A REPORT ON

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS & DESIGN

OF
RESIDENTIAL BUILDING
OF
MRS. ISHWORI KHAREL
LOCATION: DHANGADHI SUB-METROPOLITAN CITY

i
Contents
List of Figures...............................................................................................iii
List of Tables................................................................................................iv
1 Introduction............................................................................................1
1.1 An Overview of Earthquake-Resistant Design.....................................................1
1.2 Earthquake Resistant Design Philosophy.............................................................2
2 Description of the Building....................................................................4
2.1 Building Description.............................................................................................4
2.2 Location of Building.............................................................................................5
3 Numerical modeling...............................................................................6
4 Structural analysis..................................................................................9
4.1 Load cases considered..........................................................................................9
4.2 Load combination.................................................................................................9
4.3 Mass Source..........................................................................................................9
4.4 Dead loads.............................................................................................................9
4.5 Live load.............................................................................................................12
4.6 Seismic Analysis.................................................................................................13
4.6.1 Seismic coefficient method..........................................................................13
4.6.2 Dynamic analysis.........................................................................................14
4.6.3 Seismic Weight and Base Shear..................................................................14
4.6.4 Storey Drift and displacement Calculations................................................15
4.7 Modal analysis and modal mass participation....................................................18
4.8 Analysis of Internal Forces Developed in Frames..............................................18
4.9 Sample B/C ratio check.......................................................................................20
5 Design....................................................................................................21
5.1 Column design summary....................................................................................22
5.2 Beam Design Summary......................................................................................25
5.3 Slab Design Summary.........................................................................................29
5.4 Staircase Design Summary.................................................................................29
5.5 Foundation Design Summary..............................................................................29
6 CONCLUSION.....................................................................................31
7 RECOMMENDATIONS.....................................................................31
ANNEXES....................................................................................................32
ANNEX -I: REFERENCES..........................................................................................32
ANNEX-II: SAMPLE DESIGN CALCULATIONS....................................................33
SAMPLE BEAM DESIGN BY ETABS(D-2/3,ground Floor).................................33
SAMPLE COLUMN DESIGN (D2-First floor)........................................................34
SAMPLE SLAB DESIGN.........................................................................................36
SAMPLE ISOLATED FOOTING DESIGN(B-3 grid).............................................40
SAMPLE STRAP FOOTING DESIGN(C-2/3 grid).................................................42
SAMPLE STAIRCASE DESIGN.............................................................................49

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List of Figures
Figure 2-1 : Ground floor Plan of Building.........................................................................4
Figure 2-2 : Seismic Hazard of Himalayas..........................................................................5
Figure 3-1 : 3D model created in ETABS...........................................................................6
Figure 3-2 : Ground /First Floor plan modeled in ETABS..................................................7
Figure 3-3 : Top floor plan modeled in ETABS..................................................................7
Figure 3-4 : Elevation on grid 1...........................................................................................8
Figure 3-5 : Elevation on grid 2...........................................................................................8
Figure 3-6 : Elevation on grid 3...........................................................................................8
Figure 4-1 : Wall load........................................................................................................10
Figure 4-2 : Floor finish load.............................................................................................11
Figure 4-3 : Staircase dead+ floor finish load...................................................................11
Figure 4-4 : Live load........................................................................................................12
Figure 4-5 : Staircase live load..........................................................................................12
Figure 4-6 : Terrace live load............................................................................................13
Figure 4-7 : Seismic forces at different levels...................................................................15
Figure 4-8 : Drift ratio in Eqx............................................................................................16
Figure 4-9 : Drift ratio in Eqy............................................................................................16
Figure 4-10 : Displacement in Eqx....................................................................................17
Figure 4-11 : Displacement in Eqy....................................................................................17
Figure 4-12 : Sample Bending Moment Diagram for frames along Grid 1/1-1.5(DL+LL)
...........................................................................................................................................19
Figure 4-13 : Sample Shear force Diagram for frames along Grid 1/1 -1.5(DL+LL).......19
Figure 4-14 : Sample Axial force Diagram for frames along Grid A/A -1.5(DL+LL).....20
Figure 4-15 : Sample B/C ratio check...............................................................................20
Figure 5-1 : Rebar of column in Grid 1.............................................................................22
Figure 5-2 : Rebar of column in Grid 2.............................................................................22
Figure 5-3 : Rebar of column in Grid 3.............................................................................23
Figure 5-5 : Rebar in Ground floor beam.........................................................................25
Figure 5-6 : Rebar in first floor beam................................................................................25
Figure 5-7 : Rebar in Second floor beam..........................................................................26
Figure 5-8 : Base reaction for footing design....................................................................29

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List of Tables
Table 2-1 : Building Description.........................................................................................4
Table 4-1 : Mass source.......................................................................................................9
Table 4-2 : Dead loads unit weight......................................................................................9
Table 4-3 : Dead load applied............................................................................................10
Table 4-4 : Live load applied.............................................................................................12
Table 4-5 : Analysis and design parameters......................................................................14
Table 4-6 : Drift Calculations for Earthquake Loads........................................................15
Table 4-7 : Modal mass Participation ration from ETABS...............................................18
Table 5-1 : Column Design summary................................................................................23
Table 5-2 : Beam Design Summary...................................................................................27
Table 5-3 : Footing Design Summary...............................................................................30

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This report focuses on structural design of residential building located at Dhangadhi. It

summarizes design assumption, methodology and follows up of codes and standards for
the building with proper consideration of the earthquake resistant design criteria
following the Nepal National Building Code and Indian Standard Code 2016.

The primary objective of the project is to analyze and design the structural elements of
the buildings based on NBC and Indian standards. The seismic coefficient method is
adopted to analyze the earthquake response of the building.

Finite element analysis showed that the anticipated performance of the buildings
subjected to the design earthquake meets IS code seismic hazard level requirement for
building. The building response for drift, displacement is also calculated.

The following conclusions can be drawn from this report:

The structure is designed to complying the guidelines and the Indian standards.

Story drifts are within the acceptable limits under DBE level earthquakes.

** The structural design is carried on the architectural drawing provided. This report solely emphases and
confines itself to technical aspects of the structure and does not comment on other aspects of the structure.

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 1 Introduction
1.1 An Overview of Earthquake-Resistant Design
Nepal lies in an earthquake prone zone. It is located in the boundary between Indian plate and
Tibetan plate. Thus, Nepal experiences earthquakes frequently. Earthquakes are the most
sudden, dramatic and devastating natural calamities. Although they last only for few seconds
to minutes, they are the most devastating ones. Past records of the earthquake show that
eighteen major earthquakes have hit Nepal till now. So, special consideration of earthquake
forces while designing a building is mandatory in Nepal.

Designing building against earthquake forces does not mean that we are making the building
earthquake-proof. Although earthquake proof structures may be viable in terms of engineering
but they are not financially viable. However, it is possible to design and build earthquake-
resilient (more precisely seismic resilient) structures. According to this philosophy, no matter
how much severe earthquake occurs, the building won’t collapse although it may be
irreparably damaged. In, this background, it is ensured that this building has been designed to
withstand all the acting loads including the earthquake forces making it seismic resistant.

The structural design alone is not enough to ensure the safety of a building, equally
important, is its construction. The role of a contractor is of paramount importance as he is the
one to execute the construction work at site. He is required to execute the work according to
drawings supplied by the consultant to him and detailing has to be carefully followed. A large
percentage of failure of the building is attributed to poor quality of construction. Past
experiences from damages have shown that quality of material and workmanship play an
important role in good seismic behavior of the buildings. Hence, quality assurance of
construction works is the key to good seismic performance of a building.

Severity of ground shaking at a given location during an earthquake can be minor, moderate
and strong. Relatively, minor shakings occur frequently, moderate shakings occasionally and
strong shakings rarely. For instance, on average annually about 800 earthquakes of magnitude
5.0-5.9 on Richter scale occur in the world while the number is only about 19 for magnitude
of range 7.0-7.9 on Richter scale. So, should we design and construct a building to resist that
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rare earthquake shaking that may come only once in 500 years or even once in 2000 years at
the chosen project site, even though the life of the building itself may be only 50 or 100 years?
Since it costs money to provide additional earthquake safety in buildings, a conflict arises:
Should we do away with the design of buildings for earthquake effects? Or should we design
the buildings to be “earthquake proof” wherein there is no damage during the strong but rare
earthquake shaking? Clearly, the former approach can lead to a major disaster, and the second
approach is too expensive. Hence, the design philosophy should lie somewhere in between
these two extremes.

The engineers do not attempt to make earthquake proof buildings that will not get damaged
even during the rare but strong earthquakes; such buildings will be too robust and also too
expensive. Instead, the engineering intention is to make buildings earthquake resistant and
affordable; such buildings resist the effects of ground shaking, although they may get
damaged severely but would not collapse during the strong earthquake. Thus, safety of people
and contents is assured in earthquake-resistant buildings, and thereby a disaster is avoided.
This is a major objective of seismic design codes throughout the world.

1.2 Earthquake Resistant Design Philosophy

The earthquake design philosophy may be summarized as follows:

a) Under minor shakings which occur frequently, the main members of the buildings that
carry vertical and lateral forces should not be damaged; however non-structural parts may
sustain repairable damages. It is assured that the building will be fully operational within a
short time and the repair costs will be small

b) Under moderate shakings which are occasional, the structural elements may sustain
repairable damage, while the non-structural elements may be heavily damaged; the building
will be operational followed by repair and re-strengthening of the damaged structural
elements and replacing of damaged non-structural elements.

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c) Under strong shakings which are rare, the main members may sustain severe damage, but
the building should not collapse; the building may become dysfunctional for further use, but
will stand so that people can be evacuated and property recovered.

The degree to which the building is to be assured against the possibility of damage must be
considered while designing the building. Important buildings like hospitals, health posts, fire
stations, post offices communication towers, electric power houses which play a critical role
in post-earthquake activities must remain functional immediately after the earthquake and
hence require higher degree of assurance against possible damage. Public buildings,
educational buildings, busy commercial complex etc. where the risk of human loss is high and
some critical structures like nuclear power plants, dams, etc. whose collapse may cause
secondary disasters are also designed to assure higher level of safety against earthquakes.
Other buildings like residential buildings, offices, mercantile buildings etc. are designed for
lower level of safety, while the design philosophy mentioned above is always maintained.
However, the level of safety to be assured in the design may also depend upon the demand of
the client.

Design of buildings to resist earthquakes involves controlling the damage to acceptable levels
at a reasonable cost. Contrary to the common thinking that any crack in the building after an
earthquake means the building is unsafe for habitation, some damage in non-structural
elements may be unavoidable. Different types of damages (mainly visualized through cracks;
especially so in concrete and masonry buildings) may occur in buildings during earthquakes.
Some of these cracks are acceptable (in terms of both their size and location), while others are
not. In general, qualified technical professionals may only be knowledgeable of the causes and
severity of damage in earthquake-resistant buildings.

3
 2 Description of the Building
2.1 Building Description
The building to be analyzed and designed here is a 3 story residential building to be
constructed on behalf of Mr. Ishwori Kharel. The proposed site is located at Dhangadhi. The
ground floor plan of the building is presented below in Figure 2-1. The building description is
presented in Table 2-1: Building Description.

Figure 2-1 : Ground floor Plan of Building

Table 2-1 : Building Description

General features
Building Type Residential Building
Location Dhangadhi Sub-Metropolitan city
Ground Floor Area 1046.11 sq. ft.
Architectural features
Number of story Three story
Floor to Floor Height 9’-4”
Total Height of the Building: 28’-0 “ unto top slab from plinth level
Building Lateral Dimensions (Maximum ) Max distance along X: 25’-11”

4
 Max distance along Y: 39’-10”
Wall and Partition 9” and 5” Brick Masonry in cement mortar
in outside and inside respectively
Structural features
Structural System RCC Frame Structure
Foundation Type RCC Isolated Footings and Stap footing
Loads Resisting Elements
Columns 350mm X350mm
Beams Main beam: 250mm X 350mm
Secondary beam:230mm X 300mm
slab 125 mm
Geotechnical Features
Soil Test Not Available
Soil Type (assumed) Type III (Soft Soil
Seismic Zone considered: V (as per IS 1893:2016, Part-1)
Allowable bearing capacity assumed 120 KN/m2
Material
Grade of concrete: M20 for column, beam, slab and footings.
Grade of Reinforcement steel for RCC Fe 500

2.2 Location of Building

Nepal is a highly vulnerable to earthquake hazards. As per IS 1893:2016 (Part 1), Nepal can
be predicted to lies in high seismic risk (Zones V) as shown in Figure 2-3. The site is located
at Dhangadhi and it belongs to the higher seismic risk zone V.

Figure 2-2 : Seismic Hazard of Himalayas

5
 3 Numerical modeling
A three dimensional finite element model of the whole structural system is created in
ETABS.v18. The structural system is considered as a Special Moment Resisting Frame
structure. Main components to be modeled are: Beams, Columns & Slabs. Beams and
columns are modeled as frame elements while slabs are modeled as four-nodded shell
elements. The support condition at the base is idealized as a fixed support and hence any
moment release at the base of columns is neglected. The moment release at the beam/column
joints is also neglected. Self-weight of the parapet wall is applied onto the beams in the form
of uniformly distributed loads. Stair isn’t modeled but it’s weight is applied on respective
supporting beam. The inner partition wall load is applied by creating null beam as positioned
in architectural drawing.

Figure 3-3 : 3D model created in ETABS

6
Figure 3-4 : Ground /First Floor plan modeled in ETABS

Figure 3-5 : Top floor plan modeled in ETABS

7
Figure 3-6 : Elevation on grid 1

Figure 3-7 : Elevation on grid 2

Figure 3-8 : Elevation on grid 3

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 4 Structural analysis
For the purpose of structural analysis various Indian Standard Codes are followed for
loadings, load combinations and other analysis procedures.

4.1 Load cases considered

Following loads have been considered in the analysis of the building as per IS 456-200 and
IS1893-2016.

I. Dead Load (DL)

II. Live load (LL)
III. Earthquake load in X-direction (EQx)
IV. Earthquake load in Y-direction (EQy)
4.2 Load combination
Following load combinations have been adopted as per IS 1893:2002 for Static Analysis.

I. 1.5(DL+LL)
II. 1.2(DL+LL±EQ(x,y))
III. 1.5(DL±EQ(x,y))
IV. 0.9DL±1.5EQ(x,y)
Where, DL= Dead load
LL = Imposed (Live) load
EQ(x,y) = Earthquake load (Along X and Y direction)

4.3 Mass Source

Following mass source have been adopted as per IS 1893:2016 for Seismic Analysis.

Table 4-2 : Mass source

Dead load including parapet, floor finish ,wall load 1
Live load 0.25

4.4 Dead loads

Dead loads are assumed to be produced by slab, beams, columns, parapet walls and floor
finish. The weight of building materials are taken as per IS 875 (Part 1-1987).

Table 4-3 : Dead loads unit weight

Materials Unit weight
Reinforced Concrete (for foundation) 25.00 KN/m³
Reinforcement Steel 78.50 KN/m³

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 Brick Masonry 19.2 KN/m3

Table 4-4 : Dead load applied

9” wall 12.54 KN/m
9” wall with opening 9.4 KN/m
5” wall 6.27 KN/m
5” wall with opening 4.703 KN/m
Parapet wall load 2.2 KN/m
Staircase dead load +floor finish on supporting beam 12.6 KN/m
Floor finish 1.2 KN/m2

Figure 4-9 : Wall load

10
 Figure 4-10 : Floor finish load

Figure 4-11 : Staircase dead+ floor finish load

11
4.5 Live load
Live loads are applied on floor slabs on the basis of usage of rooms, as specified in IS 875
part II.

Table 4-5 : Live load applied

All room except family room 2.0 KN/m2
Balcony & Passage 3.0 KN/m2
Staircase live on supporting beam 5.94 KN/m
Terrace live 1.5 KN/m2

Figure 4-12 : Live load

Figure 4-13 : Staircase live load

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 Figure 4-14 : Terrace live load
4.6 Seismic Analysis

4.6.1 Seismic coefficient method

The total design lateral force or design seismic base shear ( VB) along any principal direction
shall be determined by the following expression:

VB=Ah*w

The design horizontal seismic coefficient Ah for a structure is determined by the following
expression (IS 1893 (Part I):2016):

ZI S a
Ah =
2 Rg

Where,

Z = Zone factor

I = Importance factor, depending upon the functional use of structure

R = Response reduction factor, depending on the perceived seismic damage performance of

the structure, characterized by ductile or brittle deformations.

Sa/g = Average response acceleration coefficient depending upon time period

For linear static method, the time period is calculated using empirical relation

13
T=0.075H0.75 (for RCC frame building)

Where, H = Height of the building above ground

W=seismic weight of building that includes total Dead load plus appropriate amount of live
load. [7.4, IS: 1893 (part1)-2016].

4.6.2 Dynamic analysis

Considering that the building is regular building lesser than 12 m located in Zone V, dynamic
analysis wasn’t performed as per IS 1893:2016.

4.6.3 Seismic Weight and Base Shear

For the purpose of analysis, seismic forces are applied in the model of the building in ETABS
Hence, the manual calculations of seismic weight, story force, base shear and the seismic
forces have not been shown. However, the ETABS outputs for base shear is shown in table
below. Also seismic forces at each level is also shown in figure

Followings factors are considered for earthquake resistant design of the building.

Table 4-6 : Analysis and design parameters

Method adopted for design Seismic coefficient method
Response function IS 1893: 2016
Seismic Zone Zone V
Zone factor 0.36
Soil Type Type III
Height of Structure, H (m) 8.53 m
Time Period 0.374 sec (both directions)
Importance factor 1
Response reduction factor 5
Design Horizontal Seismic Coefficient 9%
(Ah=ZI/2R*Sa/g)
Mass participation Above 90% along both
directions
Base shear from seismic coefficient method along –x 297.02 KN
Base shear from seismic coefficient method along -y 297.02 KN

14
 Figure 4-15 : Seismic forces at different levels

4.6.4 Storey Drift and displacement Calculations

Storey Drift ratio for all storey are checked as defined in clause 7.11.2, IS 1893-2016. It is
found that storey drift ratio for all stories are within permissible limit 0.004
Table 4-7 : Drift Calculations for Earthquake Loads
Floor Displacemen Displacement Drift Drift
level t Along X, Along Y, Δy ratio ratio
Δx mm mm along X along Y
Second 15.22 11.01 0.0013 0.0011
First 11.2 7.91 0.0022 0.0016
Ground 4.85 3.48 0.0016 0.0012
Base 0 0 0 0

15
Figure 4-16 : Drift ratio in Eqx

Figure 4-17 : Drift ratio in Eqy

16
Figure 4-18 : Displacement in Eqx

Figure 4-19 : Displacement in Eqy

17
4.7 Modal analysis and modal mass participation
Table 4-8 : Modal mass Participation ration from ETABS
Case Mode Period UX UY SumUX SumUY SumUZ
sec
Modal 1 0.519 0.581 0.0643 0.581 0.0643 0
Modal 2 0.477 0.0845 0.7775 0.6655 0.8418 0
Modal 3 0.381 0.2053 0.0197 0.8708 0.8615 0
Modal 4 0.174 0.0126 0.0868 0.8834 0.9483 0
Modal 5 0.171 0.0721 0.0189 0.9555 0.9671 0
Modal 6 0.154 0.0143 0.0006 0.9698 0.9677 0
Modal 7 0.115 0.0056 0.0221 0.9754 0.9898 0
Modal 8 0.113 0.0227 0.0079 0.9981 0.9977 0
Modal 9 0.105 0.0019 0.0023 1 1 0
Modal 10 0.003 0 0 1 1 0
Modal 11 0.003 0 0 1 1 0
Modal 12 0.003 0 0 1 1 0

The total mass participation in both considered direction is greater than the 90% of the total
lateral force. A building has regular modes of oscillation in two principal plan directions as
the mass participation factor for first three modes is greater than 65%.

4.8 Analysis of Internal Forces Developed in Frames

Bending moments, shear forces and axial forces of the buildings were analyzed using the
ETABS. The analysis is used for identification of critical sections and to find out the design
requirements so as to design various structural components. The sample moment diagrams,
shear force diagram, axial force diagrams and torsion diagrams of the frames along some grids
are as extracted from ETABS are presented below:

18
Figure 4-20 : Sample Bending Moment Diagram for frames along Grid 1/1-1.5(DL+LL)

Figure 4-21 : Sample Shear force Diagram for frames along Grid 1/1 -1.5(DL+LL)

19
Figure 4-22 : Sample Axial force Diagram for frames along Grid A/A -1.5(DL+LL)

4.9 Sample B/C ratio check

Figure 4-23 : Sample B/C ratio check

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 5 Design
The design of reinforced concrete structural members includes selection of material properties
(grade of steel and concrete), shape and size of cross section, factor of safety and amount of
steel required. The design of reinforced concrete members are carried out using limit state
method as per IS 456: 2000. The limit state method is the modern and latest design
methodology. This method evolved around 1970’s. Limit state method is based on the concept
of multiple safety factors and attempts to provide adequate safety at the ultimate loads and
adequate serviceability at service loads. For the design of the members, IS 456:2000 and
design aid SP 16 has been used. Footings have been checked for vertical loads due to dead
load and live load only. Square footings have been adopted from seismic point of view that
reversal stress may occur. And footing beams are provided for column at foundation for more
rigidity of building and also need for the column located at boundary. Longitudinal
reinforcement in beams and columns has been calculated based on critical load combination.
Spacing of the shear reinforcement has been calculated as per the ductility criteria as defined
in IS 13920 -1993.Some sample designs are shown later on in this report.
Beams and columns have been designed using ETABS while slab, staircase and foundations
are designed manually. Samples of manual design calculation of critical slab ,footings and
staircase are shown in this report in ANNEX-II: SAMPLE DESIGN CALCULATIONS. The
structural design of sections and reinforcements are presented in the drawing.

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5.1 Column design summary

Figure 5-24 : Rebar of column in Grid 1

Figure 5-25 : Rebar of column in Grid 2

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 Figure 5-26 : Rebar of column in Grid 3

Table 5-9 : Column Design summary

corner bar Face bar
Total
col ID Floor Ast Dia no Dia no
C1 A1 GF 1057 16 4 16 4
350x35
0 A1 1F 1316 16 4 16 4
C2 B1 GF 1485 20 4 16 4
350x35
0 B1 1F 2057 20 4 16 4
C2 C1 GF 1289 20 4 16 4
350x35 C1 1F 1282 20 4 16 4
0 C1 2F 1153 16 4 16 4
C2 D1 GF 1825 20 4 16 4
350x35 D1 1F 1081 20 4 16 4
0 D1 2F 1071 16 4 16 4
C1 A2 GF 1081 16 4 16 4
350x35
0 A2 1F 1568 16 4 16 4

23
 C1 B2 GF 1048 16 4 16 4
350x35 B2 1F 1120 16 4 16 4
0 B2 2F 1230 16 4 16 4
C3 C2 GF 1646 20 4 16 4
350x35 C2 1F 1136 20 4 16 4
0 C2 2F 1753 20 4 16 4
C3 D2 GF 2011 20 4 16 4
350x35 D2 1F 1663 20 4 16 4
0 D2 2F 1797 20 4 16 4
C3 A3 GF 1320 20 4 16 4
350x35
0 A3 1F 1806 20 4 16 4
C4 B3 GF 1507 20 4 20 4
350x35 B3 1F 2120 20 4 20 4
0 B3 2F 1855 20 4 16 4
C4 C3 GF 1815 20 4 20 4
350x35 C3 1F 2033 20 4 20 4
0 C3 2F 2011 20 4 16 4
C3 D3 GF 1886 20 4 16 4
350x35 D3 1F 1338 20 4 16 4
0 D3 2F 1690 20 4 16 4

For more details refer structural drawing.

24
5.2 Beam Design Summary

Figure 5-27 : Rebar in Ground floor beam

Figure 5-28 : Rebar in first floor beam

28
Figure 5-29 : Rebar in Second floor beam

26
Table 5-10 : Beam Design Summary
Dia of rebar
Beam Id Floor Left Middle Right
T B T B T B
A-1/2 Ground 2-16+3-12 2-16+1-12 2-16 2-16+1-12 2-16+3-12 2-16+1-12
A-2/3 Ground 2-16+3-12 2-16+1-12 2-16 2-16+1-12 2-16+3-12 2-16+1-12
B-1/2 Ground 2-16+3-12 2-16+1-12 2-16 2-16+1-12 2-16+3-12 2-16+1-12
B-2/3 Ground 2-16+3-12 2-16+1-12 2-16 2-16+1-12 2-16+3-12 2-16+1-12
C-1/2 Ground 2-16+3-12 2-16+1-12 2-16 2-16+1-12 2-16+3-12 2-16+1-12
C-2/3 Ground 2-16+3-12 2-16+1-12 2-16 2-16+1-12 2-16+3-12 2-16+1-12
D-1/2 Ground 2-16+3-12 2-16+1-12 2-16 2-16+1-12 2-16+3-12 2-16+1-12
D-2/3 Ground 2-16+3-12 2-16+1-12 2-16 2-16+1-12 2-16+3-12 2-16+1-12
1-A/B Ground 2-16+3-12 2-16+1-12 2-16 2-16+1-12 2-16+3-12 2-16+1-12
1-B/C Ground 2-16+3-12 2-16+1-12 2-16 2-16+1-12 2-16+3-12 2-16+1-12
1-C/D Ground 2-16+3-12 2-16+1-12 2-16 2-16+1-12 2-16+3-12 2-16+1-12
2-A/B Ground 2-16+3-12 2-16+1-12 2-16 2-16+1-12 2-16+3-12 2-16+1-12
2-B/C Ground 2-16+3-12 2-16+1-12 2-16 2-16+1-12 2-16+3-12 2-16+1-12
2-C/D Ground 2-16+3-12 2-16+1-12 2-16 2-16+1-12 2-16+3-12 2-16+1-12
3-A/B Ground 2-16+3-12 2-16+1-12 2-16 2-16+1-12 2-16+3-12 2-16+1-12
3-B/C Ground 2-16+3-12 2-16+1-12 2-16 2-16+1-12 2-16+3-12 2-16+1-12
3-C/D Ground 2-16+3-12 2-16+1-12 2-16 2-16+1-12 2-16+3-12 2-16+1-12
A-1/2 1st floor 4-12 3-12 2-12 3-12 4-12 3-12
A-2/3 1st floor 4-12 3-12 2-12 3-12 4-12 3-12
B-1/2 1st floor 2-16+3-12 2-16 2-16 2-16 2-16+3-12 2-16
B-2/3 1st floor 2-16+3-12 2-16 2-16 2-16 2-16+3-12 2-16
C-1/2 1st floor 2-16+3-12 2-16 2-16 2-16 2-16+3-12 2-16
C-2/3 1st floor 2-16+3-12 2-16 2-16 2-16 2-16+3-12 2-16
D-1/2 1st floor 2-16+3-12 2-16 2-16 2-16 2-16+3-12 2-16
D-2/3 1st floor 2-16+3-12 2-16 2-16 2-16 2-16+3-12 2-16
1-A/B 1st floor 2-16+2-12 2-16 2-16 2-16 2-16+2-12 2-16

30
 1-B/C 2-16+2-12 2-16
1st floor 2-16 2-16 2-16+2-12 2-16
1-C/D 2-16+2-12 2-16
1st floor 2-16 2-16 2-16+2-12 2-16
2-A/B 2-16+2-12 2-16
1st floor 2-16 2-16 2-16+2-12 2-16
2-B/C 2-16+2-12 2-16
1st floor 2-16 2-16 2-16+2-12 2-16
2-C/D 2-16+2-12 2-16
1st floor 2-16 2-16 2-16+2-12 2-16
3-A/B 2-16+3-12 2-16
1st floor 2-16 2-16 2-16+3-12 2-16
3-B/C 2-16+3-12 2-16
1st floor 2-16 2-16 2-16+3-12 2-16
3-C/D 2-16+3-12 2-16
1st floor 2-16 2-16 2-16+3-12 2-16
B-2/3 4-12
2nd floor 3-12 2-12 3-12 4-12 3-12
C-1/2 4-12
2nd floor 3-12 2-12 3-12 4-12 3-12
C-2/3 4-12
2nd floor 3-12 2-12 3-12 4-12 3-12
D-1/2 4-12
2nd floor 3-12 2-12 3-12 4-12 3-12
D-2/3 4-12
2nd floor 3-12 2-12 3-12 4-12 3-12
1-C/D 4-12
2nd floor 3-12 2-12 3-12 4-12 3-12
2-B/C 4-12
2nd floor 3-12 2-12 3-12 4-12 3-12
2-C/D 4-12
2nd floor 3-12 2-12 3-12 4-12 3-12
2-B/C 4-12
2nd floor 3-12 2-12 3-12 4-12 3-12
2-C/D 4-12
2nd floor 3-12 2-12 3-12 4-12 3-12
Secondary beam 230x300 around the stair-2 nos 12mm bar top and 3 nos 12 mm bar at bottom

Main beam size=250x350

For more details, refer structural drawings

28
5.3 Slab Design Summary
Size: 125mm
Reinforcement:
Let’s provide 8mm@150mm c/c both ways with usual layouts/curtailments wherever required
For more details, refer structural drawings

5.4 Staircase Design Summary

Staircase is designed as waist slab with following design details.
Waist Slab Thickness = 125 mm,
Longitudinal reinforcement: 12mm dia. bars@ 150mm c/c,
Transverse Reinforcement: 8 mm dia. bars @ 150mm c/c

5.5 Foundation Design Summary

The foundation is designed as Isolated footing and strap footing. Tie beams are provided in
two different levels one at the top level of footings (Lower Tie Beams) and another at the
plinth level (Upper Tie Beams).

Figure 5-30 : Base reaction for footing design

32
Table 5-11 : Footing Design Summary
Footing pad
Footing type Size(mm*mm) Depth(mm) Reinforcement
IF1(A-1,B-1) 1500 X1500 350 mm 12 mm bar @150 c/c both way
IF2(C-1,D-1) 1700 X 1700 350 mm 12 mm bar @150 c/c both way
F1(A-2) 1600x1600 350mm 12 mm bar @150 c/c both way
F2(B-2,C-2,D-2) 2200 X 2200 350 mm 12 mm bar @150 c/c both way
EF1(A-3) 1500X1500 350mm 12 mm bar @150 c/c both way
EF2(B-3,C-3,D-3) 2200x2200 350 mm 12 mm bar @150 c/c both way
Strap beam
SB1(connecting F1 400x450 Longitudinal bars: 6-16dia at top & 3-16 at
and EF1) bottom, Stirrups : 3-legged 10 dia @ 6" c/c
SB2(connecting F2 500x650 Longitudinal bars: 7-20dia at top & 4-20 at
and EF2) bottom, Stirrups : 3-legged 10 dia @ 6" c/c
Tie beam
LTB1 & UTB1 230 x300 Longitudinal bars: 3-12dia top & bottom
Stirrups : 2-legged 8dia @ 6" c/c
For more details, refer structural drawing

30
 6 CONCLUSION
After the analysis of the building components, the building is found to be safe against the
gravity as well as Seismic Loads. The section sizes and reinforcements are sufficient enough
to withstand all kinds of possible axial, shear, flexural and torsional forces. The building is
designed to make it good enough to assure Life Safety under Design Basis Earthquake
considered for Zone V, Importance Factor 1.0 and soft soil condition as per IS1893:2016.
Bearing capacity of the soil is taken as 120 KN/m2. M20 grade of concrete is used for
columns, beams, slabs and foundations. Ductile detailing as per IS13920:1993 has been
extensively adopted while detailing.
7 RECOMMENDATIONS
Design and construction of the structure are inter – related jobs. A performance of a building
depends upon a work and material quality during the construction more than the intensions
pursued during structural design. A large percentage of structural failures are attributed due to
poor quality of construction. Therefore, to assure the proper safety, material and work quality
should be maintained during the construction. Structural designer will be responsible for all
the designs but not for any faulty constructions happened at site beyond his supervision.
Following recommendations are made by the structural designer.
1. It is recommended to strictly follow the section sizes and reinforcements provided in the
structural drawings.
2. It is recommended that the site engineer should be responsible to handle the problems that
may arise during construction. He/she shall also be responsible for maintaining the material
and process quality during construction.
3. It is strictly recommended that any changes in the design shall be done only with the
consultation of the structural designer.
4. It is strictly recommended to maintain the standards in the grade of cement and
reinforcement steel. It is recommended to run a cube test to ensure the strength and quality of
the concrete ratio used. It is also recommended test the reinforcement steels to ensure the
quality of steel used.

31
 ANNEXES
ANNEX -I: REFERENCES
IS: 456 – 2000 Code of Practice for Plain and Reinforced Concrete

IS: 875 (Parts 1-5) Code of practice for design loads (other than earthquake)
for buildings and structures (second revision)
Part 1 – Dead loads Part
2 – Imposed load

NBC 105: 1994 Seismic Design of Buildings in Nepal

IS: 1893 – 2016 Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures

IS: 13920 - 1993 Ductile Detailing of Reinforced Concrete Structures

subjected to Seismic forces - Code of Practice

SP: 16 – 1980 Design Aids for Reinforced Concrete to IS: 456 – 1978

SP: 34 – 1987 Handbook on Concrete Reinforcement Detailing

Jain, A.K Reinforced Concrete, Limit State Design, fifth edition,

Nem Chand and Bros, Rookie, 1999

Sinha, S. N. Reinforced Concrete Design, second edition, Tata

McGraw Hill Publishing Company Ltd, New Delhi, 1996

Pillai, U.C. and Menon,D. Reinforced Concrete Design, second edition, Tata
McGraw Hill Publishing Company Ltd, New Delhi, 2003

Neelam Sharma Reinforced cement concrete design

32
ANNEX-II: SAMPLE DESIGN CALCULATIONS

SAMPLE BEAM DESIGN BY ETABS(D-2/3,ground Floor)

IS 456:2000 + IS 13920:2016 Beam Section Design

Beam Element Details Type: Ductile Frame (Summary)

Level Element Unique Name Section ID Combo ID Station Loc Length (mm) LLRF
Ground B17 17 beam 250x350 UDCon7 3685.8 3860.8 1

Section Properties
b (mm) h (mm) bf (mm) ds (mm) dct (mm) dcb (mm)
250 350 250 0 30 30

Material Properties
Ec (MPa) fck (MPa) Lt.Wt Factor (Unitless) fy (MPa) fys (MPa)
22360.68 20 1 500 500

Design Code Parameters

ɣC ɣS
1.5 1.15

Factored Forces and Moments

Factored Factored Factored Factored
Mu3 Tu Vu2 Pu
kN-m kN-m kN kN
-81.2743 1.3847 83.4503 0

Design Moments, Mu3 & Mt

Factored Factored Positive Negative
Moment Mt Moment Moment
kN-m kN-m kN-m kN-m
-81.2743 1.9548 0 -83.2291

Design Moment and Flexural Reinforcement for Moment, Mu3 & Tu

33
 Design Design -Moment +Moment Minimum Required
-Moment +Moment Rebar Rebar Rebar Rebar
kN-m kN-m mm² mm² mm² mm²
Top (+2 Axis) -83.2291 725 0 725 181
Bottom (-2 Axis) 0 363 0 123 363

Shear Force and Reinforcement for Shear, Vu2 & Tu

Shear Ve Shear Vc Shear Vs Shear Vp Rebar Asv /s
kN kN kN kN mm²/m
100.8094 0 109.6713 54.3779 949.71

Torsion Force and Torsion Reinforcement for Torsion, Tu & VU2

Tu Vu Core b1 Core d1 Rebar Asvt /s
kN-m kN mm mm mm²/m
1.3847 83.4503 210 310 385.4

SAMPLE COLUMN DESIGN (D2-First floor)

IS 456:2000 + IS 13920:2016 Column Section Design

Column Element Details Type: Ductile Frame (Summary)

Level Element Unique Name Section ID Combo ID Station Loc Length (mm) LLRF
Ground C8 64 column 350x350 UDCon8 0 2844.8 0.636

Section Properties
b (mm) h (mm) dc (mm) Cover (Torsion) (mm)
350 350 56 30

Material Properties
Ec (MPa) fck (MPa) Lt.Wt Factor (Unitless) fy (MPa) fys (MPa)
22360.68 20 1 500 500

34
 Design Code Parameters
ɣC ɣS
1.5 1.15

Axial Force and Biaxial Moment Design For Pu , Mu2 , Mu3

Design Pu Design Mu2 Design Mu3 Minimum M2 Minimum M3 Rebar Area Rebar %
kN kN-m kN-m kN-m kN-m mm² %
532.1794 10.6436 -107.8712 10.6436 10.6436 2011 1.64

Axial Force and Biaxial Moment Factors

K Factor Length Initial Moment Additional Moment Minimum Moment
Unitless mm kN-m kN-m kN-m
Major Bend(M3) 0.614399 2494.8 -43.1485 0 10.6436
Minor Bend(M2) 0.64626 2494.8 -2.1287 0 10.6436

Shear Design for Vu2 , Vu3

Shear Vu Shear Vc Shear Vs Shear Vp Rebar Asv /s
kN kN kN kN mm²/m
Major, Vu2 65.4184 94.8428 41.1595 62.5428 387.95
Minor, Vu3 44.0604 94.8428 41.1595 44.0604 387.95

Joint Shear Check/Design

Joint Shear Shear Shear Shear Joint Shear
Force VTop Vu,Tot Vc Area Ratio
kN kN kN kN cm² Unitless
Major Shear, Vu2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Minor Shear, Vu3 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

(1.4) Beam/Column Capacity Ratio

Major Ratio Minor Ratio
N/A N/A

Additional Moment Reduction Factor k (IS 39.7.1.1)

Ag Asc Puz Pb Pu k
cm² cm² kN kN kN Unitless
1225 20.1 1856.4685 452.9863 532.1794 0.943574

Additional Moment (IS 39.7.1)

Consider Length Section KL/Depth KL/Depth KL/Depth Ma
Ma Factor Depth (mm) Ratio Limit Exceeded Moment (kN-m)
Major Bending (M3 ) Yes 0.877 350 4.379 12 No 0
Minor Bending (M2 ) Yes 0.877 350 4.607 12 No 0

Notes:
N/A: Not Applicable
N/C: Not Calculated

35
N/N: Not Needed

SAMPLE SLAB DESIGN

The design calculation of slab C2-C3-D3-D2 as critical slab has been shown in sample slab
design

DESIGN OF TWO WAY SLAB:A

1.
0 General Data:
Depth of slab : (D) 125 mm
Grade of Concrete : (fck) 20 N/mm2
Grade of Steel : (fy) 500 N/mm2
Effective cover: (d') 20 mm
Effective depth of slab : (d) 105 mm
Effective length:
Shoter span: (lx) 3.86 m
Longer span: (ly) 3.93 m

2.
0 Loading:
Dead Load: (DL) 3.125 KN/m2

36
 Other Dead Load: (ODL) 2.2 KN/m2
Live Load: (LL) 2 KN/m2
Total Load: (w) 7.325 KN/m2
Factored Load: (wu) 10.9875 KN/m2

3.
0 Type of slab:

1.019

Type: Two way Slab

4.
0 Calculation of Moments:
Moment coefficient:
Type of Slab Panel: 4
Short span coefficient: αx
Support S 0.04814
Mid Span M 0.03595
Long span coefficient: αy
Support S 0.047
Mid Span M 0.035
Moments:

Short span moments:

Support S 7.881 KN-m
Mid Span M 5.886 KN-m

Long span moments:

Support S 7.695 KN-m
Mid Span M 5.73 KN-m

5.
0 Check depth for maximum Moments:
Maximum moments: Mu 7.881 KN-m
Moment coefficient: k 0.134
< 105
effective depth: d 55 mm
OK
37
6.
0 Calculation of reinforcement:
6.
1 For shorter span
Mim'm reinforcement (Ast)min 126 mm2
Design moment: Mx 7.881 KN-m
Neutral axis depth : x 11 mm
Area of steel required: Ast 181 mm2
Area of steel provided: Ø 8 mm
S 150 mm
Ast 336 mm2
Pt 0.32 %
For longer span
Effective depth d 97 mm
Mim'm reinforcement (Ast)min 117 mm2
Design moment: Mx 7.695 KN-m
Neutral axis depth : x 12 mm
Area of steel required: Ast 193 mm2
Area of steel provided: Ø 8 mm
S 150 mm
Ast 336 mm2
Pt 0.347 %

7.
0 Check for shear stress:
Maximum shear force: Vu 21.206 KN
Shear Stress: tv 0.202 N/mm2
β 7.257
Concrete Shear Strength: tc 0.399 N/mm2
Shear Strength factor: K 1.3
Shear Strength of Slab: tc' 0.5187 > 0.202 N/mm2
OK

8.
0 Check for development length:

38
 Ultimate moment
Capacity: M1 14.12 KN-m
Maximum Shear Force: V 21.206 KN
Bond Stress: tbd 1.92 N/mm2
Development length: Ld 454 mm
Anchorage length: L0 105 mm
Available length: 971 > Ld
OK

8.
0 Check for deflection:

length to eff. Depth ratio: l/d 36.762

α 23
β 1
ϒ 2.000 for fs = 156.22 N/mm2
δ 1 and Pt = 0.32 %
λ 1
Coefficient: 46.000
OK

39
SAMPLE ISOLATED FOOTING DESIGN(B-3 grid)
Given
Data
Size of column
Bc = 350 mm
Dc = 350 mm
Column Load (V) = 309.46 KN
Bearing Capacity (qa) = 120 KN/m2
Grade of Concrete (fck) = 20 Mpa
Grade of Steel (fy)= 500 Mpa

Calculation of size of footing

wt. of foundation = 30.95 KN
Total Load (P)= 340.41 KN
Area of footing = 2.837 m2
*Note:Taking the ratio of width and length of footing same as that of column dimensions

Size of footing
L= 1.684 m
B= 1.684 m
Provided (L) = 1.700 m
Provided (B) = 1.700 m

Upward reaction (q') = 160.619 KN/m

Max'm B.M. = 36.591 KN-m

Calculation for depth of footing

B.M. = 0.134 fckbd2
depth (d)= 117 mm
Provided depth (d) = 250 mm

Check for Shear

Per. Shear Strength (τc) = 0.25√fck 1.118 N/mm2

40
 a) Punching shear
depth (d)= 250 mm
N/
Punching shear(τ'V) = 0.677 mm2
Ok
Provided depth (d) = 250 mm
Overall Depth (D)= 300 mm

b) One way Shear (Calculation for no shear reinforcement)

depth (d) = 250 mm
Max'm S.F. = 68.263 KN
N/
One way Shear (τv) = 0.273 mm2
Provided Ast = 0.3 %
β= 7.74
N/
Concrete Shear strength (τc)= 0.388 mm2
Ok
Ast = 750 mm2

Calculation for reinforcement

Ast = 349 mm2

Ast required = 750 mm2
mm
Provided, Size = 12 dia
Spacing = 150 mm c/c
Ast Provided= 754 mm2
Ok
Area of Steel Along width
B.M. = 36.591 KN-m
Ast = 750 mm2
mm
Provided, Size = 12 dia
Spacing = 150 mm c/c

41
 Ast Provided= 754 mm2
Ok

Development Length

N/
Bond stress(τbd)= 1.920 mm2
Development length (Ld)= 680 mm
Available Ld along length = 625 mm
Provide
Hook

Load Transfer from Column to Footing

Nominal bearing stress in N/
column = 3.789 mm2
Allowable bearing stress = 0.45*fck
9.000 N/mm2

SAMPLE STRAP FOOTING DESIGN(C-2/3 grid)

DESIGN OF STRAP FOOTING

42
1.Datas
N/
Grade of concrete(fck)= 20 mm2
N/
Strength og steel(fy)= 500 mm2
Size of column(C1)= 350 x 350 mm
Size of column(C2)= 350 x 350 mm
Factored load on column(P1)= 611.34 KN
Service load on column including wt (P1)
= 448.32 KN
Factored load on column(P2)= 776.25 KN
Service load on column(P2) including
wt= 569.25 KN
Distance between centre of column(s)= 3.860 m
Allowable bearing capacity(q0)= 120 KN/m2
Centre of footing 1 from property
line(x')= 0.175 m

2.Size of footing
Deternination of reactions
Distance of R1 from P1(e) 0.9 m
Distance of R1 From P2 2.960 m
Reaction at footing F1(R1) 584.63 KN
Reaction at footing F2(R2) 432.94 KN
FS against overturning
(characteristic loads ) 4.18 >1.5,OK

Dimension of Footing F2
Footing Area required for F2 4.74 m2
Size of footing F2(B2) 2.18 m
Provided size for footing F2 2.20 m Ok
Dimension of Footing F1
Area of footing A1 required 4.87 m
Length 2.20
Breadth of footing 2.20 m

43
3.Design of slab for footing F1
Depth requirement from flexural moment
Factored Soil Pressure= R/A
181.19 KN/m2 Revise
width of strap beam= 0.5 m
Cantilever projection of slab= 0.85 m
Maximum moment at the face of strap KN-m per m
beam= 65.45 length
Depth required from moment criteria=

156.86 mm

Depth requirement from one way shear criteria

Vu=181.19*(0.85-d/
1000) KN
Assume % of steel= 0.22

β= 10.56

Tc= 0.35
suppose Tv<Tc
181.19*(0.85-d/1000)*1000/(d*1000)=0.35
d= 289.68 mm
adopt d= 300.00 mm
Overall depth(D)= 350.00 mm

Reinforcement in footing slab

Mu=65.45KN-m

44
Ast= 660.00 mm2/m
Bar size= 12 mm
Spacing required= 171.36 mm
Spacing Provided= 150 mm
Ast provided= 753.98 mm2
% of Ast= 0.22 OK
Provide 2.2mx2.2mx0.35m size F1 footing with 12mm bar at 150 mm spacing
c/c on both way

4.Design of slab under footing F2

Soil Pressure= P/A
134.17 KN/m2 OK
Cantilever projection of slab= 0.850 m
Maximum moment at the face of strap KN-m per m
beam= 48.47 length

Depth required from moment criteria

134.99 mm

Depth requirement from one way shear criteria

Vu=134.17*(0.85-d/
1000) KN
Assume % of steel= 0.22

β= 10.56

Tc= 0.35
suppose Tv<Tc
134.17*(0.85-d/1000)*1000/(d*1000)=0.35
d= 235.33 mm
adopt d= 300.00 mm

45
Overall depth(D)= 350.00 mm

Reinforcement in footing slab

Mu=48.47KN-m

Ast= 660.00 mm2/m

Bar size= 16 mm
Spacing required= 304.64 mm
Spacing Provided= 150 mm
Ast provided= 1340.41 mm2
% of Ast= 0.22 ok
Provide 2.2mx2.2mx0.35m size F2 footing with 16mm bar at 150 mm spacing
c/c on both way

5.Design of Strap beam

672.47 853.88

398.61 295.18

point of max negative moment from F(G) 1.69 m

Distance from
Location F shear force(KN) Moment(KN)

46
F 0 0.0 0.00
E-left 0.175 -69.8 6.10
E-right 0.175 602.7 6.10
G 1.69 0.0 -449.56
D 2.20 -204.5 -397.12
C 2.935 -204.5 -224.92
B-left 4.035 -529.2 178.59
B-right 4.035 324.7 178.59
A 5.135 0.0 0.00

Maximun positive moment 178.59 KN-m

Maximum Negative moment 449.56 KN-m

Shear force
-529.2

-204.5 -204.5
0
-69.8 1 2 3 4 5 6

0.0 0.0 0.0

324.7

602.7

Bending Moment (on tension side)

-449.56
-397.12

-224.92

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

0.00
6.10 0.00

178.59

47
drequired= 581.39 mm
dprovided= 600 mm
Overall depth= 650 mm

Area of steel required for positive moment

Ast= 728.85 mm2/m

Diameter of bar
adopted= 20 mm
No of bar required= 4.0
Ast provided= 1256.64 mm2/m

Area of steel required for negative moment

Ast= 2085.92 mm2/m

Diameter of bar
adopted= 20 mm
No of bar required= 7.0
Ast provided= 2199.11 mm2
Min ast required= 510.00 OK

Design for shear

The critical section for shear is at right face of column C1
Vu= 532.96 KN
Tv 1.777 N/mm2
pt= 0.419

48
β= 5.54

Tc= 0.46 N/m2

since Tc<Tv, Shear reinforcement is required
vus= 395.18 KN
Dia of bars= 10 mm
no of legged of
stirupps= 3
Spacing of stirupps= 155.617 mm
Spacing provided= 150 mm

Hence provide 500mm*650mm strap beam with 3 legged 10 mm bars at 150 c/c
spacing.

SAMPLE STAIRCASE DESIGN

Design of staircase(critical span)

1 Data
Grade of steel(fy) 500 N/mm2
Grade of concrete(fck) 20 N/mm2
Nominal cover 15 mm
diameter of main bars 12 mm
diameter of distribution bars 8 mm
Tread 250 mm
Rise 200 mm
thickness of waist slab 125 mm
Effective Depth= 104 mm
Thickness of landing slab 125 mm
support width 0.23 m

2 Load on waist slab

Inclined length per steps 0.320 m
Self weight of waist slab 1.00 KN/m
self weight of step 0.63 KN/m
total dead load 1.63 KN/m
total dead load(per m2) 6.50 KN

49
 live load 3 KN
floor finish 1.5 KN
total load per sq.m. 11.00 KN
Factored load per sq.m. 16.50 KN
load per m 16.50 KN/m

3 Load on landing
self weight of slab = 3.13 KN/m2
floor finish 1.20 KN/m2
live load 3.00 KN/m2
load per m sq. 7.33 KN/m2
factored load 10.99 KN/m2
load/m 10.99 KN/m

4 Crtitical Flight
4.1 Rebar calculation
span of landing A 0.5 m
span of landing B 0.5 m
span of flight 1.65 m
Span of landing A with support 0.615
Span of landing B with support 0.615
effective span of flight with support 1.65
effective span 2.88
reaction at B support 16.99 kN
reaction at A support 16.99 kN
point of maximum moment(x) 1.235 m
Max.bending moment 11.55 KNm
Ast required 273.34 mm2
spacing required 413.75341 mm
spacing provided 150 mm
Ast Provided 753.98224 mm2
Providing 12mm dia. @ 150mm c/c as main
rebar

4.2 Check for shear

Max Vu= 16.99
Tv 0.163 N/mm2
Pt= 0.72

50
 β 3.20
Tc 0.57 N/sq.mm
safe in shear

4.3 Development Length

M1= 11.55 KNm
V= 16.99 KN
L0 0.144 m
Ldmax= 823.53883 mm
Ld provided 679.6875 mm
OK

4.4 Deflection check

Ast Required 273.34 mm2
Ast Provided 753.98 mm2
Pt= 0.72 %
Fs 105.14
Modification Factor 2
a 20
L/d max= 40
L/d Provided= 27.69
Safe in deflection
5 Distribution bar
Ast required 0.12*b*D
150 mm2
spacing required 335.10 mm
Spacing provided 150 mm
Providing 8mm dia. @ 150mm c/c as distribution rebar

51