2/1/2018

Chapter-10: The Equation of Change for Nonisothermal

ChE 453 System

 The Energy Equation

Transport Phenomena
Instructor:
Dr. Md. Easir Arafat Khan
Assistant Professor
Department of Chemical Engineering, BUET,
Dhaka-1000
 Special from of Energy Equation
 Use of equation of change to solve the steady
state problems
 Dimensional analysis of the equation of change
for non isothermal systems

July 2017

The Equation of Energy: The rate of accumulation internal and kinetic energy within
Let’s consider a stationary xyz is :
volume ΔxΔyΔz through which  1 2
xyz  uˆ  v         (1)
a pure fluid is flowing. The law t  2 
of conservation of energy for The rate of convection of internal and kinetic energy into the
the fluid contained within this element is :
volume element at a given
  1   1  
time: yz v x  uˆ  v 2   v x  uˆ  v 2  
  2 x  2  x  x 
  1   1  
 xz v y  uˆ  v 2   v y  uˆ  v 2  
  2 y  2  y  y 
  1   1  
 xy v z  uˆ  v 2   v z  uˆ  v 2  
  2  z  2  z  z 

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The rate of energy input by conduction is : Deviding xyz of energy equation and taking the limit xyz  0

yz q x x  q x x  x
 xzq y y  qy
y  y
 xyq z z  qz z  z
  1 2
 uˆ  v 
The rate of doing work against gravitatio nal force t  2 
  xyzv x g x  v y g y  v z g z    1    1    1
   v x  uˆ  v 2   v y  uˆ  v 2   vz  uˆ  v 2 

 x  2   y  2   z  2 
The rate of doing work against static pressure,
 
yz pv x  x  x  pv x  x  xz pv y   y  y
 pv y 
y
  q x q y q z 
  
 x y z 
    v x g x  v y g y  v z g z 


 xy pv z  z  z  pv z  z      
  pv x  pv y  pv z 
The rate of doing work against the viscous force is :  x y z 

yz  xx v x   xy v y   xz v z    xx v x   xy v y   xz v z    
 x  xx v x   xy v y   xz v z   y  y xv x   y yv y   y zv z 


 
x  x x

 xz  y xv x   y yv y   y zv z    y xv x   y yv y   y zv z   
 
  
y  y y


 xy  zx v x   zy v y   zz v z 
z  z
  zx v x   zy v y   zz v z 
z
   v  
 z zx x zy y zz z v   v 

By carrying out differentiation of LHS and of convective contribution,

The energy equation becomes
  1 2  1 2   1 2    
  1    1    uˆ  v   v. uˆ  v    uˆ  v    .v  
  uˆ  v 2    .v uˆ  v 2   .q    v.g   . pv   . .v   t  2   2   2   t 
t  2    2 
 .q    v.g   . pv   . .v 

With the aid of continuity equation,  .v  0
t
D 1 
  uˆ  v 2   .q    v.g   . pv   . .v 
Dt  2 
Now consider the equation of mechanical energy,
D 1 2
  v   p.v   . pv    v.g   . .v    : v 
Dt  2 
Subtraction yields,
Duˆ
  .q   p.v    : v   is a form of thermal energy
Dt

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Thus,
For engineerin g applicatio n, the energy equation can be expressed in
  p  
 p  T    .v   Cv  .q   p.v    : v 
DT
terms of fluid temperature and heat capacity rather than internal
  T Vˆ  Dt
energy : since uˆ is a funciton of V̂ and T
The Energy Equation becomes,
 uˆ  ˆ  uˆ 
duˆ    dV    dT  p 
 .q   T   .v    : v 
DT
 Vˆ T  T Vˆ Here, duˆ  TdS  pdV Cv
Dt  T Vˆ
  p    duˆ   dS   dp 
  p  T    dVˆ  Cˆ v dT     T   p  T  p For Neutonian fluid with constant thermal conductivity,
  T Vˆ   dV T  dV T  dT V  p 
 k 2T  T   .v    v
DT
Therefore, Cv
Dt  T Vˆ
Duˆ   p   DVˆ DT This equation states that the temperature of moving fluid element
   p  T      Cv
Dt   T Vˆ  Dt Dt changes because of,
  p    DVˆ 1 D  (a) heat conduction
  p  T    .v   Cv  .v 
DT
,   
  T Vˆ  Dt  Dt  Dt  (b) expansion effects
(c) viscous heating

Neglecting viscous dissipatio n,

(i) For ideal gas : Neglecting viscous dissipatio n,
(iii) For fluid with constant  , .v   0
 k 2T  p.v 
DT
Cv
Dt DT
Cv  k 2T
(ii) For a fluid at constant pressure : Dt
duˆ   pdVˆ  Cˆ dT (iv) For a solid : you may set v  0
p
DT
Duˆ  DVˆ DT  C p  k 2T
   p.v   C p
DT
     p  Cp Dt
Dt  Dt Dt  Dt
Therefore,

 p.v   C p  .q   p.v 

DT
Dt
DT
 C p  k 2T
Dt

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Tangential flow in an Annulus with viscous heat generation Cylindrical coordinates:

Assumptions: v r  v z  0 and v  f(r), T  f(r)

1. Flow behaves as a continuum gr  gz  0
2. Steady state laminar flow From equation of continuity :
3. Incompressible, Newtonian fluid To
1 
v   0  v  0
with ρ, µ and conductivity (k)
r  
Ti From equation of motion :
constant
v
2
P B.C.1 : at r  kR, v  0
4. k is fairly small so that curvature r:   
r r B.C.2 : at r  R, v   0 R
of the streamline must be
 1   Thus,
considered. : 0  rv 
r  r r   kR r 
5. T = f(r) and vθ = f(r), vr = vz =0
p   
6. No pressure gradient in θ- z : 0    g z v   0 R  r kR 
z  k 1/ k 
direction  

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Energy equation :
2
1   T     v 
0  k r    r   
 r r  r   r  r 
B.C.3 : at r  kR, T  Ti
B.C.4 : at r  R, T  T0
Introducing v ,
1   T  4 02 k 2 R 4 k 2
k r  0
r r  r  1 k 2 r 4
This is differential equation for the temperature distributi on
Dimensionl ess form :
r T  Ti  02 R 2 k 2
 ,  and N 
R T0  Ti k T0  Ti  r 4

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Dimensionl ess form : Transpiration cooling :

r T  Ti  02 R 2 k4 k4 Two concentric porous spherical shell of radii kR and R
  ,  and N   Br
R T0  Ti 
k T0  Ti  1  k 2 
2
1  k 2 2 Inner surface of outer are at T  Ti and outer surface of
The dimensionl ess form of energy equation : inner one at T  Tk .
1 d  d  1 Dry air at Tk blows out radially
   4 N 4
 d  d   from inner shell into porous
Integratio n gives, shell and out through outer shell
1
Θ   N 2  C1 ln   C2

B.C.1 : at   k,   0 Develop an expression for rate
B.C.2 : at   1,   1 of heat removal as a function
The final expression for temperature distributi on : of mass rate of flow of the gas.
 N  N  ln  inner one at T  Tk .
Θ  N  1  2   N  1  2 
    k  ln k Fig. 10.5-3: Transpiration cooling

Assumption s :
1. Steady state laminar flow wr Ĉ p
Let R 0  , equation reduces to
2. Low gas velocity 4k
3. vr  f (r ) and v  v  0 dT d  2 dT  dT d  dT 
R0  r   2r  r2  
dr dr  dr  dr dr  dr 
4. viscous dissipatio n is neglected
d  dT   R0 2  dT
From the equation of continuity for spherical system,    
dr  dr   r 2 r  dr
1 d
r 2 dr
 
r 2 vr  0  dT 
d 
 dr    R0  2 dr
 r 2 vr  constant  r
w  
4  dT   r 2 r 
 
From equation of energy,  dr 
dT 1 d  dT  Integrating,
Ĉ p vr  k 2 r2 
dr r dr  dr   dT  R
ln     0  2 ln r  ln C1
dT 4k d  2 dT  4k d  2 dT   dr  r
 r  r 
dr 4r 2 Ĉ p vr dr  dr  wr Ĉ p dr  dr 

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 r 2 dT  R
ln     0 Hence, the temperature distributi on :
 C1 dr  r R0 R0
 
r 2 dT  0
R T  Tk e r  e R
 e r  R0
C1 dr Tk  Ti 
R
 0
e kR  e R
R0
 dr Case I : For small R 0 ,
 dT  C1e r
r2 1 1

C1  r0  R0  C1  r0
R R
T  Tk  1 1 
 r R  e x  1  x  x 2  x 3  ........
R0 
T  e d     e  C2
 r  R0 Tk  Ti 1

1  2! 3! 
B.C.1 : at r  kR, T  Tk kR R
Case II : For infinite R 0 and finite kR
B.C.1 : at r  R, T  Ti
T  Tk kR
Solving we get, 
R0
Tk  Ti r

R0 Tk  Ti  Tk  Ti e R
C1  R0 R0
and C 2  Ti  R0 R0
   
e kR
e kR
e kR
e R

The rate of heat removal by the refrigeration is : Dimensiona l analysis of the equation of change :
 dT  .v  0
Q  4 kr  qr  4 kr    k  4k kr 
2 dT Continuity :

2 2
r  kR
 dr  r kR dr r  kR Dv
Motion :   v 2  p  g  Forced convection
Dt

R0
 v 2   g T  T0   Free convection
R0 Tk  Ti e r 4kR0 Ti  Tk 
 4k kr  
2
DT
  R0  0 
R R0
1 k  Energy : C p  k 2T   v
r 2  e kR  e R  e kR 1 Dt
  r  kR For forced convection :
For R  0, heat removed at zero gas rate is : v p  p0 tV T  T0
v*  , p*  , t*  , T* 
4kR0 Ti  Tk  T T  v 2 Ti  T0
 4k kR i k 
V D
Q0 
1  1  k   1
R0  1 k  x y z
kR x*, y*, z*  , ,
D D D

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For forced convection : Energy :

Continuity :  * .v*  0 DT *     k  2  V 2   k     *
     * T *      v
V  D
v *V    12  *2 v *V   V  * p *  g
Dt *  VD   C p   k T  T0   C p   VD 
2
Motion :  
 D  Dt * D D DT *  1  2  Br  *
   * T *  v
Dv *    2  gD  g Dt *  Re . Pr   Re . Pr 
   * v *  * p *   2 
Dt *  DV  V  g vD t
Dv *  1  2  g
1 For free convection : v * *  , t ** 
   * v *  * p *     D 2
Dt *  Re   Fr  g Continuity :  * .v*  0
DT
Energy : C p  k T   v
2
   D  v * *   v * * 
  g Ti  T0 T *
1
Dt Motion :   2      2  *2 
 D  Dt * *  D  D  D 
DT * k T  T0  2
2
V  V 
 C p  T  T0    * T *      *v Dv * *  g 2  Ti  T0 D 3  g
D D    *2 v * *  
2
Dt * D T *
Dt * *  2  g
DT * k T  T0 
2
D V  D
   *2 T *      *v Dv * * g
Dt * D2 C pV T  T0   D  C pV T  T0     *2 v * *  Gr.T *
Dt * * g

For free convection : Temperature distribution with more than one independent
DT variable
Energy : C p  k 2T   v
Dt
Consider only unsteady heat flow problems :
   DT * k T  T0  2
 C p  T  T0 
2 
 * T * where, T  f x, y, z , t 
 D  Dt * * D2
For solids, the energy equation is
DT * k T  T0  D2
   *2 T * dT
Dt * * D 2
C p T  T0  C p  k 2T
dt
DT *  k  2 1 if k is independen t of position and temperature
   * T *   * T *
2

Dt * *  C p  Pr dT k
  2T   2T
dt C p
Forced convection : Re, Pr, Fr, Br
Free convection : Gr, Pr

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Heating of a Semi-infinite slab:

Now,
A solid body occupying space from y  0 to y   is initially at I.C. : at t  0,   0 for all y
temperature T0 . At time t  0, the surface at y  0 is raised to T1 B.C.1 : at y  0,   1 for all t  0
and maintained at T1 for t  0. Find temperature profile B.C.1 : at y  ,   0 for all t  0
The energy equation is : The solution of this energy equation w ill be,
dT
  2T   f  y, t 
dt
Introducing an independen t dimensionl ess variable   f ( y, t ) in the
I.C. : at t  0, T  T0 for all y
y
B.C.1 : at y  0, T  T1 for all t  0 form of   in enegy equation, the dimensionl ess form :
4t
B.C.1 : at y  , T  T0 for all t  0
d 2 d
T  T0  2 0
Introducing,   , energy equation becomes, d 2 d
T1  T0
d d 2
 2
dt dy

Now, the dimensionl ess boundary conditions

B.C.1 : at y  0,   0,   1
B.C.2 : at y  0,   ,   0
The solution of this equation,
y
  1  erf
4t
The wall heat flux,

qy  k
dT

k
T1  T0 
y 0 dy y 0  t