be adjusted to obtain an acceptable radiograph?
Energy shall be reduced
Coarse grain film needs to be used
Thicker lead screens need to be used
Exposure shall be redcued

33 Is there any relation between sensitivity and thickness of material being

inspected? No
Yes – directly proportional
Yes – inversely proportional
Yes (inversely proportional), but only when radioisotopes are used.
34 Which of the following may cause the radiograph to be too dark?

When the temperature of the developer is too high in combination with standard
processing time
Exhausted developer
Wrong concentration of developer
Both (a) and (c) may be correct
35 Which effect will have change of penetrating radiation energy on the shape of the film
characteristic curve?
The curve will become more flat, but the film contrast will be not changed
Shape of the curve will not be affected
The curve will be moved to the right side (film contrast will be increased)
The curve will be moved to the left side (film contrast will be reduced)

RI (Practical
RI Coursework 6 (Practical Part)
1 Double wall double image configuration was used for the inspection of a
Writtenbutt
circumferential procedure no. (diameter
weld in pipe TWI RT 123 shall
De = be available
98 mm, thickness for
t = elaboration
8 mm). Is it
acceptable? of all questions of this coursework section (1 to 25).
Yes
No – because of diameter De
No – because of thickness t
No – due to combination of diameter and thickness
2 Would two radiographs be sufficient for the 100 % inspection of a weld in a

small diameter pipe?
Yes – if these images are mutually displaced for 90º
No – 3 images displaced for 120º are necessary
No – this thickness cannot be inspected with X-ray
This cannot be determined – information is missing (it is not clear what the size of
‘small diameter’)
3 Would a 130 kV X-ray source be acceptable to inspect a 32 mm thick steel

plate? Yes
No – selected energy is most probably not sufficient
No – gamma ray source must be used for thickness above 20 mm
No – an Iridium 192 must be employed for this job
4 Would it be acceptable to inspect (SWSI) plate using class B with X-ray (145 kV)
and AGFA D7 film?
Yes
No – AGFA D6 is required
5 A weld on a plate was inspected (SWSI arrangement, class B, plate thickness 15

mm). Would visibility of W13 IQI wire be acceptable?
Yes – W13 is required
No – W12 is required
6 Optical density was measured in the image of weld reinforcement (D = 2.1). Class B
is required. Is this acceptable?
Yes – Minimum limit D = 2.3 is valid only for parent metal
Yes – Minimum limit is D = 2.0
Yes – Minimum limit is D = 1.8
No

RI (Practical
7 If scattering conditions were monitored with lead backscatter indicator “B” and a white
image of this “B” is visible on the radiograph, what would it mean?
It is an artefact caused by error in processing
It is pressure mark (as “B” was pressed onto film)
It is acceptable – no excessive amount of backscatter
It is not acceptable
8 A weld (t = 6 mm) was radiographed. SWSI exposure configuration was used. Class B
is required. The radiograph shows density D = 2.4 to 3.2, IQI indicates W15 and on
the edge of radiograph there is fingerprint (away from region of interest). Is this
image acceptable?
Yes
No – because of density
No – because of artefact
No – because of image quality
9 Which of the following is NOT an

artefact? Crimp mark
Arc strike
Frilling
Static mark
10 Which defect is on the

image? Lack of fusion
Root undercut
Lack of root penetration
Elongated cavity
11 Which of the following is NOT considered when radiographic quality is

assessed? Optical density
Presence of weld defects
Presence of artefacts
Achieved sensitivity

image? Wormholes
Porosity
Dense metal inclusions
Slag
13 The radiographic technique is:

SWSI, IQI on the film side
DWDI, IQI on the film side
SWSI, IQI on the source side
DWSI, IQI on the source side

RI (Practical
Evaluation of acceptance
Following questions (14) to (21) are related to acceptance criteria provided in

training procedure TWI RT 123.
14 A butt weld in plate (t = 6 mm) was inspected (SWSI, class B). A sharp dark
indication is visible on centreline (length l = 25 mm); see sketch. Is it acceptable?
Yes – it may be an artefact

No – lack of root penetration is not permitted
No – a crack is not permitted
Yes – aligned porosity is acceptable
15 A butt weld in plate (t = 8 mm) was inspected (SWSI, class B). Cluster porosity is
observed (biggest pore diameter d max = 2 mm; dA = 12 mm; wp = 7 mm). Indication of
isolated pore is observed (d = 2.5 mm); see sketch. Is it acceptable?
Yes
No – because of the cluster
No – because of the isolated pore
No – because of the isolated pore and cluster
16 A butt weld in plate (t = 12 mm) was inspected (SWSI, class B). Indication of aligned
porosity is observed (5x pore with diameter d = 1.6 mm, 8x pore with diameter 0.8
mm). A linear Indication between pores is observed; see sketch. Is it acceptable?
Yes
No – because of the aligned porosity
No – because of the linear indication (lack of fusion)
No – because of the linear indication (and associated aligned porosity is not
acceptable as well)

RI (Practical
17 A butt weld in plate (t = 16 mm) was inspected (SWSI, class B).
Indication of wormhole porosity is observed (maximum h = 2 mm, each pore is 5 mm

in length); see sketch. Is it acceptable?
Yes
No – because of sum of length of indications
No – because of width of wormholes
No – Because of character / nature of indication
Indication of elongated cavity (hollow bead) is observed (width h = 3 mm, length l

= 19 mm); see sketch. Is it acceptable?
Yes
No – because of the length of the indications
No – because of the width of the indication
No – because of the width and the length of the indication
A star like indication is observed at the end of the weld (stop-start area); see sketch.
Is it acceptable?
Yes
No – End crater cracks are usually not permitted
Yes – arc-strikes are permitted
This cannot be determined without measurement of size and depth.

RI (Practical
Linear indications are observed; see sketch. Is it acceptable?
Yes
No – the shape indicates slag with lack of fusion which is usually not permitted
No – aligned porosity cannot be accepted on this material thickness
It cannot be determined, measurement of the size is needed to evaluate
indications
Indications of random porosity are observed (dmax = 4 mm); see sketch. Is it

acceptable?
Yes
No – pore diameter is bigger than limit (4 mm)
Calibration of densitometer
The following questions (22) to (25) are related to the calibration and use of a
densitometer. Answers shall be based on procedure TWI RT 123.
22 Which of the following is correct?

A densitometer shall be calibrated every week (with record)
A densitometer shall be calibrated every day or each shift (without record)
A densitometer shall be calibrated annually (with record)
Answers (b) and (c) are correct

RI (Practical
23 Which steps of a sensitometric step wedge are used for calibration (select from
report below)?
3, 5, 6 and 7
1, 2, 3 and 4
4, 7, 10 and 13
Any 4 steps
24 Radiographic class B using X-ray is required. Optical density was measured. Values D ≥
2.4 were measured in whole region of interest except indication of excessive root
penetration where the density was only D = 1.5. Is this radiograph acceptable?
Yes – minimum requirement for X-ray is D = 1.8
Yes – minimum requirement for class B is D = 2.3 indication of defect should not
be considered.
No – due to insufficient density of the indication
No – density is low in general
25 During a densitometer calibration an operator recorded the readings as shown

below. Is this densitometer acceptable?
Yes
No – all measurements failed
No – values of densities 1 and 3 are the reason for failure
No – values of density 3 is the reason of failure

26 Use of fluorescent screens may be recommended

if: High sensitivity is required
Light metal castings need to be inspected
The resolution needs to be maintained at a very high level
The thickness of material leads to extreme exposure times

RI (Practical
27 Which of the accelerators uses a mechanically moving belt to transfer electrons

between electrodes?
Linear accelerator
Van de Graaf generator
Synchrotron
Betatron
28 An accepable exposure was carried out on the date 1/1/2000 using Ir 192 source and
the exposure time was 10 minutes. What exposure time was necessary on the date
10/8/2000 to repeat the test using the same source?
10 minutes
40 minutes
1 hour 20 minutes
5 hours 40 minutes
29 Radioisotopes emit:
A few discrete wavelengths depending on the radioisotope type
A full spectrum of wavelengths depending on the radiation energy
A single wavelength depending on the current activity
A broad spectrum of wavelengths depending on the sensitivity required
30 Stable X-ray sets for heavy-duty applications (450 kV) are usually cooled
by: Closed water circuit cooling oil around the head
Open water circuit flowing through the head and external heat exchanger
Compressed gas around the head cooled by air circulation
Liquid Sodium bath around the head cooled by water heat exchangers.
31 Increasing the kV between the cathode and the anode will

increase: X-ray wavelength
HVL
Exposure time
Geometric unsharpness.
32 When operating with a gamma ray camera, the pigtail may be moved from a secure to
a working position by various actions. Which of the following is the most commonly
used?
Mechanical (manual) or motorised crank action
Mechanical or pneumatic action
Pneumatic or hydraulic action
Hydraulic or motorised action
33 Which of the following is TRUE about an H&D

curve? It was named after Hurter and Driffeld
It expresses relation of film contrast and exposure
It plots the exposure length against exposure parameters (kV or mA)
It could be used to calculate current activity of a radioisotope

RI (Practical
34 A pipe (70 mm diameter, 4 mm wall thickness) is to be inspected using an elliptical

configuration, the source size is 4 mm, and required SFD is 700 mm. What is the size
of geometric unsharpness attained?
0.025 mm
0.36 mm
0.40 mm
0.44 mm
35 Which of the following circuits may be used to construct constant potential X-ray unit?
Villard circuit
Greinacher circuit
Berthold circuit
Geiger-Muller
circuit

RI (Specific
RI Coursework 7 (Specific Theory)
1 Definition of an image relates

to: Sharpness
Darkness
Sensitivity
Opacity
2 Which standard defines the requirements for optical

density? EN ISO 9712
EN ISO 19232-1
EN ISO 17636-1
EN ISO 10675-1
3 If an inspector reduced X-ray energy from 200 kV to 170 kV, what should be done
to achieve the required density?
Increase exposure time
Reduce mA
Increase source to film distance
All can help to achieve density
4 Image quality indicators can:

Indicate overall image quality (wire type)
Indicate total unsharpness (duplex wire type)
Indicate contrast of image (flat hole type)
All of the above
5 What is the consequence of reducing the source to film distance from 700 mm to
400 mm?
Required exposure time will be reduced
Unsharpness will be lower (better definition)
Sensitivity will be increased (higher chance of seeing defect)
All above are correct
6 Which geometrical configuration was used

to produce this radiograph (the film has
size 10 x 24 cm)?
SWSI
SWSI – panoramic
DWSI
DWDI – elliptical
7 Inherent (film) unsharpness is:

Dependent on the energy of radiation
Dependent on the size of film grain
Dependent on the size of film

RI (Specific
8 Which is the most suitable technique to inspect a thin wall 50 mm diameter

pipe? SWSI
DWSI
DWDI – elliptical
DWDI – perpendicular
9 Which standard specifies radiographic

techniques? EN ISO 9712
EN ISO 19232-1
EN ISO 17636-1
EN ISO 10675-1
10 Which of the following technical parameters is the most important when selecting
the film?
Price
Physical size
Energy of radiation used
All of above are equally important
11 Crimp mark is:

Artefact caused by poor handling
Defect caused by welding process
Defect caused by wrong IQI
Artefact caused by film type
12 Which source of radiation is preferred for the inspection of 10 mm thick steel plate?
Gamma ray – it is more portable
X-ray – produces better quality of images
Gamma ray – represents less radiation
hazard X-ray – do not need an energy supply
13 If it was possible to choose, which of the following would be

preferred? DWSI – for higher density
SWSI – for better sensitivity
DWSI – for higher energy
14 When DWSI configuration is used for pipe testing, unsharpness should be calculated
on the basis of:
Single wall thickness
Penetrated thickness
External diameter
Internal diameter of pipe

RI (Specific
15 The Inverse Square Law states that:

The energy of radiation decreases with the distance
The intensity of radiation decreases with the square of the distance
The energy of radiation increases with the square of the distance
The intensity of radiation increases with the distance
16 Ideal storage of film archive

requires: Cool with high humidity
Hot with low humidity
Room temperature and regulated humidity
Room temperature and high humidity
17 An evidence of backscatter influence will appear on radiograph

as: Light image of ‘B’
Dark image of ‘B’
No image of ‘B’
Both light or dark image of ‘B’
18 Which artefact can be caused by poor handling of a

film? Undercut
Static mark
Scatter
All of the above
19 What may result from using expired film?

It is not possible to reach the required density
The fog level will be increased
The sensitivity will be increased
Exposure time will be reduced
20 Which of the following is preferred location of

IQI? On source side
On film side
It doesn’t matter
It cannot be determined (depends on source type)
21 Which of the following defects can be seen on image of parent

metal? Crack
Arc strike
Pore
Both (a) and (b) are correct
22 Which of the following is NOT a weld

defect? Wormhole
End crater pipe
Crimp mark
Arc strike

RI (Specific
23 Which of the following should be considered when assessing image

quality? Optical density
Presence of artefacts
All of the above
24 Which of the following is mostly influenced by radiation

energy? Contrast
Definition
Film speed
Focal spot size
25 Undercut indications can be located:

In the image of the weld
Anywhere in parent metal
Adjacent to the weld
Both (a) or (c) may be correct

Static Lack of film agitation during the

1 A Bright spots a
discharge development
Caused by static discharge
Uniformly increased density
2 Fixer splashes B b between dry film surfaces when
(fog level) of radiograph
mutually in friction.
Black, tree-like / lightning Poor washing – Thio-suplhate
3 Yellow fogging C c
like pattern was not removed.
Underdeveloped rounded Pack of films was exposed to the
4 Air bells D d
spots on the film radiation (unintentionally)
Radiation Yellow / brown stain on the Fixer in contact with film prior to
5 E e
fogging film the start of the development
1 2 3 4 5
27 What will be activity of Caesium Cs 137 after 120

years? 25%
12.5%
6.25 %
3.125%

RI (Specific
28 How would you ensure two X-ray units produce exactly the same beam
spectrum? Use the same kV
Use the same kV, mA and time
Use the same exposure parameters as well as the same film
There will be a difference in output spectrum even when the same units are set up
equally
29 What effect the lead screens have on the definition of

radiograph? No effect
Definition is reduced if the screens are used
Definition is improved if the screens are used
The definition is not affected by screens directly, but by length of the exposure
time in combination with the lead screens
30 A steel plate of thickness 150 mm was inspected using Ir 192 source (12 Ci, 7
minutes) and film AGFA D7 in combination with regular Pb screens. The resulting
radiograph will the most probably:
Have high contrast
Have high definition
Be totally blank
Have nice definition.
31 A radiation dose of 16 mSv/hr was measured at a distance of 1.5 m from the

source. What would be dose measured at a distance of 6 meters?
6.25 µSv/h
1 mSv/h
0.0625 mSv/h
1.5 mSv/h
32 A radiogrpahic image is formed by a number of steps. Which of the following is the

first stage of the radiographic image (initial stage formed during exposure)?
Reduced image
Fixed image
Latent image
Developed image
33 In some cases it is required to start the inspection 24 hours after the welding
process is finished. This is to allow...........to develop and be detected:
Aligned porosity
Lack of fusion
Hydrogen cracking
Centreline cracking
34 The effect of diffraction mottling may be reduced

by: Increasing the energy of X-ray
Filtering the X-ray beam (hardening)
Using a filter on the top of inspected material

RI (Specific
35 When exposed by X-ray, the lead (metalic) screens may

emit: Secondary electrons
Visible light
Ultraviolet light
All may be correct, depending on energy of X-ray

RI Coursework 8 (General & Specific Theory)
1 The sensitive layer of the film consists

of: Lead
Gelatine
Silver
bromide
2 Which of following IQIs can be used to determine total

unsharpness? Wire type
Step hole type
Duplex wire type
Flat hole type
3 The difference in density of adjacent areas on radiograph

describes: Contrast
Definition
Sensitivity
Attenuation
4 Which of the following is mostly influenced by source to film

distance? Contrast
Definition
Film speed
Focal spot size
5 Radiographic sensitivity is NOT influenced

by: Contrast
Definition
Scattered
radiation IQI used
6 An increase in film grain size will result in:

Bigger geometrical unsharpness
Bigger inherent unsharpness
Lower film sensitivity
7 Intensifying screens are used to:

Increase exposure time
Reduce inherent unsharpness
Reduce the influence of scattered radiation
Reduce the size of the defects

8 An IQI is used for verification

of: Achieved density
Achieved speed
Achieved dose
9 Which of the following would increase radiographic

sensitivity? Increase energy
Choose fine grain film
Reduce density
Use Gamma ray instead of X-ray
10 Which IQI should be used for the inspection of

Dural? Aluminium IQI
Copper IQI
Titanium IQI
Steel IQI
11 A beta particle:
Is helium nucleus
Is produced by a betatron
Has a positive charge
May be produced by radioisotopes
12 Crater cracks can be

located: In the parent
metal
In the weld metal
On the fusion boundary
All of the above
13 Which of the following is not a weld

defect? Static mark
Pressure mark
Grinding mark
14 Which weld defect will be the most easy to detect on a

radiograph? Porosity
Lack of sidewall fusion
Burst
All can be detected with the same ease

image? Pore
Crack
Lack of fusion
Undercut

16 The source to film distance was reduced by half. Which statement is

correct? Contrast will be reduced
Contrast will be increased
Definition will be reduced
Definition will be increased
17 Which geometrical configuration was used to produce this

radiograph? SWSI
DWSI
DWDI
18 Which of the following configurations is the most suitable to inspect a 1400 mm

diameter pipe with access to all sides?
SWSI – panoramic
SWSI – source outside, film inside
DWSI
DWDI – elliptical
19 Where will the IQI most probably be placed for DWSI inspection of
pipe? On source side
On film side
Inside of pipe
It doesn’t matter
20 Which standard specifies personnel qualification

requirements? EN ISO 9712
EN ISO 19232-1
EN ISO 17636-1
EN ISO 10675-1
21 Which source is most suitable for the inspection of 32 mm thick steel

plate? Cobalt 60
Iridium 192
X-ray 100 kV
X-ray 200 kV
22 The selection of IQI is based on

the: Object to be tested
Energy of radiation
Required optical density
Film used

23 Which artefact may be produced during the film

processing? Reticulation
Air bells
Frilling
All of the above
24 A radiograph with low density (D = 1) would result

in: Increased unsharpness
Increased sensitivity
Reduced contrast
Reduced durability of radiograph (lifetime)
25 Which IQI should be used for the inspection of stainless

steel? Aluminium IQI
Copper IQI
Titanium IQI
Steel IQI

26 The same exposure parameters (kV & mA) are set on various units – Constant
potential, self-rectified and full wave rectified. Which of the units will allow the
shortest exposure time?
Self-rectified – the simplest circuits works faster
Full wave rectified –utilises the whole wave
Constant potential – delivers a higher intensity of hard radiation.
None – all units will work the same if same parameters are set.
27 What is correct term for contrast caused by a difference in material thickness (or by
a difference in material density)?
Subject contrast
Film contrast
Specific contrast
Radiographic contrast
28 Considering film exposure – which of the following parameters are inversely

proportional to exposure time?
kV
Optical density
SFD
None of the answers are correct

29 The original exposure with a heavy duty X-ray set was 18 mA, 15 seconds. After the
breakdown an old X-ray set was employed to cover the repair time. What will the
approximage exposure time be if 3.5 mA is the maximum current?
1 minute 17 sec
58 sec
48 sec
39 sec
30 Modern radiographic films use a plastic base material. This material must fulfil a lot
of requirements. Which of the following statements is true? The base …
Must contain gelatine and silver bromide
Must be opaque
Must be able to absorb the developer and be dried again.
Shall be chemically inert (to the emulsion and processing liquids)
31 A film may be replaced by scintillation material. Compared to film, scintillators

provide: Lower resolution
Lower sensitivity
Positive image (if the radiograph is negative)
32 A radiogrpah has good contrast and resolution (IQI wire is clearly visible), but its
density needs to be increased. Which of the following parameters needs to be
changed?
Same kV; reduced mA, prolonged exposure time
Reduced kV; same mA, same exposure time
Same kV; same mA, prolonged exposure time
Increased kV; reduced mA, reduced exposure time
33 A pinhole camera (a lead sheet with the pinhole) may be used

to: Measure the total unsharpness
Filter the beam
Measure the focal spot
Reduce the scattered radiation
34 The unsharpness is:

Directly proportional to film grain size and inversely proportional to exposure time
Directly proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to source to film
distance
Directly proportional to film size and inversely proportional to source size
Directly proportional to object to film size and inversely proportional to object size
35 How would you avoid spots being left on the surface after the film is dried
off? Using an extended drying process
Using wetting agent
Using demineralised water
Both (b) and (c) may be considered correct.

RI (General
RI Coursework 9 (General Practical)
1 A DWSI configuration was used for the inspection of a circumferential butt weld in
WrittenDprocedure
pipe (diameter e = 398 mm, no. TWI RTt =
thickness 123
12 shall
mm).be available
Class for elaboration
B is considered. Is this
acceptable? of all questions in this coursework section (1 to 25).
Yes
No – SWSI arrangement must be used
Yes – but elliptical configuration would be better
No – due to a combination of diameter and thickness
2 If the 100 % inspection of a pipe weld was done on a pipe of diameter D e = 56 mm,
thickness t = 5 mm. Would It be acceptable to use two radiographs?
Yes
No – 1 radiograph is sufficient
No – 3 radiographs are needed
No – 4 radiographs are needed
3 Is it acceptable to use a 180 kV X-ray source to inspect a 10 mm thick steel

plate? Yes
No – energy is not sufficient
No – energy is too high
No – this thickness cannot be inspected with X-ray
4 Is it acceptable to use AGFA D5 film with Iridium 192 to inspect a

weld? Yes
No – D7 must be used
No – D4 must be used
No – this cannot be determined (it is necessary to know if class A or B is required)
5 A weld in pipe was inspected (DWDI arrangement, class B, single wall thickness t
= 3 mm). If W15 wire was visible would it be acceptable?
6 The optical density was measured in the image of a weld (D = 2.4 to 3.8). Class B
is required. Is result acceptable?
Yes
Density is not to be measured in the weld but only on the parent metal
No – minimum required density is D = 2.3
This cannot be determined as more information is needed

RI (General
7 Scatter conditions were monitored with a lead letter “B”. A black image of this “B”
is visible on the radiograph. What does this indicate?
It is an artefact caused by an error in processing
It is a pressure mark
It is acceptable – no excessive amount of backscatter
It is not acceptable
8 A weld (t = 6 mm) was radiographed. A SWSI exposure configuration was used. Class
B is required. The radiograph shows a density D = 2.1 to 3.3, IQI indicates W17 and
on the edge of the radiograph there is a scratch (away from the area of interest). Is
this image acceptable?
Yes
No – because of density
No – because of image quality
No – because of density and image quality

image? Root undercut
Lack of root fusion
Root concavity
Excessive root penetration
10 Was the IQI placed

correctly? Yes
No – wires should go across the weld
No – IQI identification is not visible
No – IQI must be on the film side
11 Five (5) wires are visible on the IQI.

What is the designation of the smallest
wire?
W5
W6
W10
W14

RI (General
12 Which defect is on the image?

Elongated cavities
Wormholes
Random porosity
Aligned porosity

image? Porosity
Arc strikes
Spatter
Undercut
Evaluation of acceptance
The following questions (14) to (21) are related to the acceptance criteria
provided in training procedure TWI RT 123.
An indication of random porosity is visible (diameter max d = 1.5 mm); see sketch. Is
it acceptable?
No – maximum diameter is 1.2 mm

Yes – maximum diameter is 1.8 mm
Yes – maximum diameter is 3 mm
Yes – maximum diameter is 4 mm
Four indications of slag were observed: 1 x 4; 1.5 x 6; 1.2 x 5 & 1 x 2 mm. Is

it acceptable?
Yes
No – because of maximum width of indication

RI (General
No – because of maximum length of single indication

No – because of the sum of the length of the
indications
On the radiograph there is a dark and sharp, “C” shaped indication at the location of
a stop-start; see sketch. Is it acceptable?
Yes
It cannot be determined – visual inspection is necessary
No – it is most probably an end crater crack
No – it is most probably a lack of fusion
A linear indication is observed; see sketch. Is it acceptable?
Yes
No – slag inclusion is not acceptable
No – lack of fusion is not acceptable
No – Undercut across the weld is not acceptable
Two sharp and dark indications in the centre of the weld were revealed; see sketch. Is
it acceptable?
It is root concavity – Visual inspection is necessary

No – undercut is not permitted
No – cracks are not permitted
No – lack of root penetration is not permitted

RI (General
Indications outside the weld were revealed; see sketch (none of the indications is longer
than 24 mm). Is it acceptable?
Indications of “lack of fill” are not acceptable

Indications of “undercut” may be acceptable (visual inspection is required)
Indications of “lack of fusion” are not permitted
These are most probably just artefacts.
In the weld was revealed porosity (dmax = 2.5 mm, wp =18 mm). Is this acceptable?
Yes
No – due to pore diameter
No – due to area of porosity
No – due to pore diameter and number of aligned pores
An indication of a pore (d = 3 mm) and two indications of slag (2 x 8 & 1.5 X 5 mm)
are observed; see sketch. Is it acceptable?
Yes
No – because of pore size
No – because of the sum of the lengths of slag
No – different types of defects in one area is not permitted

RI (General
Calibration of densitometer
Following questions (22) to (25) are related to calibration and use of

densitometer. Answers should be based on procedure TWI RT 123.
22 The calibration of a densitometer (with written record) should be carried

out: Annually
Every 3 months
Every 90 days
23 Which steps of the sensitometric step wedge should be used for calibration (select
from report below)?
3, 5, 6 and 7
1, 2, 3 and 4
3, 7, 10 and 12
4, 7, 10 and 13
24 In the case of DWDI – elliptical configuration optical density is

measured: At the image of the weld (in centre of pipe)
At the image of the parent metal (in centre of pipe)
At the edge of the pipe, where wall is projected tangentially
25 During a densitometer calibration an operator recorded the readings as shown

below. Is this densitometer acceptable?
Yes
No – all measurements failed
No – value for density 2 are the reason for failure
No – value for density 3 are the reason for failure

RI (General

Uniformly increased density Mechanically damaged lead

1 Light fogging A a
(fog level) of radiograph screens
Exposure to visible light prior or
Bromide Loss of emulsion from the
2 B b during processing (in developer
streaking base material
bath)
Imprints of various objects Too long time the film spent in
3 Screen marks C c
resulting in dark spots chemicall sollution
Various shapes copied from Mechanical damage to film
4 Frilling D d
screens during exposure during exposure and handling
Pressure Uneavenly developed areas Lack of film agitation during the
5 E e
marks on the film development
1 2 3 4 5
27 The loss of material due to corrosion may be measured

using: Tangential projection with a comparator object
A step wedge of the same material covering the thickness range considered
Both of the answers above are correct
None of the answers is correct
28 When stainless steel is inspected, a mottling pattern slightly similar to

wormhole porosity may appear. It is not associated with a defect inside material
but:
By diffraction of radiation on the grain structure of material
Increased fog level
Presence of lead screens
Too high kV used.
29 Inspection of a 4 mm thick steel plate was done using X-ray (270 kV, 5 mA, 2
minutes) and film AGFA D4. The resulting radiograph will most probably be:
Have high contrast
Have high latitude
Be overexposed
Too low density
30 Which of the following may be used to determine the depth of the

defect? Parallax method
Tube shift method
Source shift method with lead markers
All of the above may be used

RI (General
31 Which ambient light is recommended for inspection area?

High intensity light to facilitate viewing radiographs with high density
Medium intensity light focused on viewer
Subdued light with low intensity to avoid glare but facilitate writing
Total darkness
32 An exposure chart is used to determine exposure in mAminutes for given a material

thickness. Values read out from the chart are valid for specific pararmeters. If these
change, re-calculation is required. Which of the folloiwng changes is the most
complicated for re-calculation?
If kV are changed
If thickness of lead screens is changed
If SFD is changed
If Film type is changed
33 Which of the following are types of real time

radiography? Radioscopy
Fluoroscopy
Digital radiography
All of the above is correct.
34 Which of the following will help where latitude needs to be

expanded? Loading multiple films in the cassette
Replacing Se 75 with Ir 192
Placing filter on the X-ray tube
port All of the above would help
35 A radiogrph was produced using SFD = 500 mm, 8 mA and 1 minute. What would the
exposure time be if the same image si to be produced using an SFD of 800 mm and 3
mA?
6.83 minutes
4.26 minutes
1.66 minutes
1.04 minutes

Cswip RI General

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Radiographic Interpreter – Coursework

Radiographic Interpreter – Coursework

NDT2 - 1 Copyright © TWI

RI coursework 1 (General Part)

1 X-ray radiation can:

2 What indicates the number of protons in an

3 Which material is the

4 Which of the particles is

5 Electromagnetic radiation can

6 Short wavelength radiation

7 A difference in material thickness will be shown on a radiograph

NDT2 - 2 Copyright © TWI

8 Which of the following is a property of ionising

9 Which of the following has an influence on the absorption ability of a material?

10 Which material can be

11 What is usually NOT part of an

12 High energy of radiation

13 Which of the following has the highest penetrating

14 Wavelength of X-rays is related

NDT2 - 3 Copyright © TWI

15 Which of the following is NOT a weld

16 What is monochromatic radiation?

17 What does the “Z” number stands for?

18 What may be called an “ion”?

19 What is the meaning of “192” in the name of Iridium

20 Penetrating ability of radiation is related

21 Which of the following would be considered as the most serious weld

NDT2 - 4 Copyright © TWI

23 How many protons does Cobalt 60

24 Which of the following materials is the

25 What does the “A” number stands for?

The following questions are addressed to full Radiographic Testing

27 Which units may be used to measure specific the activity of

28 The atomic number determines:

NDT2 - 5 Copyright © TWI

31 Which of the following has shortest half-

32 What is produced during collision of high velocity electron with

34 Which of the following has NO effect on the half value

35 What is “specific activity”?

NDT2 - 6 Copyright © TWI

RI Coursework 2 (General Part)

1 If the energy of radiation is increased, then contrast

2 What happens after one half-life time?

3 Which of the following sources has the highest penetrating

4 Which of the following particles has a negative

5 What is the principle difference between an X-ray and a gamma ray

6 Which of the following represents a greater exposure

7 How can the dose of radiation (amount of photons) be

NDT2 - 7 Copyright © TWI

8 Which of the following is the

9 X-rays are produced at

10 What is necessary to produce X-

11 Energy of X-rays is related to:

12 What can cause ionisation of a

13 Atomic number determines the:

14 The shell of an atom consists

NDT2 - 8 Copyright © TWI

16 If the wavelength of radiation is

17 How fast does ionising radiation

18 What is an advantage of radiography (compared to

19 If there is a cavity in an inspected object (material is missing); this will appear on

20 If we need to increase the absorption of ionising radiation (improve the shielding),

22 The target (on anode) is usually made