A REPORT ON

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS & DESIGN

OF
RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

CLIENT: MRS. MANISHA BUDHATHOKI

LOCATION: GOTHATAR-9, KAGESHWORI MANAHARA

i
Contents
List of Figures .............................................................................................. iii
List of Tables ................................................................................................ iv
1 Introduction .............................................................................................1
1.1 An Overview of Earthquake-Resistant Design .................................................... 1
1.2 Earthquake Resistant Design Philosophy............................................................. 2
2 Description of the Building ....................................................................4
2.1 Building Description ............................................................................................ 4
2.2 Location of Building ............................................................................................ 5
3 Numerical modeling................................................................................6
4 Structural analysis ................................................................................10
4.1 Load cases considered ....................................................................................... 10
4.2 Load combination ............................................................................................... 10
4.3 Mass Source ....................................................................................................... 10
4.4 Dead loads .......................................................................................................... 10
4.5 Live load ............................................................................................................. 13
4.6 Seismic Analysis ................................................................................................ 14
4.6.1 Seismic coefficient method ......................................................................... 14
4.6.2 Dynamic analysis ........................................................................................ 15
4.6.3 Seismic Weight and Base Shear ................................................................. 15
4.6.4 Story Drift and displacement Calculations ................................................. 16
4.7 Modal analysis and modal mass participation.................................................... 19
4.8 Analysis of Internal Forces Developed in Frames ............................................. 19
5 Design .....................................................................................................22
5.1 Column design summary.................................................................................... 23
5.2 Beam Design Summary...................................................................................... 26
5.3 Slab Design Summary ........................................................................................ 30
5.4 Staircase Design Summary................................................................................. 30
5.5 Foundation Design Summary ............................................................................. 30
6 CONCLUSION .....................................................................................32
7 RECOMMENDATIONS .....................................................................32
ANNEXES ....................................................................................................33
ANNEX -I: REFERENCES.......................................................................................... 33
ANNEX-II: SAMPLE DESIGN CALCULATIONS ................................................... 34
SAMPLE BEAM DESIGN BY ETABS(A-1/2, ground Floor) ............................... 34
SAMPLE COLUMN DESIGN (A2-Ground floor) .................................................. 35
SAMPLE SLAB DESIGN ........................................................................................ 37
SAMPLE ISOLATED FOOTING DESIGN(B-3 grid) ............................................ 40
SAMPLE STRAP FOOTING DESIGN(B-1/2 grid) ................................................ 43
SAMPLE STAIRCASE DESIGN ............................................................................ 49

ii
List of Figures
Figure 2-1 : Ground floor Plan of Building ........................................................................ 4
Figure 2-2 : Seismic Hazard of Himalayas ......................................................................... 5
Figure 3-1 : 3D model created in ETABS .......................................................................... 6
Figure 3-2 : Ground /First Floor plan modeled in ETABS ................................................. 7
Figure 3-3 : Second floor plan modeled in ETABS ............................................................ 7
Figure 3-4 : Top floor plan modeled in ETABS ................................................................. 8
Figure 3-5 : Elevation on grid 1 .......................................................................................... 8
Figure 3-6 : Elevation on grid 2 .......................................................................................... 9
Figure 3-7 : Elevation on grid 3 .......................................................................................... 9
Figure 4-1 : Wall load ....................................................................................................... 11
Figure 4-2 : Floor finish load ............................................................................................ 12
Figure 4-3 : Staircase dead+ floor finish load ................................................................... 12
Figure 4-4 : Live load ....................................................................................................... 13
Figure 4-5 : Staircase live load ......................................................................................... 13
Figure 4-6 : Terrace live load............................................................................................ 14
Figure 4-7 : Seismic forces at different levels .................................................................. 16
Figure 4-8 : Drift ratio in Eqx ........................................................................................... 17
Figure 4-9 : Drift ratio in Eqy ........................................................................................... 17
Figure 4-10 : Displacement in Eqx ................................................................................... 18
Figure 4-11 : Displacement in Eqy ................................................................................... 18
Figure 4-12 : Sample Bending Moment Diagram for frames along Grid 2/2-1.5(DL+LL)
........................................................................................................................................... 20
Figure 4-13 : Sample Shear force Diagram for frames along Grid 2/2 -1.5(DL+LL) ...... 20
Figure 4-14 : Sample Axial force Diagram for frames along Grid 2/2 -1.5(DL+LL) ...... 21
Figure 5-1 : Rebar of column in Grid 1 ............................................................................ 23
Figure 5-2 : Rebar of column in Grid 2 ............................................................................ 23
Figure 5-3 : Rebar of column in Grid 3 ............................................................................ 24
Figure 5-4 : Rebar in Ground floor beam ........................................................................ 26
Figure 5-5 : Rebar in first floor beam ............................................................................... 26
Figure 5-6 : Rebar in Second floor beam ......................................................................... 27
Figure 5-7 : Rebar in Second floor beam ......................................................................... 27
Figure 5-8 : Base reaction for footing design ................................................................... 30

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List of Tables
Table 2-1 : Building Description ........................................................................................ 4
Table 4-1 : Mass source .................................................................................................... 10
Table 4-2 : Dead loads unit weight ................................................................................... 11
Table 4-3 : Dead load applied ........................................................................................... 11
Table 4-4 : Live load applied ............................................................................................ 13
Table 4-5 : Analysis and design parameters ..................................................................... 15
Table 4-6 : Drift Calculations for Earthquake Loads........................................................ 16
Table 4-7 : Modal mass Participation ration from ETABS .............................................. 19
Table 5-1 : Column Design summary ............................................................................... 24
Table 5-2 : Beam Design Summary .................................................................................. 28
Table 5-3 : Footing Design Summary............................................................................... 31

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This report focuses on structural design of residential building located at Kageshwori

Manahara. It summarizes design assumption, methodology and follows up of codes and
standards for the building with proper consideration of the earthquake resistant design
criteria following the Nepal National Building Code and Indian Standard Code 2016.

The primary objective of the project is to analyze and design the structural elements of the
buildings based on NBC and Indian standards. The seismic coefficient method is adopted
to analyze the earthquake response of the building.

Finite element analysis showed that the anticipated performance of the buildings subjected
to the design earthquake meets IS code seismic hazard level requirement for building. The
building response for drift, displacement is also calculated.

The following conclusions can be drawn from this report:

The structure is designed to complying the guidelines and the Indian standards.

Story drifts are within the acceptable limits under DBE level earthquakes.

** The structural design is carried on the architectural drawing provided. This report solely emphases and
confines itself to technical aspects of the structure and does not comment on other aspects of the structure.

v
 1 Introduction
1.1 An Overview of Earthquake-Resistant Design
Nepal lies in an earthquake prone zone. It is located in the boundary between Indian plate and
Tibetan plate. Thus, Nepal experiences earthquakes frequently. Earthquakes are the most
sudden, dramatic and devastating natural calamities. Although they last only for few seconds to
minutes, they are the most devastating ones. Past records of the earthquake show that eighteen
major earthquakes have hit Nepal till now. So, special consideration of earthquake forces while
designing a building is mandatory in Nepal.

Designing building against earthquake forces does not mean that we are making the building
earthquake-proof. Although earthquake proof structures may be viable in terms of engineering
but they are not financially viable. However, it is possible to design and build earthquake-
resilient (more precisely seismic resilient) structures. According to this philosophy, no matter
how much severe earthquake occurs, the building won’t collapse although it may be irreparably
damaged. In, this background, it is ensured that this building has been designed to withstand all
the acting loads including the earthquake forces making it seismic resistant.

The structural design alone is not enough to ensure the safety of a building, equally important,
is its construction. The role of a contractor is of paramount importance as he is the one to execute
the construction work at site. He is required to execute the work according to drawings supplied
by the consultant to him and detailing has to be carefully followed. A large percentage of failure
of the building is attributed to poor quality of construction. Past experiences from damages have
shown that quality of material and workmanship play an important role in good seismic
behavior of the buildings. Hence, quality assurance of construction works is the key to good
seismic performance of a building.

Severity of ground shaking at a given location during an earthquake can be minor, moderate
and strong. Relatively, minor shakings occur frequently, moderate shakings occasionally and
strong shakings rarely. For instance, on average annually about 800 earthquakes of magnitude
5.0-5.9 on Richter scale occur in the world while the number is only about 19 for magnitude of
range 7.0-7.9 on Richter scale. So, should we design and construct a building to resist that rare
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earthquake shaking that may come only once in 500 years or even once in 2000 years at the
chosen project site, even though the life of the building itself may be only 50 or 100 years?
Since it costs money to provide additional earthquake safety in buildings, a conflict arises:
Should we do away with the design of buildings for earthquake effects? Or should we design
the buildings to be “earthquake proof” wherein there is no damage during the strong but rare
earthquake shaking? Clearly, the former approach can lead to a major disaster, and the second
approach is too expensive. Hence, the design philosophy should lie somewhere in between these
two extremes.

The engineers do not attempt to make earthquake proof buildings that will not get damaged
even during the rare but strong earthquakes; such buildings will be too robust and also too
expensive. Instead, the engineering intention is to make buildings earthquake resistant and
affordable; such buildings resist the effects of ground shaking, although they may get damaged
severely but would not collapse during the strong earthquake. Thus, safety of people and
contents is assured in earthquake-resistant buildings, and thereby a disaster is avoided. This is
a major objective of seismic design codes throughout the world.

1.2 Earthquake Resistant Design Philosophy

The earthquake design philosophy may be summarized as follows:

a) Under minor shakings which occur frequently, the main members of the buildings that carry
vertical and lateral forces should not be damaged; however non-structural parts may sustain
repairable damages. It is assured that the building will be fully operational within a short time
and the repair costs will be small

b) Under moderate shakings which are occasional, the structural elements may sustain
repairable damage, while the non-structural elements may be heavily damaged; the building
will be operational followed by repair and re-strengthening of the damaged structural elements
and replacing of damaged non-structural elements.

2
c) Under strong shakings which are rare, the main members may sustain severe damage, but the
building should not collapse; the building may become dysfunctional for further use, but will
stand so that people can be evacuated and property recovered.

The degree to which the building is to be assured against the possibility of damage must be
considered while designing the building. Important buildings like hospitals, health posts, fire
stations, post offices communication towers, electric power houses which play a critical role in
post-earthquake activities must remain functional immediately after the earthquake and hence
require higher degree of assurance against possible damage. Public buildings, educational
buildings, busy commercial complex etc. where the risk of human loss is high and some critical
structures like nuclear power plants, dams, etc. whose collapse may cause secondary disasters
are also designed to assure higher level of safety against earthquakes. Other buildings like
residential buildings, offices, mercantile buildings etc. are designed for lower level of safety,
while the design philosophy mentioned above is always maintained. However, the level of
safety to be assured in the design may also depend upon the demand of the client.

Design of buildings to resist earthquakes involves controlling the damage to acceptable levels
at a reasonable cost. Contrary to the common thinking that any crack in the building after an
earthquake means the building is unsafe for habitation, some damage in non-structural elements
may be unavoidable. Different types of damages (mainly visualized through cracks; especially
so in concrete and masonry buildings) may occur in buildings during earthquakes. Some of
these cracks are acceptable (in terms of both their size and location), while others are not. In
general, qualified technical professionals may only be knowledgeable of the causes and severity
of damage in earthquake-resistant buildings.

3
 2 Description of the Building
2.1 Building Description
The building to be analyzed and designed here is a three and half story residential building to
be constructed on behalf of Mrs. Manisha Budhathoki. The proposed site is located at
Kageshwori Manahara. The ground floor plan of the building is presented below in Figure 2-1.
The building description is presented in Table 2-1: Building Description.

Figure 2-1 : Ground floor Plan of Building

Table 2-1 : Building Description

General features
Building Type Residential Building
Location Kageshwori Manahara Metropolitan city
Ground Floor Area 739.97 sq. ft.
Architectural features
Number of story Three and half story
Floor to Floor Height 9’-4”
Total Height of the Building: 37’-4 “ up to top slab from plinth level
Building Lateral Dimensions (Maximum ) Max distance along X: 36’-7”

4
 Max distance along Y: 23’-8”
Wall and Partition 9” and 5” Brick Masonry in cement mortar
in outside and inside respectively
Structural features
Structural System RCC Frame Structure
Foundation Type RCC Isolated Footings and Strap footing
Loads Resisting Elements
Columns 300mm X300mm &350 mm X 350 mm
Beams Main beam: 230mm X 350mm
Slab 125 mm
Geotechnical Features
Soil Test Not Available
Soil Type (assumed) Type III (Soft Soil
Seismic Zone considered: V (as per IS 1893:2016, Part-1)
Allowable bearing capacity assumed 100 KN/m2
Material
Grade of concrete: M20 for column, beam, slab and footings.
Grade of Reinforcement steel for RCC Fe 500

2.2 Location of Building

Nepal is a highly vulnerable to earthquake hazards. As per IS 1893:2016 (Part 1), Nepal can be
predicted to lies in high seismic risk (Zones V) as shown in Figure 2-3. The site is located at
Kageshwori Manahara and it belongs to the higher seismic risk zone V.

Figure 2-2 : Seismic Hazard of Himalayas

5
 3 Numerical modeling
A three dimensional finite element model of the whole structural system is created in
ETABS.v18. The structural system is considered as a Special Moment Resisting Frame
structure. Main components to be modeled are: Beams, Columns & Slabs. Beams and columns
are modeled as frame elements while slabs are modeled as four-nodded shell elements. The
support condition at the base is idealized as a fixed support and hence any moment release at
the base of columns is neglected. The moment release at the beam/column joints is also
neglected. Self-weight of the parapet wall is applied onto the beams in the form of uniformly
distributed loads. Stair isn’t modeled but it’s weight is applied on respective supporting beam.
The inner partition wall load is applied by creating null beam as positioned in architectural
drawing.

Figure 3-1 : 3D model created in ETABS

6
Figure 3-2 : Ground /First Floor plan modeled in ETABS

Figure 3-3 : Second floor plan modeled in ETABS

7
Figure 3-4 : Top floor plan modeled in ETABS

Figure 3-5 : Elevation on grid 1

8
Figure 3-6 : Elevation on grid 2

Figure 3-7 : Elevation on grid 3

9
 4 Structural analysis
For the purpose of structural analysis various Indian Standard Codes are followed for loadings,
load combinations and other analysis procedures.

4.1 Load cases considered

Following loads have been considered in the analysis of the building as per IS 456-200 and
IS1893-2016.

I. Dead Load (DL)

II. Live load (LL)
III. Earthquake load in X-direction (EQx)
IV. Earthquake load in Y-direction (EQy)
4.2 Load combination
Following load combinations have been adopted as per IS 1893:2002 for Static Analysis.

I. 1.5(DL+LL)
II. 1.2(DL+LL±EQ(x,y))
III. 1.5(DL±EQ(x,y))
IV. 0.9DL±1.5EQ(x,y)
Where, DL= Dead load
LL = Imposed (Live) load
EQ(x,y) = Earthquake load (Along X and Y direction)

4.3 Mass Source

Following mass source have been adopted as per IS 1893:2016 for Seismic Analysis.

Table 4-1 : Mass source

Dead load including parapet, floor finish ,wall load 1
Live load 0.25

4.4 Dead loads

Dead loads are assumed to be produced by slab, beams, columns, parapet walls and floor
finish. The weight of building materials are taken as per IS 875 (Part 1-1987).

10
Table 4-2 : Dead loads unit weight
Materials Unit weight
Reinforced Concrete (for foundation) 25.00 KN/m³
Reinforcement Steel 78.50 KN/m³
Brick Masonry 19.2 KN/m3

Table 4-3 : Dead load applied

9” wall 12.54 KN/m
9” wall with opening 9.4 KN/m
5” wall 6.27 KN/m
5” wall with opening 4.703 KN/m
Parapet wall load 2.2 KN/m
Staircase dead load +floor finish on supporting beam 12.11 KN/m
Floor finish 1.2 KN/m2

Figure 4-1 : Wall load

11
 Figure 4-2 : Floor finish load

Figure 4-3 : Staircase dead+ floor finish load

12
4.5 Live load
Live loads are applied on floor slabs on the basis of usage of rooms, as specified in IS 875
part II.

Table 4-4 : Live load applied

Bed room and family room/Toilet 2.0 KN/m2
Balcony & Passage/store & laundry 3.0 KN/m2
Staircase live on supporting beam 4.905 KN/m
Terrace live 1.5 KN/m2

Figure 4-4 : Live load

Figure 4-5 : Staircase live load

13
 Figure 4-6 : Terrace live load

4.6 Seismic Analysis

4.6.1 Seismic coefficient method

The total design lateral force or design seismic base shear ( VB) along any principal direction
shall be determined by the following expression:

VB=Ah*w

The design horizontal seismic coefficient Ah for a structure is determined by the following
expression (IS 1893 (Part I):2016):
𝑍𝐼𝑆
𝐴ℎ = 2𝑅𝑔𝑎

Where,

Z = Zone factor

I = Importance factor, depending upon the functional use of structure

R = Response reduction factor, depending on the perceived seismic damage performance of

the structure, characterized by ductile or brittle deformations.

Sa/g = Average response acceleration coefficient depending upon time period

14
For linear static method, the time period is calculated using empirical relation

T=0.075H0.75 (for RCC frame building)

Where, H = Height of the building above ground

W=seismic weight of building that includes total Dead load plus appropriate amount of live
load. [7.4, IS: 1893 (part1)-2016].

4.6.2 Dynamic analysis

Considering that the building is regular building lesser than 12 m located in Zone V, dynamic
analysis wasn’t performed as per IS 1893:2016.

4.6.3 Seismic Weight and Base Shear

For the purpose of analysis, seismic forces are applied in the model of the building in ETABS
Hence, the manual calculations of seismic weight, story force, base shear and the seismic forces
have not been shown. However, the ETABS outputs for base shear is shown in table below.
Also seismic forces at each level is also shown in figure

Followings factors are considered for earthquake resistant design of the building.

Table 4-5 : Analysis and design parameters

Method adopted for design Seismic coefficient method
Response function IS 1893: 2016
Seismic Zone Zone V
Zone factor 0.36
Soil Type Type III
Height of Structure, H (m) 11.38 m
Time Period 0.4646 sec (both directions)
Importance factor 1
Response reduction factor 5
Design Horizontal Seismic Coefficient 9%
(Ah=ZI/2R*Sa/g)
Mass participation Above 90% along both
directions
Base shear from seismic coefficient method along –x 281.55 KN
Base shear from seismic coefficient method along -y 281.55KN

15
 Figure 4-7 : Seismic forces at different levels

4.6.4 Story Drift and displacement Calculations

Story Drift ratio for all story are checked as defined in clause 7.11.2, IS 1893-2016. It is
found that story drift ratio for all stories are within permissible limit 0.004
Table 4-6 : Drift Calculations for Earthquake Loads
Floor Displacement Displacement Drift Drift
level Along X, Δx Along Y, Δy ratio ratio
mm mm along X along Y
Top 28.51 32.72 0.0019 0.0021
Second 23.04 26.48 0.0025 0.0033
First 15.79 16.93 0.0033 0.0036
Ground 6.51 6.8 0.0022 0.0024
Base 0 0 - -

16
Figure 4-8 : Drift ratio in Eqx

Figure 4-9 : Drift ratio in Eqy

17
Figure 4-10 : Displacement in Eqx

Figure 4-11 : Displacement in Eqy

18
4.7 Modal analysis and modal mass participation
Table 4-7 : Modal mass Participation ration from ETABS
Case Mode Period UX UY SumUX SumUY SumUZ
sec
Modal 1 0.759 0.3438 0.3651 0.3438 0.3651 0.114
Modal 2 0.741 0.436 0.3972 0.7799 0.7622 0.114
Modal 3 0.638 0.0555 0.0739 0.8354 0.8362 0.8318
Modal 4 0.27 0.0966 0.0103 0.932 0.8465 0.8329
Modal 5 0.269 0.0083 0.082 0.9403 0.9285 0.8712
Modal 6 0.228 0.0007 0.0231 0.941 0.9516 0.9509
Modal 7 0.179 0.0181 0.009 0.959 0.9606 0.9539
Modal 8 0.17 0.0262 0.0146 0.9852 0.9753 0.954
Modal 9 0.15 0.0024 0.0131 0.9876 0.9883 0.9845
Modal 10 0.134 0.0021 0.0071 0.9897 0.9954 0.9919
Modal 11 0.125 0.0098 0.0021 0.9995 0.9975 0.9919
Modal 12 0.11 0.0005 0.0025 1 1 1

The total mass participation in both considered direction is greater than the 90% of the total
lateral force. A building has regular modes of oscillation in two principal plan directions as
the mass participation factor for first three modes is greater than 65%.

4.8 Analysis of Internal Forces Developed in Frames

Bending moments, shear forces and axial forces of the buildings were analyzed using the
ETABS. The analysis is used for identification of critical sections and to find out the design
requirements so as to design various structural components. The sample moment diagrams,
shear force diagram, axial force diagrams and torsion diagrams of the frames along some grids
are as extracted from ETABS are presented below:

19
Figure 4-12 : Sample Bending Moment Diagram for frames along Grid 2/2-1.5(DL+LL)

Figure 4-13 : Sample Shear force Diagram for frames along Grid 2/2 -1.5(DL+LL)

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Figure 4-14 : Sample Axial force Diagram for frames along Grid 2/2 -1.5(DL+LL)

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 5 Design
The design of reinforced concrete structural members includes selection of material properties
(grade of steel and concrete), shape and size of cross section, factor of safety and amount of
steel required. The design of reinforced concrete members is carried out using limit state method
as per IS 456: 2000. The limit state method is the modern and latest design methodology. This
method evolved around 1970’s. Limit state method is based on the concept of multiple safety
factors and attempts to provide adequate safety at the ultimate loads and adequate serviceability
at service loads. For the design of the members, IS 456:2000 and design aid SP 16 has been
used. Footings have been checked for vertical loads due to dead load and live load only. Square
footings have been adopted from seismic point of view that reversal stress may occur. And
footing beams are provided for column at foundation for more rigidity of building and also need
for the column located at boundary. Longitudinal reinforcement in beams and columns has been
calculated based on critical load combination. Spacing of the shear reinforcement has been
calculated as per the ductility criteria as defined in IS 13920 -1993. Some sample designs are
shown later on in this report.
Beams and columns have been designed using ETABS while slab, staircase and foundations
are designed manually. Samples of manual design calculation of critical slab, footings and
staircase are shown in this report in ANNEX-II: SAMPLE DESIGN CALCULATIONS. The
structural design of sections and reinforcements are presented in the drawing.

22
5.1 Column design summary

Figure 5-1 : Rebar of column in Grid 1

Figure 5-2 : Rebar of column in Grid 2

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 Figure 5-3 : Rebar of column in Grid 3

Table 5-1 : Column Design summary

Corner bar Face bar
Total
col ID Floor Ast Dia no Dia no
A1 GF 1957 20 4 16 4
A1 1F 1012 16 4 16 4
C3 A1 2F 1012 16 4 12 4
350x350 A1 3F 1012 16 4 12 4
B1 GF 1781 20 4 16 4
B1 1F 1012 16 4 16 4
C3 B1 2F 1012 16 4 12 4
350x350 B1 3F 1012 16 4 12 4
C1 GF 1460 16 4 16 4
C1 C1 1F 1513 16 4 16 4
300x300 C1 2F 1037 16 4 12 4
D1 GF 1346 16 4 16 4
C1 D1 1F 882 16 4 16 4
300x300 D1 2F 753 16 4 12 4

24
 A2 GF 2092 20 4 20 4
A2 1F 1459 16 4 16 4
C4 A2 2F 1066 16 4 12 4
350x350 A2 3F 1012 16 4 12 4
B2 GF 2061 20 4 20 4
B2 1F 1158 16 4 16 4
C4 B2 2F 1012 16 4 12 4
350x350 B2 3F 1012 16 4 12 4
C2 GF 1526 16 4 16 4
C1 C2 1F 1321 16 4 16 4
300x300 C2 2F 944 16 4 12 4
D2 GF 1278 16 4 16 4
C1
D2 1F 1129 16 4 16 4
300x300
D2 2F 753 16 4 12 4
C2 A3 GF 1523 20 4 16 4
300x300 A3 1F 1674 20 4 16 4
B3 GF 1395 16 4 16 4
C1
B3 1F 1454 16 4 16 4
300x300
B3 2F 1016 16 4 12 4
C3 GF 1219 16 4 16 4
C1
C3 1F 1133 16 4 16 4
300x300
C3 2F 830 16 4 12 4
D3 GF 967 16 4 16 4
C1
D3 1F 760 16 4 16 4
300x300
D3 2F 743 16 4 12 4

For more details refer structural drawing.

25
5.2 Beam Design Summary

Figure 5-4 : Rebar in Ground floor beam

Figure 5-5 : Rebar in first floor beam

28
Figure 5-6 : Rebar in Second floor beam

Figure 5-7 : Rebar in Second floor beam

27
Table 5-2 : Beam Design Summary
Dia of rebar
Beam Id Floor Left Middle Right
T B T B T B
1-A/B Ground 2-16(Th)+2-12(Ext) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th)+2-12(Ext) 2-16(Th)
1-B/C Ground 2-16(Th)+2-12(Ext) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th)+2-12(Ext) 2-16(Th)
1-C/D Ground 2-16(Th)+2-12(Ext) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th)+2-12(Ext) 2-16(Th)
2-A/B Ground 2-16(Th)+2-12(Ext) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th)+2-12(Ext) 2-16(Th)
2-B/C Ground 2-16(Th)+2-12(Ext) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th)+2-12(Ext) 2-16(Th)
2-C/D Ground 2-16(Th)+2-12(Ext) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th)+2-12(Ext) 2-16(Th)
3-A/B Ground 2-16(Th)+2-12(Ext) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th)+2-12(Ext) 2-16(Th)
3-B/C Ground 2-16(Th)+2-12(Ext) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th)+2-12(Ext) 2-16(Th)
3-C/D Ground 2-16(Th)+2-12(Ext) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th)+2-12(Ext) 2-16(Th)
A-1/2 Ground 2-16(Th)+2-12(Ext) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th)+2-12(Ext) 2-16(Th)
A-2/3 Ground 2-16(Th)+2-12(Ext) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th)+2-12(Ext) 2-16(Th)
B-1/2 Ground 2-16(Th)+2-12(Ext) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th)+2-12(Ext) 2-16(Th)
B-2/3 Ground 2-16(Th)+2-12(Ext) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th)+2-12(Ext) 2-16(Th)
C-1/2 Ground 2-16(Th)+2-12(Ext) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th)+2-12(Ext) 2-16(Th)
C-2/3 Ground 2-16(Th)+2-12(Ext) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th)+2-12(Ext) 2-16(Th)
D-1/2 Ground 2-16(Th)+2-12(Ext) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th)+2-12(Ext) 2-16(Th)
D-2/3 Ground 2-16(Th)+2-12(Ext) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th)+2-12(Ext) 2-16(Th)
1-A/B 1st floor 2-16(Th)+2-12(Ext) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th)+2-12(Ext) 2-16(Th)
1-B/C 1st floor 2-16(Th)+2-12(Ext) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th)+2-12(Ext) 2-16(Th)
1-C/D 1st floor 2-16(Th)+2-12(Ext) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th)+2-12(Ext) 2-16(Th)
2-A/B 1st floor 2-16(Th)+2-12(Ext) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th)+2-12(Ext) 2-16(Th)
2-B/C 1st floor 2-16(Th)+2-12(Ext) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th)+2-12(Ext) 2-16(Th)
2-C/D 1st floor 2-16(Th)+2-12(Ext) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th)+2-12(Ext) 2-16(Th)
3-A/B 1st floor 2-16(Th)+2-12(Ext) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th)+2-12(Ext) 2-16(Th)
3-B/C 1st floor 2-16(Th)+2-12(Ext) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th)+2-12(Ext) 2-16(Th)

30
 3-C/D 1st floor 2-16(Th)+2-12(Ext) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th)+2-12(Ext) 2-16(Th)
st
A-1/2 1 floor 2-16(Th)+2-12(Ext) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th)+2-12(Ext) 2-16(Th)
st
A-2/3 1 floor 2-16(Th)+2-12(Ext) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th)+2-12(Ext) 2-16(Th)
st
B-1/2 1 floor 2-16(Th)+2-12(Ext) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th)+2-12(Ext) 2-16(Th)
st
B-2/3 1 floor 2-16(Th)+2-12(Ext) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th)+2-12(Ext) 2-16(Th)
st
C-1/2 1 floor 2-16(Th)+2-12(Ext) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th)+2-12(Ext) 2-16(Th)
st
C-2/3 1 floor 2-16(Th)+2-12(Ext) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th)+2-12(Ext) 2-16(Th)
st
D-1/2 1 floor 2-16(Th)+2-12(Ext) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th)+2-12(Ext) 2-16(Th)
st
D-2/3 1 floor 2-16(Th)+2-12(Ext) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th) 2-16(Th)+2-12(Ext) 2-16(Th)
nd
1-A/B 2 floor 3-12(Th)+2-12(Ext) 3-12(Th) 3-12(Th) 3-12(Th) 3-12(Th)+2-12(Ext) 3-12(Th)
nd
1-B/C 2 floor 3-12(Th)+2-12(Ext) 3-12(Th) 3-12(Th) 3-12(Th) 3-12(Th)+2-12(Ext) 3-12(Th)
nd
1-C/D 2 floor 3-12(Th)+2-12(Ext) 3-12(Th) 3-12(Th) 3-12(Th) 3-12(Th)+2-12(Ext) 3-12(Th)
nd
2-A/B 2 floor 3-12(Th)+2-12(Ext) 3-12(Th) 3-12(Th) 3-12(Th) 3-12(Th)+2-12(Ext) 3-12(Th)
nd
2-B/C 2 floor 3-12(Th)+2-12(Ext) 3-12(Th) 3-12(Th) 3-12(Th) 3-12(Th)+2-12(Ext) 3-12(Th)
nd
2-C/D 2 floor 3-12(Th)+2-12(Ext) 3-12(Th) 3-12(Th) 3-12(Th) 3-12(Th)+2-12(Ext) 3-12(Th)
nd
3-B/C 2 floor 3-12(Th)+2-12(Ext) 3-12(Th) 3-12(Th) 3-12(Th) 3-12(Th)+2-12(Ext) 3-12(Th)
nd
3-C/D 2 floor 3-12(Th)+2-12(Ext) 3-12(Th) 3-12(Th) 3-12(Th) 3-12(Th)+2-12(Ext) 3-12(Th)
nd
A-1/2 2 floor 3-12(Th)+2-12(Ext) 3-12(Th) 3-12(Th) 3-12(Th) 3-12(Th)+2-12(Ext) 3-12(Th)
nd
B-1/2 2 floor 3-12(Th)+2-12(Ext) 3-12(Th) 3-12(Th) 3-12(Th) 3-12(Th)+2-12(Ext) 3-12(Th)
nd
B-2/3 2 floor 3-12(Th)+2-12(Ext) 3-12(Th) 3-12(Th) 3-12(Th) 3-12(Th)+2-12(Ext) 3-12(Th)
nd
C-1/2 2 floor 3-12(Th)+2-12(Ext) 3-12(Th) 3-12(Th) 3-12(Th) 3-12(Th)+2-12(Ext) 3-12(Th)
nd
C-2/3 2 floor 3-12(Th)+2-12(Ext) 3-12(Th) 3-12(Th) 3-12(Th) 3-12(Th)+2-12(Ext) 3-12(Th)
nd
D-1/2 2 floor 3-12(Th)+2-12(Ext) 3-12(Th) 3-12(Th) 3-12(Th) 3-12(Th)+2-12(Ext) 3-12(Th)
nd
D-2/3 2 floor 3-12(Th)+2-12(Ext) 3-12(Th) 3-12(Th) 3-12(Th) 3-12(Th)+2-12(Ext) 3-12(Th)
rd
1-A/B 3 floor 3-12(Th)+2-12(Ext) 3-12(Th) 3-12(Th) 3-12(Th) 3-12(Th)+2-12(Ext) 3-12(Th)
rd
2-A/B 3 floor 3-12(Th)+2-12(Ext) 3-12(Th) 3-12(Th) 3-12(Th) 3-12(Th)+2-12(Ext) 3-12(Th)
rd
A-1/2 3 floor 3-12(Th)+2-12(Ext) 3-12(Th) 3-12(Th) 3-12(Th) 3-12(Th)+2-12(Ext) 3-12(Th)
rd
B-1/2 3 floor 3-12(Th)+2-12(Ext) 3-12(Th) 3-12(Th) 3-12(Th) 3-12(Th)+2-12(Ext) 3-12(Th)
Note:-Th=Throughout rebar, Ext =Extra rebar, Main beam size=250x350

29
5.3 Slab Design Summary
Size: 125mm
Reinforcement:
Let’s provide 8mm@150mm c/c both ways with usual layouts/curtailments wherever required
For more details, refer structural drawings

5.4 Staircase Design Summary

Staircase is designed as waist slab with following design details.
Waist Slab Thickness = 125 mm,
Longitudinal reinforcement: 12mm dia. bars@ 150mm c/c,
Transverse Reinforcement: 8 mm dia. bars @ 150mm c/c

5.5 Foundation Design Summary

The foundation is designed as Isolated footing and Strap footing. Tie beams are provided in two
different levels one at the top level of footings (Lower Tie Beams) and another at the plinth
level (Upper Tie Beams).

Figure 5-8 : Base reaction for footing design

32
Table 5-3 : Footing Design Summary
Footing pad
Footing type Size(mm*mm) Depth(mm) Reinforcement
IF1(A-3,D-3) 1500 X1500 400 mm 12 mm bar @150 c/c both way
IF2(B-3,C-3) 1700 X 1700 400 mm 12 mm bar @150 c/c both way
F1(A-2,C-2,D-2) 2100x2100 400mm 12 mm bar @150 c/c both way
F2(B-2) 2500 X 2500 400 mm 12 mm bar @150 c/c both way
EF1(A-1,C-1,D-1) 2100X2100 400mm 12 mm bar @150 c/c both way
EF2(B-1) 2300x2700 400 mm 12 mm bar @150 c/c both way
Strap beam
SB1(connecting F1 400x550 Longitudinal bars: 5-20dia at top & 3-20 at
and EF1) bottom, Stirrups : 3-legged 10 dia @ 6" c/c
SB2(connecting F2 400x700 Longitudinal bars: 7-20dia at top & 4-20 at
and EF2) bottom, Stirrups : 3-legged 10 dia @ 6" c/c
Tie beam
LTB1 & UTB1 230 x300 Longitudinal bars: 3-12dia top & bottom
Stirrups : 2-legged 8dia @ 6" c/c
For more details, refer structural drawing

31
 6 CONCLUSION
After the analysis of the building components, the building is found to be safe against the gravity
as well as Seismic Loads. The section sizes and reinforcements are sufficient enough to
withstand all kinds of possible axial, shear, flexural and torsional forces. The building is
designed to make it good enough to assure Life Safety under Design Basis Earthquake
considered for Zone V, Importance Factor 1.0 and soft soil condition as per IS1893:2016.
Bearing capacity of the soil is taken as 100 KN/m2. M20 grade of concrete is used for columns,
beams, slabs and foundations. Ductile detailing as per IS13920:1993 has been extensively
adopted while detailing.
7 RECOMMENDATIONS
Design and construction of the structure are inter – related jobs. A performance of a building
depends upon a work and material quality during the construction more than the intensions
pursued during structural design. A large percentage of structural failures are attributed due to
poor quality of construction. Therefore, to assure the proper safety, material and work quality
should be maintained during the construction. Structural designer will be responsible for all the
designs but not for any faulty constructions happened at site beyond his supervision. Following
recommendations are made by the structural designer.
1. It is recommended to strictly follow the section sizes and reinforcements provided in the
structural drawings.
2. It is recommended that the site engineer should be responsible to handle the problems that
may arise during construction. He/she shall also be responsible for maintaining the material and
process quality during construction.
3. It is strictly recommended that any changes in the design shall be done only with the
consultation of the structural designer.
4. It is strictly recommended to maintain the standards in the grade of cement and reinforcement
steel. It is recommended to run a cube test to ensure the strength and quality of the concrete
ratio used. It is also recommended test the reinforcement steels to ensure the quality of steel
used.

32
 ANNEXES
ANNEX -I: REFERENCES
IS: 456 – 2000 Code of Practice for Plain and Reinforced Concrete

IS: 875 (Parts 1-5) Code of practice for design loads (other than earthquake)
for buildings and structures (second revision)
Part 1 – Dead loads Part
2 – Imposed load

NBC 105: 1994 Seismic Design of Buildings in Nepal

IS: 1893 – 2016 Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures

IS: 13920 - 1993 Ductile Detailing of Reinforced Concrete Structures

subjected to Seismic forces - Code of Practice

SP: 16 – 1980 Design Aids for Reinforced Concrete to IS: 456 – 1978

SP: 34 – 1987 Handbook on Concrete Reinforcement Detailing

Jain, A.K Reinforced Concrete, Limit State Design, fifth edition,

Nelam Chand and Bros, Rookie, 1999

Sinha, S. N. Reinforced Concrete Design, second edition, Tata

McGraw Hill Publishing Company Ltd, New Delhi, 1996

Pillai, U.C. and Menon,D. Reinforced Concrete Design, second edition, Tata
McGraw Hill Publishing Company Ltd, New Delhi, 2003

Neelam Sharma Reinforced cement concrete design

33
ANNEX-II: SAMPLE DESIGN CALCULATIONS

SAMPLE BEAM DESIGN BY ETABS(A-1/2, ground Floor)

IS 456:2000 + IS 13920:2016 Beam Section Design

Beam Element Details Type: Ductile Frame (Summary)

Level Element Unique Name Section ID Combo ID Station Loc Length (mm) LLRF
Ground B1 122 MB 9"x14" DCon9 3225.8 3403.6 1

Section Properties
b (mm) h (mm) bf (mm) ds (mm) dct (mm) dcb (mm)
228.6 355.6 228.6 0 40 40

Material Properties
Ec (MPa) fck (MPa) Lt.Wt Factor (Unitless) fy (MPa) fys (MPa)
22360.68 20 1 500 500

Design Code Parameters

ɣC ɣS
1.5 1.15

Factored Forces and Moments

Factored Factored Factored Factored
Mu3 Tu Vu2 Pu
kN-m kN-m kN kN
-58.5345 6.3335 67.3868 0

Design Moments, Mu3 & Mt

Factored Factored Positive Negative
Moment Mt Moment Moment
kN-m kN-m kN-m kN-m
-58.5345 9.5209 0 -68.0554

Design Moment and Flexural Reinforcement for Moment, Mu3 & Tu

34
 Design Design -Moment +Moment Minimum Required
-Moment +Moment Rebar Rebar Rebar Rebar
kN-m kN-m mm² mm² mm² mm²
Top (+2 Axis) -68.0554 608 0 608 155
Bottom (-2 Axis) 0 304 0 65 304

Shear Force and Reinforcement for Shear, Vu2 & Tu

Shear Ve Shear Vc Shear Vs Shear Vp Rebar Asv /s
kN kN kN kN mm²/m
77.8147 0 122.1434 53.6501 1072.46

Torsion Force and Torsion Reinforcement for Torsion, T u & VU2

Tu Vu Core b1 Core d1 Rebar Asvt /s
kN-m kN mm mm mm²/m
6.3335 67.3868 168.6 295.6 611.98

SAMPLE COLUMN DESIGN (A2-Ground floor)

IS 456:2000 + IS 13920:2016 Column Section Design

Column Element Details Type: Ductile Frame (Summary)

Level Element Unique Name Section ID Combo ID Station Loc Length (mm) LLRF
Ground C2 65 C14"x14" DCon9 0 2844.8 0.664

Section Properties
b (mm) h (mm) dc (mm) Cover (Torsion) (mm)
355.6 355.6 56 30

Material Properties
Ec (MPa) fck (MPa) Lt.Wt Factor (Unitless) fy (MPa) fys (MPa)
22360.68 20 1 500 500

35
 Design Code Parameters
ɣC ɣS
1.5 1.15

Axial Force and Biaxial Moment Design For Pu , Mu2 , Mu3

Design Pu Design Mu2 Design Mu3 Minimum M2 Minimum M3 Rebar Area Rebar %
kN kN-m kN-m kN-m kN-m mm² %
559.6535 114.3074 -11.1931 11.1931 11.1931 2092 1.65

Axial Force and Biaxial Moment Factors

K Factor Length Initial Moment Additional Moment Minimum Moment
Unitless mm kN-m kN-m kN-m
Major Bend(M3) 0.671309 2489.2 6.4441 0 11.1931
Minor Bend(M2) 0.644022 2489.2 53.9793 0 11.1931

Shear Design for Vu2 , Vu3

Shear Vu Shear Vc Shear Vs Shear Vp Rebar Asv /s
kN kN kN kN mm²/m
Major, Vu2 29.6966 98.381 42.6146 29.6966 394.16
Minor, Vu3 60.5901 98.381 42.6146 56.6514 394.16

Joint Shear Check/Design

Joint Shear Shear Shear Shear Joint Shear
Force VTop Vu,Tot Vc Area Ratio
kN kN kN kN cm² Unitless
Major Shear, Vu2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Minor Shear, Vu3 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

(1.4) Beam/Column Capacity Ratio

Major Ratio Minor Ratio
N/A N/A

Additional Moment Reduction Factor k (IS 39.7.1.1)

Ag Asc Puz Pb Pu k
cm² cm² kN kN kN Unitless
1264.5 20.9 1922.545 472.6096 559.6535 0.939967
Additional Moment (IS 39.7.1)
Consider Length Section KL/Depth KL/Depth KL/Depth Ma
Ma Factor Depth (mm) Ratio Limit Exceeded Moment (kN-m)
Major Bending (M3 ) Yes 0.875 355.6 4.699 12 No 0
Minor Bending (M2 ) Yes 0.875 355.6 4.508 12 No 0

Notes:
N/A: Not Applicable
N/C: Not Calculated
N/N: Not Needed

36
SAMPLE SLAB DESIGN
The design calculation of slab A1-A2-B2-B1 as critical slab has been shown in sample slab
design

1.0 General Data:

Depth of slab : (D) 125 mm
Grade of Concrete : (fck) 20 N/mm2
Grade of Steel : (fy) 500 N/mm2
Effective cover: (d') 20 mm
Effective depth of slab : (d) 105 mm
Effective length:
Shoter span: (lx) 3.4036 m
Longer span: (ly) 4.2164 m

2.0 Loading:
Dead Load: (DL) 3.125 KN/m2
Other Dead Load: (ODL) 1.2 KN/m2
Live Load: (LL) 3 KN/m2
Total Load: (w) 7.325 KN/m2
Factored Load: (wu) 10.9875 KN/m2

3.0
37
 Type of slab:

1.239

Type: Two way Slab

4.0 Calculation of Moments:

Moment coefficient:
Type of Slab Panel: 4
Short span coefficient: αx
Support S 0.06195
Mid Span M 0.04656
Long span coefficient: αy
Support S 0.047
Mid Span M 0.035
Moments:

Short span moments:

Support S 7.886 KN-m
Mid Span M 5.927 KN-m

Long span moments:

Support S 5.983 KN-m
Mid Span M 4.455 KN-m

5.0 Check depth for maximum Moments:

Maximum moments: Mu 7.886 KN-m
Moment coefficient: k 0.134
< 105
effective depth: d 55 mm
OK

6.0 Calculation of reinforcement:

6.1 For shorter span
Mim'm reinforcement (Ast)min 126 mm2
Design moment: Mx 7.886 KN-m
Neutral axis depth : x 11 mm
Area of steel required: Ast 181 mm2

38
 Area of steel provided: Ø 8 mm
S 150 mm
Ast 336 mm2
Pt 0.32 %
For longer span
Effective depth d 97 mm
Mim'm reinforcement (Ast)min 117 mm2
Design moment: Mx 5.983 KN-m
Neutral axis depth : x 9 mm
Area of steel required: Ast 148 mm2
Area of steel provided: Ø 8 mm
S 150 mm
Ast 336 mm2
Pt 0.347 %

7.0 Check for shear stress:

Maximum shear force: Vu 18.699 KN
Shear Stress: tv 0.179 N/mm2
β 7.257
Concrete Shear Strength: tc 0.399 N/mm2
Shear Strength factor: K 1.3
Shear Strength of Slab: tc' 0.5187 > 0.179 N/mm2
OK

8.0 Check for development length:

Ultimate moment Capacity: M1 14.12 KN-m
Maximum Shear Force: V 18.699 KN
Bond Stress: tbd 1.92 N/mm2
Development length: Ld 454 mm
Anchorage length: L0 105 mm
Available length: 1087 > Ld
OK

8.0 Check for deflection:

39
 length to eff. Depth ratio: l/d 32.416
α 23
β 1
ϒ 2.000 for fs = 156.22 N/mm2
δ 1 and Pt = 0.32 %
λ 1
Coefficient: 46.000
OK
SAMPLE ISOLATED FOOTING DESIGN(B-3 grid)
Given
Data
Size of column
Bc = 300 mm
Dc = 300 mm
Column Load (V) = 263.1467 KN
Bearing Capacity (qa) = 100 KN/m2
Grade of Concrete (fck) = 20 Mpa
Grade of Steel (fy)= 500 Mpa

Calculation of size of footing

wt. of foundation = 26.31 KN
Total Load (P)= 289.46 KN
Area of footing = 2.895 m2
*Note:Taking the ratio of width and length of footing same as that of column dimensions

Size of footing
L= 1.701 m
B= 1.701 m
Provided (L) = 1.700 m
Provided (B) = 1.700 m

Upward reaction (q') = 136.581 KN/m

Max'm B.M. = 33.462 KN-m

40
Calculation for depth of footing
B.M. = 0.134 fckbd2
depth (d)= 112 mm
Provided depth (d) = 350 mm

Check for Shear

Per. Shear Strength (τc) = 0.25√fck 1.118 N/mm2
a) Punching shear
depth (d)= 350 mm
Punching shear(τ'V) = 0.370 N/mm2
Ok
Provided depth (d) = 350 mm
Overall Depth (D)= 400 mm

b) One way Shear (Calculation for no shear reinforcement)

depth (d) = 350 mm
Max'm S.F. = 47.803 KN
One way Shear (τv) = 0.137 N/mm2
Provided Ast = 0.2 %
β= 11.61
Concrete Shear strength (τc)= 0.326 N/mm2
Ok
Ast = 700 mm2

Calculation for reinforcement

Ast = 224 mm2

Ast required = 700 mm2
mm
Provided, Size = 12 dia
Spacing = 150 mm c/c
Ast Provided= 754 mm2
Ok

41
 Area of Steel Along width
B.M. = 33.462 KN-m
Ast = 700 mm2
mm
Provided, Size = 12 dia
Spacing = 150 mm c/c
Ast Provided= 754 mm2
Ok

Development Length

Bond stress(τbd)= 1.920 N/mm2

Development length (Ld)= 680 mm
Available Ld along length = 650 mm
Provide
Hook

Load Transfer from Column to Footing

Nominal bearing stress in
column = 4.386 N/mm2
Allowable bearing stress = 0.45*fck
9.000 N/mm2
Thus no additional dowel bars are required to transfer load

42
SAMPLE STRAP FOOTING DESIGN(B-1/2 grid)
DESIGN OF STRAP FOOTING

1.Datas
N/mm
2
Grade of concrete(fck)= 20
N/mm
2
Strength of steel(fy)= 500
Size of column(C1)= 350 x 350 mm
Size of column(C2)= 350 x 350 mm
Factored load on column(P1)= 608.18 KN
Service load on column including wt (P1)
= 446.00 KN
Factored load on column(P2)= 827.76 KN
Service load on column(P2) including wt= 607.02 KN
Distance between centre of column(s)= 3.404 m
KN/m
2
Allowable bearing capacity(q0)= 100
Centre of footing 1 from property line(x')= 0.175 m

2.Size of footing

43
Deternination of reactions
Distance of R1 from P1(e) 0.95 m
Distance of R1 From P2 2.454 m
Reaction at footing F1(R1) 618.68 KN
Reaction at footing F2(R2) 434.34 KN
FS against overturning
(characteristic loads ) 3.52 >1.5,OK

Dimension of Footing F2
Footing Area required for F2 6.07 m2
Size of footing F2(B2) 2.46 m
Provided size for footing F2 2.50 m Ok
Dimension of Footing F1
Area of footing A1 required 6.19 m
Length 2.30
Breadth of footing 2.70 m

3.Design of slab for footing F1

Depth requirement from flexural moment
Factored Soil Pressure= R/A
149.44 KN/m2 OK
width of strap beam= 0.4 m
Cantilever projection of slab= 1.15 m
Maximum moment at the face of strap KN-m per m
beam= 98.82 length
Depth required from moment criteria=

192.74 mm

Depth requirement from one way shear criteria

Vu=149.44*(1.15-d/1000) KN
Assume % of steel= 0.19

44
β=12.22
Tc= 0.33
suppose Tv<Tc
149.44*(1.15-d/1000)*1000/(d*1000)=0.33
d= 359.31 mm
adopt d= 350.00 mm
Overall depth(D)= 400.00 mm

Reinforcement in footing slab

Mu=98.82KN-m

Ast= 682.66 mm2/m

Bar size= 12 mm
Spacing required= 165.67 mm
Spacing Provided= 150 mm
Ast provided= 753.98 mm2
% of Ast= 0.19 OK
Provide 2.3mx2.7mx0.4m size F1 footing with 12mm bar at 150 mm spacing
c/c on both way

4.Design of slab under footing F2

Soil Pressure= P/A
104.24 KN/m2 OK
Cantilever projection of slab= 1.050 m
Maximum moment at the face of strap KN-m per m
beam= 57.46 length
Depth required from moment criteria

146.98 mm

Depth requirement from one way shear criteria

Vu=104.24*(1.05-d/1000)

45
KN

Assume % of steel= 0.19

β= 12.22

Tc= 0.33
suppose Tv<Tc
104.24*(1.05-d/1000)*1000/(d*1000)=0.33
d= 252.73 mm
adopt d= 350.00 mm
Overall depth(D)= 400.00 mm

Reinforcement in footing slab

Mu=57.46KN-m

Ast= 665.00 mm2/m

Bar size= 12 mm
Spacing required= 170.07 mm
Spacing Provided= 150 mm
Ast provided= 753.98 mm2
% of Ast= 0.19 ok
Provide 2.5mx2.5mx0.4m size F2 footing with 12mm bar at 150 mm spacing
c/c on both way

46
5.Design of Strap beam
669 910.54

669.00 910.54

403.49 260.60

point of max negative moment from F(G) 1.66 m

Distance from
Location F shear force(KN) Moment(KN)
F 0 0.0 0.00
E-left 0.175 -70.6 6.18
E-right 0.175 598.4 6.18
G 1.66 0.0 -437.54
D 2.30 -259.0 -354.39
C 2.3286 -259.0 -323.78
B-left 3.5786 -584.8 203.60
B-right 3.5786 325.8 203.60
A 4.8286 0.0 0.00

Maximum positive moment 203.60 KN-m

Maximum Negative
moment 437.54 KN-m

Shear force

3.5786, -584.8

2.3286,
2.30 , -259.0
-259.0

0
0.175, -70.6
1 2 3 4 5 6
0, 0.0 1.66 , 0.0 4.8286, 0.0

3.5786, 325.8

0.175, 598.4

47
 Bending Moment (on tension side)
1.66 , -437.54

2.30 , -354.39
2.3286, -323.78

0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0, 0.00
0.175, 6.18 4.8286, 0.00

3.5786, 203.60

drequired= 641.26 mm
dprovided= 650 mm
Overall depth= 700 mm

Area of steel required for positive moment

Ast= 778.73 mm2/m

Diameter of bar adopted= 20 mm
No of bar required= 4.0
Ast provided= 1256.64 mm2/m

Area of steel required for negative moment

Ast= 1892.63 mm2/m

Diameter of bar adopted= 20 mm
No of bar required= 7.0
Ast provided= 2199.11 mm2

48
 Min ast required= 442.00 OK

Design for shear

The critical section for shear is at left face of column C2
Vu= 539.18 KN

Tv 2.074 N/mm2
pt= 0.483

β= 4.80

Tc= 0.49 N/m2

since Tc<Tv, Shear reinforcement is required
vus= 412.67 KN
Dia of bars= 10 mm
no of legged of stirupps= 3
Spacing of stirupps= 161.440 mm
Spacing provided= 150 mm

Hence provide 400mm*700mm strap beam with 3 legged 10 mm bars at 150 c/c
spacing.

SAMPLE STAIRCASE DESIGN

`Design of staircase(critical span)

1 Data
Grade of steel(fy) 500 N/mm2
Grade of concrete(fck) 20 N/mm2
Nominal cover 15 mm
diameter of main bars 12 mm
diameter of distribution bars 8 mm
Tread 280 mm
Rise 180 mm
thickness of waist slab 125 mm

49
 Effective Depth= 104 mm
Thickness of landing slab 125 mm
support width 0.23 m

2 Load on waist slab

Inclined length per steps 0.333 m
Self weight of waist slab 1.04 KN/m
self weight of step 0.63 KN/m
total dead load 1.67 KN/m
total dead load(per m2) 5.97 KN
live load 3 KN
floor finish 1.2 KN
total load per sq.m. 10.17 KN
Factored load per sq.m. 15.25 KN
load per m 15.25 KN/m

3 Load on landing
self weight of slab = 3.13 KN/m2
floor finish 1.20 KN/m2
live load 3.00 KN/m2
load per m sq. 7.33 KN/m2
factored load 10.99 KN/m2
load/m 10.99 KN/m

4 Crtitical Flight
4.1 Rebar calculation
span of landing A 0.762 m
span of landing B 0.533 m
span of flight 1.98 m
Span of landing A with support 0.877
Span of landing B with support 0.648
effective span of flight with
support 1.98
effective span 3.51
reaction at B support 19.91 kN
reaction at A support 18.65 kN
point of maximum moment(x) 1.468 m
Max.bending moment 14.80 KNm

50
 Ast required 358.13 mm2
spacing required 315.8 mm
spacing provided 150 mm
Ast Provided 753.98224 mm2
Providing 12mm dia. @ 150mm c/c as main rebar

4.2 Check for shear

Max Vu= 19.91
Tv 0.191 N/mm2
Pt= 0.72
β 3.20
Tc 0.57 N/sq.mm
safe in shear

4.3 Development Length

M1= 14.80 KNm
V= 19.91 KN
L0 0.144 m
Ldmax= 887.15 mm
Ld provided 679.69 mm
OK
4.4 Deflection check
Ast Required 358.13 mm2
Ast Provided 753.98 mm2
Pt= 0.72 %
Fs 137.75
Modification Factor 1.9
a 20
L/d max= 38
L/d Provided= 33.70
Safe in deflection
5 Distribution bar
Ast required 0.12*b*D
150
spacing required 335.10
Spacing provided 150
Providing 8mm dia. @ 150mm c/c as distribution rebar

51