A REPORT ON

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS & DESIGN

OF
RESIDENTIAL BUILDING
OF
MR. TILAK RAJ KADEL
LOCATION: BUDHANILKANTHA
Contents
List of Figures ............................................................................................... iii
List of Tables ................................................................................................. v
1 Introduction ............................................................................................ 1
1.1 An Overview of Earthquake-Resistant Design ............................................................ 1
1.2 Earthquake Resistant Design Philosophy .................................................................... 2
2 Description of the Building.................................................................... 4
2.1 Building Description.................................................................................................... 4
2.2 Location of Building .................................................................................................... 6
3 Numerical modeling ............................................................................... 7
4 Structural analysis ............................................................................... 12
4.1 Load cases considered .............................................................................................. 12
4.2 Load combination ...................................................................................................... 12
4.3 Mass Source .............................................................................................................. 12
4.4 Dead loads ................................................................................................................. 13
4.5 Live load .................................................................................................................... 16
4.6 Wind load ................................................................................................................. 17
4.7 Seismic Analysis ........................................................................................................ 19
4.7.1 Seismic coefficient method ................................................................................ 19
4.7.2 Seismic Weight and Base Shear ......................................................................... 20
4.7.3 Story Drift and displacement Calculations ......................................................... 22
4.8 Modal analysis and modal mass participation ........................................................... 25
4.9 Analysis of Internal Forces Developed In Frames .................................................... 26
5 Design .................................................................................................... 28
5.1 Column design summary ........................................................................................... 29
5.2 Beam Design Summary ............................................................................................. 34
5.3 Truss and Purlin Design Summary ............................................................................ 40
5.4 Slab Design Summary ............................................................................................... 41
5.4.1 Two way Slab Design Summary ........................................................................ 41
5.4.2 Cantilever Slab Design Summary ...................................................................... 41
5.5 Foundation Design Summary .................................................................................... 41
6 CONCLUSION ..................................................................................... 44
7 RECOMMENDATIONS ..................................................................... 44
ANNEXES .................................................................................................... 45
ANNEX -I: REFERENCES ................................................................................................. 45
7.1.1 SAMPLE BEAM DESIGN BY ETABS (D-3/4, Ground Floor) ....................... 46
7.1.2 SAMPLE COLUMN DESIGN (D4-ground floor) ............................................ 48
7.1.3 SAMPLE TWO WAY SLAB DESIGN............................................................. 50
7.1.4 SAMPLE ISOLATED FOOTING DESIGN (D-5 grid) ................................... 54
7.1.5 SAMPLE COMBINED FOOTING DESIGN (B-C) ........................................ 57
7.1.6 SAMPLE MAT FOOTING DESIGN ................................................................ 60

ii
List of Figures
Figure 2-1 : Ground floor Plan of Building................................................................................ 4
Figure 2-2 : Section of building ................................................................................................. 5
Figure 2-3 : Seismic Hazard of Himalayas ................................................................................ 6
Figure 3-1 : 3D model created in ETABS .................................................................................. 7
Figure 3-2 : Plinth Level floor plan modeled in ETABS ........................................................... 8
Figure 3-3 : Ground floor plan modeled in ETABS ................................................................... 8
Figure 3-4 : Top floor plan modeled in ETABS ........................................................................ 9
Figure 3-5 : Elevation on Grid A-A ........................................................................................... 9
Figure 3-6 : Elevation on grid B-B ........................................................................................... 10
Figure 3-7 : Elevation on grid C-C ........................................................................................... 10
Figure 3-8 : Elevation on grid D-D .......................................................................................... 11
Figure 3-9 :Elevation on grid E-E ............................................................................................ 11
Figure 4-1 : Wall load .............................................................................................................. 13
Figure 4-2 : Paraphet wall load ............................................................................................... 14
Figure 4-3 : Roofing sheet dead load ....................................................................................... 14
Figure 4-4 : Floor finish ........................................................................................................... 15
Figure 4-5 : Staircase dead load ............................................................................................... 15
Figure 4-6 : Live load ............................................................................................................... 16
Figure 4-7 : Staircase live load ................................................................................................. 16
Figure 4-8 : Live load on purlins .............................................................................................. 17
Figure 4-9 : Plan of roof showing portion of roof .................................................................... 18
Figure 4-10 : combination of pressure coefficient for wind load ............................................. 18
Figure 4-11 : Wind load on purlin ............................................................................................ 19
Figure 4-12 : Seismic forces in different levels ....................................................................... 21
Figure 4-13: Displacement due to eqx ..................................................................................... 22
Figure 4-14 : Displacement due to Eqy .................................................................................... 22
Figure 4-15 : Displacement due to Eqx .................................................................................... 23
Figure 4-16 : Displacement due to Eqy .................................................................................... 24
Figure 4-17 : Drift in Eqx ......................................................................................................... 24
Figure 4-18 : Drift in Eqy ......................................................................................................... 25
Figure 4-19 : Sample Bending Moment Diagram for frames along Grid C/C-1.5(DL+LL) ... 26
Figure 4-20 : Sample Shear force Diagram for frames along Grid C/C -1.5(DL+LL) ............ 27
Figure 4-21 : Sample Axial force Diagram for frames along Grid C/C -1.5(DL+LL) ............ 27
Figure 5-1 : Rebar of column in Grid A ................................................................................... 29
Figure 5-2 : Rebar of column in Grid B ................................................................................... 29
Figure 5-3 : Rebar of column in Grid C ................................................................................... 29
Figure 5-4 : Rebar of column in Grid D ................................................................................... 30

iii
Figure 5-5 : Rebar of column in Grid E ................................................................................... 31
Figure 5-6 : Rebar in Plinth level floor beam ......................................................................... 34
Figure 5-7 : Rebar in Ground floor beam ................................................................................. 34
Figure 5-8 : Rebar in First floor beam ..................................................................................... 35
Figure 5-9 : Overall truss and purlin arrangement ................................................................... 40
Figure 5-10 : Truss and web ..................................................................................................... 40
Figure 5-11 : Base reaction for mat footing design .................................................................. 42
Figure 5-12 : Base reaction for Isolated and combined footing design.................................... 42

iv
List of Tables
Table 2-1 : Building Description ................................................................................................ 5
Table 4-1 : Mass source............................................................................................................ 12
Table 4-2 : Dead loads unit weight .......................................................................................... 13
Table 4-3 : Dead load applied .................................................................................................. 13
Table 4-4 : Live load applied ................................................................................................... 16
Table 4-5 : External pressure coefficient(Cpe) ........................................................................ 18
Table 4-6 : Calculation of wind load on purlin ........................................................................ 19
Table 4-7 : Analysis and design parameters ............................................................................. 20
Table 4-8 : Drift Calculations for Earthquake Loads ............................................................... 22
Table 4-9 : Model mass participation ....................................................................................... 25
Table 5-1 : Column Design summary ...................................................................................... 31
Table 5-2 : Beam Design Summary ......................................................................................... 36
Table 5-3 : Footing Design Summary ...................................................................................... 43

v
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This report focuses on structural design of residential building located at Budhanilkantha. It

summarizes design assumption, methodology and follows up of codes and standards for the
building with proper consideration of the earthquake resistant design criteria following the
Nepal National Building Code and Indian Standard Code 2002.

The primary objective of the project is to analyze and design the structural elements of the
buildings based on NBC and Indian standards. The seismic coefficient method is adopted to
analyze the earthquake response of the building.

Finite element analysis showed that the anticipated performance of the buildings subjected to
the design earthquake meets IS code seismic hazard level requirement for building. The
building response for drift, displacement are also calculated.

The following conclusions can be drawn from this report:

The structure is designed to complying the guidelines and the Indian standards.

Story drifts are within the acceptable limits under DBE level earthquakes.

** The structural design is carried on the architectural drawing provided. This report solely emphases and
confines itself to technical aspects of the structure and does not comment on other aspects of the structure.

vi
 1 Introduction
1.1 An Overview of Earthquake-Resistant Design
Nepal lies in an earthquake prone zone. It is located in the boundary between Indian plate and
Tibetan plate. Thus, Nepal experiences earthquakes frequently. Earthquakes are the most
sudden, dramatic and devastating natural calamities. Although they last only for few seconds
to minutes, they are the most devastating ones. Past records of the earthquake show that
eighteen major earthquakes have hit Nepal till now. So, special consideration of earthquake
forces while designing a building is mandatory in Nepal.

Designing building against earthquake forces does not mean that we are making the building
earthquake-proof. Although earthquake proof structures may be viable in terms of engineering
but they are not financially viable. However, it is possible to design and build earthquake-
resilient (more precisely seismic resilient) structures. According to this philosophy, no matter
how much severe earthquake occurs, the building won’t collapse although it may be
irreparably damaged. In, this background, it is ensured that this building has been designed to
withstand all the acting loads including the earthquake forces making it seismic resistant.

The structural design alone is not enough to ensure the safety of a building, equally
important, is its construction. The role of a contractor is of paramount importance as he is the
one to execute the construction work at site. He is required to execute the work according to
drawings supplied by the consultant to him and detailing has to be carefully followed. A large
percentage of failure of the building is attributed to poor quality of construction. Past
experiences from damages have shown that quality of material and workmanship play an
important role in good seismic behavior of the buildings. Hence, quality assurance of
construction works is the key to good seismic performance of a building.

Severity of ground shaking at a given location during an earthquake can be minor, moderate
and strong. Relatively, minor shakings occur frequently, moderate shakings occasionally and
strong shakings rarely. For instance, on average annually about 800 earthquakes of magnitude
5.0-5.9 on Richter scale occur in the world while the number is only about 19 for magnitude
of range 7.0-7.9 on Richter scale. So, should we design and construct a building to resist that
1
rare earthquake shaking that may come only once in 500 years or even once in 2000 years at
the chosen project site, even though the life of the building itself may be only 50 or 100 years?
Since it costs money to provide additional earthquake safety in buildings, a conflict arises:
Should we do away with the design of buildings for earthquake effects? Or should we design
the buildings to be “earthquake proof” wherein there is no damage during the strong but rare
earthquake shaking? Clearly, the former approach can lead to a major disaster, and the second
approach is too expensive. Hence, the design philosophy should lie somewhere in between
these two extremes.

The engineers do not attempt to make earthquake proof buildings that will not get damaged
even during the rare but strong earthquakes; such buildings will be too robust and also too
expensive. Instead, the engineering intention is to make buildings earthquake resistant and
affordable; such buildings resist the effects of ground shaking, although they may get
damaged severely but would not collapse during the strong earthquake. Thus, safety of people
and contents is assured in earthquake-resistant buildings, and thereby a disaster is avoided.
This is a major objective of seismic design codes throughout the world.

1.2 Earthquake Resistant Design Philosophy

The earthquake design philosophy may be summarized as follows:

a) Under minor shakings which occur frequently, the main members of the buildings that
carry vertical and lateral forces should not be damaged; however non-structural parts may
sustain repairable damages. It is assured that the building will be fully operational within a
short time and the repair costs will be small

b) Under moderate shakings which are occasional, the structural elements may sustain
repairable damage, while the non-structural elements may be heavily damaged; the building
will be operational followed by repair and re-strengthening of the damaged structural
elements and replacing of damaged non-structural elements.

2
c) Under strong shakings which are rare, the main members may sustain severe damage, but
the building should not collapse; the building may become disfunctional for further use, but
will stand so that people can be evacuated and property recovered.

The degree to which the building is to be assured against the possibility of damage must be
considered while designing the building. Important buildings like hospitals, health posts, fire
stations, post offices communication towers, electric power houses which play a critical role
in post-earthquake activities must remain functional immediately after the earthquake and
hence require higher degree of assurance against possible damage. Public buildings,
educational buildings, busy commercial complex etc. where the risk of human loss is high and
some critical structures like nuclear power plants, dams, etc. whose collapse may cause
secondary disasters are also designed to assure higher level of safety against earthquakes.
Other buildings like residential buildings, offices, mercantile buildings etc. are designed for
lower level of safety, while the design philosophy mentioned above is always maintained.
However, the level of safety to be assured in the design may also depend upon the demand of
the client.

Design of buildings to resist earthquakes involves controlling the damage to acceptable levels
at a reasonable cost. Contrary to the common thinking that any crack in the building after an
earthquake means the building is unsafe for habitation, some damage in non-structural
elements may be unavoidable. Different types of damages (mainly visualized through cracks;
especially so in concrete and masonry buildings) may occur in buildings during earthquakes.
Some of these cracks are acceptable (in terms of both their size and location), while others are
not. In general, qualified technical professionals may only be knowledgeable of the causes and
severity of damage in earthquake-resistant buildings.

3
 2 Description of the Building
2.1 Building Description
The building to be analyzed and designed here is a 3 story residential building proposed to be
constructed on behalf of Mr. Tilak Raj kadel.bThe proposed site is located at Budhanilkantha.
The ground floor plan and section of the building is presented below in Figure 2-1 and Figure
2-2.

Figure 2-1 : Ground floor Plan of Building

4
 Figure 2-2 : Section of building

Table 2-1 : Building Description

General features
Building Type Residential Building
Location Budhanilkantha-3, Narayanthan
Ground Floor Area 3605.12 sq. ft.
Architectural features
Number of story Three story
Floor to Floor Height 10’-6”
Total Height of the Building: 31’-6 “ up to ridge from plinth level
Building Lateral Dimensions (Maximum ) Max distance along X: 85’-1”
Max distance along Y: 57’-0”
Wall and Partition 9” and 5” Brick Masonry in cement mortar in
outside and inside respectively
Structural features
Structural System RCC Frame Structure with truss frame for
roofing
Foundation Type RCC Isolated Footings
Loads Resisting Elements
Columns 350mm x 350mm
Beams Main beam: 250mm X 400mm
Secondary beam:230mm X 300mm

5
slab 125 mm
Geotechnical Features
Soil Test Available
Soil Type (assumed) Type III (Soft Soil
Seismic Zone considered: V (as per IS 1893:2002, Part-1)
Allowable bearing capacity(minimum at 1.5 123.35 KN/m2
m depth)
Material
Grade of concrete: M20 for column, beam, slab and footings.
Grade of Reinforcement steel for RCC Fe 500

2.2 Location of Building

Nepal is highly vulnerable to earthquake hazards. As per IS 1893:2002 (Part 1), Nepal can be
predicted to lies in high seismic risk (Zones V) as shown in Figure 2-3. The site is located at
Budhanilkantha and it belongs to the higher seismic risk zone V.

Figure 2-3 : Seismic Hazard of Himalayas

6
 3 Numerical modeling
A three dimensional finite element model of the whole structural system is created in
ETABSv16. The structural system is considered as a Special Moment Resisting Frame
structure. Main components to be modeled are: Beams, Columns & Slabs. Beams and
columns are modeled as frame elements while slabs are modeled as four-nodded shell
elements. The support condition at the base is idealized as a fixed support. The inner partition
wall load is applied by creating null beam as positioned in architectural drawing. The
basement wall isn’t modeled. The inclined slab is also modeled as thin shell. The truss is
modeled to support the roofing tiles.

Figure 3-1 : 3D model created in ETABS

7
Figure 3-2 : Plinth Level floor plan modeled in ETABS

Figure 3-3 : Ground floor plan modeled in ETABS

8
Figure 3-4 : Top floor plan modeled in ETABS

Figure 3-5 : Elevation on Grid A-A

9
Figure 3-6 : Elevation on grid B-B

Figure 3-7 : Elevation on grid C-C

10
Figure 3-8 : Elevation on grid D-D

Figure 3-9 :Elevation on grid E-E

11
 4 Structural analysis
For the purpose of structural analysis various Indian Standard Codes are followed for
loadings, load combinations and other analysis procedures.

4.1 Load cases considered

Following loads have been considered in the analysis of the building as per IS 456-2000 and
IS1893-2016 part 1.

I. Dead Load (DL)

II. Live load (LL)
III. Earthquake load in X-direction (EQx)
IV. Earthquake load in Y-direction (EQy)
V. Wind load(W)
4.2 Load combination
Following load combinations have been adopted as per IS 1893:2016 for Static Analysis.

I. 1.5(DL+LL)
II. 1.2(DL+LL±EQ(x,y))
III. 1.5(DL±EQ(x,y))
IV. 0.9DL±1.5EQ(x,y)
V. 1.2(DL+LL±W(x,y))
VI. 1.5(DL±W(x,y))
VII. 0.9DL±1.5W(x,y)

Where, DL= Dead load

LL = Imposed (Live) load
EQ(x,y) = Earthquake load (Along X and Y direction)
W(x,y) = Wind load (Along X and Y direction)

4.3 Mass Source

Following mass source have been adopted as per IS 1893:2002 for Seismic Analysis.

Table 4-1 : Mass source

Dead load including paraphet, floor finish, wall load, 1
roofing load,
Live load 0.25

12
4.4 Dead loads
Dead loads are assumed to be produced by slab, beams, columns, parapet walls and floor
finish, roofinf sheet. The weight of building materials are taken as per IS 875 (Part 1-1987).

Table 4-2 : Dead loads unit weight

Materials Unit weight
Reinforced Concrete 25.00 KN/m³
Reinforcement Steel 78.50 KN/m³
Brick Masonry 19 KN/m3

Table 4-3 : Dead load applied

9” wall 13.984 KN/m
9” wall with opening 9.789 KN/m
5” wall 6.992 KN/m
5” wall with opening 4.894 KN/m
Parapet wall load 2.2 KN/m
Floor finish 1.2 KN/m2
Roofing sheet dead load on purlin 0.57X0.3067=0.174 KN/m
Dead load of stair on respective beam 21.11 KN/m

Figure 4-1 : Wall load

13
 Figure 4-2 : Paraphet wall load

Figure 4-3 : Roofing sheet dead load

14
 Figure 4-4 : Floor finish

Figure 4-5 : Staircase dead load

15
4.5 Live load
Live loads are applied on floor slabs on the basis of usage of rooms, as specified in IS 875
part II.

Table 4-4 : Live load applied

Living room 3.0 KN/m2
Balcony & Stair/ Lobby 3.0 KN/m2
Bedroom/toilet 2.0 KN/m2
Staircase live load on respective beam 9.63 KN/m2
Live load on purlin 0.43x0.3067=0.174KN/m

Figure 4-6 : Live load

Figure 4-7 : Staircase live load

16
 Figure 4-8 : Live load on purlins
4.6 Wind load
Wind load is calculated as per IS875 (part 3):1987
Basic wind speed vb= 47 m/s
Risk coefficient k1= 1
Terrain, height, and structure size factor k2= 0.98
Topography factor k3= 1
Design wind speed Vd=Vb*k1*k2*k3= 46.06 m/s
Wind pressure on roof Pd=0.6*Vd2 =1272.91 N/m2 = 1.272KN/m2
Wind load=(Cpe-Cpi)xAxPd
External pressure coefficient(Cpe)
Roof Angle =26 degrees
Height upto the base of the sloped roof (h)= 6.4 m
Width of Roof (w) = 13.26 m
h/w=0.48<0.5

17
 Figure 4-9 : Plan of roof showing portion of roof

Refering to table 5 of IS875 (part3) :1987 for h/w<0.5 and roof angle 26 degree
Table 4-5 : External pressure coefficient(Cpe)
Wind Incidence angle Portion of roof

EF GH EG FH

0 -0.16 -0.4

90 -0.7 -0.6

Internal pressure coefficient(Cpe)= ±0.2 (open structure)

The combination of internal and external pressure coefficient for various portion of roof
which give maximum coefficient =-0.2-0.7=-0.9

Figure 4-10 : combination of pressure coefficient for wind load

18
The design wind load is calculated on the maximum value
Design wind load on windward side=0.9x1.272=1.1448 KN/m2 (normal outward to roof)
Purlin inclined spacing length(l)=0.3067m
This loads are resolved on horizontal and vertical direction and applied on purlin as udl
Table 4-6 : Calculation of wind load on purlin
Horizontal Vertical

0.3067x1.1448xsin(26)=0.154 KN/m 0.3067x1.1448xcos(26)=0.315 KN/m

The direction of wind load is away from roof in all case except windward side in overhanging

Figure 4-11 : Wind load on purlin

4.7 Seismic Analysis

4.7.1 Seismic coefficient method

The total design lateral force or design seismic base shear ( VB) along any principal direction
shall be determined by the following expression:

VB=Ah*w

19
The design horizontal seismic coefficient Ah for a structure is determined by the following
expression (IS 1893 (Part I):2016):
𝑍𝑍𝑍𝑍𝑆𝑆
𝐴𝐴ℎ = 2𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑎𝑎

Where,

Z = Zone factor

I = Importance factor, depending upon the functional use of structure

R = Response reduction factor, depending on the perceived seismic damage performance of

the structure, characterized by ductile or brittle deformations.

Sa/g = Average response acceleration coefficient depending upon time period

For linear static method, the time period is calculated using empirical relation

T=0.075H0.75 (for RCC frame building)

Where, H = Height of the building above ground

W=seismic weight of building that includes total Dead load plus appropriate amount of live
load. [7.4, IS: 1893 (part1)-2016].

4.7.2 Seismic Weight and Base Shear

For the purpose of analysis, seismic forces are applied in the model of the building in ETABS
Hence, the manual calculations of seismic weight, story force, base shear and the seismic
forces have not been shown. However the ETABS outputs for base shear is shown in table
below. Also seismic forces at each level is also shown in figure

Followings factors are considered for earthquake resistant design of the building.

Table 4-7 : Analysis and design parameters

Method adopted for design Seismic coefficient method
Response function IS 1893: 2016
Seismic Zone Zone V
Zone factor 0.36
Soil Type Type III
Height of Structure, H (m) 6.4 m from plinth to eve level
Time Period 0.3 sec (both directions)
Importance factor 1

20
Response reduction factor 5
Design Horizontal Seismic Coefficient (Ah=ZI/2R*sa/g) 9%
Mass participation Above 90% along both directions
Base shear from seismic coefficient method along –x 450.36 KN
Base shear from seismic coefficient method along -y 450.36 KN

Figure 4-12 : Seismic forces in different levels

21
4.7.3 Story Drift and displacement Calculations
Story Drift ratio for all story are checked as defined in clause 7.11.1, IS 1893-2002. It is
found that story drift ratio for all stories are within permissible limit 0.004

Figure 4-13: Displacement due to eqx

Figure 4-14 : Displacement due to Eqy

Table 4-8 : Drift Calculations for Earthquake Loads

Floor Displacement Displacement Drift Drift
level Along X, Δx Along Y, Δy ratio ratio
mm mm along X along Y
Third 5.34 4.75 0 0
First 5.38 4.78 0.001 0.00083

22
Ground 3.22 2.72 0.00099 0.00084
Plinth 1.27 1.19 0.00039 0.00037
Base 0 0

Figure 4-15 : Displacement due to Eqx

23
Figure 4-16 : Displacement due to Eqy

Figure 4-17 : Drift in Eqx

24
 Figure 4-18 : Drift in Eqy

4.8 Modal analysis and modal mass participation

Table 4-9 : Model mass participation
Case Mode Period UX UY Sum UX Sum UY RZ
sec
Modal 1 0.377 0.67 0.24 0.67 0.24 0.015
Modal 2 0.374 0.23 0.69 0.90 0.92 0.002
Modal 3 0.287 0.02 0.00 0.92 0.92 0.926
Modal 4 0.172 0.08 0.00 0.99 0.93 0.000
Modal 5 0.17 0.00 0.07 1.00 1.00 0.001
Modal 6 0.147 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 0.040
Modal 7 0.142 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 0.007
Modal 8 0.135 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 0.006
Modal 9 0.122 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 0.003
Modal 10 0.053 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 0.000
Modal 11 0.053 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 0.000
Modal 12 0.053 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 0.000

25
The total mass participation in both considered direction is greater than the 90% of the total
lateral force. A building has regular modes of oscillation in two principal plan directions as
the mass participation factor for first three modes is greater than 65%.

4.9 Analysis of Internal Forces Developed In Frames

Bending moments, shear forces and axial forces of the buildings were analyzed using the
ETABS. The analysis is used for identification of critical sections and to find out the design
requirements so as to design various structural components. The sample moment diagrams,
shear force diagram, axial force diagrams and torsion diagrams of the frames along some grids
are as extracted from ETABS are presented below:

Figure 4-19 : Sample Bending Moment Diagram for frames along Grid C/C-1.5(DL+LL)

26
Figure 4-20 : Sample Shear force Diagram for frames along Grid C/C -1.5(DL+LL)

Figure 4-21 : Sample Axial force Diagram for frames along Grid C/C -1.5(DL+LL)

27
 5 Design
The design of reinforced concrete structural members includes selection of material properties
(grade of steel and concrete), shape and size of cross section, factor of safety and amount of
steel required. The design of reinforced concrete members are carried out using limit state
method as per IS 456:2000. The limit state method is the modern and latest design
methodology. This method evolved around 1970’s. Limit state method is based on the concept
of multiple safety factors and attempts to provide adequate safety at the ultimate loads and
adequate serviceability at service loads. For the design of the members, IS 456:2000 and
design aid SP 16 has been used. Footings have been checked for vertical loads and moments
developed at the base due to dead load and live load only. Square footings have been adopted
from seismic point of view that reversal stress may occur. And footing beams are provided for
column at foundation for more rigidity of building and also need for the column located at
boundary. Longitudinal reinforcement in beams and columns has been calculated based on
critical load combination. Spacing of the shear reinforcement has been calculated as per the
ductility criteria as defined in IS 13920 -1993.Some sample designs are shown later on in this
report.
Beams and columns have been designed using ETABS while slabs and foundations are
designed manually. Samples of manual design calculation of critical slab and footings are
shown in this report in ANNEX: SAMPLE DESIGN CALCULATIONS. The structural
design of sections and reinforcements are presented in the drawing.

28
5.1 Column design summary

Figure 5-1 : Rebar of column in Grid A

Figure 5-2 : Rebar of column in Grid B

Figure 5-3 : Rebar of column in Grid C

29
Figure 5-4 : Rebar of column in Grid D

30
 Figure 5-5 : Rebar of column in Grid E

Table 5-1 : Column Design summary

Corner bar Face bar
col ID Floor Total Ast Dia no Dia no
C2 A1 Ground 1101 16 4 16 4
350x350 A1 First 980 16 4 12 4
A2 Basement 980 16 4 16 4
C2 A2 Ground 980 16 4 16 4
350x350 A2 First 980 16 4 12 4
A3 Basement 980 16 4 16 4
C2 A3 Ground 1064 16 4 16 4
350x350 A3 First 980 16 4 12 4
A4 Basement 980 16 4 16 4
C2
A4 Ground 1367 16 4 16 4
350x350
A4 First 980 16 4 12 4
C2 A5 Ground 1000 16 4 16 4
350x350 A5 First 980 16 4 12 4
C2 A6 Ground 1073 16 4 16 4
350x350 A6 First 1072 16 4 12 4

31
 C1
350x350 A7 Ground 1100 16 4 12 4
C3 B1 Ground 1644 20 4 16 4
300x300 B1 First 1017 16 4 12 4
B2 Basement 980 16 4 16 4
C2 B2 Ground 980 16 4 16 4
350x350 B2 First 1022 16 4 12 4
B3 Basement 980 16 4 16 4
C2 B3 Ground 980 16 4 16 4
350x350 B3 First 980 16 4 12 4
B4 Basement 980 16 4 16 4
C2
B4 Ground 1026 16 4 16 4
350x350
B4 First 980 16 4 12 4
C2 B5 Ground 1043 16 4 16 4
350x350 B5 First 980 16 4 12 4
C2 B6 Ground 1067 16 4 16 4
350x350 B6 First 1068 16 4 12 4
C1
350x350 B7 Ground 1214 16 4 12 4
C3
350x350 C1 Ground 1695 20 4 16 4
C2 C2 Ground 1099 16 4 16 4
350x350 C2 First 980 16 4 12 4
C3 Basement 980 20 4 16 4
C4 C3 Ground 1552 20 4 16 4
350x350 C3 First 1871 20 4 16 4
C4 Basement 980 20 4 16 4
C4
C4 Ground 1712 20 4 16 4
350x350
C4 First 1468 20 4 16 4
C2 C5 Ground 1004 16 4 16 4
350x350 C5 First 980 16 4 12 4
C2 C6 Ground 1077 16 4 16 4
350x350 C6 First 1013 16 4 12 4
C1
350x350 C7 Ground 1136 16 4 12 4
C3
350x350 D1 Ground 1498 20 4 16 4
C2 D2 Ground 1194 16 4 16 4
350x350 D2 First 980 16 4 12 4
C5 D3 Basement 980 20 4 20 4

32
350x350 D3 Ground 2070 20 4 20 4
D3 First 2075 20 4 20 4
D4 Basement 1019 20 4 20 4
C5
D4 Ground 2206 20 4 20 4
350x350
D4 First 1732 20 4 20 4
C2 D5 Ground 1005 16 4 16 4
350x350 D5 First 1202 16 4 12 4
C2
350x350 E2 Ground 1449 16 4 16 4
C2
350x350 E3 Ground 1309 16 4 16 4
C2
350x350 E4 Ground 1101 16 4 16 4
C2
350x350 E5 Ground 1089 16 4 16 4

For more details refer structural drawing

33
5.2 Beam Design Summary

Figure 5-6 : Rebar in Plinth level floor beam

Figure 5-7 : Rebar in Ground floor beam

34
Figure 5-8 : Rebar in First floor beam

35
 Table 5-2 : Beam Design Summary
Area, mm (ETABS) Dia of rebar
Beam Id Floor Left Middle Right Left Middle Right
T B T B T B T B T B T B
A-2/3 Plinth 259 259 259 259 583 291 3-16+2-12 3-16 3-16 3-16 6-16 3-16
A-3/4 Plinth 1273 637 318 992 1074 537 6-16 3-16 3-16 5-16 6-16 3-16
B-2/3 Plinth 259 259 259 123 493 247 3-16+2-12 3-16 3-16 3-16 6-16 3-16
B-3/4 Plinth 1016 508 254 952 868 492 6-16 3-16 3-16 5-16 6-16 3-16
C-3/4 Plinth 1127 563 282 942 1084 542 6-16 3-16 3-16 5-16 6-16 3-16
D-3/4 Plinth 1188 594 297 1000 1159 580 6-16 3-16 3-16 5-16 6-16 3-16
2-A/B Plinth 330 259 259 259 396 259 3-16 2-16 2-16 2-16 3-16 2-16
3-A/B Plinth 437 259 142 449 567 284 3-16 2-16 2-16 3-16 3-16 2-16
3-B/C Plinth 418 259 259 259 269 259 3-16 2-16 2-16 2-16 4-16 2-16
3-C/D Plinth 668 334 259 436 610 334 4-16 2-16 2-16 3-16 4-16 2-16
4-A/B Plinth 450 294 259 341 499 259 3-16 2-16 2-16 2-16 3-16 2-16
4-B/C Plinth 350 259 259 259 290 259 3-16 2-16 2-16 2-16 4-16 2-16
4-C/D Plinth 708 354 177 460 629 338 4-16 2-16 2-16 3-16 4-16 2-16
A-1/2 Ground 501 293 259 317 479 259 3-16+2-12 3-16 3-16 3-16 3-16+2-12 3-16
A-2/3 Ground 321 259 259 259 415 259 3-16+2-12 3-16 3-16 3-16 5-16 3-16
A-3/4 Ground 856 428 237 469 948 474 5-16 3-16 3-16 3-16 5-16 3-16
A-4/5 Ground 548 274 259 309 686 343 5-16 3-16 3-16 3-16 3-16+2-12 3-16
A-5/6 Ground 683 341 171 289 494 259 3-16+2-12 3-16 3-16 3-16 3-16+2-12 3-16
A-6/7 Ground 329 259 259 259 323 259 3-16+2-12 3-16 3-16 3-16 3-16+2-12 3-16
B-1/2 Ground 432 259 259 259 366 259 3-16 2-16 2-16 2-16 3-16 2-16
B-2/3 Ground 272 259 259 259 297 259 3-16 2-16 2-16 2-16 4-16 2-16
B-3/4 Ground 663 331 186 447 744 392 4-16 2-16 2-16 2-16 4-16 2-16
B-4/5 Ground 357 259 259 259 508 259 4-16 2-16 2-16 2-16 3-16 2-16
B-5/6 Ground 562 281 259 333 573 287 3-16 2-16 2-16 2-16 3-16 2-16
B-6/7 Ground 448 259 259 259 341 259 3-16 2-16 2-16 2-16 3-16 2-16

36
C-1/2 Ground 390 259 259 280 416 259 3-16+2-12 3-16 3-16 3-16 3-16+2-12 3-16
C-2/3 Ground 382 259 259 259 372 259 3-16+2-12 4-16 3-16 4-16 7-16 4-16
C-3/4 Ground 1281 640 320 907 1249 624 7-16 4-16 3-16 4-16 7-16 4-16
C-4/5 Ground 386 259 259 259 461 259 7-16 4-16 3-16 4-16 3-16+2-12 4-16
C-5/6 Ground 320 308 259 317 339 259 3-16 3-16 3-16 3-16 3-16 3-16
C-6/7 Ground 285 259 259 259 327 259 3-16+2-12 3-16 3-16 3-16 3-16+2-12 3-16
D-1/2 Ground 348 259 259 259 361 259 3-16+2-12 3-16 3-16 3-16 3-16+2-12 3-16
D-2/3 Ground 317 259 259 259 371 185 3-16+2-12 4-16 3-16 4-16 8-16 4-16
D-3/4 Ground 1550 775 486 1284 1489 744 8-16 4-16 3-16 4-16 8-16 3-16
D-4/5 Ground 544 272 259 259 595 298 8-16 4-16 3-16 4-16 3-16+2-12 4-16
E-2/3 Ground 348 259 259 259 645 322 3-16 2-16 2-16 2-16 4-16 2-16
E-3/4 Ground 602 380 259 505 682 341 4-16 2-16 2-16 3-16 4-16 2-16
E-4/5 Ground 665 332 259 259 415 259 4-16 2-16 2-16 2-16 3-16 2-16
1-A/B Ground 549 274 259 296 376 259 3-16 2-16 2-16 2-16 3-16 2-16
1-B/C Ground 259 259 259 259 384 259 3-16 2-16 2-16 2-16 3-16 2-16
1-C/D Ground 360 259 259 259 388 263 3-16 2-16 2-16 2-16 3-16 2-16
2-A/B Ground 379 259 259 292 366 259 3-16 2-16 2-16 2-16 3-16 2-16
2-B/C Ground 278 259 259 259 455 259 3-16 2-16 2-16 2-16 4-16 2-16
2-C/D Ground 642 321 161 404 645 322 4-16 2-16 2-16 3-16 4-16 2-16
2-D/E Ground 372 259 259 259 395 276 4-16 2-16 2-16 2-16 4-16 2-16
3-A/B Ground 407 259 259 259 462 259 3-16 2-16 2-16 2-16 3-16 2-16
3-B/C Ground 278 259 259 259 342 259 3-16 2-16 2-16 2-16 4-16 2-16
3-C/D Ground 803 402 259 505 795 398 4-16 2-16 2-16 3-16 4-16 2-16
3-D/E Ground 347 259 259 259 395 276 4-16 2-16 2-16 2-16 3-16 2-16
4-A/B Ground 387 259 259 259 435 259 3-16 2-16 2-16 2-16 3-16 2-16
4-B/C Ground 399 259 259 259 323 259 3-16 2-16 2-16 2-16 4-16 2-16
4-C/D Ground 646 323 165 507 660 330 4-16 2-16 2-16 3-16 4-16 2-16
4-D/E Ground 356 259 259 259 509 259 4-16 2-16 2-16 2-16 3-16 2-16
5-A/B Ground 534 300 137 370 549 275 3-16 2-16 2-16 2-16 3-16 2-16

37
5-B/C Ground 408 259 259 259 299 259 3-16 2-16 2-16 2-16 3-16 2-16
5-C/D Ground 475 259 120 306 480 259 3-16 2-16 2-16 2-16 3-16 2-16
5-D/E Ground 333 259 259 259 415 259 3-16 2-16 2-16 2-16 3-16 2-16
6-A/B Ground 600 322 259 424 587 293 3-16 2-16 2-16 3-16 3-16 2-16
6-B/C Ground 460 259 259 259 381 267 3-16 2-16 2-16 2-16 3-16 2-16
7-A/B Ground 324 259 259 259 292 259 3-16 2-16 2-16 2-16 3-16 2-16
7-B/C Ground 328 259 259 259 320 259 3-16 2-16 2-16 2-16 3-16 2-16
A-1/2 First 259 259 259 259 259 259 5-12 3-12 3-12 3-12 5-12 3-12
A-2/3 First 259 259 259 259 259 259 5-12 3-12 3-12 3-12 5-12 3-12
A-3/4 First 375 259 259 316 468 259 5-12 3-12 3-12 3-12 5-12 3-12
A-4/5 First 266 259 259 259 259 259 5-12 3-12 3-12 3-12 5-12 3-12
A-5/6 First 259 259 259 259 259 259 5-12 3-12 3-12 3-12 5-12 3-12
B-1/2 First 259 259 259 259 259 259 5-12 3-12 3-12 3-12 5-12 3-12
B-2/3 First 259 259 259 259 259 259 5-12 3-12 3-12 3-12 5-12 3-12
B-3/4 First 282 259 88 259 353 259 5-12 3-12 3-12 3-12 5-12 3-12
B-4/5 First 308 259 259 259 259 259 5-12 3-12 3-12 3-12 5-12 3-12
B-5/6 First 259 259 259 259 259 259 5-12 3-12 3-12 3-12 5-12 3-12
C-2/3 First 259 259 259 259 384 259 3-16 3-16 3-16 3-16 6-16 3-16
C-3/4 First 1013 506 273 834 1092 546 6-16 3-16 3-16 5-16 6-16 3-16
C-4/5 First 308 259 259 259 259 259 6-16 3-16 3-16 3-16 3-16 3-16
C-5/6 First 259 259 259 259 259 259 3-16 3-16 3-16 3-16 3-16 3-16
D-2/3 First 262 259 259 259 494 259 3-16 3-16 3-16 3-16 5-16 3-16
D-3/4 First 923 461 259 803 983 492 5-16 3-16 3-16 5-16 5-16 3-16
D-4/5 First 621 310 259 279 318 259 5-16 3-16 3-16 3-16 3-16 3-16
1-A/B First 259 259 259 259 263 259 5-12 3-12 3-12 3-12 5-12 3-12
2-A/B First 259 259 259 259 259 259 5-12 3-12 3-12 3-12 5-12 3-12
2-B/C First 259 259 259 259 348 259 5-12 3-12 3-12 3-12 5-12 3-12
2-C/D First 445 259 259 301 313 259 5-12 3-12 3-12 3-12 5-12 3-12
3-A/B First 259 259 259 259 259 259 5-12 3-12 3-12 3-12 5-12 3-12

38
3-B/C First 259 259 259 90 359 259 5-12 3-12 3-12 3-12 5-12 4-12
3-C/D First 580 344 145 605 501 391 6-12 4-12 3-12 5-12 5-12 4-12
4-A/B First 259 259 259 259 259 259 5-12 3-12 3-12 3-12 5-12 4-12
4-B/C First 259 259 259 259 440 259 5-12 3-12 3-12 3-12 6-12 4-12
4-C/D First 671 365 168 708 536 400 6-12 3-12 3-12 3-12 5-12 4-12
5-A/B First 259 259 259 259 259 259 5-12 3-12 3-12 3-12 5-12 3-12
5-B/C First 259 259 259 259 331 259 5-12 3-12 3-12 3-12 5-12 3-12
5-C/D First 529 265 259 377 407 259 5-12 3-12 3-12 4-12 5-12 3-12
6-A/B First 259 259 259 259 259 259 5-12 3-12 3-12 3-12 5-12 3-12
6-B/C First 259 259 259 259 259 259 5-12 3-12 3-12 3-12 5-12 3-12

Secondary beam =230x300 with 3 nos 12 mm bar at top and bottom.

39
5.3 Truss and Purlin Design Summary

Figure 5-9 : Overall truss and purlin arrangement

Figure 5-10 : Truss and web

40
Rafter: ISB72x72x4

Some bottom rafter: 91.5x91.5x4.5

Web: ISB 49.5x49.5x2.9

Purlin : ISB38x38x4 spaced at 0.3 m

For more details, refer structural drawings

5.4 Slab Design Summary

5.4.1 Two way Slab Design Summary

Size: 125mm
Reinforcement:
Let’s provide 8mm@150mm c/c both ways with usual layouts/curtailments wherever required
For more details, refer structural drawings

5.4.2 Cantilever Slab Design Summary

Size: 125mm
Reinforcement:
Let’s provide 10mm@125mm c/c both ways with usual layouts/curtailments wherever
required
For more details, refer structural drawings

5.5 Foundation Design Summary

The foundation is designed as Isolated footing, combined footing and mat foundation. Mat
foundation is provided on lower level 3.2 m depth from plinth whereas isolated & combined
footing are provided 1.8 m below the plinth level. Tie beams are provided in two different
levels one at the top level of isolated footings as (Lower Tie Beams) and another at the plinth
level (Upper Tie Beams).

41
 Figure 5-11 : Base reaction for mat footing design

Figure 5-12 : Base reaction for Isolated and combined footing design

42
Table 5-3 : Footing Design Summary
Footing pad
Footing type Size(mm*mm) Depth(mm) Reinforcement
Mat 400mm (3.2 m 475mm extension 400 mm 16 mm bar @100 c/c bothway
below plinth) from column 16 mm bar @100 c/c bothway
location bottom

I12(A-1, A-5, A-6, A- 1500X 1500 350 mm 12 mm bar @150 c/c both way
7, C-2, D-1, D-2, E-2,
E-3,E-4, E-5)
IF2(D-5) 1600 X 1600 350 mm 12 mm bar @150 c/c both way
CF1(A-3,C-3) 2900x1500 350mm 12 mm bar @125 c/c both way
at top and bottom

Tie beam
LTB1 & UTB1 250 x300 Longitudinal bars: 3-12dia top & bottom
Stirrups : 2-legged 8dia @ 4" c/c
For more details refer structural drawing

43
 6 CONCLUSION
After the analysis of the building components, the building is found to be safe against the
gravity as well as Seismic Loads. The section sizes and reinforcements are sufficient enough
to withstand all kinds of possible axial, shear, flexural and torsional forces. The building is
designed to make it good enough to assure Life Safety under Design Basis Earthquake
considered for Zone V, Importance Factor 1.0 and soft soil condition as per IS1893:2002.
Bearing capacity of the soil is taken as 123.35 KN/m2 and 509.18 KN/m2 for mat. M20 grade
of concrete is used for columns, beams, slabs and foundations. Ductile detailing as per
IS13920:2016 has been extensively adopted while detailing.
7 RECOMMENDATIONS
Design and construction of the structure are inter – related jobs. A performance of a building
depends upon a work and material quality during the construction more than the intensions
pursued during structural design. A large percentage of structural failures are attributed due to
poor quality of construction. Therefore, to assure the proper safety, material and work quality
should be maintained during the construction. Structural designer will be responsible for all
the designs but not for any faulty constructions happened at site beyond his supervision.
Following recommendations are made by the structural designer.
1. It is recommended to strictly follow the section sizes and reinforcements provided in the
structural drawings.
2. It is recommended that the site engineer should be responsible to handle the problems that
may arise during construction. He/she shall also be responsible for maintaining the material
and process quality during construction.
3. It is strictly recommended that any changes in the design shall be done only with the
consultation of the structural designer.
4. It is strictly recommended to maintain the standards in the grade of cement and
reinforcement steel. It is recommended to run a cube test to ensure the strength and quality of
the concrete ratio used. It is also recommended test the reinforcement steels to ensure the
quality of steel used.

44
ANNEXES
ANNEX -I: REFERENCES
IS: 456 – 2000 Code of Practice for Plain and Reinforced Concrete

IS: 875 (Parts 1-5) Code of practice for design loads (other than earthquake)
for buildings and structures (second revision)
1 – Dead loads Part
2 – Imposed load

NBC 105: 1994 Seismic Design of Buildings in Nepal

IS: 1893 – 2016 Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures

IS: 13920 - 2016 Ductile Detailing of Reinforced Concrete Structures

subjected to Seismic forces - Code of Practice

SP: 16 – 1980 Design Aids for Reinforced Concrete to IS: 456 – 1978

SP: 34 – 1987 Handbook on Concrete Reinforcement Detailing

Jain, A.K Reinforced Concrete, Limit State Design, fifth edition, Nem
Chand and Bros, Rookie, 1999

Sinha, S. N. Reinforced Concrete Design, Second edition, Tata

McGraw Hill Publishing Company Ltd, New Delhi, 1996

Pillai,U.C. and Menon,D. Reinforced Concrete Design, Second edition, Tata

McGraw Hill Publishing Company Ltd, New Delhi, 2003

Neelam Sharma Reinforced cement concrete design

45
ANNEX-II: SAMPLE DESIGN CALCULATIONS

7.1.1 SAMPLE BEAM DESIGN BY ETABS (D-3/4, Ground Floor)

IS 456:2000 Beam Section Design

Beam Element Details Type: Ductile Frame (Summary)

Level Element Unique Name Section ID Combo ID Station Loc Length (mm) LLRF
First B21 2544 Beam 250*400 UDCon2 175 6731 1

Section Properties
b (mm) h (mm) bf (mm) ds (mm) dct (mm) dcb (mm)
250 400 250 0 63.5 63.5

Material Properties
Ec (MPa) fck (MPa) Lt.Wt Factor (Unitless) fy (MPa) fys (MPa)
22360.68 20 1 413.69 413.69

Design Code Parameters

ɣC ɣS
1.5 1.15

Factored Forces and Moments

Factored Factored Factored Factored
Mu3 Tu Vu2 Pu
kN-m kN-m kN kN
-140.8576 6.6053 147.0437 0

Design Moments, Mu3 & Mt

Factored Factored Positive Negative
Moment Mt Moment Moment
kN-m kN-m kN-m kN-m
-140.8576 10.1022 0 -150.9597

Design Moment and Flexural Reinforcement for Moment, Mu3 & Tu

46
 Design Design -Moment +Moment Minimum Required
-Moment +Moment Rebar Rebar Rebar Rebar
kN-m kN-m mm² mm² mm² mm²
Top (+2 Axis) -150.9597 1550 0 1550 387
Bottom (-2 Axis) 0 775 0 758 775

Shear Force and Reinforcement for Shear, Vu2 & Tu

Shear Ve Shear Vc Shear Vs Shear Vp Rebar Asv /s
kN kN kN kN mm²/m
147.0437 64.3359 124.9814 47.8745 1032.5

Torsion Force and Torsion Reinforcement for Torsion, Tu & VU2

Tu Vu Core b1 Core d1 Rebar Asvt /s
kN-m kN mm mm mm²/m
6.6053 147.0437 143 293 1032.5

47
7.1.2 SAMPLE COLUMN DESIGN (D4-ground floor)
IS 456:2000 Column Section Design

Column Element Details Type: Ductile Frame (Summary)

Level Element Unique Name Section ID Combo ID Station Loc Length (mm) LLRF
First C10 2613 column 350*350 UDCon2 0 3200.4 0.578

Section Properties
b (mm) h (mm) dc (mm) Cover (Torsion) (mm)
350 350 65.2 28.1

Material Properties
Ec (MPa) fck (MPa) Lt.Wt Factor (Unitless) fy (MPa) fys (MPa)
22360.68 20 1 413.69 413.69

Design Code Parameters

ɣC ɣS
1.5 1.15

Axial Force and Biaxial Moment Design For Pu , Mu2 , Mu3

Design Pu Design Mu2 Design Mu3 Minimum M2 Minimum M3 Rebar Area Rebar %
kN kN-m kN-m kN-m kN-m mm² %
703.9378 80.4599 34.6252 14.0788 14.0788 2206 1.8

Axial Force and Biaxial Moment Factors

K Factor Length Initial Moment Additional Moment Minimum Moment
Unitless mm kN-m kN-m kN-m
Major Bend(M3) 0.772915 2800.4 13.8501 0 14.0788
Minor Bend(M2) 0.803529 2800.4 32.184 0 14.0788

Shear Design for Vu2 , Vu3

Shear Vu Shear Vc Shear Vs Shear Vp Rebar Asv /s
kN kN kN kN mm²/m

48
 Shear Vu Shear Vc Shear Vs Shear Vp Rebar Asv /s
kN kN kN kN mm²/m
Major, Vu2 19.3776 95.8783 39.8653 0 389.18
Minor, Vu3 46.3074 95.8783 39.8653 44.2492 389.18

Joint Shear Check/Design

Joint Shear Shear Shear Shear Joint Shear
Force VTop Vu,Tot Vc Area Ratio
kN kN kN kN cm² Unitless
Major Shear, Vu2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Minor Shear, Vu3 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

(1.1) Beam/Column Capacity Ratio

Major Ratio Minor Ratio
N/A N/A

Additional Moment Reduction Factor k (IS 39.7.1.1)

Ag Asc Puz Pb Pu k
cm² cm² kN kN kN Unitless
1225 22.1 1786.9522 513.9137 703.9378 0.850732

Additional Moment (IS 39.7.1)

Consider Length Section KL/Depth KL/Depth KL/Depth Ma
Ma Factor Depth (mm) Ratio Limit Exceeded Moment (kN-m)
Major Bending (M3 ) Yes 0.875 350 6.184 12 No 0
Minor Bending (M2 ) Yes 0.875 350 6.429 12 No 0

Notes:
N/A: Not Applicable
N/C: Not Calculated
N/N: Not Needed

49
7.1.3 SAMPLE TWO WAY SLAB DESIGN
The design calculation of slab A4-B4-D5-A5 as critical slab has been shown in sample slab
design

DESIGN OF TWO WAY SLAB:A

1.0 General Data:

Depth of slab : (D) 125 mm
Grade of Concrete : (fck) 20 N/mm2
Grade of Steel : (fy) 500 N/mm2
Effective cover: (d') 20 mm
Effective depth of slab : (d) 105 mm
Effective length:
Shoter span: (lx) 4.17 m
Longer span: (ly) 4.27 m

2.0 Loading:
Dead Load: (DL) 3.125 KN/m2

50
 Other Dead Load: (ODL) 3.2 KN/m2
Live Load: (LL) 3 KN/m2
Total Load: (w) 9.325 KN/m2
Factored Load: (wu) 13.9875 KN/m2

3.0 Type of slab:

1.024

Type: Two way Slab

4.0 Calculation of Moments:

Moment coefficient:
Type of Slab Panel: 3
Short span coefficient: αx
Support S 0.03868
Mid Span M 0.0292
Long span coefficient: αy
Support S 0.037
Mid Span M 0.028
Moments:

Short span moments:

Support S 9.409 KN-m
Mid Span M 7.103 KN-m

Long span moments:

Support S 9 KN-m
Mid Span M 6.811 KN-m

5.0 Check depth for maximum Moments:

Maximum moments: Mu 9.409 KN-m
Moment coefficient: k 0.134
< 105
effective depth: d 60 mm
OK

51
6.0 Calculation of reinforcement:
6.1 For shorter span
Mim'm reinforcement (Ast)min 126 mm2
Design moment: Mx 9.409 KN-m
Neutral axis depth : x 14 mm
Area of steel required: Ast 219 mm2
Area of steel provided: Ø 8 mm
S 150 mm
Ast 336 mm2
Pt 0.32 %
For longer span
Effective depth d 97 mm
Mim'm reinforcement (Ast)min 117 mm2
Design moment: Mx 9 KN-m
Neutral axis depth : x 14 mm
Area of steel required: Ast 228 mm2
Area of steel provided: Ø 8 mm
S 150 mm
Ast 336 mm2
Pt 0.347 %

7.0 Check for shear stress:

Maximum shear force: Vu 29.164 KN
Shear Stress: tv 0.278 N/mm2
β 7.257
Concrete Shear Strength: tc 0.399 N/mm2
Shear Strength factor: K 1.3
Shear Strength of Slab: tc' 0.5187 > 0.278 N/mm2
OK

8.0 Check for development length:

Ultimate moment Capacity: M1 14.12 KN-m
Maximum Shear Force: V 29.164 KN
Bond Stress: tbd 1.92 N/mm2
Development length: Ld 454 mm
52
 Anchorage length: L0 105 mm
Available length: 735 > Ld
OK

8.0 Check for deflection:

length to eff. Depth ratio: l/d 39.715

α 26
β 1
ϒ 1.800 for fs = 189.018 N/mm2
δ 1 and Pt = 0.32 %
λ 1
Coefficient: 46.800
OK

53
7.1.4 SAMPLE ISOLATED FOOTING DESIGN (D-5 grid)
1.Data
Size of column
Bc = 350 mm
Dc = 350 mm
Column Load (V) = 274.67 KN
Bearing Capacity (qa) = 123.35 KN/m2
Grade of Concrete (fck) = 20 Mpa
Grade of Steel (fy)= 500 Mpa

2.Calculation of size of footing

wt. of foundation = 27.47 KN
Total Load (P)= 302.13 KN
Area of footing = 2.449 m2
*Note:Taking the ratio of width and length of footing same as that of column dimensions

Size of footing
L= 1.565 m
B= 1.565 m
Provided (L) = 1.600 m
Provided (B) = 1.600 m

Upward reaction (q') = 160.938 KN/m

Max'm B.M. = 31.433 KN-m

3.Calculation for depth of footing

B.M. = 0.134 fckbd2
depth (d)= 108 mm
Provided depth (d) = 300 mm

4.Check for Shear

Per. Shear Strength (τc) = 0.25√fck 1.118 N/mm2
a) Punching shear
depth (d)= 300 mm
Punching shear(τ'V) = 0.441 N/mm2

54
 Ok
Provided depth (d) = 300 mm
Overall Depth (D)= 350 mm

b) One way Shear (Calculation for no shear reinforcement)

depth (d) = 300 mm
Max'm S.F. = 52.305 KN
One way Shear (τv) = 0.174 N/mm2
Provided Ast = 0.2 %
β= 11.61
Concrete Shear strength (τc)= 0.326 N/mm2
Ok
Ast = 600 mm2

5.Calculation for reinforcement

Ast = 247 mm2

Ast required = 600 mm2
mm
Provided, Size = 12 dia
Spacing = 150 mm c/c
Ast Provided= 754 mm2
Ok
Area of Steel Along width
B.M. = 31.433 KN-m
Ast = 600 mm2
mm
Provided, Size = 12 dia
Spacing = 150 mm c/c
Ast Provided= 754 mm2
Ok

6.Development Length

55
 Bond stress(τbd)= 1.920 N/mm2
Development length (Ld)= 680 mm
Available Ld along length = 575 mm
Provide
Hook

7.Load Transfer from Column to Footing

Nominal bearing stress in
column = 3.363 N/mm2
Allowable bearing stress = 0.45*fck
9.000 N/mm2
Thus no additional dowel bars are required to transfer load

56
7.1.5 SAMPLE COMBINED FOOTING DESIGN (B-C)
Allowable bearing capacity= 123.35 KN/m2
(As per Geotechnical Report) Grade of Concrete : M20
Grade of Reinforcement : Fe500

Slab properties (Depth) & Punching Check

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Soil pressure(<123.35 KN/m2) and deformation(<15 mm)

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 Reinforcement demand for Top and Bottom Barson single footing (mm2/m)

Reinforcement provided:

Top bars: 12 mm bar @ 125 c/c both way

Bottom bars: 12 mm bar @ 125 c/c both way

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7.1.6 SAMPLE MAT FOOTING DESIGN
Allowable bearing capacity= 509.18 KN/m2
(As per Geotechnical Report) Grade of Concrete : M20
Grade of Reinforcement : Fe500

Slab properties (Depth) and Pedestal depths

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Punching Check of Column and Pedestal Individually

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Soil Pressure at DL+LL (<509.18 KN/m2)

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Deformation at DL+LL (<50mm )

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Reinforcement demand for top Top (mm2/m)

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 Reinforcement demand for Bottom Bars (mm2/m)

Reinforcement provided:

Top bars: 16 mm bar @100 c/c both way

Bottom bars: 16 mm bar @100 c/c both way

65