CH 03

CHAPTER 3
Network Theorems
Section 3.1 Solutions
3.1.1 Find I1 in the network in Fig. P3.1.1.
10 mA
18 kΩ 6 kΩ 10 kΩ 10 kΩ
I1
FIGURE P3.1.1
Solution:
I1  =   −10m 18k  = −7.5 mA

_ ( )
18k + 6k
3.1.2 Find I1 in the circuit in Fig. P3.1.2.
N"
N" LΩ LΩ N"
I1
FIGURE P3.1.2
Solution:
−I1 + 5 = 0
I1 = 5 mA
79
c03SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 79 1/31/2022 1:58:29 PM

80 C H A PTER 3 Network Theorems
3.1.3 Use nodal analysis to find V1 in the circuit in Fig. P3.1.3.

10 kΩ 5 kΩ
12 mA 5 kΩ V1 4 kΩ 4 kΩ
FIGURE P3.1.3
Solution:
V2 10 kΩ V1 5 kΩ V3
12 mA 5 kΩ 4 kΩ 4 kΩ
V  − V1 
−12m + _
  2   = 0 ⇒ V2  = 120 + V1 
10k
V  − V  V  V3 
_
  3  1 +  _3  + _   2  V1
   = 0 ⇒ V3  = _
5k 4k 4k 7
V  − V  V1  _V  − V3 
_
  1  2 + _     +   1   = 0 ⇒ V1  − ( 120 + V1  )+ 2V1  + 2(V1  − _
  2  V 1) = 0
10k 5k 5k 7
⇒(  24 )V1  = 120

_
7
⇒ V1  = 35 V
3.1.4 Find both Io and Vo in the network in Fig. P3.1.4 using nodal analysis.
5 kΩ
+ Vo −
6 mA 10 kΩ 10 mA 10 kΩ
Io
FIGURE P3.1.4
Solution:
V1 5 kΩ V2
+ Vo −
6 mA 10 kΩ 10 mA 10 kΩ
Io
V  V  − V2 

−6m + _
  1   + _
  1   = 0 ⇒ 2V1  − V2  = 60
10k 5k
_ V  − V1  V2 
  2   + 10m +  _  = 0 ⇒ −2V1  − 3V2  = 100
5k 10k
[V2  ] [−36 ]
V  −4
⇒   1 = V

V o = V1  − V2  = 32 V

V  4 2  mA
I o = _
  1  = _  = − _
10k 10 5

Solutions to Problems 81
3.1.5 Use nodal analysis to find Vo in the circuit in Fig. P3.1.5.

6 kΩ 3 kΩ
+
−
20 V + 12 kΩ Vo + 15 V
−
−
FIGURE P3.1.5
Solution:
Vo  − ( −20) _V  V  − 15

 __________  +   o   + _  o  = 0
6k 12k 3k
7V  20
⇒ _  o  −  _ = 0
12 12
_20
o  =   = 2.85 V
⇒ V
7
3.1.6 Find Vo in the network in Fig. P3.1.6 using nodal analysis.

+ Vo −
LΩ LΩ
7 + LΩ + 7

− −
FIGURE P3.1.6
Solution:


3.1.7 Find Io in the circuit in Fig. P3.1.7 using nodal analysis.

6V
6 kΩ 12 kΩ
−+
−
3V + 12 kΩ 6 kΩ + 3V
−
Io
FIGURE P3.1.7
Solution:
6V
6 kΩ A B 12 kΩ
–+
3V + 12 kΩ 6 kΩ – 3V
– +
Io
VA  − 3 ____ V  VB  ______

V  + 3
 ______   +   A   + ___
    +   B   = 0
6k 12k 6k 12k
V B − VA  = 6 V
  1    +  ____
___ 1   ___
  1    +  ____
1   V    1  
___
[ −1 [
] VB  ] [6 V]
6k    12k
    6k   12k A  =   4k
1
[ VB  ]
V 
A  = [
3.5]
−2.5

V  3.5
I o = ___
  B  = ___
   = 0.583 mA
6k 6k
3.1.8 Use nodal analysis to find Vo in the network in Fig. P3.1.8.

6 mA
4 kΩ 2 kΩ
2 kΩ 10 V + 6 kΩ 1 kΩ Vo
−
−
FIGURE P3.1.8
Solution:
6 mA
4 kΩ V1 2 kΩ
2 kΩ 10 V + 6 kΩ 1 kΩ Vo
−
−
6k ∥ (2k + 1k)= 2 kΩ

V 
−6m + _
  1 = 0 ⇒ V1  = 12 V
2k
V  ( 1k)
Vo  = _
  1   = 4 V
2k + 1k


2 kΩ 4 kΩ
12 V + 2 mA 2 kΩ Vo
−
−
FIGURE P3.1.9
Solution:
2 kΩ V1 4 kΩ
12 V + 2 mA 2 kΩ Vo
−
−
_ V  − 12 V1 
  1  − 2m + _   = 0
2k 4k + 2k
⇒ 4V1  = 36 + 12
1  = 12 V
⇒V
V  ( 2k)
Vo  = _
  1   = 4 V
4k + 2k
12 V
3 kΩ 3 kΩ
+−
6 kΩ 6 kΩ 6 kΩ 3 kΩ
Io
FIGURE P3.1.10
Solution:
12 V
3 kΩ V1 V2 3 kΩ
+−
Io
(3k + 3k) ∥ 6k = 3 kΩ

_ V  V2 
  1  + _   = 0 ⇒ V1  = −V2 
3k 3k
V1  − V2  = 12 ⇒ −2V2  = 12 ⇒ V2  = −6 V
V2 
Io  = _
    = −1 mA
3k + 3k

3.1.11 Using nodal analysis, find Vo in the network in Fig. P3.1.11.

3V
+−
4 kΩ 2 kΩ
6V + 2 mA 6 kΩ Vo
−
−
FIGURE P3.1.11
Solution:
Constraint equation: Vo  − 6 = − 3

⇒ Vo  = 3 V

10 V
3 kΩ 4 kΩ
−+
+
5V + 4 kΩ Vo 6 kΩ 2 kΩ
−
−
FIGURE P3.1.12
Solution:
10 V
3 kΩ V1 Vo 4 kΩ
−+
5V + 4 kΩ 6 kΩ 2 kΩ
−
(2k + 4k) ∥ 6k = 3 kΩ
_ V  − 5 V  Vo  V 

  1   +  _1  + _    = 0 ⇒ V o = 5 − 7 _1 
3k 4k 3k 4
V1  − Vo  = −10
⇒ Vo  = 8.18 V

1 kΩ
4V
2 kΩ −+
+ 12 V 1 kΩ − 6V
− +
Io
FIGURE P3.1.13

Solution:
1 kΩ
4V
2 kΩ B
A
−+
C
+ 12 V 1 kΩ − 6V
− +
IA IB
Io
VA  = 12 V V C = −6 V V B= 4 − 6 = −2 V
  −2 −  
IA  = IB  A + IC  A = _   −6 −  
12 + _ 12 = −25 mA
2k 1k
  −2 = −2 mA
IB  = _
1k
Io  = IA  + IB  = −27 mA
3.1.14 Find Vo in the circuit in Fig. P3.1.14 using nodal analysis.

15 V
+−
4 kΩ 2 kΩ
+
−
2 kΩ + 10 V 2 kΩ Vo
FIGURE P3.1.14
Solution:
15 V
+−
4 kΩ 2 kΩ
V1 Vo
−
2 kΩ + 10 V 2 kΩ
_ V  V1  + 10 V_   + 10 Vo 

  1  +   _   +   o   + _    = 0 ⇒ 3V1  + 4Vo  = −30 ①
2k 4k 2k 2k
−V1  + Vo  = −15 ②
3 * ② + 1 = 7Vo  = −75
⇒ Vo  = −10.714 V

3.1.15 Find Io in the network in Fig. P3.1.15 using nodal analysis.

1 kΩ 1 kΩ
+ Vx −
+ 15 V 3 kΩ + 3Vx
− −
Io
FIGURE P3.1.15
Solution:
1 kΩ Vo 1 kΩ
+ Vx −
+ 15 V 3 kΩ + 3 Vx
− −
Io
Vx  = 15 − Vo 

3Vx  = 45 − 3Vo 
o  − 15 _
V V  Vo  − ( 45 − 3Vo  )
 _   +   o  + ___________
 
    = 0
1k 3k 1k
⇒ 4Vo  = 45
45 
⇒ Vo  = _
    V
4
_ Vo  _ 15 
Io  =     =     mA
3k 4
3.1.16 Use nodal analysis to find Vo in Fig. P3.1.16.
3Ix +
6 mA 20 kΩ 20 kΩ Vo
Ix −
FIGURE P3.1.16
Solution:
Vx
Vo
3Ix
6 mA 20 kΩ 20 kΩ
Ix
V 
Ix  = _
  x  
20k
  x   + 3(   x  )= 0 ⇒ 4Vx  = 120

V  V 
−6m + _ _
20k 20k
⇒ V x  = 30 V
3 
⇒ I x  = _   mA
2
Vo  = 3( Ix  )20k
= 90 V


12 V
−+
1 kΩ +
V +
——o 2 kΩ 1 kΩ Vo
2 −
−
FIGURE P3.1.17
Solution:
12 V
V1
−+ Vo
1 kΩ
V +
——o 2 kΩ 1 kΩ
2 −
V1  = Vo  − 12
V 
( Vo  − 12) − _
Vo  − 12 ___________
Vo  _   o 
2 =0
_
    +     +   
   
1k 2k 1k
⇒ ( 2 + 1 + 2 − 1)Vo  = 36
⇒ Vo  = 9 V
+−
4 kΩ
8000Ix
4 kΩ 8 kΩ 12 kΩ 12 mA
Ix Io
FIGURE P3.1.18
Solution:
V1 V2
+−
4 kΩ
8kIx
4 kΩ 8 kΩ 12 kΩ 12 mA
Ix Io
(4k + 4k) ∥ 8k = 4 kΩ

V 
Ix  = _
  1 
8k
V2  = V1  − 8k(   1 )= V1  − V1  = 0 V

V 
_
8k
V 
Io  = _
  2   = 0 A
12k

3.1.19 Use nodal analysis to find V1 in the circuit in Fig. P3.1.19.

2 kΩ
+
3 mA
3 kΩ V1 2 kΩ 2 kΩ
1 mA
−
FIGURE P3.1.19
Solution:
V1 2 kΩ V2
3 mA
3 kΩ 2 kΩ 2 kΩ
1 mA
2k ∥ 2k = 1 kΩ
_ V  V  − V 

  1  + 3m + _
  1  2 ⇒ 5V1  − 3V2  = −18
3k 2k
_ V  − V  V 
  2  1 + 1m +  _2 = 0 ⇒ −1V1  + 3V2  = −2
2k 1k
⇒ 4V1  = −20
⇒ V1  = −5.0 V
3.1.20 Use nodal analysis to find both V1 and Vo in the circuit in Fig. P3.1.20.
2 mA
V1 V2
6 kΩ 2 kΩ +
12 mA 3 kΩ 6 kΩ 1 kΩ Vo
FIGURE P3.1.20
Solution:
V  V1  − V2 
− 12m + _   1  + _    + 2m = 0
3k 6k
⇒ 3V1  − V2  = 60
V  − V  V 
− 2m + _
  2  1 +  _2 = 0
6k 2k { (2k + 1k) ∥ 6k}= 2 kΩ
⇒ − V1  + 4V2  = 12
  96  V
2  = _
⇒ 11V2  = 96 ⇒ V
11
V1  = 4V2  − 12 = 22.91 V
V  ( 1k)
Vo  = _
  2   = 2.91 V
2k + 1k

3.1.21 Write the node equations for the circuit in Fig. P3.1.21 in matrix form, and find all the node voltages.
3 mA
1 kΩ V2 3 kΩ
V1 V3
2 kΩ 6 mA 4 kΩ
FIGURE P3.1.21
Solution:
V  V1  − V2 
 _1  + _   − 3m = 0 ⇒ 3V1  − 2V2  = 6
2k 1k
V2  − V1  V2  − V3 
 _  − 6m +  _  = 0 ⇒ −3V1  + 4V2  − V3  = 18
1k 3k
V  − V  V 
3m + _
  3  2 +  _3 = 0 ⇒ −4V2  + 7V3  = −36
3k 4k
   3 −2    0 V1     6  
[   0 −4    7][ ] [−36]
   
−3      4  −1  V2  = 18  
V3 
V1  10.8
[V3  ] [ 2.4 ]
⇒ V 2  = 13.2
  V

1 kΩ 3 mA
2 kΩ Vo
2 kΩ
10 V + 1 kΩ
−
−
FIGURE P3.1.22
Solution:
Vo
1 kΩ 3 mA
V1 2 kΩ
2 kΩ
10 V + 1 kΩ
−
_ V  − 10 V 
  o   − 3m + _   o = 0 ⇒ 3Vo  = 26V
1k 2k
  26  V
⇒ Vo  = _
3


6V
−+
2 mA
6 kΩ
12 kΩ 12 kΩ 4 kΩ Vo
FIGURE P3.1.23
Solution:
6V
−+
2 mA
V2 6 kΩ
V1 Vo
12 kΩ 12 kΩ 4 kΩ
_ V  V  − V  Vo 

  1  + 2m + _
  o  2 + _    = 0 ⇒ V1  − 2V2  + 5Vo  = −24 ①
12k 6k 4k
V  V  − Vo 
−2m + _
  2   + _
  2   = 0 ⇒ 3V2  − 2Vo  = 24 ②
12k 6k
V1  − Vo  = −6 ③
−1 * ③ + ① = −2V2  + 6Vo  = −18 ④
2 * ② + 3 * ④ = 14Vo  = −6
3  V
⇒ Vo  = − _
7
10 V
+−
5V
6 kΩ
−+
+
4 kΩ 3 mA 6 kΩ Vo
FIGURE P3.1.24

Solution:
10 V
+−
5V
6 kΩ V2
V1 −+ Vo
4 kΩ 3 mA 6 kΩ
V  Vo 
Supernode:  _1  + _   − 3m = 0 ⇒ 3V1  + 2Vo  = 36 ①
4k 6k
V1  − Vo  = 10 ②
−3 * ② + ① = 5Vo  = 6
o  = 1.2 V
⇒ V

4 kΩ
6V
6 kΩ 2 kΩ
−+
+
6V + 12 kΩ 12 kΩ 4 kΩ Vo
−
−
FIGURE P3.1.25
Solution:
4 kΩ
6V
6 kΩ V1 V2 2 kΩ
−+ Vo
6V + 12 kΩ 12 kΩ 4 kΩ
−
12k ∥ (2k + 4k) = 4kΩ
_ V  − 6 V1  V  − 6 V 

  1   +  _   + _
  2   +  _2 = 0 ⇒ 3V1  + 6V2  = 30 ①
6k 12k 4k 4k
−V1  + V2  = 6 ②
3 * ② + ① = 9V2  = 48 ⇒ V2  = _   16  V
3
_ V2  ( 4k)
Vo  =     = 3.56 V
2k + 4k


12 kΩ
6V
6 kΩ
+−
+
12 V + 3 kΩ 6 kΩ Vo
−
Io −
FIGURE P3.1.26
Solution:
12 kΩ
6V
6 kΩ V1
+− Vo
12 V + 3 kΩ 6 kΩ
−
V1  − 12 _ V  Vo  − 12 _ V 

 _   +   1  + _    +   o = 0
6k 3k 12k 6k
⇒ 6V1  + 3Vo  = 36 ①
V1  − Vo  = 6 ②
−6 * ② + ① = 9Vo  = 0
⇒ Vo  = 0 V
3.1.27 Use nodal analysis to solve for the node voltages in the circuit in Fig. P3.1.27. Also calculate the
power supplied by the 2-mA current source.
Ω Ω
+ −
− +
FIGURE P3.1.27

Solution:

3.1.28 Find Vo in the network in Fig. P3.1.28 using nodal equations.

1 kΩ
2 mA
1 kΩ
6V + 1 kΩ 1 kΩ Vo
−
−
FIGURE P3.1.28

Solution:
1 kΩ
2 mA
1 kΩ V1
Vo
6V + 1 kΩ 1 kΩ
−
_ V  − 6 V 
  1   +  _1 + 2m = 0
1k 1k
⇒ 2V1  = 4 ⇒ V1  = 2 V
_ V  − 6 Vo 
  o   + _    − 2m = 0
1k 1k
⇒ 2Vo  = 8 ⇒ Vo  = 4 V

4 kΩ
3 mA
5 kΩ Vo
10 V + 10 kΩ 2 kΩ
−
Io
FIGURE P3.1.29
Solution:
V 
Io  = _
  o  
10k
_ V  − 10 V 
  o  + _   o − 3m = 0
5k 10k
50 
⇒ 3Vo  = 50 ⇒ Vo  = _   V
3
_ Vo  5 _  
⇒ Io  =   =  mA
10k 3

3.1.30 Use nodal analysis to find Io in the circuit in Fig. P3.1.30.

2 kΩ
2 mA 4 mA
12 V + 2 kΩ 2 kΩ
−
Io
FIGURE P3.1.30
Solution:
2 kΩ
2 mA 4 mA
V2
12 V + 2 kΩ 2 kΩ
−
I1 I2
Io
I1  = 2m + 4m = 6 mA
_ V  − 12 V 
  2  + 4m + _  2 = 0
2k 2k
⇒ 2V2  = 4 ⇒ V2  = 2 V
V 
I2  = _
  2 = 1 mA
2k
Io  = I1  + I2  = 7 mA
3.1.31 Use nodal analysis to find Vo in the network in Fig. P3.1.31.
2 kΩ 1 kΩ +
12 V + 2 mA 1 kΩ Vo
−
−
FIGURE P3.1.31

Solution:
V1
V2 V3
Vo
2 kΩ 1 kΩ
12 V + 2 mA 1 kΩ
−
_ V  − 12 V1  − V3  _

V  − Vo 
  1   + _     +   1   =0
1k 2k 1k
⇒ 5V1  − V3  − 2Vo  = 24
_ V  − V  Vo  − V3  _
V 
  o  1 + _     +   o = 0
1k 1k 1k
⇒ −V1  − V3  + 3Vo  = 0
_ V  − V  V3  − V1  _
V  − 12
  3  o +  _   +   3  − 2m = 0
1k 2k 2k
⇒ −V1  + 4V3  − 2Vo  = 16
   5 −1 −2 V1  24
[−1    4 −2][ ] [16]
−1
      −1     3 V3    =   0

Vo 
1  ⎡9.14⎤
⎢ ⎥
V
[Vo  ] ⎣6.17⎦

⇒ V3    = 9.37
V
3.1.32 Find Vo in the circuit in Fig. P3.1.32.
+ 1 kΩ 2 kΩ +
2Vx
Vx 1 kΩ 2 mA —— 1 kΩ Vo
1000
− −
FIGURE P3.1.32
Solution:
Vx V1 Vo
1 kΩ 2 kΩ
2Vx
1 kΩ 2 mA —— 1 kΩ
1000
V 
Vx  = _
  1 
2
_ V1  V1  − Vo 
_
   − 2m +    = 0 ⇒ 2V1  − Vo  = 4 ①
(1k + 1k) 2k
1000 ( 2 ) 1k
_ V  − V  2   _ V  V 
  o  1 −  _   1  + _
  o = 0 ⇒ −3V1  + 3Vo  = 0 ②
2k
3 * ① + 2 * ② = 3Vo  = 12
⇒ Vo  = 4 V

3.1.33 Use nodal analysis to find Vo in the circuit in Fig. P3.1.33. In addition, find all branch currents and
check your answers using KCL at every node.
−+
12 kΩ 2 kΩ +
2000Ix
6V − 4 kΩ 2 mA 4 kΩ Vo
+
Ix −
FIGURE P3.1.33
Solution:
V1 V2
−+ Vo
12 kΩ 2 kΩ
2000Ix
6V − 4 kΩ 2 mA 4 kΩ
+
Ix
V 
Ix  = _  1 
4k
V1  + 6 _ V  V2 
 _   +   1 − 2m + _
   = 0 ⇒ 4V1  + 2V2  = 18 ①
12k 4k ( 2k + 4k)
V1  − V2  = −2000( _1 ) ⇒ 3V1  − 2V2  = 0

V 
②
4k
① + ② = 7V1  = 18 ⇒ V1  = _   18  V

7
⇒ V _27
2  =     V
7
V
 
( 4k )
Vo  = _   2   36  = 2.57 V
  = _
2k + 4k 14
V1 + 6
0.714 mA = 0.714 + 0.643 + 0.643 = 2
12k
V1 Vo
0.643 mA = 2 mA 0.643 mA =
4k 4k
+−
1 kΩ +
12 V
Vo +
— 1 kΩ 2 kΩ Vo
2 −
−
FIGURE P3.1.34

Solution:

Ix
10 kΩ +
4000Ix – 10 kΩ 4 mA 10 kΩ Vo
+
−
FIGURE P3.1.35
Solution:
V 1 Ix
Vo
10 kΩ
4kIx – 10 kΩ 4 mA 10 kΩ
+
_ V  − V1 
  o   = Ix  ⇒ V1  − Vo  + 10kI  x = 0 ①
10k
V1  = −4kI  x ⇒ V1  + 4kI  x = 0 ②
 
V
Ix  − 4m + _
  o  = 0 ⇒ Vo  + 10kI  x = 40 ③
10k
V1  −10 V
[  I x ] [2.5 mA]

⇒ V o    =    15
V


15 Vx
+−
10 mA
6 kΩ
+ +
12 kΩ 4 kΩ Vx 8 kΩ Vo
− −
FIGURE P3.1.36
Solution:
15 Vx
+−
10 mA
6 kΩ
V1 Vo
Vx
V1  = 15Vx + Vo 
_ V  ( 15Vx  + Vo  ) − Vx 

15Vx  + Vo  ____________
  o  − 10m + _
    +        ⇒ 9Vo  + 86Vx  = 240
8k 12k 6k
V  − ( 15Vx  + Vo  ) _
____________ V 
  x
     +   x  + 10m = 0 ⇒ −2Vo  − 25Vx  = −120
6k 4k
[Vx  ]
Vo 
  = [
14.72 ]
−113.96
  V
1 kΩ 1 kΩ
1 kΩ Vo
1 kΩ
12 V + 2Io Io
−
−
FIGURE P3.1.37

100 C HA PTER 3 Network Theorems
Solution:
Vo
1 kΩ 1 kΩ
V1 1 kΩ
1 kΩ
12 V + 2Io Io
−
V 
Io  = _
  o 
1k
_ V  − 12 Vo  − V1  _
V 
  o   + _     +   o = 0 ⇒ 3Vo  − V1  = 12 ①
1k 1k 1k
 − 2(_
  o )= 0 ⇒ −3Vo  + 2V1  = 12
_ V  − V  V1  − 12 V 
  1  o +  _ ②
1k 1k 1k
2 * ① + ② = 3Vo  = 36
⇒ Vo  = 12 V
LΩ
LΩ LΩ
+
+ Vo N" LΩ Vo

−
−
FIGURE P3.1.38
Solution:



3.1.39 Determine Vo in the network in Fig. P3.1.39 using nodal analysis.
2Ix 1 kΩ 2 mA
Ix 1 kΩ
1 kΩ +
1 kΩ 12 V − 1 kΩ Vo
+
−
FIGURE P3.1.39
Solution:
V1
2Ix 1 kΩ 2 mA
Ix 1 kΩ − 12 − Vo 
V2 Vo Ix  = _
   
1k
1 kΩ
1 kΩ 12 V − 1 kΩ
+
_ V  + 12 V 
  o  − 2m +  _o  = 0 ⇒ 2Vo  = − 10
1k 1k
⇒ Vo  = − 5 V

12 V
Vo 1 kΩ
+−
+
4Ix Vx 1 kΩ 1 kΩ 2 mA 2Vx +
−
− Ix
FIGURE P3.1.40
Solution:
V 
Ix  = _
  o  
1k
4(_
  o  ) + _
V  V  Vo  V  − 2Vx 
  x   + _
   − 2m + _
  o   =0
1k 1k 1k 1k
⇒ − 1Vx  + 6Vo  = 2 ①
Vx  − Vo  = 12 ②
① + ② = 5Vo  = 14 ⇒ Vo  = 2.8 V



2kIx
−+
1 kΩ 1 kΩ
1 kΩ 12 V + 1 kΩ Vo
−
Ix −
FIGURE P3.1.41
Solution:
2kIx
−+
1 kΩ 1 kΩ
V1 Vo
1 kΩ 12 V + 1 kΩ
−
Ix
V 
Ix  = _
  1 
1k
1  − Vo  = −2k(_
  1 ) ⇒ 3V1  − Vo  = 0
V 
V ①
1k
V  V1  − 12 _ V  Vo  − 12
 _1  + _    +   o  + _   = 0 ⇒ V1  + Vo  = 12 ②
1k 1k 1k 1k
① − 3 * ② = −4Vo  = −36 ⇒ Vo  = 9 V
3.1.42 Find Vx in the circuit in Fig. P3.1.42.
2 kΩ 2 kΩ
Vx
+ − +
10 mA 2Vx
−
4 kΩ
6 kΩ 4 kΩ
FIGURE P3.1.42

Solution:
2 kΩ 2 kΩ
Vx
V1 + − V2 +
10 mA 2Vx
−
4 kΩ
6 kΩ 4 kΩ
V1  − V2  − Vx  = 0
_ V  − 2V  Vx  _V 

  1  x + _     +   1 = 0 ⇒ 8V1  − 9Vx  = 0
2k 4k 6k
_ V  − 2V  V  V2 

  2  x −  _x   + _    = 0 ⇒ 3V2  − 5Vx  = 0
2k 4k 4k
V1  0
[Vx  ] [0]
V 2    = 0    V
3.1.43 Determine Vo in the network in Fig. P3.1.43 using nodal analysis.
2Ix 1 kΩ 6 mA
Ix 1 kΩ
1 kΩ +
1 kΩ 10 V − 1 kΩ Vo
+
−
FIGURE P3.1.43
Solution:
V1
2Ix 1 kΩ 6 mA
Ix 1 kΩ
V2 Vo
1 kΩ
1 kΩ 10 V − 1 kΩ
+
−(10 + Vo  )

Ix  = _
   
1k
  1  + 6m + 2(_ )= 0 ⇒ V1  − 2Vo  = 4

_ V  + 10 −(10 + Vo  )
   
1k 1k
 − 2(_ )= 0 ⇒ 2V2  + 2Vo  = −30

_ V  V2  + 10 −(10 + Vo  )
  2  + _     
1k 1k 1k
_ V  Vo  + 10
  o  + _   − 6m = 0 ⇒ 2 Vo  = −4  

1k 1k
Vo = −2 V
 

3.1.44 Use nodal analysis to solve for IA in the network in Fig. P3.1.44.
V4 3Ω V5
5IA + 12 Ω 2A
−
18 V
V2
V1 +− V3
8Ω
4Ω 5A 5Ω
IA
FIGURE P3.1.44
Solution:
V  − V5 
V  V1  − V2  _
 _1  + _    +   4   = 0 ⇒ 9V1  − 3V2  + 8V4  − 8V5  = 0 ①
4 8 3
V  − V1  V2  − V5  _
V 
_
  2   + 5 +  _   +   3 + 2 = 0 ⇒ − _   5  V  + _
1 V  + _   1 V − _
  1  V = −7 ②
8 12 5 8 1 24 2 5 3 12 5
_ V  − V  V5  − V2 
  5  4 + _    − 2 = 0 ⇒ −V2  − 4V4  + 5V5  = 24 ③
3 12
V2  − V3  = 18 ④
V1  + 5( _3 )− V4  = 0 ⑤

V 
5
⎢⎥⎢
↴
IA
⎥
⎡V1  ⎤
⎡     3.22⎤
V2  −11.02
⇒ V3    = −29.02
  V
V4  −25.80
⎣−18.05⎦
⎣V  ⎦
5
V 
IA  = _
  3  = −5.80 A
5
3.1.45 Use nodal analysis to determine the node voltages defined in the circuit in Fig. P3.1.45.
V5
– Ix
4Ω
5Ω Vx V4 3A
− 0.5Vx
+
+
V1 V3
8Ω V2 6Ω
2Ix 3Ω + 12 V
−
FIGURE P3.1.45

Solution:
V  − V 
Ix  = _
  4  5
4
Vx  = V1  − V5 
 − 2(_
4 )
_ V  − V  V1  − V2  V  − V5 
  1  5 + _     4   = 0
5 8
⇒ 13V1  − 5 V2  − 20V4  + 12V5  = 0 ①
_ V  − V  V4  − V5 

V  V2  − V1  _
  2  + _    +   2  3 +  _  = 0
3 8 6 4
⇒ − 3 V1  + 15V2  − 4V3  + 6V4  − 6V5  = 0 ②
V2  − V4  = 0.5(V1  − V5  )
⇒ V1  − 2 V2  + 2 V4  − V5  = 0 ③
V3  = 12 ④
_ V  − V  V5  − V4 

  5  1 + _    − 3 = 0
5 4
⎢⎥⎢
⇒ − 4 V1  − 5 V4  + 9V5  = 60 ⑤
⎥
⎡V1  ⎤
⎡ 5.08⎤
V2  5.87
⇒  V3  = 12     
    V
V4  10.79
⎣14.92⎦
⎣V5  ⎦
LΩ LΩ LΩ LΩ

Vx 7
−+ −+
LΩ +
+
N" LΩ LΩ Vx LΩ Vo

−
−
FIGURE P3.1.46
Solution:

3.1.47 Use nodal analysis to find V1, V2, V3, and V4 in the network in Fig. P3.1.47.
4Ix
V4 + Vx −
+−
5Ω
2Ω
V1 8Ω V2 10 Ω V3
Ix
10 A 4Ω 2Vx + 20 V 6A
−
FIGURE P3.1.47

Solution:
V  V1  − V2  V 
V4  − V2  _
 _1  + _   − 10 +  _   +   x = 0
4 8 2 5
⇒ 15V1  − 25V2 + 20V4 + 8Vx = 400 ①
V  − V4 
V2  − V1  _
 _   +   2   − Ix  − 2Vx = 0
8 2
⇒ −V1  + 5V2 − 16Vx − 8Ix − 4V4 = 0 ②
V3  = 20 ③
V  − V 
Ix  = _
  3  2 ⇒ V2  − V3  + 10Ix = 0 ④
10
V3  − V4  + Vx  = 0 ⑤
⎢⎥⎢ ⎥
V1  − V4  − 4Ix = 0 ⑥
⎡V1  ⎤ ⎡ 21.14 V ⎤
V2  9.07 V
V3  20 V
⇒   =  
V4  16.77 V
Vx  −3.23 V
⎣  I x ⎦ ⎣   1.09 A⎦
3.1.48 Use nodal analysis to determine the node voltages defined in the circuit in Fig. P3.1.48.
2Vx
Ix 6Ω
3Ix
V1 V2 8Ω V3 4Ω V4
–+ –
3A 5Ω Vx 3Ω 12 V + 4A
–
+
FIGURE P3.1.48
Solution:
Vx  = −V2 
V  − V2 
Ix  = _
  4  
6
_ V  V  V2  − V3  _

V  − V4 
  1 − 3 + _
  2  + _
    +   2   + 2(−V2  )= 0
5 3 8 6
  24 V1 − 33V2 − 3V3 − 4V4 = 72

⇒ _ ①
5
V2  − V1  = 3(_
6 )
V  − V2 
  4  
⇒ 2V1 − 3V2 + V4  = 0 ②

V3  = 12 ③
V  − V3 
4  − V2  _
V
 _   +   4   +4=0
6 4
⇒ −2V2 − 3V3 + 5V4 = −48 ④
⎢⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎡V1  ⎤ ⎡ −3.05 ⎤
V2  −3.27
⇒   = V
V3  12
⎣V4  ⎦ ⎣ −3.71⎦


3.2.1 Find Io in the network in Fig. P3.2.1 using mesh analysis.
Io
6 kΩ 4 kΩ
6V − 6 kΩ + 24 V
+ −
FIGURE P3.2.1
Solution:
6 kΩ 4 kΩ
6V − I1 6 kΩ Io + 24 V
+ −
6 + 6kI 1 + 6k(I1  − Io  )= 0 ⇒ 12kI 1 − 6kI o = −6 ①

6k(Io  − I1  ) + 4kI o+ 24 = 0 ⇒ −6kI 1 + 10kI o = −24 ②
① + 2 * ② = 14kI o = −54
⇒ Io  = −3.86 mA
3.2.2 Find Vo in the network in Fig. P3.2.2 using mesh equations.

12 V 4V
−+ +−
+
FIGURE P3.2.2
Solution:
12 V 4V
−+ +−
+
2 kΩ I1 2 kΩ I2 2 kΩ Vo
2kI  1− 12 + 2k(I1  − I2  )= 0 ⇒ 4I1 − 2I2 = 12m ①
2k(I2  − I1  )+ 4 + 2kI  2 = 0 ⇒ −2I1 + 4I2 = −4m ②
① + 2 * ② = 6I2  = 4m ⇒ I2  = _   2  mA

3
  4  V
Vo  = I2  ( 2k) ⇒ _
3

3.2.3 Find Vo in the circuit in Fig. P3.2.3 using mesh analysis.
6V
−+
1 kΩ 1 kΩ
1 kΩ 12 V + 2 kΩ Vo
−
−
FIGURE P3.2.3
Solution:
3.2.4 Find Io in the circuit in Fig. P3.2.4 using mesh analysis.

5 kΩ
Io
+ 2V
−
5 mA 3 kΩ
6 kΩ
FIGURE P3.2.4
Solution:
3kI o + 6k(Io − 5m) − 2 = 0

⇒ 9Io = 32m
32
⇒ Io  = _
    mA
9

3.2.5 Find Vo in the circuit in Fig. P3.2.5 using mesh analysis.

6 kΩ 3 kΩ
2 kΩ
−
12 V + 8 mA
+
4 kΩ Vo
FIGURE P3.2.5
Solution:
6 kΩ 3 kΩ
2 kΩ
−
12 V + I1 8 mA
+
4 kΩ Vo
12 + 6kI 1 + ( 2k + 4k)(I1  − 8m)= 0

⇒ 12I1 = 36m
⇒ I1  = 3 mA
Vo  = 4k(I1  − 8m) = −20 V
3.2.6 Use loop analysis to find Vo in the network in Fig. P3.2.6.
−+
4 kΩ 4 kΩ +
24 V
2 kΩ 4 mA 2 kΩ Vo
FIGURE P3.2.6
Solution:
−+
4 kΩ 4 kΩ +
24 V
2 kΩ I1 4 mA 2 kΩ Vo
I2
I1  = 4 mA
(2k + 4k)(I2 + 4m) + 4kI 2 − 24 + 2kI 2 = 0
⇒ 12I2 = 0 ⇒ I2  = 0 mA
Vo  = I2  (0) = 0V

3.2.7 Find Io in Fig. P3.2.7 using mesh analysis.

3 kΩ 2 kΩ
Io
3 mA 10 kΩ + 10 V
−
FIGURE P3.2.7
Solution:
10k(Io + 3m) + 2kI o + 10 = 0
⇒ 12Io = −40m
⇒ I o = −3.33 mA
3.2.8 Use mesh analysis to find Vo in the circuit in Fig. P3.2.8.
+ Vo −
6V + 4 kΩ 8 kΩ 2 mA
−
FIGURE P3.2.8
Solution:
2 kΩ + Vo − 8 kΩ
4 kΩ
6V + I1 4 kΩ I2 8 kΩ 2 mA
−
−6 + 2kI 1 + 4k(I1  − I2  )= 0 ⇒ 6I1 − 4I2  = 6m

4k(I2  − I1  ) + 4kI 2 + 8k(I2  + 2m) ⇒ −4I1 + 16I2 = −16m
⎡  _
2  ⎤
[I2  ]
I 
⎢ ⎥ 5
  1  =   mA
_9
⎣−  10 ⎦
Vo  = I2  (4k) = −3.6 V
3.2.9 Use loop analysis to find Io and I1 in the network in Fig. P3.2.9.
6 kΩ
3 kΩ
−
10 mA 4 kΩ + 10 V 2 kΩ
Io I1
FIGURE P3.2.9

Solution:
2k = 6k // 3k
10m 4k I2
− 10 2k
+
Io I1
10 + 2kI 1 = 0 ⇒ 2I1 = −10m ⇒ I1 = −5 mA

4k(I2 − 10m) + 2kI 2 − 10 = 0 ⇒ 6I2 = 50m
25
⇒ I 2  = _
    mA
3
5
_
Io  = 10m − I2  =     mA
3
3.2.10 Find Io in the network in Fig. P3.2.10 using loop analysis.
1 kΩ
12 V
+−
1 kΩ
1 kΩ 1 kΩ 6 mA
Io
FIGURE P3.2.10
Solution:
1 kΩ
I1 12 V
+−
1 kΩ
1 kΩ I2 1 kΩ 6 mA
Io
1kI 1− 12 + 1k(I1  − I2  )= 0 ⇒ 2I1  − I2  = 12m ①

1kI2  + 1k(I2  − I1  ) + 1k(I2  + 6m)= 0 ⇒ −I1  + 3I2  = −6m ②
① + 2 * ② = 5I2  = 0 ⇒ I2  = 0 A
Io  = −I2  = 0 A
3.2.11 Use loop analysis to find Vo in the circuit in Fig. P3.2.11.

6V
1 kΩ
−+
1 kΩ 2 kΩ
+
1 kΩ
2 mA 1 kΩ Vo
12 V +
−
−
FIGURE P3.2.11

Solution:
6V
1 kΩ
−+
I1
1 kΩ 2 kΩ
+
1 kΩ
I3
2 mA 1 kΩ Vo
12 V +
−
−
1kI 1− 6 + 2k(I1  − I3  )+ 1k(I1  − 2m)= 0 ⇒ 4I1  − 2I3  = 8m ①

−12 + 1k(I3  − 2m)+ 2k(I3  − I1  ) + 1kI 3 = 0 ⇒ −2I1  + 4I3  = 14m ②
① + 2 * ② = 6I3  = 36m ⇒ I3  = 6 mA
Vo  = 1k(I3  ) = 6 V
3.2.12 Use loop analysis to find Vo in the circuit in Fig. P3.2.12.
5 mA
+ Vo −
12 kΩ 6 kΩ
10 V − 12 kΩ 3 mA
+
FIGURE P3.2.12
Solution:
5 mA
+ Vo −
12 kΩ 6 kΩ
10 V − 12 kΩ 3 mA
+
Vo  = 6k(5m + 3m) = 48 V
3.2.13 Find Io in the circuit in Fig. P3.2.13 using loop analysis.

2 mA
2 kΩ 1 kΩ
4 mA 2 kΩ – 6V
+
Io
FIGURE P3.2.13

Solution:
2 mA
2 kΩ 1 kΩ
Io
4 mA 2 kΩ I3 – 6V
+
2k(I3  − 4m)+ 1k(I3  − 2m)− 6 = 0
  16  mA
⇒ 3I  3 = 16m ⇒ I3  = _
3
4  mA
Io  = 4m − I3  = − _
3
3.2.14 Using mesh analysis, find Vo in the circuit in Fig. P3.2.14.
+
Vx
——— 2 kΩ
4000
4 kΩ
4 kΩ Vo
+
6 mA Vx 4 kΩ
− −
FIGURE P3.2.14
Solution:
+
Vx I1
——— 2 kΩ
4k
4 kΩ
I3 4 kΩ Vo
+
I2 Vx 4 kΩ
6 mA
− −
‾
I 2  = 6 mA V x = 4k(6m − I3  )= 24 − 4kI 3
24 − 4kI 3
‾
I_1    = _    = 6 m − I3 
4k
10kI 3 − 2kI 1 − 4kI 2 = 0 ⇒ 10kI 3 + 2kI 3= 12 + 24
⇒ 12kI 3 = 36
⇒ I3  = 3 mA
Vo  = 4kI 3 = 12 V


3.2.15 Using loop analysis, find Vo in the circuit in Fig. P3.2.15.
6 mA 1 kΩ 2 kΩ
12 V
1 kΩ
−+
+
6V + 1 kΩ 2 kΩ Vo
−
−
FIGURE P3.2.15
Solution:
I2
6 mA I1 1 kΩ 2 kΩ
12 V
1 kΩ
−+
+
6V + I3 1 kΩ I4 2 kΩ Vo
−
⎢⎥ ⎢ ⎥
−
I1  = 6m ① ⎡I1  ⎤ ⎡6⎤

−I1  + 3I 2 = −12m ② I2  −2
    
        ⇒     =   mA
−I1  + 2I 3 − I4  = 6m ③ I3  9.6
⎣I  ⎦ ⎣7.2 ⎦
−I3  + 3I 4 = 12m ④ 4
Vo  = 2kI  4 = 14.4 V
3.2.16 Find Io in the circuit in Fig. P3.2.16 using loop analysis.
3 mA 1 kΩ + 6V
−
1 kΩ 2 kΩ
10 mA
Io
4 mA 1 kΩ 1 kΩ
FIGURE P3.2.16

Solution:
I1
3 mA 1 kΩ I2 + 6V
−
1 kΩ 2 kΩ
I5 10 mA
Io
4 mA I3 1 kΩ I4 1 kΩ
I1  = 3m ① I3  = −4m ② I5  = 10m ③

−I1  + 3I2 − 2I4 = −10m ④
−2I2 − I3  + 4I4 − I5  = 0 ⑤
[ ]
−2
[I4  ]
I 
⇒   2  = _   5  mA
1    mA Io  = I4  − I2  = _
2
2
3.2.17 Find the mesh currents in the network in Fig. P3.2.17.
LΩ
LΩ
N" + 7
I1 I2 −
I5 LΩ
LΩ LΩ
LΩ
7 + LΩ
−
I3 I4
FIGURE P3.2.17
Solution:


3.2.18 Find Vo in the circuit in Fig. P3.2.18 using loop analysis.
6 mA 1 kΩ 4V
+
−
2 kΩ 2 kΩ
Vo
1 kΩ
−
6V 4 mA
+
FIGURE P3.2.18

Solution:
6 mA 1 kΩ 4V
+
−
I2
2 kΩ
Vo
I3 2 kΩ
6V 1 kΩ
−
4 mA
+
−
1k(I2  − 6m)+ 4 + 2k(I2  − 4m)= 0 ⇒ 3I  2 = 10m
  10  mA
⇒ I 2  = _
3
2k(I3  − 6m)+ 1k(I3  − 4m)+ 6 = 0 ⇒ 3I  3 = 10m
  10  mA
⇒ I 3  = _
3
Vo  = 1k(6m − I2  )+ 1k(I3  − 4m)
= 2V
3.2.19 Find Io in the network in Fig. P3.2.19 using loop analysis.

6 kΩ
6 kΩ 6 kΩ
6V − 5 mA 6 kΩ
+
Io
FIGURE P3.2.19
Solution:
6 kΩ
I1
6 kΩ 6 kΩ
6V − 5 mA I3 6 kΩ
+
Io
I2
I3  = 5m
6k(I1  + I2  )+ 6k(I1  − 5m) + 6kI 1 = 0 ⇒ 18I1 + 6I2 = 30m ①
6 + 6k(I1  + I2  )+ 6k(I2  + 5m)= 0 ⇒ 6I1 + 12I2 = −36m ②
23 
① + 3 * ② = −30I2 = 138 ⇒ I2  = − _
5
Io  = I2  + I3  = 0.4 mA

3.2.20 Using loop analysis, find Vo in the network in Fig. P3.2.20.
2 kΩ 4 mA 1 kΩ
6V
+− −+
+
12 V
FIGURE P3.2.20
Solution:
I2
2 kΩ 4 mA 1 kΩ
I1 6V 12 V
+− −+
+
2 kΩ I3 1 kΩ I4 1 kΩ Vo
2kI 3+ 6 + 1k(I3  − I4  )= 0 ⇒ 3I 3 − I4  = −6m ①

1k(I4  − I3  )− 12 + 1k(I4  )= 0 ⇒ −I3  + 2I 4 = 12m ②
① + 3 * ② = 5I4  = 30m ⇒ I4  = 6mA
Vo  = 1kI  4 = 6 V
3.2.21 Use loop analysis to find Io in the network in Fig. P3.2.21.

1 kΩ
12 V + 1 kΩ 2 mA
−
1 kΩ 1 kΩ
Io
1 kΩ 4 mA 1 kΩ
FIGURE P3.2.21

Solution:
1 kΩ
I1 I2
12 V + 1 kΩ 2 mA
−
1 kΩ Io 1 kΩ
1 kΩ 4 mA 1 kΩ
I4
I3
I2  = 2m I4  = 4m
−12 + 1kI1  + 1k(I1  − 2m)+ 1k(I1  − I3  )= 0 ⇒ 3I1  − I3  = 14m ①
1kI 3 + 1k(I3  − I1  )+ 1k(I3  + 4m − 2m)+ 1k(I3    +   4m)= 0 ⇒ −I1  + 4I3  = −6m ②
4   mA
① + 3 * ② = 11I3  = −4m ⇒ I3  = − _
11
Io  = I3  + 4m − 2m = 1.636 mA
3.2.22 Using loop analysis, find Vo in the network in Fig. P3.2.22.
2 kΩ + 5V 1 kΩ 3 mA
−
−+
+
5 mA 10 V
2 kΩ 1 kΩ 1 kΩ 1 kΩ Vo
FIGURE P3.2.22
Solution:
+ I4
2 kΩ I1 5V 1 kΩ 3 mA
−
I3 −+
+
5 mA 10 V
2 kΩ 1 kΩ 1 kΩ 1 kΩ Vo
I5
−
⎢⎥ ⎢
I2
⎥
⎡I1  ⎤
I1  = 5m ① I5  = − 3m ② ⎡ 5 ⎤
I2  − 2.65
2I1  + 5I2  − I3  = − 5m ③
             ⇒  I3     =   1.739
  mA
− I2  + 3I3  − I4  − I5  = 5m ④
I 4  −3
− I3  + 2I5  = 10m ⑤ ⎣ 5.869 ⎦
⎣I5  ⎦
Vo  = 1kI  5 = 5.869 V

2 kΩ 3 mA − 3V 4 mA
+
1 kΩ + Vo −
1 kΩ 1 kΩ
2 mA + 5V 5 mA 2 kΩ
−
FIGURE P3.2.23
Solution:
I2 I3
2 kΩ I1 3 mA − 3V 4 mA
+
+ Vo −
2 mA + 5 V 5 mA I6 2 kΩ
I4 − I5
I1  = 3m ① I3  = 4m ② I4  = 2m ③ I6  = 5m ④

3I1 + 4I2 − I4  − I5  = 3m ⑤
−I2  − I3  + 4I5 + 3I6 = 5m ⑥
[I5  ] [−2.2667]

I  −
1.0667
  Vo  = 1k(I5  − I2  )
⇒ 2   =     mA      
   = −1.2 V
3.2.24 Use mesh analysis to determine the power delivered by the independent 3-V source in the
network in Fig. P3.2.24.
100 Ω
40 mA
200 Ω 6Vx +
−
300 Ω
3V 600 Ω +
+
100 Ω − Vx
−
FIGURE P3.2.33

Solution:
100 Ω
40 mA
200 Ω 6 Vx + I2
−
I1
300 Ω
I3 I4
+
3V +
100 Ω − Vx
Ω
0
−
60
Vx  = 600I4 
  − 3  = − 30 mA
I3  = _
100
I2  = 40 mA
− 300I2  + 900I4  = 3
⇒ 900I4  = 3 + 12 ⇒ I4  = 16.67 mA
P3  V = 3(I4  − I3  )
= 140 mW supplied

3.2.25 Find Ix in the circuit in Fig. P3.2.25 using loop analysis.
2 mA
I1
+ Vx − 1 kΩ
2 kΩ Ix
Ix 1 kΩ + Vx
I2 I3 −
FIGURE P3.2.25
Solution:
2 mA
I1
+ Vx − 1 kΩ
2 kΩ Ix
Ix 1 kΩ + Vx
I2 I3 −
Ix  = I3  − I1 

Vx  = 2k(I2  − I1  )

I1  = 2m ①
I2  = I3  − I1  ⇒ I1  + I2  − I3  = 0 ②
−1kI  1 − 1kI  2 + 2kI  3 + 2k(I2  − I1  ) = 0 ⇒ −3I  1 + I2  + 2I3 = 0 ③
⎢⎥
⎡2 ⎤
I 1 
[I3  ]
_2
⇒ I2    =  3    mA
_8
⎣  3 ⎦
  2   mA

Ix  = I2  = _
3
3.2.26 Use both nodal analysis and mesh analysis to find Vo in the circuit in Fig. P3.2.26.
Vx
+−
N"
LΩ
+ +
LΩ Vx LΩ Vo
LΩ
− −
FIGURE P3.2.26
Solution:


−+
1 kΩ +
12 V
Ix 1 kΩ 1 kΩ 1 kΩ Vo
Ix −
FIGURE P3.2.27

Solution:
−+
1 kΩ +
12 V
Ix 1 kΩ 1 kΩ 1 kΩ Vo
I1 I2 I3
Ix −
Ix  = I2  − I3 

I1  = −(I2  − I3  ) ⇒ I1  + I2  − I3  = 0 ①
−I1  + 2I2 − I3  = 12 ②
−I2  + 3I3 = 0 ③
I1  −3.43
[I3  ] [   1.71]
V  = 1kI 3
⇒ I 2    =    5.14
  mA  o
   = 1.71 V

3.2.28 Find Io in the circuit in Fig. P3.2.28.
8 kΩ
10 V +
−
6 kΩ
10 Ix
Ix
−+
5 kΩ
3V
8 kΩ 6 kΩ
Io
FIGURE P3.2.28
Solution:
8 kΩ I2
10 V +
−
6 kΩ
10 Ix
I1
3V
Ix
−+
5 kΩ
8 kΩ Io 6 kΩ
Io
Ix  = Io  − I2 
I1  − I2  = 10( Io  − I2  ) ⇒ I1  + 9I2 − 10Io = 0 ①
5kI  1 + 6kI  2 + 6kIo = 10 ②
−8kI  1 + 14kI  o = 3 ③
I1  0.5740
[Io  ] [0.5670]

⇒ I 2     = 0.6293
mA

3.2.29 Solve for the assigned mesh currents in the network in Fig. P3.2.29.
8Ω 6Ω 5Ω 4Ω
IA
40 V 25 V
+ I1 I2 I3 + I4 +
− − −
4Ω 4A 2IA
FIGURE P3.2.29
Solution:
IA  = I1  − I2 

12I1 − 4I2 = 40 ①
I2  − I3  = −4 ②
8I1 + 6I2 + 5I3 + 4I4 = 15 ③
⎢⎥
−2(I1 − I2  )+ 4I4 = −25 ⇒ −2I1 + 2I2 + 4I4 = −25 ④
⎢ ⎥
⎡I1  ⎤ ⎡   2.97⎤
I2  −1.08
⇒     =   A
I3     2.92
⎣I4  ⎦ ⎣−4.22⎦
3.2.30 Using the assigned mesh currents shown in Fig. P3.2.30, solve for the power supplied by the
dependent voltage source.
3Ω
6IA + I1 12 Ω I2 3A
−
12 V
+−
8Ω
4Ω I4 4 A I3 5Ω
IA
FIGURE P3.2.30
Solution:
IA  = I3 
23I1 − 12I2 − 6I3 − 8I4 = 0 ①
I2  = −3 ②
I3  − I4  = −4 ③
−8I1 + 6I3 + 12I4 = −12 ④
⎢⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎡I1  ⎤ ⎡−3.0199⎤
I  −3
⇒   2  = A
I3  −4.6755
⎣I4  ⎦ ⎣−0.6755⎦
P6  IA  = (6I3)( I1  ) = 84.71 W

3.2.31 Write mesh equations for the circuit in Fig. P3.2.31 using the assigned currents.
2A
I3
4Ω Vx 4Ω
− +
5Ω
0.5Vx 2Ω
12 V + + 20 V
− −
I1 I2 I4
FIGURE P3.2.31
Solution:
Vx  = 5(I3  − I2  )= 5I3 − 5I2

I2  − I1  = 0.5(5I3 − 5I2) ⇒ 2I1 − 7I2 + 5I3 = 0 ①
4I1 + 5I2 − 9I3 + 4I4 = −8 ②
I3  = 2 ③
−2I2 + 6I4 = −20 ④
⎥⎢ ⎥
⎡2 −7 5 0⎤ ⎡I1  ⎤ ⎡ 0 ⎤
⎢
4  
 
5 −9 4 I2 
 
0 0 1 0 I3  2
⎢ ⎥
    = −8
⎣0 −2 0 6⎦ ⎣I  ⎦ ⎣ −20⎦
4
3.2.32 Use loop analysis to find Io in the circuit in Fig. P3.2.32.

2Ix
+ Vx − 1 kΩ
1 kΩ
6V + 1 kΩ + 2Vx
− −
Io Ix
FIGURE P3.2.32

Solution:
2Ix
I1
+ Vx − 1 kΩ
1 kΩ
6V + 1 kΩ + 2Vx
− −
Io I2
Io Ix
Vx  = 1k(Io  − I1  )

Ix  = Io  − I2 
I1  = 2(Io  − I2  ) ⇒ I1  + 2I2 − 2Io = 0 ①
−I1  − I2  + 2Io = 6m ②
−I1  + 2I2 − Io  + 2(Io  − I1  )= 0 ⇒ −3I1 + 2I2 + Io  = 0 ③
I1  7.2
[Io  ] [ 9.6]

⇒ I 2     = 6  mA
3.2.33 Determine Vo in the network in Fig. P3.2.33 using loop analysis.
Ix LΩ N"
Ix LΩ
LΩ +
LΩ 7 − LΩ Vo

+
−
FIGURE P3.2.33
Solution:

3.2.34 Using loop analysis, find Io in the network in Fig. P3.2.34.
1 kΩ 1 kΩ − 2Vx 1 kΩ
+
Ix 1 kΩ 1 kΩ
1 kΩ Io
+
2 mA 2Ix + 12 V 1 kΩ Vx
−
−
FIGURE P3.2.34
Solution:
1 kΩ I1 1 kΩ I2 − 2Vx I3 1 kΩ
+
Ix 1 kΩ 1 kΩ
1 kΩ Io
12 V +
2 mA 2Ix I5 + I6 1 kΩ Vx
−
−
I4
Ix  = − I1 
Vx  = 1k(I4  + I6  )
3I1  − I2  + I4  = 0 ①
− I1  + 2I2  − 2I4  − 2I6  = 0 ②
2I3  + I4  + 2I4  + 2I6  − I6  = 0 ⇒ 2I3  + 3I4  + I6  = 0 ③

I4  = − 2m ④
⎢⎥ ⎢
I5  = − 2I1  ⇒ 2I1  + I5  = 0 ⑤
⎥
− I3  + I4  + 2I6  = 12m ⑥
⎡I1  ⎤
⎡ 2.72 ⎤
I2  6.16
I3  − 0.4
⇒     =   mA
 
I4  −2
I5  − 5.44
⎣ 6.8 ⎦
⎣I6  ⎦
Io  = I6  − I3 
= 7.2 mA
3.2.35 Use loop analysis to find Io in the circuit in Fig. P3.2.35.
Ix
+ Vx – Ω
+ Ω + Vx
– –
Io Ix
FIGURE P3.2.35
Solution:


2Vx 12 V
−+ −+
+ 2 kΩ +
4 mA 2 kΩ 2 kΩ Vx 1 kΩ Vo
—
—
FIGURE P3.2.36

Solution:
I1 I2 I3
2Vx 12 V
−+ −+
+ 2 kΩ +
I4 I5 — I6
—
Vx  = 2k(I5  − I6  )

2kI  1 − 1kI  2 + 2(2k(I5  − I6  ))= 0 ⇒ 2I 1 − I2  + 4I 5 − 4I 6 = 0 ①
−I1  + 2I 2 − I3  = −12m ②
−I2  + 4I 3 − 2I 6 = 0 ③
I4  = 4m ④
⎢⎥ ⎢ ⎥
−2I 4 + 4I 5 − 2I 6 = 12m ⑤
−2I 3 − 2I 5 + 5I 6 = 0 ⑥
⎡I1  ⎤ ⎡−18⎤
I2  −17
I3  −4
⇒     =     mA
I4  4
I5  5.25
⎣I6  ⎦ ⎣ 0.5 ⎦
Vo  = 1k I 6
= 0.5 V
2Vx 12 V
−+ −+
+ 2 kΩ +
−
−
FIGURE P3.2.37
Solution:



3.2.38 Using loop analysis, determine Io in the circuit in Fig. P3.2.38.
1 kΩ 1 kΩ − 2Vx 1 kΩ
+
Ix 1 kΩ 1 kΩ
1 kΩ Io
+
5 mA 2 Ix + 70 V 1 kΩ Vx
–
−
FIGURE P3.2.38
Solution:



3.3.1 Find Io in the network in Fig. P3.3.1 using linearity and the assumption that Io = 1 mA.
2 kΩ 3 kΩ
64 V + 6 kΩ 2 kΩ
– 6 kΩ
Io
FIGURE P3.3.1
Solution:
I4 2 kΩ 3 kΩ I2
I1 +
+
Vs + 6 kΩ V3 2 kΩ Vo
– 6 kΩ
–
Io –
Given: Vs  = 64 V
Assume: Io = 1 mA ⇒ Vo = 1m (6k) = 6 V

V 
⇒ I1  = ___
  o  = 3 mA
2k
⇒ I2  = Io + I1  = 4 mA
⇒ V3  = I2  (3k) + Vo  = 18 V

V 
⇒ I4  = ___
  3 + I 2  = 7 mA
6k
⇒ Vs  = I4  (2k) + V3  = 32 V
⇒ Io = ( 1m)(_
  64 ) = 2 mA
32
3.3.2 Using linearity and the assumption that Io = 1 mA, find the actual value of Io in the network in
Fig. P3.3.2.
6 kΩ
+ 4 kΩ
– Vs = 24 V
4 kΩ 2 kΩ
6 kΩ
3 kΩ Io
FIGURE P3.3.2
Solution:

3.3.3 Find Io in the network in Fig. P3.3.3 using linearity and the assumption that Io = 1 mA.
2 kΩ 2 kΩ
Io
12 mA 2 kΩ 2 kΩ 2 kΩ
4 kΩ
FIGURE P3.3.3
Solution:
2 kΩ I1 2 kΩ
+ +
Is Vs 2 kΩ 2 kΩ Vo 2 kΩ
4 kΩ
− − Io
Given: Is  = 12 mA
Assume: I o = 1 mA ⇒ Vo  = ( 1m)(4k)= 4 V
2k ‖
4k ‖( 2k + 2k)= 1 kΩ
V 
⇒ I1  = ___
  o  = 4 mA
1k
⇒ Vs  = I1  (2k)+ Vo  = 12 V
V 
⇒ Is  = ___
  s  + I 1  = 10 mA
2k
⇒ Io  = ( 1m) _   12m  = 1.2 mA
10m
3.3.4 Find Vo in the network in Fig. P3.3.4 using linearity and the assumption that Vo = 1 V.
I1 I2 I3
Ω + Ω + Ω I3
+
+ Ω Ω Ω Vo
– Ω
V2 V4
– – –
FIGURE P3.3.4

Solution:
3.3.5 Find Io in the circuit in Fig. P3.3.5 using linearity and the assumption that Io = 1 mA.
12 kΩ 4 mA 4 kΩ 2 kΩ
Io
FIGURE P3.3.5

Solution:
4kΩ I1 4 kΩ 4kΩ
+ +
12kΩ Vs Is Vo 4kΩ 2kΩ
− −
Io
Given: Is  = 4 mA
Assume: Io = 1 mA ⇒ Vo  = 1m(4k + 2k)= 6 V

V 
⇒ I1  = ___
  o  + I o = 2.5 mA
4k
⇒ Vs  = I1  (4k)+ Vo  = 16 V
Vs 
⇒ Is  = _________
   + I1  = 3.5 mA
(12k + 4k)
  8  m = 1.143 mA

4m   = __
⇒ Io = ( 1m)  _____
3.5m 7

3.4.1 Find Io in the network in Fig. P3.4.1 using superposition.
6 kΩ 3 kΩ
6V
+ 2 kΩ 2 mA 3 kΩ
–
Io
FIGURE P3.4.1
Solution:
6k 3k
+
6
+ 2k Vo9 3k
–
−
Io9
2k ‖ (3k + 3k) = __   3  kΩ

2
6(   k)
3
__
  2   = __
Vo  ′  = _______   6  V
6k + __  3 k 5
2
′
V     3
⇒ Io  ′   = ___
  o   = __   mA
2k 5

6k 3k
I1
6k||2k
3 2k 2m 3k
5 kΩ
2
Io 0
I 1 = ______________
     2m(3k)   4  mA
  = __
3k + (  3 k)
5
3k + __
2
I  (6k)
Io  ″  = ___________
  1   3  mA
  = __
6k + 2k 5
⇒ I o  = Io  ′   + Io  ″  = __  6   mA
5
3.4.2 Find Io in the circuit in Fig. P3.4.2 using superposition.

40 V + 12 kΩ 20 mA 2 kΩ
–
Io
FIGURE P3.4.2
Solution:
6k 2k 2k
I1
Io′
6k||12k
5 4kΩ 12k 20 m 2k
20m(2k + 2k)
I1  = __________________
   
    = 8 mA
( 2k + 2k)+ ( 4k + 2k)
− I  (6k)

⇒ I o  ′   = ____________
  1   = −2.66 mA
6k + 12k
6k 2k 2k
+
40 V + V2 12k 2k
–
−
Io″
12k ‖ ( 2k + 2k + 2k)= 4 kΩ
40(4k)
⇒V 2  = ___________
    = 16 V
4k + 6k
V 
⇒ Io  ″  = ____
  2   = 1.33 mA
12k
⇒ I o = Io  ′   + Io  ″  = −1.33 mA

3.4.3 In the network in Fig. P3.4.3, find Io using superposition.

6 kΩ 6 kΩ
12 V + 6 kΩ 6 mA 6 kΩ
−
Io
FIGURE P3.4.3
Solution:
6k 6k
+
12 + V1 6k 6k
−
− Io′
6k ‖ (6k + 6k) = 4 kΩ
  12 4k   = ___
( )
V1  = ___________   24  V
6k + 4k 5
V1 
Io  ′   = ________
    = __   2  mA
( 6k + 6k) 5
6k 6k
6k 6m 6k
Io″
(6k ∥ 6k)+ 6k = 9 kΩ
−6m(9k) 18  mA
I o  ″  = ___________
    = −  ___
9k + 6k 5
′ ″ 16
___
Io  = Io     + Io    = −     mA = −3.2 mA
⇒
5
3.4.4 Find Vo in the circuit in Fig. P3.4.4 using superposition.
2 kΩ 4 mA 1 kΩ
6V
+− −+
+
12 V
FIGURE P3.4.4

Solution:
3.4.5 Find Io in the network in Fig. P3.4.5 using superposition.
12 V + 3 kΩ 4 mA
–
5 kΩ 5 kΩ
3 kΩ
Io
FIGURE P3.4.5
Solution:

3.4.6 Find Vo in the circuit in Fig. P3.4.6 using superposition.
Ω
Ω Vo
– Ω
+
–
FIGURE P3.4.6
Solution:


3.4.7 Find IA in the network in Fig. P3.4.7 using superposition.
5V + 2 kΩ 4 mA
–
6 kΩ 12 kΩ
3 kΩ IA 6 kΩ
FIGURE P3.4.7
Solution:
5 + 2k
–
6k
2 V1 1 12k
3k IA9 6k
3k ‖ 6k = 2 kΩ
V1  = __   5  = __
  5  V
2 2
− V  5  mA
IA  ′   = ____
   1 = −  __
3k 6
V3 2k 4m
6k 12k 2
3k IA0 6k V2
V3  = 4m( 3k ∥ 6k ∥ 2k) = 4 V
V2  = 4m( 12k ∥ 6k) = 16 V

V  V  V3  4  mA
IA  ″   = ____
  2   − ___   3  − ___    = −  __
12k 6k 2k 3
⇒ IA  = IA  ′   + I″  = −   13__  = −2.16 mA
6

3.4.8 Use superposition to find Vo in the network in Fig. P3.4.8.
+
−
12 V + 6 kΩ Vo + 6V
−
−
6 kΩ 6 kΩ
6 kΩ 6 mA 6 kΩ
FIGURE P3.4.8
Solution:
12 + 6k Vo9 6k|| 6k = 3 kΩ
−
−
6k 6k
6k 6k
12(3k)
Vo  ′   = ___________
   = 4 V
3k + 6k
+
−
6k||6k = 3 kΩ
6k Vo9 + 6
6k 6k
6k 6k
−6(3k)
Vo  ″  = ___________
   = −2 V
3k + 6k
6k Vo- 6k ∥ 6k ∥ 6k = 2 kΩ
6k 6k
6k 6m 6k
Vo  ‴  = −6m (2k) = −12 V

⇒ Vo  = Vo  ′   + Vo  ″  + Vo  ‴  = −10 V

3.4.9 Find Io in the circuit in Fig. P3.4.9 using superposition.
2V
2 mA +−
4 kΩ 4V +
−
Io
FIGURE P3.4.9
Solution:
1k 1k 1k
4k 4 +
−
Io9
 11  kΩ
1k + ( 1k ∥ 1k)+ 4k = ___
2
  4   = ___
Io  ′   = ______   8    mA
(___
  11 k) 11
2
1k 1k 1k
2m
4k
Io0
 9  kΩ
(1k ∥ 1k)+ 4k = __
2
2m (1k) ___
Io  ″  = _______
    =   4    mA
 9 k 11
1k + __
2

1k V1 1k 1k
2
−
+−
4k
Io-
 5  kΩ
( 4k + 1k) ∥ 1k = __
6
2(__  5 k)
  6   = _
V1  = _______   10  V
  5 k + 1k 11
__
6
− V1  2    V
Io  ‴  = _____________
    = −  ___
(4k + 1k) 11
  10   mA

⇒ Io  = Io  ′   + Io  ″  + Io  ‴  = ___
11
3.4.10 Use superposition to find Io in the circuit in Fig. P3.4.10.
3 kΩ + 10 V 3 kΩ
–
3 kΩ 3 kΩ
Io
3 mA 6 kΩ 5 mA
FIGURE P3.4.10
Solution:
3k + 10 3k
–
3k 3k
I'o
6k
  5  mA
  −10   = −__
Io  ″  = ________
(3k + 3k) 3

3k 3k
3k 3k
I"o
3m 6k
Io  ″  = 0 A
3k 3k
3k 3k
I"o
6k 5m
  −5m
Io  ‴  = _____   = −__   5  mA
2 2
25   mA
I o  = Io  ′   + Io  ″  + Io  ‴  = −  ___
⇒
6
3.4.11 Use superposition to find Io in the network in Fig. P3.4.11.

2 mA
4 mA 4 kΩ
2 kΩ
4 kΩ
6 mA 12 kΩ
Io
FIGURE P3.4.11
Solution:
2m
4k
I1
2k
4k
12k
Io9

(12k ∥ 4k)+ 4k = 3k + 4k = 7 kΩ

2m (2k) __
I1  = ___________
    =   4  mA
2k + 7k 9
− I  (4k) 1   mA
Io  ′   = ____________
  1   = −  __
4k + 12k 9
4m 4k
2k
4k
12k
Io0
I2
2k + ( 4k ∥ 12k)= 5 kΩ

4m (4k) ___
I2  = ___________
    =   16  mA
4k + 5k 9
− I  (4k) 4   mA
Io  ″  = ____________
  2   = −  __
4k + 12k 9
4k
2k
4k
6m 12k
Io-
 12  kΩ
(2k + 4k) ∥ 4k = ___
5
6m(___
  12 k)
I o  ‴  = _________
  5  = 1 mA
  12 k + 12k
___
5
  4   mA

⇒ Io  = Io  ′   + Io  ″  + Io  ‴  = __
9

3.4.12 Use superposition to find Io in the circuit in Fig. P3.4.12.
4 kΩ
6 kΩ
6 kΩ
4 mA 2 mA
12 V − 3 kΩ 2 kΩ
+
Io
FIGURE P3.4.12

Solution:
4k
6k
6k
4m
3k 2k
Io′
6k ∥ 6k ∥ (4k + 2k)= 2 kΩ

4m (2k) 8
I o  ʹ   =  ___________  =  __  mA
2k + 3k 5
4k
6k
6k
2m
3k 2k
Io″
I1
6k ∥ 6k = 3 kΩ
(3 kΩ ∥ 3 kΩ)+ 2 kΩ = __  7  kΩ
2
2m (4k) ___
_______ 16
I1  =     =     mA
4k + ___   7   15
2k
− I  8   mA
Io  ʺ  = ____
   1 = − ___
2 15
− 4k
6k
6k V2
− 12 3k 2k
+
Io‴
+
6k ∥ 3k ∥ (4k + 2k) = __  3  kΩ

2
12(__   3 k)
V2  = _______
  2   = ___   12  V
  3 k + 6k
__ 5
2
− V  4  mA
Io  ‴  = ____
   2 = − ___
3k 5
Io  = Io  ʹ   + I o  ʺ  + Io  ‴  = ___   4   mA
15


3.5.1 Use Thévenin’s theorem to find Vo in the network in Fig. P3.5.1.
3V 6V
+− −+
+
FIGURE P3.5.1
Solution:
3 6
+− −+
− +
4k V1 8k Voc
+ −
3(8k)
V1  = ___________
    = 2 V
8k + 4k
Voc
  = 6 − V1  = 4 V
4k 8k RTh
  8   kΩ

RT  h= 4k ∥ 8k = __
3
RTh
Voc + 2k Vo
–
−
V  ( 2k)

Vo  = _____________
  oc   = 1.714 V
2k + RTh  
3.5.2 Find Io in the network in Fig. P3.5.2 using Thévenin’s theorem.

4 kΩ
2 mA
3 kΩ
12 V + 6 kΩ 2 kΩ
–
Io
FIGURE P3.5.2

Solution:
4k
2m
3k
12 + Voc 2k
–
−
Vo  c = 2m(3k)+ 12 = 18 V

4k
3k
RTh 2k
RT  h = 3 kΩ

RTh Io
Voc + 6k
–
Vo  c
Io  = _____________
    = 2 mA
RT  h + 6k
3.5.3 Use Thévenin’s theorem to find Vo in the network in Fig. P3.5.3.

+ Vo −
6 kΩ 4 kΩ
24V + 12 kΩ 4 kΩ 4 mA
−
FIGURE P3.5.3
Solution:
+ Voc −
6k + −
24 + V1 12k V2 4k 4m
−
− +
24(12k)
V1  =  ___________ = 16 V
12k + 6k
V2  = 4m (4k) = 16 V
Voc
  = V1  + V2  = 32 V

RTh
6k
12k 4k
RTh
  = (6k ∥ 12k) + 4k = 8k
RTh +
Voc + 4k Vo
–
−
V  (4k)

Vo  = _____________
  oc   = 10.67 V
RTh
  + 4k
3.5.4 Use Thévenin’s theorem to find Io in the network in Fig. P3.5.4.
2 mA
6 kΩ 2 kΩ
12 V + 2 kΩ 1 kΩ
−
Io
FIGURE P3.5.4
Solution:
2m
6k 2k
+
12 + I1
Voc 1k
−
−
9kI1  − 8k(2m)= 12
  28  mA
⇒ I1  = ___
9
 16  V
Vo  c = ( 2m − I1  )6k + 12 = ___
3
6k 2k
RTh 1k
R  Th = 6k ∥ (2k + 1k)= 2 kΩ

Io
RTh
Voc + 2k
−
Voc 
Io  = _____________
    4  mA
  = __
R  Th + 2k 3

3.5.5 Use Thévenin’s theorem to find Io in the circuit in Fig. P3.5.5.
+ Vx −
2 kΩ 4 kΩ
20 V + 2 kΩ + 2Vx
− −
Io
FIGURE P3.5.5
Solution:
+ Vx −
2k I1 4k
+
20 + Voc + 2Vx
− −
−
20 − 2Vx  _ V 
I1  = ________
    =   x  = I 1 
2k + 4k 2k
⇒ 20 − 2Vx  = 3Vx  ⇒ Vx  = 4 V
Voc
= 20 − Vx  = 16 V
+ Vx −
2k 4k
20 + Isc + 2Vx
− −
V x = 20 V
2V 
  20  + ____
I sc = _   x = 20 mA
2k 4k
V  4
  = _
RTh   oc  = __
     kΩ
  5
Isc
Vo  c
I o = _____________
    40  mA = 5.714 mA
  = ___
RTh
  + 2k 7

3.5.6 Use Thévenin’s theorem to find Vo in the circuit in Fig. P3.5.6.

12 V
Ix
−+
4 kΩ +
2 kΩ 4Ix 2 kΩ Vo
FIGURE P3.5.6
Solution:
12
Ix
−+
4k +
2k 4Ix Voc
Ix  = 0 A ⇒ Voc
  = 12 V
12
I1 Ix
−+
4k
2k 4Ix Isc
Ix  = Isc
  I 1 = Isc
  − 2 Isc
  = − Isc
 
2k( I1  ) + 4k( Is  c)− 12= 0
Isc
⇒   = 6 mA
V 
  = _
RTh   oc  = 2 kΩ
Is  c
Voc
  (2k)
V o =   _____________   = 6 V
2k + RTh  
3.5.7 Find Vo in the circuit in Fig. P3.5.7 using Thévenin’s theorem.
+ Vo −
+
Vx
6V + Vx 2 kΩ ––––– + 12 V
− 1000 −
−
FIGURE P3.5.7

Solution:
+ Voc −
4k 4k
+
Vx
6 + Vx 2k ––– + 12
− 1k −
−
6(2k)
V x = ___________
   = 2 V
2k + 4k
Vo  c = Vx  − 12 + 4k( ___x  )= −2 V
V 

1k
Vx − 6 Vx Vx − 12
4k Isc 4k
+
Vx
6 + Vx 2k ––– + 12
− 1k −
−
_ V  − 6 V  Vx  _ V  − 12

  x   +  _x   + _     +   x  = 0
4k 2k 1k 4k
⇒ 8Vx  = 18 ⇒ V 9
__
x  =     V
4
_ − Vx  _ Vx  − 6 3   mA
Is  c =     −     = − ___
2k 4k 16
V  32
R  Th = ___   oc  = ___     kΩ
Is  c 3
V
 
( 2k ) 6  V = − 0.3158 V
Vo  = _____________
  oc
  = −  ___
2k + R Th 19

3.5.8 Find Io in the circuit in Fig. P3.5.8 using Thévenin’s theorem.

1 kΩ
+ Vx − 1 kΩ
+ –
+
12 V 2 kΩ 2Vx
–
Io
FIGURE P3.5.8
Solution:
1k Ix 1k
+ Vx − +
+ Voc –
+
12 2Vx
–
−
V  12 − 2 Vx 
I x = _
  x = ___________
  = Ix 
1k 1k + 1k
⇒ 2Vx  = 12 − 2Vx  ⇒ Vx  = 3 V
V oc= 12 − V
x  = 9 V

1k 1k
+ Vx −
+ Isc –
+
12 2Vx
–
Vx  = 12 V
2V 
  12  + ____
Is  c = ___   x = 36 mA
1k 1k
V  1
RT  h = ___
  oc  = __
    kΩ
  4
Isc
Vo  c
Io  = _____________
    = 4 mA
RTh
  + 2k
3.5.9 In the network in Fig. P3.5.9, find Vo using Thévenin’s theorem.

24V
2 kΩ
–+
+
1
– Vo +
– 4 kΩ 2 kΩ Vo
2
−
FIGURE P3.5.9
Solution:
24
2k
–+
+
1
– Voc +
– 4k Voc
2
−
  1  Vo  c ( 4k)

__
  2
Vo  c = 24 + _________  
4k + 2k
⇒ 12Vo  c = 288 + 4Voc
 
⇒ Voc
  = 36 V
24
2k
–+
+
1
– V1 +
– 4k V1 Isc
2
−
V1  = 0 V
  24   = 9 mA
  = _
⇒ Isc
2k ∥ 4k
V 
RT  h = _
  oc  = 4 kΩ
Is  c
V  ( 2k)
Vo  = _____________
  oc   = 12 V
2k + RT  h

3.5.10 Use Norton’s theorem to find Io in the circuit in Fig. P3.5.10.
12 V
+− 2 kΩ 4 kΩ
2 kΩ 2 kΩ 4 mA 4 kΩ
Io
FIGURE P3.5.10
Solution:


3.5.11 Find Io in the network in Fig. P3.5.11 using Norton’s theorem.

12kΩ 6 kΩ
24V + 6 kΩ 2 mA 6 kΩ
−
Io
FIGURE P3.5.11
Solution:
12k 6k
I1 I2
24 + Isc 2m 6k
−
  24  = 2 mA I 2 = ___

I1  = ___   2m = 1.0 mA
12k 2
Isc
  = I1  − I2  = 1.0 mA
12k 6k
RTh 6k
RT  h = 12k ∥ (6k + 6k) = 6 kΩ

Io
Isc RTh 6k
I  R 
Io  = _____________
  sc Th   = 0.50 mA
RTh
  + 6k
3.5.12 Use Norton’s theorem to find Io in the circuit in Fig. P3.5.12.

12 V
4 kΩ 2 kΩ
+–
2 kΩ 2 kΩ 4 mA 4 kΩ
Io
FIGURE P3.5.12

Solution:
12
4k 2k
+–
I1 I2
2k Isc 4m 4k
4m (2k + 4k)
  12 = 6 mA I 2 = _____________
I1  = ___      = _
      12  m
2k (2k + 4k) + 4k 5
18
Is  c = I2  − I1  = −  ___  mA
5
4k 2k
2k RTh 4k
 5   kΩ
  = 2k ∥ (4k + 2k + 4k) = __
RTh
3
Io
Isc RTh 2k
I  R  18   mA

Io  = _____________
  sc Th   = − ____
RT  h + 2k 11
3.5.13 Use Norton’s theorem to find Vo in the network in Fig. P3.5.13.

4 kΩ
8 kΩ
4 mA
+
48 V + Vo 8 kΩ 4 kΩ
−
−
FIGURE P3.5.13
Solution:
4k
8k I1
4m
48 + Isc 4k
−
  48 = 6 mA I sc = I1  − 4m = 2 mA

I1  = ___
8k

4k
8k
RTh 4k
RTh
  = 8 kΩ
Isc RTh Vo 8k
Vo  = (RT h ∥ 8k) Is  c = 8 V
3.5.14 Use source transformation to find Vo in the network in Fig. P3.5.14.
–+
24 kΩ
12 V + –
4 mA 12 kΩ 8 kΩ Vo + 48 V
−
FIGURE P3.5.14
Solution:
–+
12k 24k
12 + –
(4m) (12k) =48 + 8k Vo + 48 V
–
−
48 + 12 = 60 V
+
60 48
12k = 5m 12k 8k Vo 24k 2m = 24k
−
5m − 2m = 3 mA 12k ∥ 24k = 8 kΩ
8k
+
(3m) (8k) = 24 + 8k Vo
–
−
Vo  =   24
__  = 12 V
2

3.5.15 Use source transformation to find Io in the network in Fig. P3.5.15.
−+
4 kΩ 6 kΩ
6V
2 kΩ 2 mA 2 kΩ + 3V
−
Io
FIGURE P3.5.15
Solution:
2k + 4k = 6 kΩ
−+
6 kΩ 6k
6
−
6k(2m) = 12
+ 2k + 3
−
Io
6 − 12 = −6 V
−6 1 3
m
6k =−1m 6k 2k 6k 2 = 6k
Io
  1 m = − ___
−1m + __ 1  mA 6k ∥ 6k = 3 kΩ
2 2
1
− m 3k 2k
2
Io
1 m (3k)
−  __
  2
Io  = _________ 3   mA
  = −  ___
3k + 2k 10
3.5.16 Find Io in the network in Fig. P3.5.16 using source transformation.

12 kΩ 12 kΩ
12 V + 12 kΩ 12 kΩ 2 mA
−
Io
FIGURE P3.5.16
Solution:
12k
12
= 1m 12k 12k 12k 2m
12k
Io
                                
  

12k ∥ 12k = 6 kΩ

6k 12k
(6k)(1m) =6 + 12k 2m
–
Io
6k + 12k = 18 kΩ
6 =1m 18k 12k 2m

18k 3
Io
(   1 m − 2m)( 18k)

__
3
Io  =   ______________
     = −1 mA
18k + 12k
3.5.17 Find Vo in the network in Fig. P3.5.17 using source transformation.
12 kΩ 4 kΩ +
6 kΩ
12 V + Vo
− 8 kΩ
−
+ 24 V
FIGURE P3.5.17
Solution:
+
4k
12 24
= 1m 12k = 4m 6k 8k Vo
12k 6k
1m − 4m = −3 mA 12k ∥ 6k = 4 kΩ

Io +
4k
−3m 4k 8k Vo
−
−3m (4k) 3  mA
I o  = _____________
      = −  __
4k + (4k + 8k) 4
Vo  = 8k Io  = −6 V
12 V + 4 kΩ
–
4 kΩ
6 kΩ
6 kΩ 6 mA Io
FIGURE P3.5.18
Solution:
12 + 4k
–
4k
Voc
6k 6m
Voc
  = 12 − 6k (6m) = −
24 V
oc
4k
4k
RTh
6k
RTh
  = 6 kΩ

RTh Io
Voc + 6k
–
Vo  c
Io  = _____________
    = −2 mA
RT  h + 6k

2 kΩ
2 mA
2 kΩ
+
− 12 V 2 kΩ 4 mA
Io
FIGURE P3.5.19
Solution:
2k
2m 2m
2k
+
+
− 12 Voc 4m
Vo  c = 2k(2m) + 2k(2m) + 12 = 20 V

2k
2k
RTh
RTh
  = 2k + 2k = 4 kΩ
RTh Io
+
Voc − 2k
Vo  c
Io  = _____________
    20  mA = 3.33 mA
  = _
RTh
  + 2k 6

2 mA 2 kΩ 1 kΩ
12 V + 2 kΩ 4 mA
−
Io
FIGURE P3.5.20
Solution:
2m 2k 1k 6m
12 + Voc 4m
−
−
Vo  c= 1k(2m) + 2k(6m) + 12 = 2 6 V
2k 1k
RTh
RTh
  = 1k + 2k = 3 kΩ
RTh Io
+
Voc − 2k
Vo  c
Io  = _____________
    26  mA = 5.2 mA
  = _
RT  h + 2k 5
3.5.21 Using Thévenin’s theorem, find IA in the circuit in Fig. P3.5.21.

4A
5Ω
5Ω 10 Ω
IA
20 Ω 2A + 40 V
−
FIGURE P3.5.21

Solution:
4
5
5 10
6 +
20 2 Voc
Vo  c= 10(4) + 5(6) + 20(2) = 110 V

5
5 10
20 RTh
RTh
  = 10 + 5 + 20 = 35 Ω
+ VA – IA
RTh
Voc + + 40
− −
VA  = Voc
  − 40 = 70 V
− V 
IA  = _
  A  = −2 A
RTh
 
+ 6V 2 kΩ Io
−
1 kΩ
2 kΩ
2 mA 2 kΩ
FIGURE P3.5.22

Solution:
I1 +
+ 6 2k
−
1k
Voc
2m 2k
3k I1  − 1k (2m) = 6
  8  mA
⇒ I 1  = __
3
  28  V= 9.333 V
  = 2k I1  + 2k (2m) = ___
Voc
3
3
2k
1k
RTh
2k
 8  kΩ = 2.667 kΩ

  = ( 1k ∥ 2k)+ 2k = __
RTh
3
Io
RTh
Voc + 2k
−
Vo  c
Io  = _____________
    = 2 mA
RTh
  + 2k
3.5.23 Find Vo in the network in Fig. P3.5.23 using Thévenin’s theorem.

3V
−+
1 mA
3 kΩ
FIGURE P3.5.23

Solution:
−+
1m 3
3k
I2
+
6k I1 6k Voc
I1 = 1 mA
I1  = 1 mA
⇒ 3kI2  + 6k(I2  + 1m) + 6k(I2  + 1m) = 3

3  mA
⇒ I2  = − ___
5
Voc
  = 3 − 6k( I1  + I2  ) = 0.6 V
3k
6k 6k RTh
  = 6k ∥ (3k + 6k) = 3.6 kΩ

RTh
+
RTh
Voc + 2k Vo
−
−
  (2k)
V
o  = _____________
V   oc   3   V = 0.2143 V
  = ___
RT  h + 2k 14
40 V
8 kΩ
−+
4 kΩ 6 kΩ
Vo 5 kΩ
−
2 mA 20 V + 2 kΩ
–
4 kΩ
FIGURE P3.5.24

Solution:
40
8k
−+
I1
4k 6k
+
Voc
−
2m 20 + 2k
–
+
4k 0 V
−
18kI1  − 10k(2m)= 40
  10  mA
⇒ I1  = ___
3
Vo  c = 6k(2m − I1  )+ 2k(2m)− 20
= −24 V
8k
4k 6k
RTh
2k
4k
RT  h = [ (4k+8k) ∥ 6k]+ 2k + 4k = 10 kΩ
RTh
+
Voc + Vo 5k
−
−
V  (5k)
Vo  = ________
  oc  = −8 V
5k + R Th
 

1 kΩ 2 kΩ
12 V –
– + 6V
+
2 kΩ 1 kΩ Io
FIGURE P3.5.25
Solution:
1k 2k
12 I1
– Voc
+
I2
2k 1k
  12  = 4 mA = I 2 

I1  = _
1k + 2k
Vo  c = 2k(−I1  ) + 1k(I2  ) = − 4 V
1k 2k
RTh
2k 1k
  4  kΩ
RT  h = ( 1k ∥ 2k)+ ( 2k ∥ 1k) = __
3
Io
RTh
Voc + − 6
− +
V  + 6 3
Io  = _
  oc   =  __   mA
RTh
  2


3.5.26 Find Vo in Fig. P3.5.26 using Thévenin’s theorem.
3 mA 2 kΩ 4 kΩ Vo
4 kΩ 12 kΩ −
6V + 1 mA 2 kΩ
−
FIGURE P3.5.26
Solution:
3m I1 2k Voc
4k 12k −
6 + 1m I3 2k
−
I2
I1  = 3 mA I 3 = 1 mA
18k I2  − 4k(3m) + 14k (1m) = 6
  2  mA
⇒ I2  = __
9
  = 2k(3m) + 12k(__
Voc   2 m + 1m) = ___
  62   V
9 3
2k RTh
4k 12k
2k
  = [ ( 4k + 2k) ∥ 12k]+ 2k = 6 kΩ

RTh
RTh
+
+
Voc − Vo 4k
V  (4k)

Vo  = _____________
  oc   124  V = 8.267 V
  = _
4k + R T  h 15

3.5.27 Use Thevenin’s theorem to find Io in the circuit in Fig. P3.5.27.
Io
+
+ 12 V Vx 6 kΩ 4 kΩ + 2Vx
− −
−
FIGURE P3.5.27
Solution:



2000Ix
6 kΩ 4 kΩ
−+
+
−
6V + 2 kΩ 3 mA 4 kΩ Vo
Ix −
FIGURE P3.5.28
Solution:
2 kIx
6k
−+
+
−
6 +
I1 2k 3m Voc
Ix −
I1  = Ix  − 3m
⇒ 8k(Ix  − 3m)+ 2k(3m) = −6
  3  mA
⇒ I x  = __
2
Voc
  = 2kIx  + 2kIx  = 6 V
2 kIx
− 6V +
−+
6k −
−
6 + 2k 2 kIx 3m Isc
Ix +
−2kIx 
Ix  = _    ⇒ Ix  = 0
2k
  = 3m − ___
Isc   6  = 2 mA
6k
V 
RTh  = ___
  oc  = 3 kΩ
Isc
 
4k Io +
Isc RTh 4k Vo
Isc
  (RT  h)
Io  = ______________
       6   mA
  = ___
  + (4k + 4k) 11
RTh
  24   V= 2.182 V
Vo  = 4kIo  = ___
11


12 V
−+
1 kΩ +
2Ix 1 kΩ 1 kΩ 1 kΩ Vo
Ix −
FIGURE P3.5.29
Solution:
12
Voc − 12 Voc
−+
+
2Ix 1k 1k Voc
Ix −
V 
Ix  = ___
  oc 
1k
 + 2(_   oc )= 0

_ Voc
  ___________
Vo  c − 12 V 
⇒     +  
1k 1k 1k
⇒ 4Voc
  = 12 ⇒ Voc
  = 3 V
12
Vx − 12 Vx
−+
1k
2Ix 1k 1k Isc
Ix
V 
Ix  = ___  x  
1k
    +   x  + 2(___   x  )= 0

V  Vx  _ V  − 12 V 
⇒ ___
  x   + ___
1k 1k 1k 1k
⇒ 5 Vx  = 12 ⇒ Vx  = ___   12  V
5
Vx  ___
___ 12
Is  c =     =      mA
1k 5
Vo  c ___
___
RT  h =     =   15   kΩ
Is  c 12
V  (1k)
Vo  = _____________
  oc   4   V
  = __
1k + RT  h 3
3.5.30 Use Thévenin’s theorem to find the power supplied by the 2-V source in the circuit in Fig. P3.5.30.
2 kΩ
1 kΩ 2Vx + 1 kΩ 1 kΩ
–
+
4V + Vx 1 kΩ + 2V
– –
−
FIGURE P3.5.30

Solution:
3Vx
2k +
1k 2Vx + 1k 1k
–
Vx −
4
+ +
4 + Vx 1k Voc
–
− −
_ 3V  − 4 3Vx  − Vx  ___________

V  − 3Vx  _ V 
  x   + ___________
    +   x   +   x  = 0
1k 2k + 1k 2k + 1k 1k
⇒ 4Vx  = 4 ⇒ Vx  = 1 V
2V  ( 1k)
Vo  c = ___________
  x   5  V
 + Vx  = __
1k + 2k 3
3Vx V1
2k
1k 2Vx + 1k 1k
–
Vx
4
+ Isc
4 + Vx 1k
–
−
_ 3V  − 4 3Vx  − V1  _

V  − V  V 
  x   + ___________
    +   x  1 +  _x  = 0 ⇒ 13Vx  − 3V1  = 8 ①
1k 2k 1k 1k
V  − 3V  V1  − Vx  _
___________ V 
  1  x + _     +   1 = 0 ⇒ −5Vx  + 5V1  = 0 ②
2k 1k 1k
  4 ⎤
⎡__
[V1  ]
V 
⎢⎥ 5
⇒   x =   V
 ⎣ 4 ⎦
__
5
V  4
Is  c = ___
  1  = __
    mA
1k 5
V  25
R  Th = ___
  oc  = ___    kΩ
Is  c 12
RTh Io
Voc + 2 +
− −
2 − Voc   4   mA
I o = _
    =  ___
R  Th 25
  8  mW = 0.32 mW

P2  v = 2Io  = ___

25

3.5.31 Obtain the Thevenin and Norton equivalent circuits in Fig. P3.5.31 with respect to terminals
a and b.
12 Ω
a
+
30 V + 60 Ω Vx 2Vx
–
–
b
FIGURE P3.5.31
Solution:

3.5.32 Find the Thévenin equivalent circuit of the network in Fig. P3.5.32 at terminals A–B.
2000Ix
4 kΩ
−+ A
Ix
B
FIGURE P3.5.32

Solution:
0V
Voc =
V1 + 2 kIx
V1 1V I
−+
4k A
2 kIx
6k 2k 4k + 1V
–
Ix B
V 
Ix  = ___
  1 
2k
V1  + 2k(___
  1 )− 1
V 
_ V1  _
V1  _______________ 2k
    +     +       = 0
6k 2k 4k
  3   V
⇒ 14 V1  = 3 ⇒ V1  = ___
14
1−(   1 ))
V1  + 2k(___
V 
1 2k
_ _________________
I =     +   
    = ___   11  mA
4k 4k 28
  28  kΩ = 2.5455 kΩ

  1  = ___
RT  h = __
I 11
2.5455 kΩ A
3.5.33 Find the Thevenin equivalent of the network in Fig. P3.5.33 at the terminals A–B.
1 kΩ 1 kΩ
A
+
Vx
Vx 1 kΩ 2 kΩ
1000
−
FIGURE P3.5.33
Solution:

3.5.34 Find Vo in the network in Fig. P3.5.34 using Norton’s theorem.
+ 3V 2 kΩ
−
1 kΩ
3 kΩ Vo
1 mA 1 kΩ
FIGURE P3.5.34
Solution:
+ 3 2k
−
1k
V1 Isc
1m 1k
3V
V1  − 3 _ V  V1  − 3

 _   +   1  + _   = 0
2k 1k 1k
  9  V = 1.8 V
⇒ 5V1  = 9 ⇒ V1  = __
5
3 − V1 
  = 1m + _
Isc     = 2.2 mA
1k

2k
1k
RTh
1k
 5  kΩ
RT  h = ( 1k ∥ 2k)+ 1k = __
3
Isc RTh Vo 3k
  33  V = 2.357 V

Vo  = ( RT  h ∥ 3k) Is  c = _
14
4 kΩ Io
12 kΩ 6 kΩ
24 V + 4 kΩ 8 kΩ
–
FIGURE P3.5.35
Solution:
Isc
V1
24 V
12k 6k
24 + 4k 8k
–
V1  − 3 _ V  V1  − 3

 _   +   1  + _   = 0
2k 1k 1k
⇒ 6V1  = 72 ⇒ V1  = 12 V
24 − V1  _
  = _
Isc     +   24  = 5 mA
6k 8k
RTh
12k 6k
4k 8k
  72  kΩ

  = [(12k ∥ 4k) + 6k] ∥ 8k = ___
RTh
17

Io
Isc RTh 4k
I  R 
Io  = _____________
  sc Th   = ___   18  mA
RTh
  + 4k 7
Ω
+
+ Vo Ω Ω
–
–
FIGURE P3.5.36
Solution:

3.5.37 Find Vo in the circuit in Fig. P3.5.37 using Norton’s theorem.
2 kΩ 4 mA 1 kΩ
6V
+− −+
+
12 V
FIGURE P3.5.37
Solution:
2k 4m 1k
6 12
+− −+
−
2k V2 1k
+I I1 Isc
2
  12 = 12 mA
I1  = ___
1k
V 
V2  = 12 − 6 = 6 V I 2 = ___   2 = 3 mA
2k
Isc
  = I1  + I2  = 15 mA
2k 1k
2k 1k RTh
  2  kΩ

  = ( 2k ∥ 1k) = __
RTh
3
Isc RTh Vo 1k
Vo  = ( RTh
  ∥ 1k) Isc
  = 6 V


6 kΩ
Io
12 kΩ 18 kΩ
8 mA
+ 12 V 24 kΩ 8 kΩ 6 kΩ
−
FIGURE P3.5.38
Solution:
Io
+−
12k 6k
(8m)(6k) = 48
12 + 24k 6k = 8k|| (18k+ 6k)
−
6k + 6k = 12 kΩ
Io
12k
+ 48
12 24k 12k 4m =
− 12k
24k ∥ 12k = 8 k

Io
12k 8k
12 + + 32 V = (4m)(8k)
− −
Io  =   _12 − 32   = −1 mA

12k + 8k
3.5.39 Find Vo in the network in Fig. P3.5.39 using source transformation.

+ Vo −
−
3 kΩ 2 mA 12 kΩ 12 kΩ + 6V
FIGURE P3.5.39

Solution:
(3k + 3k) ∥ 12k = 4 kΩ
4k 3k
+ Vo −
−
+ 12k 4k 3
m=
6
4k(2m) = 8
2 4k
12k ∥ 4k = 3 kΩ
4k 3k 3k
+ Vo −
− −
8
+ + 9
2
= 3k
3
2( (
m
(__
  9 − 8) 3k
2
Vo  = ___________
     21  V = −1.05 V
  = − ____
3k + 4k + 3k 20

6V
−+
2 kΩ 4 kΩ
3 kΩ 2 mA 6 kΩ 4 kΩ 2 mA
1 mA
Io
FIGURE P3.5.40
Solution:
6
−+
3k 2k 4k
3k(2m) = 6 + 6k 1m 4k 2m
–
Io
6 + 6 = 12 V
2k 4k
12
= 4m 3k 6k 1m 4k 2m
3k
Io
3k ∥ 6k = 2 kΩ

2k 2k 4k
2k(4m) = 8 + 1m 4k 2m
–
Io
2k + 2k = 4 kΩ
4k
8
= 2m 4k 1m 4k 2m
4k
Io
2m − 1m = 1 mA
4k 4k
4k(1m) = 4 + 4k 2m
–
Io
4k + 4k = 8 kΩ
4 1
= m 8k 4k 2m
8k 2
Io
(   1 m − 2m)( 8k)

__
2
Io  = ______________
      = −1 mA
8k + 4k
3.5.41 Using source transformation, find Vo in the circuit in Fig. P3.5.41.
12 kΩ 16 kΩ +
24 V + 6 kΩ 8 kΩ Vo
–
4 kΩ −
4 mA
FIGURE P3.5.41
Solution:
16k +
24
12k = 2m 12k 6k 8k Vo
4k −
+
−
4k(4m) = 16 V
12k ∥ 6k = 4 kΩ 16k + 4k = 20 kΩ

4k +
4k(2m) = 8 + 8k Vo
−
− 20k −
+
16V
(16 + 8)(8k)
Vo  =   ____________
    = 6 V
8k + 4k + 20k
4 mA
3 kΩ 4 kΩ Io
4 mA 2 kΩ 10 kΩ 4 mA + 12 V
−
FIGURE P3.5.42
Solution:


3.5.43 Find Io in the circuit in Fig. P3.5.43 using source transformation.
−+
12 V
4 kΩ
−
+ 6V Io
FIGURE P3.5.43
Solution:
6k + 6k = 12 kΩ 3k + 3k = 6 kΩ
−+
3k
12
6 3
= m 4k 12k 2m 3k 6k
4k 2
Io
4k ∥ 12k = 3 kΩ

3k 3k
3 9 +
3k m =
2 2 −
3k + 3k = 6 kΩ
9
2 3
= m 6k 2m
6k 4
  3 m + 2m = ___

__  11  mA
4 4
−+
6k
12
11 33 −
6k m =
4 2 +
  33  = −  __
12 − ___ 9  V
2 2
9
–
2 3
=– m 6k 3k 6k
6k 4
Io
6k ∥ 6k = 3 kΩ
3 m
−  __
3   mA
  4   = −  __
⇒ Io  = _____
2 8

8 mA
6 kΩ 8 kΩ Io
8 mA 6 kΩ 24kΩ 4 mA + 24 V
−
FIGURE P3.5.44
Solution:
6k (8m) = 48 V
−+
6k
+ Io
6k (8m) = 48 V −
8k
6k 24k 4mA + 24 V
−
48 + 48 = 96 V 6k + 6k = 12 kΩ

8k Io
96
= 8m 12k 24k 4m + 24 V
12k −
8m + 4m = 12 mA 12k ∥ 24k = 8 kΩ
Io
8k 8k
8k (12m) = 96 V + + 24 V
− −
  9   mA

  96 − 24   = __
Io  = ___________
8k + 8k 2
3.5.45 Use source transformation to find Io in the network in Fig. P3.5.45.

12 kΩ 6 kΩ
24V − 12 kΩ 12 kΩ
+
24 kΩ
Io
4 mA
6 kΩ
FIGURE P3.5.45
Solution:
6k
24
= 2m 12k 24k 12k 12k
12k
Io 6k
−+
(6k)(4m) = 24V
12k ∥ 24k = 8 kΩ 6k + 12k + 6k = 24 kΩ
24
2m 8k 12k 24k = 1mA
24k
Io
8k ∥ 24k = 6 kΩ
(
1 m − 2m)6k
1   mA
Io  = _____________
  
    = −  __
6k + 12k 3

3.5.46 Find Io in the circuit in Fig. P3.5.46 using source transformation.
+−
9V
4 kΩ
+ 12 V Io
−
FIGURE P3.5.46
Solution:
+−
3k
9
12
4k + 8k = 12k = 3m 4k 2m 3k 6k = 3k + 3k
4m
Io
12k ∥ 4k = 3 kΩ
+−
3k 3k
9
3k(3m) = 9 + 2m 3k 6k
−
Io
3k + 3k = 6 kΩ
+−
9
9 3
= m 6k 2m 3k 6k
6k 2
Io
3 m − 2m = −  __
 __ 1  mA
2 2
+−
6k
9
1 +
6k – m = –3 3k 6k
2 –
Io
−3 − 9 = −12 V
12
– = –2m 6k 3k 6k
6k
Io
6k ∥ 6k = 3 kΩ
2m  = −1 mA
⇒ Io  = − _____
2

24 V + 4 kΩ
−
Io
2 kΩ
4 kΩ
2 kΩ 4 mA
FIGURE P3.5.47
Solution:
24 + 4k
−
2k
+ Voc −
2k 4m
Voc
  = −24 − 4k(4m) = −40 V
4k
2k
RTh
2k
RTh
  = 4 kΩ
RTh Io
Voc + 4k
−
Vo  c
Io  = _____________
    = −5 mA
RTh
  + 4k

2 kΩ + 24 V
−
8 mA
4 kΩ +
2 kΩ 4 kΩ Vo
FIGURE P3.5.48
Solution:
2k I2 + 24
−
8m
4k
+
2k Voc
−
6kI2  − 2k (8m) = −24

4  mA
⇒ I 2  = −  __
3
32   V
  = 4kI2  + 2k (8m) = −   __
Voc
3
2k
4k
2k RTh
RT  h = ( 2k ∥ 4k)+ 2k =  10

__   kΩ
3
RTh +
Voc + Vo 4k
−
–
V  (4k) 64    V

Vo  = _____________
  oc   = −  ___
4k + RT  h 11

3.5.49 Use Thévenin’s theorem to find Io in the network in Fig. P3.5.49.

o
48 V + 12 kΩ 4 kΩ
−
4 mA
4 mA
6 kΩ 8 kΩ
Io
FIGURE P3.5.49
Solution:
Voc
48 + 12k 4k
−
4m
Voc – 48
4m +
6k Voc
–
Vo  c − 48 V  V 

 ___________ + 4m + _
  oc  − 4m + _
  oc = 0
6k 12k 4k
Vo c = 16 V
12k 4k
6k RTh
RT  h = 6k ∥ 12k ∥ 4k = 2 kΩ
RTh Io
Voc + 8k
−
Vo  c
Io  = _____________
    = 1.6 mA
RT  h + 8k

3.5.50 Find Io in the network in Fig. P3.5.50 using Thevenin’s theorem.
–+
Ω
Ω Ω Ω
Io
FIGURE P3.5.50
Solution:


+
2 kΩ 1 kΩ 1 kΩ Vx
–
2 kΩ +
2 mA
+ –
– 2Vx +
12 V 1 kΩ Vo
FIGURE P3.5.51

Solution:
V1
+
2k 1k 1k Vx
–
2k
2m
+ – +
– 2Vx + Voc
12
–
Vx  = 1k(−2m)  = 2 V
V  − 12 V1  + 2Vx 

_______
  1   + ________
   = 2m
2k 1k
⇒ 3V1  = 24 ⇒ V1  = 8 V
Vo  c = −Vx  + V1  = 10 V
Vx
+
2k 1k 1k Vx
–
2k
2m
+ –
– 2Vx + Isc
12
V  − 12 Vx  + 2Vx  ___

_______ V 
  x   + ________     +   x  = 0
2k 1k 1k
⇒ 9Vx  = 12 ⇒ Vx  = __   4  V
3
Vx  ___
I sc= 2m +     =   10  mA
___
1k 3
Voc
___  
R Th =    = 3 kΩ
Is  c
V    (1k) __

V o = ________
  oc   =   5  V = 2.5 V
1k + RT  h 2

3.5.52 Find Vo in the circuit in Fig. P3.5.52 using Thévenin’s theorem.
4Ix 2 kΩ 4 mA
Ix
2 kΩ 2 kΩ +
2 kΩ 24 V
– 2 kΩ Vo
+
−
FIGURE P3.5.52
Solution:
4Ix 2k 4m
Ix
2k 2k
+
2k 24 – Voc
+
−
Vo  c = 2k(4m) − 24 = −16 V
4Ix 2k 4m
Ix 2k
2k − 24 +
2k 24 – Ix
+
  24  = −8 mA

Ix  = 4m − ___
2k
V 
  = ___
RTh   oc  = 2 kΩ
Isc
 
V  (2k)
Vo  = _____________
  oc   = −8 V
2k + RTh  
2Ω 4Ω
IA
1Ω + 2VA 2A
–
8Ω 5Ω
– VA + +
+ 3IA 2Ω Vo
9V –
–
FIGURE P3.5.53

Solution:
2 4
2 – IA IA
1 + 2VA 2
–
8 5
– VA +
+ +
9 – 3IA Voc
–
V  A = 8(2 + 3IA  − IA  )= 16 + 16IA 
11(2 − I A  )+ 8(3IA  )= − 2(16 + 16IA  )
⇒ 45IA  = − 54 ⇒ IA  = −  __6  A

5
16  V
⇒ VA  = −  ___
5
o  c= 5(2) + V
V 79
___
A  + 9 =     V = 15.8 V
5
2 V1 4
IA
1 + 2VA 2
–
8 V2 5
9
– VA +
+
9 – 3IA Isc
V  − 9 V  − 3
VA  = V2  − 9 I A = ______
  1  + 2 = ______
  1  
2+1 3
  2   +  ___2 − 3(______
3 )
V1  − 9 V  − 9 V  V  − 3
 ______  + 2 + ______   1   = 0
3 8 5
  13  V  = −  __

2  V  + ___
⇒ −  __ 7  ①
3 1 40 2 8
V1  − V2  = 2(V2  − 9) ⇒ V1  − 3V2  = − 18 ②
  339 ⎤
⎡____
[ V 2 ]
V1 
⎢ ⎥
67
⇒   = V
515
____
⎣  67 ⎦
V  237
Is  c= 2 + ___
  2  = ____
   A = 3.537 A
5 67
V  67
RT  h = ___
  oc  = ___
    Ω
  15
Isc
V  ( 2) ____
Vo  = _______
  oc   =   474 V = 4.8866 V
2+R Th
  97


4 mA
12 V
−
+
+
+
+
− 2Vx 1 kΩ 2 mA Vx 1 kΩ 1 kΩ Vo
−
−
FIGURE P3.5.54
Solution:
4m
12
1k V1 + 12 1k Voc 1k
2Voc −
+
V1 +
+
+
− 2Vx 1k 2m Vx 1k Voc
−
−
Vx  = Voc
 
V  − 2Vo  c _
____________ V  V  + 12 − Vo  c
  1   +   1 − 2m + ___________
  1
    = 0
1k 1k 1k
⇒ 3V1  − 3Vo  c = −10 ①
oc
V   − (V1  + 12) _
V 
−4m +  _____________
     +   oc = 0 ⇒ − V1  + 2Voc
  = 16 ②
1k 1k
  38  V
  = 38 ⇒ Vo  c = ___
3 * ② + ① = 3Voc
3
4m
12
1k V1 + 12 1k Vx 1k
2Vx −
+
V1
+
+
− 2Vx 1k 2m Vx 1k Isc
−
Supernode KCL same as Voc circuit:
3V1  − 3Vx  = −10 ①

V  − (V1  + 12) _ Vx 
−4m + ____________
  x
     +    = 0
1k 1k ∥ 1k
⇒ − V1  + 3Vx  = 16 ②
  19  V
3 * ② + ① = 6Vx  = 38 ⇒ Vx  = ___
3
V  19
Is  c = ___
  x   = ___
    mA
1k 3
V 
  = ___
RTh   oc = 2 kΩ
Isc
 
V  (1k)
Vo  = _____________
  oc   38   V
  = ___
1k + RTh   9

Ω Ω Ω
+–
Ω +
–
Io
FIGURE P3.5.55
Solution:

−+
2 kΩ
18 V
4 kΩ
3 mA 3 mA 1 kΩ
Io
FIGURE P3.5.56
Solution:

3.5.57 Use Norton’s theorem to find Io in the network in Fig. P3.5.57.
24 V + 6 kΩ 2 kΩ
−
2 mA
2 mA
3 kΩ 4 kΩ
Io
FIGURE P3.5.57
Solution:
+ +
24 + 0V 6k 0V 2k
−
2m 2m −
−
3k 24 V I2 Isc
+
I1 I3
  24 = 8 mA
I2  = 2 mA I 3 = 2 mA I 1 = _
3k
Isc
  = I1  + I3  − I2  = 8 mA
6k 2k
3k RTh
RT  h = 3k ∥ 6k ∥ 2k = 1 kΩ
Io
Isc RTh 4k
I  R 
Io  = _____________
  sc Th   = 1.6 mA
RT  h + 4k
3.5.58 Use source transformation to find Io in the circuit in Fig. P3.5.58.
4 kΩ + 12 V 12 kΩ
–
+– 4 mA
6 kΩ
24 V
24 V + 8 kΩ
–
Io
FIGURE P3.5.58

Solution:
12 24
= 2m 6k 12k 2m =
6k 12k
24
= 6m 4k
4k 4m
8k
Io
6m − 4m = 2 mA 2m − 2m − 0 A

6k ∥ 12k = 4 kΩ
4k
2m 4k Io
8k
2m(4k) 1  mA

     =  __
Io  = _____________
4k + (4k + 8k) 2
3.5.59 Using source transformation, find Io in the circuit in Fig. P3.5.59.
48 V + 12 kΩ 4 kΩ
−
4 mA
4 mA
6 kΩ 8 kΩ
Io
FIGURE P3.5.59
Solution:
48 +
−
12k 8k 4m 4k
6k(4m) = 24 V −
+ Io
6k
 24  kΩ
48 − 24 = 24 V 12k ∥ 8k = __
5

24
= 4m 6k 5k 8k 4m
6k
Io
  24  k = 2.66 kΩ
6k ∥__
5
( 4m + 4m)(2.67k)
Io  =   _____________
    = 2 mA
8k + 2.67k
3.5.60 Use source transformation to find Io in the circuit in Fig. P3.5.60.
−+
4 kΩ
18 V
6 kΩ
2 mA 1 mA 3 kΩ
Io
FIGURE P3.5.60
Solution:
−+
18
6k 6k 2k = 4k || 4k
6k
+−
6k (2m) = 12
1m 3k
Io
6k + 6k = 12 kΩ
2k
18 12
= 3m 6k = 1m 12k 1m 3k
6k 12k
Io
3m − 1m = 2 mA 6k ∥ 2k = 4 kΩ
4k 2k
4k (2m) = 8 + 1m 3k
−
Io
4k + 2k = 6 kΩ

8 4
= m 6k 1m 3k
6k 3
Io
( )
4  m + 1m 6k
 __
I o =     3
_____________  
6k + 3k
14  mA
=  ___
9
3.5.61 Use source exchange to find Io in the network in Fig. P3.5.61.
2 kΩ 3 kΩ Io 2 kΩ
+ –
4V – 8 kΩ 2 mA + 12 V
2 kΩ
12 kΩ
4 kΩ 8 kΩ
FIGURE P3.5.61
Solution:
 12 
[4k + 4k + ( 8k ∥ 8k)] ∥ 2k = _ kΩ 12k ∥ 6k ∥ 12k = 3 kΩ
7
2k
3k Io 2k
+ –
4 – 12 kΩ 8k 2m + 12
7
3k
3k Io
2k 12
2m 6m =
2k
3k
( 6m − 2m)( 2k)
Io  = _____________
   
   = 1 mA
2k + ( 3k + 3k)

3.6.1 In the network in Fig. P3.6.1, find RL for maximum power transfer and the maximum power trans-
ferred to this load.
2 kΩ 4 kΩ
4 kΩ 8 mA 8 kΩ RL
FIGURE P3.6.1

Solution:
2k 4k
4k 8k RTh
RTh   40  kΩ = R
  = (4k + 2k + 4k) ∥ 8k = ___ L 
9
+
2k 4k
4k 8m 8k Voc
Vo  c = 8k(_

6k + 12k ) 3
  8m6k   = ___
( )
  64   V
RTh I
Voc + RL = RTh
−
Vo  c V  12  mA

I = _
    = _
  oc   =   __
RT  h + RL  2RT  h 5
128  mW
PR  L  = I  2 RL  =   ___
5
3.6.2 Find R L for maximum power transfer and the maximum power that can be transferred to the load
in Fig. P3.6.2.
2 mA
3 kΩ 2 kΩ
+ 6V 6 kΩ RL
−
FIGURE P3.6.2
Solution:
3k 2k
6k RTh
  = ( 3k ∥ 6k)+ 2k = 4 kΩ = RL 

RTh

2m
3k − 2k + +
+
6 + 6k Voc
−
− −
  6 6k  = 8 V
( )
  = 2k(2m) + _______
Voc
6k + 3k
RTh +
Voc + VL RL = RTh
−
−
V  (R  ) Voc 

VL  = ________
  oc L   = ___    
RL  + RTh   2
  2  
V  2  Voc
PR  L  = ___
  L  =  ____  = 4 mW
RL  4RL 
3.6.3 Determine the value of RL in the network in Fig. P3.6.3 for maximum power transfer.
10 kΩ 10 kΩ
I
+ 24 V 200I RL
−
FIGURE P3.6.3
Solution:
10k 10k
+
I
+ 24 200I Voc
−
I = −200I ⇒ I = 0 A
⇒ Vo c = 24 V

10k 10k
I
+ 24 200I Isc
−
  24
I = _   6  mA
  = __
10k + 10k 5
Is  c = I + 200I =  1212

____   mA = 242.4 mA
5
V 
RT  h = _
  oc = _   24  kΩ = 99.01 Ω = RL 
  242.4
Isc

3.6.4 Determine the value of R L in Fig. P3.6.4 for maximum power transfer. In addition, calculate the
power dissipated in R L under these conditions.
RL
Ω Ω
Ω + + Ω
– –
FIGURE P3.6.4
Solution:

3.6.5 Find RL for maximum power transfer and the maximum power that can be transferred to the load
in the network in Fig. P3.6.5.
2 kΩ 4 mA 4 kΩ
4 kΩ
2 mA
8 mA RL 2 kΩ
FIGURE P3.6.5
Solution:
2k 4k
4k
RTh 2k
RT  h= 4k + 2k + 4k + 2k = 12 kΩ = RL 
6m
2k 4m 4k
2m
4k 6m 8m
+ 2m
8m Voc 2k
−
V oc = − 4k(6m)+ 2k(2m)+ 4k(6m)+ 2k(8m)

= 20 V
  2  
V
R  L  = _
P   oc  = ___  25  mW
4RTh   3
in the circuit in Fig. P3.6.6.
1 mA 1 kΩ 2 mA
RL 0.5 kΩ
−
1 kΩ 2 mA
+ 6V
FIGURE P3.6.6

Solution:
RTh
0.5k
1k
T  h= 1k + 0.5k = 1.5kΩ = RL 

R

1m 1k 2m
+ Voc − + 0.5k −
+
−
1k 2m
+ 6
  11  V
V oc = 1k(1m)+ 6 − 0.5k(2m − 1m + 2m) = ___
2
2
V    
PR  L  = _
  oc   = _   121 mW = 5.042 mW
4RT  h 24
3.6.7 Find the value of RL for maximum power transfer and the maximum power that can be transferred
to RL in the circuit of Fig. P3.6.7.
12 Ω 4Ω
RL +
+ Vx 4Ω
30 V
− − 4Vx
+ −
FIGURE P3.6.7
Solution:
12 4
+
Voc
+
−
+ Vx 4
30
− − 4Vx
+ −
  30 4  = 6 V
( )
V x = _______________
4 + 12 + 4
30(4 + 4)
Vo  c = _______________
   + 4Vx  = 36 V
4 + 12 + 4

30 12 −4Vx 4 Vx
Isc
+
+ Vx 4
30
− − 4Vx
+ −
4Vx  V 
−  _   = _
  x  ⇒ Vx  = 0 V
4+4 4
⇒ Is  c = ___  30  = __

  5  A
12 2
Voc   ___
  =   ___
Th
R   =   72 Ω = 14.4 Ω = RL 
Isc
  5
V  2  
PR  L  = _
  oc   = _   45  W = 22.5 W
4RTh   2
in Fig. P3.6.8.
2 kΩ 3 kΩ
+
4Vx
1 mA Vx 1 kΩ ––––– RL
− 1000
FIGURE P3.6.8
Solution:
+
+ 2k 3k
4Vx
1m Vx 1k –––– Voc
1k
−
−
V  4Vx 
 _x   + _   1  V
   = 1m ⇒ Vx  = __
1k 1k 5
Vo  c = −2k(_

  x )+ Vx  = −__
4V 
  7  V
1k 5
Vx V1
2k 3k
+
4Vx
1m Vx 1k –––– Isc
1k
−
V  Vx  − V1 

−1m + _
  x   + _
   = 0 ⇒ 3Vx  − V1  = 2 ①
1k 2k
_ V  − V  4V  V 
  1  x +  _x  +  _1 = 0 ⇒ 21Vx  + 5V1  = 0 ②
2k 1k 3k
7  V
7 * ① + ②= 12V1  = − 14 ⇒ V1  = − ___
−
6
V  7   mA
Is  c = ___
  1  = − ___
3k 18
V  18
RT  h = ___
  oc  = ___   kΩ = RL 
Is  c 5
V  2  
PR  L  = _
  oc   = _   49  mW = 0.1361 mW
4RTh   360

3.6.9 Find the value of R L in the network in Fig. P3.6.9 for maximum power transfer.
+ Vx −
2Ω 4Ω
4Vx + 2A RL
−
4Ω
FIGURE P3.6.9
Solution:
+ Vx −
2 4 +
4Vx + 2 Voc
−
4 −
Vx  = 2(− 2)= − 4 V

Vo  c = − Vx  + 4Vx  + 4(2)= − 4 V
+ Vx −
2 Isc−2 4
4Vx + 2 Isc
−
4
Vx  = 2(Is  c − 2)= 2Is  c − 4
− 4(2Is  c − 4)+ ( 2Is  c − 4)+ 4Is  c + 4(Is  c − 2)= 0
⇒ 2Is  c = − 4 ⇒ Is  c= − 2 A

V 
  = ___
RTh   oc = 2Ω= RL 
Is  c
3.6.10 Find the value of R L in Fig. P3.6.10 for maximum power transfer. In addition, calculate the power
dissipated in R L under these conditions.
6 kΩ 3 kΩ
+
RL
12 V + 3 mA Vx 2 kΩ
–
+ 0.5Vx
–
−
FIGURE P3.6.10

Solution:
6k 3k
12
I Vx +
+
Voc
−
12 + 3m Vx 2k
– + 0.5Vx
–
−
V  V  − 12
 ___x  − 3m + _______
  x   78  V
 = 0 ⇒ 11Vx  = 78 ⇒ Vx  = ___
2k 6k + 3k 11
12 − Vx  ___
I = _______
    =   6   mA
6k + 3k 11
  57   V
Vo  c = −6kI + 12 − 0.5Vx  = ___
11
6k 0.5Vx 3k
Vx +
Isc
12 + + 0.5Vx 3m Vx 2k
– –
V  V  − 0.5Vx 

 ___x  − 3m + _________
  x   9  V
  ⇒ 4Vx  = 18 ⇒ Vx  = __
2k 3k 2
0.5Vx  − 12 _________
0.5Vx  − Vx 
  = _________
− Isc     +    
6k 3k
⇒ Isc   19  mA
  = ___
8
V  24
RT  h = ___
  oc  = ___    kΩ = RL 
Is  c 11
V  2  
PR  L  = ____
  oc  = 3.0767 mW
4RT  h
3.6.11 In the network in Fig. P3.6.11, find the value of RL for maximum power transfer. In addition,
c alculate the maximum power dissipated in RL under these conditions.
+
2 kΩ 1 kΩ Vx 1 kΩ
2 mA –
2 kΩ
12 V – + 2Vx RL
+ −
FIGURE P3.6.11

Solution:
V1
+
2k 1k Vx 1k
2m –
–12 –4
2k +
12 – + 2Vx Voc
+ −
−
Vx  = 1k(–2m) = –2 V
_ V  + 12 V1  + 4
  1   + _    = 2m ⇒ 3V1  = −18 ⇒ V1  = −6 V
2k 1k
Vo  c = − Vx  + V1  = − 4 V
Vx
+
2k 1k Vx 1k
2m –
2Vx
–12
2k
12 – + 2Vx Isc
+ −
Vx  + 12 _ V  − 2V  V 

 _   +   x  x +  _x  = 0 ⇒ Vx  = −12 V
2k 1k 1k
V 
I sc= 2m + ___
  x   = − 10 mA
1k
Voc   __
R Th =   ___   =   2  kΩ = RL 
Is  c 5
V  2  
P RL  = _
  oc  = 10 mW
4RT  h

3.7.1 Consider the independent voltage source as excitation and the current through the branch as response
as shown in Fig. P3.7.1. Prove reciprocity theorem by interchanging the position of voltage source and Ix.
A 3 kΩ
C
2 kΩ B
4 kΩ 4 kΩ
Ix
10 V + 7 kΩ
− 5 kΩ
FIGURE P3.7.1

Solution:
We write the nodal equational for Fig. P3.7.1 at nodes A, B and C.
V A – 10 V A – VC V A – V B (1)
+ + =0
2 3 4
V B + V A V B V B – VC (2)
+ + =0
4 5 4
VC – V A VC – V B VC (3)
+ + =0
3 4 7
In matrix form, we have
éæ 1 1 1 ö –1 –1 ù
êçç + + ÷÷÷ ú
êè 2 3 4 ø 4 3 ú éV A ù é5 ù
ê æ 1 1 1 ö÷ úê ú ê ú
ê –1 ç + + ÷÷ –1 ú ê V ú = ê0ú
ê 4 çè 4 5 4 ø 4 úê Bú ê ú
ê úê ú ê ú
ê –1 –1 æ 1 1 1 ö÷ú êëVC úû êë 0úû
ê ç + + ÷÷ú
3 4 çè 3 4 7 øú
ëê û
VB
Ix =
5
1.0833 5 –0.333
–0.25 0 –0.25
–0.333 0 0.726
VB = = 1.32375 = 2.541
1.0833 -0.25 -0.333 0.52088
-0.25 1.0 -0.25
-0.333 -0.25 0.726
VB
Ix = = 0.508 mA
5
Interchanging Ix and 10 V, we redraw the circuit as shown in Fig. given below
Again, writing nodal equations, we get
é1.0833 –0.25 –0.333ù éV A ù é 0ù

ê úê ú ê ú
ê –0.25 1.0 –0.25 úú êê V B úú = êê 2úú
ê
ê –0.333 –0.25 0.726 ú ê ú ê 0ú
êë úû êëVC úû êë úû
0 –0.25 –0.333
2 1.0 –0.25
0 –0.25 0.726
VA = = 0.5295 = 1.0165
0.52088 0.52088
VA
I ¢x = = 0.508 mA = I x
2
Thus, reciprocity theorem is verified.

3.7.2 Consider the independent current source as excitation and the voltage across the branch as
response as shown in Fig. P3.7.2. Prove reciprocity theorem by interchanging the current source and Vx.
FIGURE P3.7.2
Solution:
V x = VC
Writing nodal equations, we get
é1 1 1 –1 –1 ù
ê + + úé ù é ù
ê 10 4 2 4 2 ú êV A ú ê12ú
ê –1 1+1+ 1 –1 úú ê V ú = ê 0 ú
ê
ê 4 5 1 4 5 ú êê B úú êê úú
ê ú
ê –1 –1 1 + 1 + 1 ú êëVC úû êë 0 úû
ëê 2 5 2 2 5 ûú
0.85 –0.25 12
–0.25 1.45 0
–0.5 –0.2 0
V x = Vc = = 9.3 = 9.713 V
0.85 –0.25 –0.5 0.9575
–0.25 1.45 –0.2
–0.5 –0.2 1.2
Interchanging current source and Vx we get the network of Fig. shown below
0 –0.25 –0.5
0 1.45 –0.2
12 –0.2 1.2
V x¢ = V A = = 9.3 = 9.713 V = V x
0.9575 0.9575
Thus, reciprocity theorem is verified.
3.7.3 The network shown in Fig. P3.7.3a is a linear passive and bilateral network. Use the data giv-
en in Fig. P3.7.3a and apply the principles of reciprocity and superposition to determine current Ix in
Fig. P3.7.3b.
4A
5V + N 2A
−
FIGURE P3.7.3a

Ix
10 V + N + 10 V
− −
FIGURE P3.7.3b
Solution:
3.7.4 In Fig. P3.7.4, find the voltage across the 2.5-Ω resistor and verify reciprocity theorem.
5Ω 7.5 Ω
10 A 12.5 Ω 2.5 Ω
FIGURE P3.7.4
Solution:
Current through 2.5-Ω resistor is
10 × 12.5 A = 5.55 A
22.5
Voltage across 2.5-Ω resistor = 5.55 × 2.5 = 13.89 V.
Interchanging the excitation and response, we get
V ¢ = Drop across 12.5-Ω resistor, as there is no current through 5 Ω.

Current through 12.5 –Ω resistor = 10 × 2.5 = 1.11 A

22.5
V ¢ = 1.11 ×12.5 = 13.89 V
Since both voltages are same, reciprocity theorem is verified. It is to be noted that here the excitation is a
current source and response is voltage across a branch. Note the way the current source is connected in
the second case.
3.7.5 In Fig. P3.7.5, find the current through the 4-kΩ resistor and verify reciprocity theorem.
Ix
20 V + 10 kΩ 4 kΩ 5 kΩ
−
FIGURE P3.7.5
Solution:
In given Fig. P3.7.5
I x = 20 = 5 mA
4k
Now interchanging 20 V and Ix, we get
The 10 kΩ and 5 kΩ resistances are short circuited, so
I ¢x = 20 = 5mA = I x
4k
Hence, reciprocity theorem is verified.

3.8.1 Show how the 2-kΩ resistor can be replaced by a voltage source without changing the voltage and
current in other branches.
1 kΩ 1.5 kΩ
I I1 I2
6V + 2 kΩ 2.6 kΩ
−
FIGURE P3.8.1

Solution:
This is another application of compensation theorem, wherein a resistor can be replaced by an inde-
pendent voltage source, whose magnitude is equal to the voltage drop across the resistor (with correct
polarity) or by an independent current source, equal to the current through it (with correct direction).
This is called substitution theorem. In Fig. P3.8.1., the equivalent resistance across the voltage source is,
Req = 1+ (2 || (1.5 + 2.6)) = 2.34 kΩ

I = 6 = 2.56 mA
Req
I 1 = 1.72 mA
I 2 = 0.84 mA
Voltage across 2 – Ω resistor = 2 ×1.72 = 3.44 V

We can replace the 2-Ω with an independent voltage source of 3.44 V as shown in fig.
I 2¢ = 3.44 = 0.84 mA = I 2
4.1k
I ¢ = 6 – 3.44 = 2.56 mA = I
1k
I 1¢ = I ¢ – I 2¢ = 1.72 mA = I 1
3.8.2 In Fig. P3.8.2, the bridge is balanced so that the current through the galvanometer is zero. If the 10-Ω
resistor is changed to 13 Ω, find the current through the galvanometer using compensation theorem.
10 Ω 5Ω
IG
A G C
2Ω 1Ω
+−
20 V
FIGURE P3.8.2
Solution:
Since bridge is balanced, the circuit can be redrawn as shown in figure 1.
FIGURE 1

I 1 = 20 = 20 = 4 A
10 + 5 15 3
DR = 13 – 10 = 3Ω
Compensating voltage, VC = 3 × 4 = 4 V
3
The network with compensating voltage is as shown in Fig. 2, which can be redrawn as shown in Fig. 3.
It is reduced as shown in Fig. 4. The equivalent resistance across VC in Fig. 4 is given by
æ ö
¢ = 13 + çç5 2 ÷÷ = 13.588
Req çè 3 ø÷
Is = 4 = 0.294 A
13.588
DI G = –0.294 × 5 = –0.259 A
5+ 2
3
Since initial galvanometer current is zero, hence the new reading is
I G = DI G = –0.259 A
3.8.3 Consider the circuit with a current source of 10 A as shown in Fig. P3.8.3. Prove compensation
theorem if the 3-Ω resistor is replaced with a 7-Ω resistor.
I2
5Ω I1 7Ω
10 A 3Ω
FIGURE P3.8.3

Solution:
Step 1: Let’s find currents I1 and I2.
I 1 = 10 × 7 = 7A; I 2 = 3A
10
Step 2: The 3-Ω resistor is changed to 7-Ω. Therefore ∆R = 4 Ω. The compensating voltage
VC = 7 × 4 = 28 V. We draw the compensating network as shown in Fig. 1. The current source is
replaced by an open circuit.
DI 1 = –28 = –2A
14
DI 2 = 2A
I 1 + DI 1 = 7 – 2 = 5 A and I 2 + DI 2 = 3 + 2 = 5 A
Step 3: We now consider the original network with 3 Ω replaced by 7 Ω as shown in Fig. 2.
I 1¢ = 5 A = I 1 + DI 1
I 2¢ = 5A = I 2 + DI 2
Hence, compensation theorem is verified.

3.9.1 Obtain the equivalent network of Fig. P3.9.1 with a single source using Millman’s theorem.
20 Ω 10 Ω
10 A 10 Ω 4A 4Ω
+
−
+
−
20 V 10 V
B
FIGURE P3.9.1

Solution:
We replace the current sources with voltage sources as shown in Fig. 1.
100 × 1 + 20 × 1 – 10 × 1 +16 × 1
V= 10 20 10 4 = 28 V
1 + 1 + 1 +1
10 20 10 4
R= 1 =2 Ω
1 + 1 + 1 +1
10 20 10 4
The equivalent network is shown in Fig. 2.
3.9.2 Determine the current through the 1-Ω resistor in Fig. P3.9.2.
I
8Ω 2Ω 10 Ω
1Ω
+ + +
− − −
20 V 10 V 5V
FIGURE P3.9.2
Solution:
We can replace the three voltage sources in parallel with a single source using Millman’s theorem.
20 × 1 +10 × 1 + 5 × 1
V= 8 2 10 = 11.03 V
1+1+ 1
8 2 10
R= 1 = 1.38 Ω
1+1+ 1
8 2 10
Current through 1-Ω resistor is given by
I = 11.03 = 4.63 A
1.38 + 1

3.9.3 Find the current I in the circuit shown in Fig. P3.9.3.
I
50 kΩ 40 kΩ 25 kΩ 20 kΩ
20 kΩ
+ +
− −
+ +
− −
200 V 160 V 100 V 80 V
FIGURE P3.9.3
Solution:
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CHAPTER 3

​I1​ ​​ = ​ −10m​ 18k ​ ​= ​​−7.5 mA​​​

3.1.2 Find I1 in the circuit in Fig. P3.1.2.

c03SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 79 1/31/2022 1:58:29 PM

3.1.3 Use nodal analysis to find V1 in the circuit in Fig. P3.1.3.

⇒(​ 24 ​)​​V1​ ​​ = 120

​V​ ​​ ​V​ ​​ − ​V2​ ​​

​V​ o​​ = ​V1​ ​​ − ​V2​ ​​ = ​32 V​

c03SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 80 1/31/2022 1:58:31 PM

3.1.5 Use nodal analysis to find Vo in the circuit in Fig. P3.1.5.

​Vo​ ​​ − (​ −20)​ _​V​ ​​ ​V​ ​​ − 15

​3.1.6 Find Vo in the network in Fig. P3.1.6 using nodal analysis.

7 + LΩ + 7

c03SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 81 1/31/2022 1:58:31 PM

3.1.7 Find Io in the circuit in Fig. P3.1.7 using nodal analysis.

​VA​ ​​ − 3 ____ ​V​ ​​ ​VB​ ​​ ______

3.1.8 Use nodal analysis to find Vo in the network in Fig. P3.1.8.

​6k ∥ ​(2k + 1k)​= 2 kΩ

c03SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 82 1/31/2022 1:58:32 PM

3.1.9 Use nodal analysis to find Vo in the circuit in Fig. P3.1.9.

​​​(3k + 3k)​​ ∥ ​6​k = ​3​ kΩ

c03SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 83 1/31/2022 1:58:33 PM

3.1.11 Using nodal analysis, find Vo in the network in Fig. P3.1.11.

​Constraint equation: ​Vo​ ​​​− 6 = − 3

​​​3.1.12 Find Vo in the network in Fig. P3.1.12 using nodal analysis.

​​(2k + 4k)​ ∥ 6k = 3 kΩ​

_ ​V​ ​​ − 5 ​V​ ​​ ​Vo​ ​​ ​V​ ​​

3.1.13 Find Io in the circuit in Fig. P3.1.13 using nodal analysis.

c03SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 84 1/31/2022 1:58:34 PM

​​VA​ ​​ = 12 V ​V​ C​​ = −6 V ​V​ B​​= 4 − 6 = −2 V

3.1.14 Find Vo in the circuit in Fig. P3.1.14 using nodal analysis.

_ ​V​ ​​ ​V1​ ​​ + 10 ​V_ ​ ​​ + 10 ​Vo​ ​​

c03SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 85 1/31/2022 1:58:35 PM

3.1.15 Find Io in the network in Fig. P3.1.15 using nodal analysis.

​​Vx​ ​​ = 1​5​ − ​Vo​ ​​

​ x ​ + ​3( ​ x ​)​= 0 ⇒ ​4​​Vx​ ​​ = ​120​

c03SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 86 1/31/2022 1:58:36 PM

3.1.17 Find Vo in the network in Fig. P3.1.17 using nodal analysis.

3.1.18 Find Io in the network in Fig. P3.1.18 using nodal analysis.

​​​(4k + 4k)​​ ∥ ​8​k = ​4​ kΩ

​V2​ ​​ = ​V1​ ​​ − ​8​k( ​ 1 ​)​= ​V1​ ​​ − ​V1​ ​​ = 0 V

c03SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 87 1/31/2022 1:58:37 PM

3.1.19 Use nodal analysis to find V1 in the circuit in Fig. P3.1.19.

_ ​V​ ​​ ​V​ ​​ − ​V​ ​​

c03SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 88 1/31/2022 1:58:37 PM

3.1.22 Find Vo in the circuit in Fig. P3.1.22 using nodal analysis.

c03SolutionsToProblems_V2.indd 89 1/31/2022 1:58:38 PM

3.1.23 Find Vo in the circuit in Fig. P3.1.23 using nodal analysis.

_ ​V​ ​​ ​V​ ​​ − ​V​ ​​ ​Vo​ ​​

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3.1.25 Find Vo in the circuit in Fig. P3.1.25 using nodal analysis.

12k ∥ (2k + 4k) = 4kΩ

_ ​V​ ​​ − 6 ​V1​ ​​ ​V​ ​​ − 6 ​V​ ​​

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3.1.26 Find Vo in the circuit in Fig. P3.1.26 using nodal analysis.

​V1​ ​​ − 12 _ ​V​ ​​ ​Vo​ ​​ − 12 _ ​V​ ​​

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3.1.28 Find Vo in the network in Fig. P3.1.28 using nodal equations.

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3.1.29 Find Io in the network in Fig. P3.1.29 using nodal analysis.

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3.1.30 Use nodal analysis to find Io in the circuit in Fig. P3.1.30.

3.1.31 Use nodal analysis to find Vo in the network in Fig. P3.1.31.

I1  =   −10m 18k  = −7.5 mA

⇒(  24 )V1  = 120

V  V  − V2 

V o = V1  − V2  = 32 V

Vo  − ( −20) _V  V  − 15

3.1.6 Find Vo in the network in Fig. P3.1.6 using nodal analysis.

7 + LΩ + 7

VA  − 3 V  VB  __

6k ∥ (2k + 1k)= 2 kΩ

(3k + 3k) ∥ 6k = 3 kΩ

Constraint equation: Vo  − 6 = − 3

3.1.12 Find Vo in the network in Fig. P3.1.12 using nodal analysis.

(2k + 4k) ∥ 6k = 3 kΩ

_ V  − 5 V  Vo  V 

VA  = 12 V V C = −6 V V B= 4 − 6 = −2 V

_ V  V1  + 10 V_   + 10 Vo 

Vx  = 15 − Vo 

  x   + 3(   x  )= 0 ⇒ 4Vx  = 120

(4k + 4k) ∥ 8k = 4 kΩ

V2  = V1  − 8k(   1 )= V1  − V1  = 0 V

_ V  V  − V 

_ V  V  − V  Vo 

_ V  − 6 V1  V  − 6 V 

V1  − 12 _ V  Vo  − 12 _ V 

3.1.31 Use nodal analysis to find Vo in the network in Fig. P3.1.31.

_ V  − 12 V1  − V3  _

[Vo  ] ⎣6.17⎦

3.1.32 Find Vo in the circuit in Fig. P3.1.32.

V1  − V2  = −2000( _1 ) ⇒ 3V1  − 2V2  = 0

① + ② = 7V1  = 18 ⇒ V1  = _   18  V

[  I x ] [2.5 mA]

V1  = 15Vx + Vo 

_ V  ( 15Vx  + Vo  ) − Vx 

+ Vo N" LΩ Vo

① + ② = 5Vo  = 14 ⇒ Vo  = 2.8 V

3.1.41 Find Vo in the circuit in Fig. P3.1.41 using nodal analysis.

V1  − V2  − Vx  = 0

_ V  − 2V  Vx  _V 

_ V  − 2V  V  V2 

3.1.43 Determine Vo in the network in Fig. P3.1.43 using nodal analysis.

−(10 + Vo  )

  1  + 6m + 2(_ )= 0 ⇒ V1  − 2Vo  = 4

 − 2(_ )= 0 ⇒ 2V2  + 2Vo  = −30

V1  + 5( _3 )− V4  = 0 ⑤

_ V  − V  V4  − V5 

V2  − V4  = 0.5(V1  − V5  )

⇒ V1  − 2 V2  + 2 V4  − V5  = 0 ③

_ V  − V  V5  − V4 

LΩ LΩ LΩ LΩ

N" LΩ LΩ Vx LΩ Vo

_ V  V  V2  − V3  _

  24 V1 − 33V2 − 3V3 − 4V4 = 72

⇒ 2V1 − 3V2 + V4  = 0 ②

6 + 6kI 1 + 6k(I1  − Io  )= 0 ⇒ 12kI 1 − 6kI o = −6 ①

2kI  1− 12 + 2k(I1  − I2  )= 0 ⇒ 4I1 − 2I2 = 12m ①

2k(I2  − I1  )+ 4 + 2kI  2 = 0 ⇒ −2I1 + 4I2 = −4m ②

① + 2 * ② = 6I2  = 4m ⇒ I2  = _   2  mA

3kI o + 6k(Io − 5m) − 2 = 0

12 + 6kI 1 + ( 2k + 4k)(I1  − 8m)= 0

−6 + 2kI 1 + 4k(I1  − I2  )= 0 ⇒ 6I1 − 4I2  = 6m

Vo  = I2  (4k) = −3.6 V