x−1

P ( X=x ) =q ( p ) P ( X ≤ x )=1−q x P ( X < x )=P ( X ≤ x−1 )=1−q x−1

P ( X > x )=1−P ( X ≤ x )=1− ( 1−q x )=q x P ( X ≥ x ) =P ( X> x−1 )=q
x−1

1
P ( X 1 ≤ x ≤ X 2 )=1−P ( X ≤ x−1 )−P ( X ≥ x+ 1 ) mean= variance=
p
1
p ( )( 1p −1)
standard deviation=√ variance

Mangana, Rieben M.
BS MATH 2A

Geometric Substitution:
1. A card from an ordinary deck of cards is selected and then replaced. Another card is
selected, etc. Find the probability that the first club will occur on the third draw.
 ( )
3−1
1 1 1
P ( X=x ) =p ( 1−p ) x=3 , p= P ( X=3 )= 1−
x−1
4 4 4
P ( X=3 )=0.1406∨14.06 %

2. A die is tossed until a one or a two is obtained. Find the expected number of tosses.
1
1 1 mean= =3 tosses
mean= p= 1
p 3
3

3. On average how many rolls of a die will it take to get 3 fours?

1 1
mean= p= mean=6 tossesSince , we need ¿ get 3 fours thenthe needed number
p 6
of rolls is 6 ( 3 )∨18 tosses

Hypergeometric Substitution:

1. There are 6 white balls and 34 blue balls in the basket. If you draw 8 balls from the
basket without replacement, what is the probability that exactly 3 of the 8 balls are
white? a=6 , b=34 , n=8 , x=3
(C ¿ ¿ x )(C n−x ) (C ¿ ¿ 3 )(C5 )
a b 6 34
P ( X=x ) = a+ b
¿P ( X=3 )= 40
¿ P ( X=3 )=0.0724∨7.24 %
(C ¿ ¿ n )¿ (C ¿ ¿ 8 )¿
2. Suppose a large high school has 1,100 female students and 900 male students. A
random sample of 10 students is drawn (without replacement), what is the probability
that exactly 7 of the selected students are female?
a=1100, b=900 , n=10 , x=7
(C ¿ ¿ x )(C n−x ) (C ¿ ¿ 7 )(C 3 )
a b 1100 900
P ( X=x ) = a+ b
¿P ( X=7 )= 2000
¿
(C ¿ ¿ n )¿ (C ¿ ¿ 10 )¿
P ( X=7 )=0.1665∨16.65 %

3. A set of 10 tubes is received which is known to contain 3 defectives. If a sample of three

tubes is taken randomly, what is the probability that it will consists of two good tubes
and one defective tube?
a=3 , b=7 , n=3 , x=1
(C ¿ ¿ x )(C n−x ) (C ¿ ¿ 1 )(C2 )
a b 3 7
P ( X=x ) = a+ b
¿P ( X=7 )= 10
¿P ( X=7 )=0.525∨52. 5 %
(C ¿ ¿ n )¿ (C ¿ ¿ 3 )¿