Waves are disturbances which when created at one end

a median can be made to propagate

of
towards
they
other end medium without the actual
of medium from one end
transfer
of particles of
to Her
here indicate the
any
variation
Disturbances
of
which can be
particular physical quantity
particles median
position
of of pressure
variations variation Electric
of magnetic
fields etc
These disturbances as well as
carry energy
media to
momentum from one
another
end
of
are direction in will
Depending
are
upon
disturb nces
produces
of
waves are two kinds

Longitudinal Here the disturbances are along

were
the direction
Sound of
propagation
of
Ex wave

Transverse Here the disturbances are

to the direction
of
propagation
of
coal

Ex Transverse waves in a stretched string

EM cave
 Depending upon the requirement of material
medium
for their two
propagation waves are
of
types
c Mechanical or elastic were

require material medium

They necessarily
Sound were
Ex
1 Non mechanical were

don't necessarily require material

Try
medium for propagation
Ex
EI
Remember that velocity here is medium
ofwhich
a

that
dependent quantity alone means
if none

the parameters associated with the medium change

of
then wave will travel with a constant velocity

POLARISATION OF WAVE
General Equation travelling wave
of
directFropogation
me of
i

air of wave

y
Y 0 t ft
some function time decided
by
of
we source alone
displacement
of
located at
a particle a
time
no at
y axis
along

0
NIE X x

Co t
yent y f t
E

the in direction
If wave was travelling re

then

ait o tt E fett
 y

In general wave travelling

any travelling
with const is
a
velocity given by
hit
f ant bt when b are some
Y a
numerical constant
f b t Fbla

Velocity wave is
of
f co
eff of time
co position
eff of

for direction
of
ab so
propagation
i a
travelling wave
if v so

a wave
ab so vao travelling
if
Ht Consider the following equation

Kit
25
Y
4m 25 98 12nA

Is this a
travelling wave
If what is the wave propagation
 y
direction velocity

Nit 25
Y
2n 3 72 25

Eat combination time

of 4
position a
i Its a travelling wave
direction the x axis
of propagation

IN 1 Ms

At The a at to
is
given
shape
of string

by
322 8
y
Now 2 see Her
is Jester of
graph shifts
string
given by by
18 units toward
positive x direction
y 3 a 185 8 in 2sec
the direction
Identify magnitude of
of
wave
velocity
 V towards the x
182 9mg direction

SIMPLE HARMONIC WAVE

Y Ot A fin wt

i ant 0 t E
y y

A fin t

A fin wt 8 n

i gait A Sui wt Ku

harmonic
waveguations
Simple

Here K wave number

w
angular free
v velocity of wave
o
Frequency of wave

0
2
 the wave a
wavelength
of
VT

i Tv 02

i 2
Y K

If we look at wave
equation at some time
will be same but
it for all locations kn

team will be different for different location

The term kn represents initial phase of

at location n
the particle executing SHM

i Each medium SHM

with
particle
different
of
these
executes

v
I

Ii t.x.nu
 wt Ka wt knew

phase angle always

decreases in the
the
direction
of propagation
of wave
i phase difference between particles located

at is
position
diff of an

Cft kn
Kaz
i Δ K ar n

i IS An one

of Δf 25 AN

Q ay mm
a

Ncom

wavelength D

is
This diagram
1 0
a snapshot ofwave
a

at Determine the equation

 y phesor for particle at no

A I
1
i A filut
y
4
ya
YCOE I
i at Co t E
Y y
you A sin Lt
F

4 Sin t Km
E
Understanding
warm equation

a t A fin t km
y
Ii location is fixed particle
If in each
medium is found to
of execute SHM
with some A angrier frug
w

have
But neighbouring particles diff initial
phase kn

particles are executing stem all standard

SHM
results of are applicable
 at time t
velocity of particle at n

Up Git

WA Cos wt kn

i may particle holout

Upmax
WE
particle velocity were relouty
variable const its a
particle excente
SHM property of medium
pycnit at E t

E
fi n
I

At between t t tate for

a particle at n is

Af Kutz Xn wt KM
W tz t

i.at 21
 Q time
difference

photafferome

Ii I is fixed see that

If now we

will be
for different a
I
the
different
Thus this gives us
at time t shadfheareform
shape
of string for
transverse waves in

string
Crit A fin t kn
y
i Cut
KA Cos kn

time
scope of warfarin
location

i As from

Vp Nit WA Cos wt Kr

w 7

i t www
w
 WHY
tano
n

Up tano Vwave

net A fin Gt Kr
y

If wA Cos Cat Kr

If WA Si t km a

In AK Cos wt kn

8 b
AK Sin wt kn

i
5

differential equation
a travelling waves
of
 VELOCITY OF TRANSVERSE WAVES IN A STRETCHED STRING

V wrt cart
Ci Vwave V

or
I

EF.gg 2TSii TO dm
Yz
0
i
To µ
2
i v
e
wetstring
Here T tension in
string

1h mass
per unit large

v11 i s fame In
wire
i µ gar
i v
liar s Is
 As v α IT

for small changes in

tension

F
App

if Ex
fit m e

my
Timt i
If 1 my out
i t
f
string hanging
under its own
weight

E FÉ
Me
Tn An g

an
i.vn
I Igor
E i un go
At NO Un 0

Clearly with UAM

 y
un 2am

we see that the wand travels up

with a constant acc A_

Also Un 0 i All standard results such

law God numbers Humane law
as Galileo's
of
be
can
use
To time I
get
t
I E
i
14
is body
dg
and 3 L
we Sree

i e
E
a
qfK to i t
14g
time of crossing
 v fa
fail
f const

f source dependent
freq f
e
E IE 14
L

TE in is not
negligiblysmall
a mil
Tn men g
v.li into
M
i.vn In g
win MG E
To
un _1M
MG 49
i un Mml
g gn
an 2
E
 i Aware

i e 1mL t E ᵗ

solving gives
E

ELASTIC PE in transverse waves in Stretcha string

string
shape of
same
length
in absence
of
were

8
desda
string
shape of
traveling ware
a

SOUND AS A PRESSURE WAVE

1
 In
0
Intan

a
f
a
Intan

Slant A fin t kn

the
of
particle direction
of
displacement a
along

propagation at a portion in at a time

The in
fractional change volume of air

between a an is

A AS
Of A an

i
Y
i Pressure changes
at location is at

time t is
 AP ait
By Y
modally
Bulk
i TP Rt B

As SCRIE A fin wt Kx

AP ME B AK Cos wt kn

i DP Rit BAR Cos cot kn

i Plait BAK Sin wt kn E

pressure wave equation

This shows

i amplitude
of
Amplitude pressure wave or

pressure variating is
of
Pa BAK

1 The pressure wave leads the displacement

This means that
come
by
 At locations where particles are crossing

their mean position there will be

any
variations there ie either compression
pressure
or rarefaction

b are at extreme
At locating where particles
there is no there
ends pressure change

Absolute pressure at location in at time is

Plant Po DP x t

in absence sound
pressure
of
i Plait Po BAK Cos wt Kx

Po BAK Plant Po BAK

T T
min pressure
mex pressure
at rarefactions at
compressions

PCNA 70
i Po BAK 30 i.Aff
i.my particle displacement in medium
 1
Amex

To

I sendpropagation

1
c
in i

I
to
in pressure
ASK.tl No change

of a

t
1
compression
rarefaction

POWER TRANSMITTED ALONG LENGTH OF STRING IN

TRANSVERSE WAVES

p Energy
of string elements till length

time period

dm war
T

Sdm war
I
 f a what

A E W'A

i
I Avant P W
P α AV

Intensity sound wave

of

PES

In In
P P irrespective
of location cross sectional

area through which sound propagates

Intensity
the length
I
Power transmitted
in one
along
complete oscillation
of tube

Ac
 MVW A

Ac

4 wa

I Pa
pvwM
2pv

air
f density
of
Pa pressure amplitude
v velocity of sound I
13 Bulk modulus

the area
If of
cross section through which wave

travels is constant then the intensity hence

amplitude will also be constant

hagiG
App Two waves medium are represented

as V V2

put
5

2 120
2
2 7
5 V
XK Waka
37 W
 Find the ratio their intensities
of
I Iz

I puw A I α W Ar
i I α
AH
i
II
E j

WAVEFRONT OF WAVE

These are locus all those

of points in Space

which have the the physical

same phase
of
quantity which oscillates
The shape wavefront is
of dependent upon

the source producing the wave

C SPHERICAL WAVEFRONT FOR POINT SOURCE

 I
wavefronts will always be
8
to
of
direction
r

Ñ
ofwave FI
propagation

B
is

In wavefronts
spherical

I PA
far
i I α but I A

i A

crit Ag fin Kr

i CYLINDRICAL WAVEFRONT FOR LINE SOURCE

a 77 r
I
e
ftp E
p
 P
I I α but I α AZ
are

i Aα

Scrit fin lot Kr

Iii PLANAR FOR SOURCE PLACED FAR AWAY

pint
same

largespherical
wavefront which
appears planar
plantarefronts

f
 site wavefront won't change
of in direction
as we move ahead

of propagation

Thug Amplitude will be same

independent locations
of
LOUDNESS OF SOUND

The faintest sound that our car can detect

12
is 10 w mu

The loudest sound that our car can tolerate

is 1W m

sound is
Loudness
of
12
L 10 log dB I 10 want

dB
decibel

sound
of of from point source
loudness a

is given as L at a distance r

at a distance re then
 L 106g II 10 log II
10 log

Now I α
F

L L 10
i log I
i L 206g

re 2n or
of separation doubles gets
halved r the loudness
I then changes

6ᵈ
by

Q In level
a classroom
of 30 students
average noise
is L dB How more students must be
many
added so that the average loudness is raised
10dB Assume each student produces
by
equally intense
sound
L 10
log
 10 10 30th I
log Io

i 10 10kg130

i 30th 10 30

n 2

VELOCITY OF SOUND IN A MEDIUM

Elastic property
Inertial property

For Solid For liquids For Gases

v forrods By

Y Young's modulus B Bulkmodully

B 9
g sensing 119J

PUN_orst
of
B
 Newton's isothermal compression
assumption exp
air
of
i PV Const

i N I

i B P

i V 280ms

corrected him that the

Laplace
sound
by saying
there
is is
propagation
of quick
no time for heat exchange between medium

particles Jung it is better to consider it

to be adiabatic

i PVr const i N r
i B RP

i v

V IT
intemp
for small changes

4 1 E IF
 SUPERPOSITION OF WAVES

Applications
of superposition

i
Interference
i or stationary waves
Standing
Liii
Beath
Q Two pulses travelling along a in opposite
string
direction with speed 2cm s is shown at t o

Find what happens to the wave

 energy of
at t 1.5s

fonts

4S
Zarls
6cm
α

294s
µ
Entire energy kinetic
t.to
g

2am

COHERENT SOURCES

P
21
S 7
Wi
Ir
freq
At point
waves arriving from
52 phase
of
free we S kin
Wit

52 wit knew

i phase diff between waves

 y
of Wi wilt K 24 km

For coherent sources phase diff is independent of

time For this
co We w
say
i 4 Ku K

i Of K m n

K An
JI
an
i

INTERFERENCE

11 p

m
s

A fin Qt Ku A Sui
y
Sw A fin Arson
y
out
Kny
5 su are
i Yr y
coherent somees y
A fin tep Auffate

Ft
superposition
of Stem
 i YR Ap Sui t 0

Resultant amplitude
of
1
oscillation
A
Ar
DO AR I Ait At 2A AzGRP

A
Also I PUNT
an
25 I AV

AR AT AT 2A AcCos 9

i IR I Is 2 ITII Cos

II II In II III

hex intensity Imax

min intensity Imin

of
locations
locations
destructive
of constructive interference
interference

If sowing were
of same intensity i.e I Iz Io
then
 AR 2AoCos
14 A Ar Ao

IR 410 Cos
1
IR 410
interference
destructive constructive

interference
Two extreme cases
of interference

i Constructive Interference

crest with crest another

of one wave coincides
of
This is the diff
possible only if path
between waves is an
integral
arriving
multiple of complete wavelengths

AR n

OR
n 2T

i Imax I In
I
410
if Iq Io

Destructive interference

with trough
crest
of one wave coincides
of
the other This happens when the path
difference between is an
arriving waves
odd multiple wave to
of one has

be shifted wet other 2 2

by 22

An 24 1
 OR

DP 2 1 T

i Imin GI II
I
0
if Iq

identical intensity Io
of n sources
of sound
of
each are superimposed then
i Max intensity
if sound were coherent
will be

Imax n Io Amex nA

i Resultant intensity
non
will be nIo
if
were
sowing
coherent
App

ns
4922422
37 from n o

42k
8m 1m Eat a
AND
max
Δ S They Tez
noted
location
51 so are coherent sources waves
emitting
 y
of wavelength

i Find the location closet cult origin chose

local should not
the person detects a
hex
lie at origin
i Find the number maxims mining local
of
detected before reaching origin

i An 21

1972 22 n 29

i
9744 45
4 4 n

i n

i where
maxing 2 An d 2

minimus there are

32,5
wiki IE.fi
taim QfDYI9M n n DR 716 R 2 52
DR 77 s 5 are coherent
pnez gming

want.nu ifjii t.IS

Etg
soon

y D is a
I wonder
DM
d detector used to measure
pre
If and the resultant intensity at
 circle S So
circumference
Fw
of symmetrically
placed
detector where it
Ii The angular position
of
detects 1st may
C Count of number
detected
of
in
mexians
one revolution
mining

i 2 5 Cost 21 0 Cos 3

i Mexing 2 4 1 2 10

mining 2 4 1 2

of

AN. y

fo
The person hears the
feeding
to
annex
sound
possible intensity
of
Find the condition

an h i R R ha
QUINCKE'S TUBE
used to sound
in a
measure
medium
velocity
of

fo
For a local mex

any

the local
If person detects
P
a

n
consequtive

maxime on
sliding by
 it 2n no 17

i
Nt 2n A

i.X 2

i.veloutf of wave

ve ft f
Ex
REFLECTION TRANSMISSION OF WAVE ON INTERCEPTIN

BOUNDARY SEPARATING TWO MEDIUM

Case I wave from rarer towards denser

travelling
medium

Ñ fixedeno
 to a
when wave travels from a rarer

dense medium there is a

phase change of
x̅ radiang in reflected wave
pulse which
means crest gets reflected as a trough
though as a crest

other words an additional pale

In lager
is inserted in reflected wave
of
pulse

hit A fin t ka
Y
incident wave equation

sniff

Yr hit Ar Sin t kn a reflected wave

ega

Ye ait At fin wt K'n transmitted wave

age
Case 1 wave travelling from denser towards rarer

medium

oftostrigssless
e freeatngc.hn

frictionless I

resultantpulse

ilia

When waves trend from denser towards boundary

a rarer medium there is no phase
of in wave ie
change reflected pulse
crest gets reflected as crest though as
 trough

trait
Y kit Ai Si kn

iii
Yr net Artin Kr

Yt nit At fin t K'n

Expression for amplitude

of reflected
transmitter wave
pulse

Incident wave pulse superimposes with reflected

wave pulse to create the resultant
disturbance for every particle
of
1ˢᵗ
medium

For boundary 1st 2nd

medium
particle
of amplitude cannot
mex displacement

be diff
 i A A AT

Energy conservation gives

P Pr Pt
A
far
i Hiv
Mv the oAF
Also
If µ In
i
F Y AT FIX AT IS AT

i Ai Ai AT

i AF Ai Ar AT

fr
i Ai
YA
Ai t
fr At

2A
TY AT

i At 4Eur Ai

transmission co
eff
 i Ar At Ai

A
Ii Ai

reflection

of
These is no please change in transmitted ward

relative density two medium

irrespective
of of
v2 v Ar 0 reflected were
If in phase wit
incident wave

so wave
v2 CV Ar reflected
If phase
180 out
of
cost incident wave

Fraction
of energy
reflected

Pr
p
AF
II 7
Fraction transmitted energy
of
is diff
CE.IE
 i PT
P
1
EI X

STANDING WAVES OR STATIONARY WAVES

y.cat Abi t km

hit A Sri Cuttke

Yu

Ntl A fin Qt kn Si kn
JR

A 2 Silwy Cos kn

2ACos Ku fin E

i
Y Crit AnSri t

Here An 2ACosta oscillation

amplitude of
a particle at
of

i Callan

Ku nF
 i n
II a

i an

separation between successive antinode is

2

1
i Isn E
i n 2 1

i n
34 54

TT
separation between 2 Successive nodes is
Ya looklenge

Viatry
y

In In a an
 I
envelope of
1 particle's oscillatory
Usual standing wave equations generally seen

4
1 841 494
superposing waves are
Ashi t km A fin kn

2ACostar Coset
2 Superposing waves are
2A Sike
sify Cos tNn Atos ekn

If An 2A Gsk JIntinode
Snik
An 2A n 0 is
node

If you t An Sinct particles starts from

mean position at tw

ylmitt a A Costa particles start from

their respective extreme
ends
of oscillation
In An 2ACos kn or An Zabulum

A is max displacement amplitude in

resulting
formed superposition were
 g by m of
amplitude A
of

the hex
If displacement amplitude n a

standing wave is find tie

displacement amplitude at a distance
from node

An easier
A.si
y

If
OR
2ACosk A
Coff Ao

In the
of
a standing wave particles medium

located between 2 successive nodes oscillate in

same whereas particles on opposite side
phase
node out
of a oscillation 180
of phase
wht each other
Node
 For between 2 particles located
phase diff
at a separation on

of 25 he cannot be used

its travelling
since a result
of
Here will either be 0
phase diff or
1802

In a travelling wave the string will never

appear to be straight line but in standing

wave the shape will be a straight line

twice in oscillation
every

Each particle in Standing come oscillates

with amplitude but same freq
different
here earh ten has
of different energy
oscillation
of
The in were is confined
energy standing
between successive nodes unlike in a
travelling
wave where the energy propagates in the
direction
of tie
propagation
of way
 related to standing waves
Terminologies

1 conditions
Boundary

Forstring

fixed at both
fixed at one
end ends

freeend antinode Both fixed end nodes

fixed end node

column
Tegantes a pipe with air

open organ closed

organ pipe
pipe

end open
one
both ends open
the other closed
displacement antinode
at bothends closed end is displacemed

node hence
pressure node at open
end pressure antinode
T a phase diffof For pressure antinade
The exists between
at closed end compression
pressure wave
has to be reflectedas
displacement come
 a compression so their
hair superposition gives
max

variatio s
pressure

1 1 1 11 wall

Nu

source detector

Eme DN n n
for sound

Kurtz
n for
other
any way
2 Fundamental freq Cfo

smallest frog with which waves can

standing
be set up in a medium

largest wavelength to be
considered

3 Harmonics

All integral multiples of fundamental frag

termed as Harmonics
 fo 2ft 3fo are 1ˢᵗ 2nd 3rd
harmonics

4 Overtones

These are frequencies

higher than fundamental

freq with which standing waves can be formed

in a medium

The immediate higher freq is 1St overtone

next higher is 2nd overtone so 0

5 Octaves

If fr 2f then f is octave
of f
fr 2nF then f is n octaves higher
f than
fi

6 Unison

of fz f then said to be in unison

7 Waxing waning filing

 These teens are associated with tuning fork

waxing adding way to prongs

velocity of wave
oscillation
freq of

waning filing of prongs

removal material
of a
layer of
prongs thin
velocity of wave

freq oscillation
of
STANDIND WAVES IN A STRETCHED STRING

Given tension T linear mass density µ

length of string l
velocity of wave
If
string fixed at one end string fixed at both ends

sunominff
a
e son
i
To I
i Do 41
 i fodo i to
If
i
to
1St overtone

lstoverton .EE d L

31114 1
f Ye x2 2fo
i 7 4
1Stovertone 2ndharmony
i
f Y 2nd overtone
i 3
f 3f
i 1Stovertone 320 harmonic

2nd overtone E L
i 2

i.fr Ye to
1 514 1 2nd overtone 320harmony

i 22 4
Generalising we get
i nth overtone 7k
i.fr 4 5 5fo
harmonic
 2nd overtone 5th harmonic i All harmonics are
possible to set up
i Generelising we see SW in medium

i not overtone ii The

Antight harmonic
number
of loops
in which the string
i SW cannot be formed oscillates it indicates

cite even harmonics the order of its

harmonic
Ciii The number
of half
loop in which the
oscillates indicates
string
the order
of its harmonic

ORGAN PIPES

Given
temp of air T

v
Ir L
tube L
length
of

CLOSED ORGAN PIPE OPEN ORGAN PIPE

Fundamental

T.IE

displacement wave
 111 in

e I
1 pressure wave
holy l
I_ don L

do 41 do 2h
i to Ye
i to
This situation is
This situation is analogong
analogous to to string fixed at
string
fixed at one end both ends we conclude
i we conclude
i nth overtone th
17ᵗʰ harmonic
ic overtone 1
n
harmonics will be harmonic
even

missing Li All harmonics exist

Lii The number
half
of air Iii The amber of loops
loops in which in which the
string
column oscillates is he oscillates indicates the
order harmonic
of order
of its harmonic

END CORRECTION IN ORGAN PIPES

ee
D Iiiii
i
end correction
 tze

f Yete i
to Yetze

e 0.68 experimentally obtained

trading
of the
RESONANCE IN AIR COLUMN EXPERIMENT

Erie Erie

lit

late 24
 i h li difference in 2 successive

resonance length gives us

half wavelength

i velocity wave
of
fx f 2 late

free of tuning fork

Also lute 3 lite

2W resonance length is
slightly
greater than 3 times 1ˢᵗ resonance

leugh

41
i.e o.sn

BEATS

g Rit A fin it Kin

Yr net Az Si Wit Kzn

Ap wz W t r k 2
 For convenience let no be the
location where waves superpose

90 42 W It

1 AT TATT Marcos wilt

W t
142
A

i For Amex 3

42 wilt n 2n

i
t.nl w Ef
i t
Ef If f

Tb T.TT Tb

i Beat period
Tb
Ff
i Beat freq
fs f f
Q Consider an e whose fundamental
open oy
free is to This pipe is now vertically submerged
O

tf
with of its length inside water Find the
the
new fundamental
of pipe

to

ME t f
4
E to

Q An aluminium rod 100m

of leight is clamped
at middle This too is set into longitudinal
oscillations in fundamental mode Find the free
Given Tamm 2600
Kg m Yammi 7.8 10 N m

V
172 4 3 13 107 530 1 MS

l i a 21

i fo 530 103
Ye
1
277 729

1281
784
1315 103
 V75 103

2.75 103

275012

Q Two strings when separately tensioned at 200N

give same fundamental freq of 60042

the tension is increased in one
Now
if
of them
by
n then 6beets are heard
second when both are sounded together
every
Find a

Af GHz LL 60GHz

f α IT

If
E

If to
Q For a certain organ pipe tree successive
overtones are given 42542 59542,76542
by
sound
If velocity
of is 340ms identify
the type organ pipe its fundamental
 y
free
i 9 00 harmonics exists
Is
closed organ
pipe
425 5f to
852
Q fork
A tuning
see when
of
sounded
unknown frug
with another
produces
tuning
2 beets
fork
per
the same
of z It gave number
of beets

see when the unknown fork was loaded

per
with Find its tree before waxing
way

254
2 2

on 156
off
new way
i Natomfix
25242
f 225GHzbecomes
f it
if afterwaxing
252
ten fy 242
can be obtained

Qf A tuning fork vibrating with asonometermined

length 20am produces
 y of
5ha The beet tree does not

the is increased to 21cm

change
if length
fork
Find the free of tuning

rodent Ignore If not given for

strings
fixed at
1 1 11
bothends regarding
its harmonic
always assume
f te
fundamental try
of oscillation
i If e f

i
fs ft 5

ft fs 5

i fs ft 2
f ft 5 20

i 100 105
Loft 21ft

ft
20542
Q it
tuning
fork and an air column at 51 C

produces 4 beets see When he temp is

every
changed to 16 C the beat free changes
 to 1 Hz Find the freq of tuning fork

fa α IT T fa

fan ft 4

fa ft 4 ft fa 4

temp temp

ft fa 4
Contradiction
i not
fi ft or ft fi possible

for ft I
far 4ft I i 68 18
17ft 18ft
i ft 861
i 68 17ft 18 18ft
RULE When such questions
i ft 50K
come in single correct
options always prefer the
solution which gives lesser

change in
 In the from coherent
Q superposition
of waves
sources the ratio
of theamplitude of superposing

the
waves is Find ratio
β
min
of
diff of mex intensity
min intensity due
sum of my
to their superposition

Forex Furi
Contrast ratio
From Iain

Aney Ami I A
Any Amin

AtAL A Az

Altar A AT

4AM 2 AIA β
Aix Aq 14

Q A uniform is stretched fixed at

string
both ends Small wooden wedges are placed
beneath the string to touch the at
string
certain points These wedges divide the
into n parts earn with their
string
individual fundamental fry a fist
for Find the fundamental free
 of
A string without wedges

Δ Δ Δ K

l l t le t In

f i
fate

fat In
Two identical with 191m
Q1 strings of material

are separately tensioned at 20N If they have

length of 49.1cm 51.6cm fino he
heard when
number
both
of beets
every
see
are some together

If I 29,03 I 100M

to Ye
SIX
41 51.6

at
 THE
Q Three sound free 10042
of
sources

10242
of
10442 are sounded together
Find the beat freq

no

see

time 5 10042 10242 10442

Global Mex
0.25 local Mex
0.5
0 75
Glosa me
local Max
411
I

in.int i 2

Both material but

string
are
of same
the are
rading
of cross section
of wires
such that 7 222
A sound is able to generate
source
of set
standing wave in the combined up such
that the junction is a node the
 left string vibrates in 3r ne find
what the vibrates
in homeic fright string

4ᵗʰ harmonic

frog is some dependent

f f

n.ge in
IE IJ ryi.vxt
v

i ni fe 2
feb
i n hi

i 1St

harmoni a
A C AB

strings
CD are

From where
identical

in no
BD a mess m needs

to be suspended such
that the 1st overtone
1 pH CD is
a massless rod
of of
length 100am in unison

with 1ˢᵗ harmonic

Tin To l n

of AB
f fr
i
24

y
i T

4m
i
4Th

n
1 n

Im 20cm