A REPORT ON

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS & DESIGN

OF
RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

CLIENT: MRS. ISHA RANA

LOCATION: LALITPUR SUB-METROPOLITAN CITY-13

i
Contents
List of Figures...............................................................................................iii
List of Tables................................................................................................iv
1 Introduction............................................................................................1
1.1 An Overview of Earthquake-Resistant Design.....................................................1
1.2 Earthquake Resistant Design Philosophy.............................................................2
2 Description of the Building....................................................................4
2.1 Building Description.............................................................................................4
2.2 Location of Building.............................................................................................5
3 Numerical modeling...............................................................................6
4 Structural analysis................................................................................10
4.1 Load cases considered.........................................................................................10
4.2 Load combination...............................................................................................10
4.3 Mass Source........................................................................................................10
4.4 Dead loads...........................................................................................................10
4.5 Live load.............................................................................................................12
4.6 Seismic Loading..................................................................................................13
4.7 Story Drift and displacement Calculations.........................................................14
4.8 Modal analysis and modal mass participation....................................................17
4.9 Base Shear and Seismic weight..........................................................................18
4.10 Analysis of Internal Forces Developed in Frames..........................................18
5 Design....................................................................................................20
5.1 Column design summary....................................................................................21
5.2 Beam Design Summary......................................................................................24
5.3 Slab Design Summary.........................................................................................28
5.4 Staircase Design Summary.................................................................................28
5.5 Foundation Design Summary..............................................................................28
6 CONCLUSION.....................................................................................30
7 RECOMMENDATIONS.....................................................................30
ANNEXES....................................................................................................31
ANNEX -I: REFERENCES..........................................................................................31
ANNEX-II: SAMPLE DESIGN CALCULATIONS....................................................32
SAMPLE BEAM DESIGN BY ETABS(C-1/2, ground Floor)................................32
SAMPLE COLUMN DESIGN (A3-First Floor).......................................................33
SAMPLE SLAB DESIGN.........................................................................................35
SAMPLE ISOLATED FOOTING DESIGN(A-3 grid)............................................38
SAMPLE STRAP FOOTING DESIGN(B-2/4 grid).................................................40
SAMPLE COMBINED/MAT FOOTING DESIGN(B-1,B-2,C-1,C-2 grid)............47
SAMPLE STAIRCASE DESIGN.............................................................................51
SAMPLE BEAM COLUMN CAPACITY CHECK.................................................53

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List of Figures
Figure 2-1 : Ground floor Plan of Building.........................................................................4
Figure 2-2 : Seismic Hazard of Himalayas..........................................................................5
Figure 3-1 : 3D model created in ETABS...........................................................................6
Figure 3-2 : Ground Floor plan modeled in ETABS...........................................................7
Figure 3-3 : First Floor plan modeled in ETABS................................................................7
Figure 3-4 : Second floor plan modeled in ETABS............................................................8
Figure 3-5 : Elevation on grid A-A......................................................................................8
Figure 3-6 : Elevation on grid B-B......................................................................................9
Figure 3-7 : Elevation on grid C-C......................................................................................9
Figure 4-1 : Wall load........................................................................................................11
Figure 4-2 : Floor finish load.............................................................................................11
Figure 4-3 : Live load........................................................................................................12
Figure 4-4 : Terrace live load............................................................................................12
Figure 4-5 : Drift ratio in Eqx Service loading..................................................................14
Figure 4-6 : Drift ratio in Eqy service loading.................................................................15
Figure 4-7 : Drift ratio in Eqx ultimate loading...............................................................15
Figure 4-8 : Drift ratio in Eqy ultimate loading.................................................................16
Figure 4-9 : Displacement in Eqx Service loading............................................................16
Figure 4-10 : Displacement in Eqy service loading...........................................................17
Figure 4-11 : Sample Bending Moment Diagram for frames along Grid 1/1-1.2DL+1.5LL
...........................................................................................................................................19
Figure 4-12 : Sample Shear force Diagram for frames along Grid 1/1 -1.2DL+1.5LL)...19
Figure 4-13 : Sample Axial force Diagram for frames along Grid 1/1-1.2DL+1.5LL......19
Figure 5-1 : Rebar of column in Grid A............................................................................21
Figure 5-2 : Rebar of column in Grid B............................................................................21
Figure 5-3 : Rebar of column in Grid C............................................................................22
Figure 5-4 : Rebar in Ground floor beam.........................................................................24
Figure 5-5 : Rebar in first floor beam................................................................................24
Figure 5-6 : Rebar in Second floor beam..........................................................................25
Figure 5-7 : Base reaction for footing design....................................................................28

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List of Tables
Table 2-1 : Building Description.........................................................................................4
Table 4-1 : Mass source.....................................................................................................10
Table 4-2 : Dead loads unit weight....................................................................................10
Table 4-3 : Dead load applied............................................................................................11
Table 4-4 : Live load applied.............................................................................................12
Table 4-5 : Seismic Coefficient Calculation as per NBC 105:2020..................................13
Table 4-6 : Modal mass Participation ratio from ETABS.................................................17
Table 4-7 : Base Shear of structure....................................................................................18
Table 5-1 : Column Design Summary...............................................................................22
Table 5-2 : Beam Design Summary...................................................................................26
Table 5-3 : Footing Design Summary...............................................................................29

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This report focuses on structural design of residential building located at Lalitpur. It

summarizes design assumption, methodology and follows up of codes and standards for
the building with proper consideration of the earthquake resistant design criteria
following the Nepal National Building Code NBC 105:2020.

The primary objective of the project is to analyze and design the structural elements of
the buildings based on NBC standards. The seismic coefficient method is adopted to
analyze the earthquake response of the building.

Finite element analysis showed that the anticipated performance of the buildings
subjected to the design earthquake meets NBC code seismic hazard level requirement for
building. The building response for drift, displacement is also calculated.

The following conclusions can be drawn from this report:

The structure is designed to complying the guidelines and the NBC standards.

Story drifts are within the acceptable limits under DBE level earthquakes.

** The structural design is carried on the architectural drawing provided. This report solely emphases and
confines itself to technical aspects of the structure and does not comment on other aspects of the structure.

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 1 Introduction
1.1 An Overview of Earthquake-Resistant Design
Nepal lies in an earthquake prone zone. It is located in the boundary between Indian plate and
Tibetan plate. Thus, Nepal experiences earthquakes frequently. Earthquakes are the most
sudden, dramatic and devastating natural calamities. Although they last only for few seconds
to minutes, they are the most devastating ones. Past records of the earthquake show that
eighteen major earthquakes have hit Nepal till now. So, special consideration of earthquake
forces while designing a building is mandatory in Nepal.

Designing building against earthquake forces does not mean that we are making the building
earthquake-proof. Although earthquake proof structures may be viable in terms of engineering
but they are not financially viable. However, it is possible to design and build earthquake-
resilient (more precisely seismic resilient) structures. According to this philosophy, no matter
how much severe earthquake occurs, the building won’t collapse although it may be
irreparably damaged. In, this background, it is ensured that this building has been designed to
withstand all the acting loads including the earthquake forces making it seismic resistant.

The structural design alone is not enough to ensure the safety of a building, equally
important, is its construction. The role of a contractor is of paramount importance as he is the
one to execute the construction work at site. He is required to execute the work according to
drawings supplied by the consultant to him and detailing has to be carefully followed. A large
percentage of failure of the building is attributed to poor quality of construction. Past
experiences from damages have shown that quality of material and workmanship play an
important role in good seismic behavior of the buildings. Hence, quality assurance of
construction works is the key to good seismic performance of a building.

Severity of ground shaking at a given location during an earthquake can be minor, moderate
and strong. Relatively, minor shakings occur frequently, moderate shakings occasionally and
strong shakings rarely. For instance, on average annually about 800 earthquakes of magnitude
5.0-5.9 on Richter scale occur in the world while the number is only about 19 for magnitude
of range 7.0-7.9 on Richter scale. So, should we design and construct a building to resist that
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rare earthquake shaking that may come only once in 500 years or even once in 2000 years at
the chosen project site, even though the life of the building itself may be only 50 or 100 years?
Since it costs money to provide additional earthquake safety in buildings, a conflict arises:
Should we do away with the design of buildings for earthquake effects? Or should we design
the buildings to be “earthquake proof” wherein there is no damage during the strong but rare
earthquake shaking? Clearly, the former approach can lead to a major disaster, and the second
approach is too expensive. Hence, the design philosophy should lie somewhere in between
these two extremes.

The engineers do not attempt to make earthquake proof buildings that will not get damaged
even during the rare but strong earthquakes; such buildings will be too robust and also too
expensive. Instead, the engineering intention is to make buildings earthquake resistant and
affordable; such buildings resist the effects of ground shaking, although they may get
damaged severely but would not collapse during the strong earthquake. Thus, safety of people
and contents is assured in earthquake-resistant buildings, and thereby a disaster is avoided.
This is a major objective of seismic design codes throughout the world.

1.2 Earthquake Resistant Design Philosophy

The earthquake design philosophy may be summarized as follows:

a) Under minor shakings which occur frequently, the main members of the buildings that
carry vertical and lateral forces should not be damaged; however non-structural parts may
sustain repairable damages. It is assured that the building will be fully operational within a
short time and the repair costs will be small

b) Under moderate shakings which are occasional, the structural elements may sustain
repairable damage, while the non-structural elements may be heavily damaged; the building
will be operational followed by repair and re-strengthening of the damaged structural
elements and replacing of damaged non-structural elements.

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c) Under strong shakings which are rare, the main members may sustain severe damage, but
the building should not collapse; the building may become dysfunctional for further use, but
will stand so that people can be evacuated and property recovered.

The degree to which the building is to be assured against the possibility of damage must be
considered while designing the building. Important buildings like hospitals, health posts, fire
stations, post offices communication towers, electric power houses which play a critical role
in post-earthquake activities must remain functional immediately after the earthquake and
hence require higher degree of assurance against possible damage. Public buildings,
educational buildings, busy commercial complex etc. where the risk of human loss is high and
some critical structures like nuclear power plants, dams, etc. whose collapse may cause
secondary disasters are also designed to assure higher level of safety against earthquakes.
Other buildings like residential buildings, offices, mercantile buildings etc. are designed for
lower level of safety, while the design philosophy mentioned above is always maintained.
However, the level of safety to be assured in the design may also depend upon the demand of
the client.

Design of buildings to resist earthquakes involves controlling the damage to acceptable levels
at a reasonable cost. Contrary to the common thinking that any crack in the building after an
earthquake means the building is unsafe for habitation, some damage in non-structural
elements may be unavoidable. Different types of damages (mainly visualized through cracks;
especially so in concrete and masonry buildings) may occur in buildings during earthquakes.
Some of these cracks are acceptable (in terms of both their size and location), while others are
not. In general, qualified technical professionals may only be knowledgeable of the causes and
severity of damage in earthquake-resistant buildings.

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 2 Description of the Building
2.1 Building Description
The building to be analyzed and designed here is a two and half story residential building to
be constructed on behalf of Mrs. Isha Rana. The proposed site is located at Lalitpur. The
ground floor plan of the building is presented below in Figure 2-1. The building description is
presented in Table 2-1: Building Description.

Figure 2-1 : Ground floor Plan of Building

Table 2-1 : Building Description

General features
Building Type Residential Building
Location Lalitpur Sub-metropolitan city ward no 13
Ground Floor Area 55.74 Sq.m
Architectural features
Number of story Two and half story
Floor to Floor Height 2.8 m
Total Height of the Building: 8.4 m up to top slab from plinth level
Building Lateral Dimensions (Maximum ) Max distance along X: 7.1 m

4
 Max distance along Y: 8.26 m
Wall and Partition 9” and 5” Brick Masonry in cement mortar
in outside and inside respectively
Structural features
Structural System RCC Frame Structure
Foundation Type RCC Isolated Footings,Strap and Combined
footing
Loads Resisting Elements
Columns 350 mm X350 mm
Beams Main beam: 230mm X 350mm
Secondary beam: 230mm X 300mm
Slab 125 mm
Geotechnical Features
Soil Test Not Available
Soil Type (assumed) Type D (As per NBC)
Allowable bearing capacity assumed 120 KN/m2
Material
Grade of concrete: M20 for column, beam, slab and footings.
Grade of Reinforcement steel for RCC Fe 500

2.2 Location of Building

Nepal is a highly vulnerable to earthquake hazards. The site is located at Lalitpur and it
belongs to the higher seismic risk zone .

Figure 2-2 : Seismic Hazard of Himalayas

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 3 Numerical modeling
A three dimensional finite element model of the whole structural system is created in
ETABS.v18. The structural system is considered as a Special Moment Resisting Frame
structure. Main components to be modeled are: Beams, Columns & Slabs. Beams and
columns are modeled as frame elements while slabs are modeled as four-nodded shell
elements. The support condition at the base is idealized as a fixed support and hence any
moment release at the base of columns is neglected. The moment release at the beam/column
joints is also neglected. Self-weight of the parapet wall is applied onto the beams in the form
of uniformly distributed loads. The inner partition wall load is applied by creating null beam
as positioned in architectural drawing.

Figure 3-3 : 3D model created in ETABS

6
Figure 3-4 : Ground Floor plan modeled in ETABS

Figure 3-5 : First Floor plan modeled in ETABS

7
Figure 3-6 : Second floor plan modeled in ETABS

Figure 3-7 : Elevation on grid A-A

8
Figure 3-8 : Elevation on grid B-B

Figure 3-9 : Elevation on grid C-C

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 4 Structural analysis
For the purpose of structural analysis various Nepal Standard Code and Indian Standard codes
are followed for loadings, load combinations and other analysis procedures.

4.1 Load cases considered

Following loads have been considered in the analysis of the building as per NBC105-2020.

I. Dead Load (DL)

II. Live load (LL)
III. Earthquake load in X-direction (EQx)
IV. Earthquake load in Y-direction (EQy)
4.2 Load combination
Following load combinations have been adopted as per NBC105-2020 for Static Analysis.

I. 1.2DL±1.5LL
II. DL+0.3LL±EQx
III. DL+0.3LL±EQy

Where, DL= Dead load

LL = Imposed (Live) load
EQx = Earthquake load (Along X direction) for both Ultimate and Serviceability Limit State
EQy = Earthquake load (Along Y direction) for both Ultimate and Serviceability Limit State

4.3 Mass Source

Following mass source have been adopted as per IS 1893:2016 for Seismic Analysis.

Table 4-2 : Mass source

Dead load including parapet, floor finish ,wall load 1
Live load 0.3

4.4 Dead loads

Dead loads are assumed to be produced by slab, beams, columns, parapet walls and floor
finish. The weight of building materials are taken as per IS 875 (Part 1-1987).

Table 4-3 : Dead loads unit weight

Materials Unit weight
Reinforced Concrete 25.00 KN/m³

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 Reinforcement Steel 78.50 KN/m³
Brick Masonry 19.2 KN/m3

Table 4-4 : Dead load applied

9” wall 12.36 KN/m
9” wall with opening 9.27 KN/m
5” wall 6.18 KN/m
Parapet wall load 2.2 KN/m
Floor finish 1.2 KN/m2

Figure 4-10 : Wall load

Figure 4-11 : Floor finish load

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4.5 Live load
Live loads are applied on floor slabs on the basis of usage of rooms, as specified in IS 875
part II.

Table 4-5 : Live load applied

Bed room /Toilet 2.0 KN/m2
Balcony/Passage 3.0 KN/m2
Staircase 3.0 KN/m2
Terrace live 1.5 KN/m2

Figure 4-12 : Live load

Figure 4-13 : Terrace live load

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4.6 Seismic Loading
The building is analyzed for the seismic load as per NBC 105 2020. The seismic design data
assumed for the building is summarized below.

The approximate time period of the building is calculated as per clause 7.6.2 for RC moment
resisting frame. The calculated fundamental time period is Tx= 0.374 sec in both X and Y
directions.

Table 4-6 : Seismic Coefficient Calculation as per NBC 105:2020

Input
Location of Building Lalitpur
Reinforced Concrete Moment Resisting
Type of structure Frame

Seismic Zoining factor(Z) 0.35

Importance factor(I) 1
Height of building(h) 8.4 m
Method of analysis Equivalent Static Method
soil Type D

Period of vibration
For reinforcement moment resisting
frame T1=1.25k1h0.75 0.463 sec
Lower period of flat part of spectrum(Ta) 0.5 sec
Upper period of flat part of spectrum(Tc) 2 sec
Peak spectral acceleration normalized by
PGA(α) 2.25 sec
Coefficient that controls the descending
branch of the spectrum 0.8

ref table 5.2 NBC 105:2070

Ductility factor for ULS state(Rμ) 4
Over-strength factor for ULS state (Ωu) 1.5
Over-strength factor for SLS state (Ωs) 1.25

Calculation of Spectral Shape Factor (Ch

(T))
Ch (T) 2.16
Elastic site spectra for horizontal loadingC
(T) =Ch(T) Z I 0.756

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 Elastic site spectra for Vertical loading
Cv(Tv)= 2/3 Z 0.233333

Elastic site spectra for Serviceability

Limit State Cs (T) = 0.20 C (T) . 0.151

Horizontal base shear for Equivalent

static method
For the ultimate limit state, the horizontal
base shear co-efficient for each mode,
Cd(Ti), shall as given by Cd (𝑇𝑖 ) = C(𝑇𝑖 )/ Rµ x Ωu ……
0.126
For the serviceability limit state, the
horizontal base shear coefficient (design
coefficient), Cd (T1), shall be given by: Cd (𝑇1 ) = Cs(𝑇1 )/ Ωs
0.121
Exponent releated to structural period 1

4.7 Story Drift and displacement Calculations

The roof displacement and the inter-story drift is checked for the earthquake load case. The
inter-story drift and roof displacement is presented in the table below and is found to be
within the limit in both directions.

Figure 4-14 : Drift ratio in Eqx Service loading

Maximum story drift due to service seismic load along x: 0.0027

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 Figure 4-15 : Drift ratio in Eqy service loading
Maximum story drift due to service seismic load along y: 0.0024

Maximum allowable drift ratio in Serviceability Limit State is 0.006 as per NBC 105
2020

Figure 4-16 : Drift ratio in Eqx ultimate loading

Maximum story drift due to Ultimate seismic load along x: 0.0028x4=0.0112

15
 Figure 4-17 : Drift ratio in Eqy ultimate loading
Maximum story drift due to Ultimate seismic load along y: 0.0025x4=0.01

Maximum allowable drift ratio in Ultimate Limit State is 0.025 as per NBC 105 2020

Figure 4-18 : Displacement in Eqx Service loading

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 Figure 4-19 : Displacement in Eqy service loading

Maximum Roof Displacement (AS per NBC)

4.8 Story Displacement-X, Displacement-Y, Limit, Status
mm mm mm
Top floor 18.52 17.48 50.4 OK

Modal analysis and modal mass participation

Table 4-7 : Modal mass Participation ratio from ETABS
SumU SumU SumR
Case Mode Period UX UY X Y Z
sec
Modal 1 0.577 0.1556 0.6824 0.1556 0.6824 0.0272
Modal 2 0.544 0.5781 0.1951 0.7337 0.8775 0.1321
0.0000062
Modal 3 0.462 0.1466 06 0.8803 0.8775 0.872
Modal 4 0.199 0.0156 0.0804 0.8959 0.958 0.8742
Modal 5 0.194 0.077 0.0101 0.9729 0.9681 0.8782
Modal 6 0.171 0.0017 0.0001 0.9746 0.9682 0.9719
Modal 7 0.121 0.0141 0.0115 0.9888 0.9797 0.9823
Modal 8 0.113 0.0074 0.0202 0.9962 0.9999 0.9838
Modal 9 0.097 0.0038 0.0001 1 1 1
0.0000442
Modal 10 0.024 0 2 1 1 1

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 Modal 11 0.017 0 0 1 1 1
0.0000030
Modal 12 0.012 58 0 1 1 1

The total mass participation in both considered direction is greater than the 90% of the total
lateral force. A building has regular modes of oscillation in two principal plan directions as
the mass participation factor for first three modes is greater than 65%.

4.9 Base Shear and Seismic weight

Table 4-8 : Base Shear of structure
Output Case Case Type FX FY
eqx ULS LinStatic -279.3064 0
eqy ULS LinStatic 0 -279.3064
eqy SLS LinStatic 0 -268.2228
eqx SLS LinStatic -268.2228 0

Ecc Top Bottom Weight Base

Name Ratio Story Story C K Used Shear
kN kN
eqx SLS 0.1 2nd F Base 0.121 1 2216.7176 268.2228
eqx ULS 0.1 2nd F Base 0.126 1 2216.7176 279.3064
eqy SLS 0.1 2nd F Base 0.121 1 2216.7176 268.2228
eqy ULS 0.1 2nd F Base 0.126 1 2216.7176 279.3064

4.10 Analysis of Internal Forces Developed in Frames

Bending moments, shear forces and axial forces of the buildings were analyzed using the
ETABS. The analysis is used for identification of critical sections and to find out the design
requirements so as to design various structural components. The sample moment diagrams,
shear force diagram, axial force diagrams and torsion diagrams of the frames along some grids
are as extracted from ETABS are presented below:

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Figure 4-20 : Sample Bending Moment Diagram for frames along Grid 1/1-
1.2DL+1.5LL

Figure 4-21 : Sample Shear force Diagram for frames along Grid 1/1 -1.2DL+1.5LL)

Figure 4-22 : Sample Axial force Diagram for frames along Grid 1/1-1.2DL+1.5LL

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 5 Design
The design of reinforced concrete structural members includes selection of material properties
(grade of steel and concrete), shape and size of cross section, factor of safety and amount of
steel required. The design of reinforced concrete members is carried out using limit state
method as per IS 456: 2000. The limit state method is the modern and latest design
methodology. This method evolved around 1970’s. Limit state method is based on the concept
of multiple safety factors and attempts to provide adequate safety at the ultimate loads and
adequate serviceability at service loads. For the design of the members, IS 456:2000 and
design aid SP 16 has been used. Footings have been checked for vertical loads due to dead
load and live load only. Square footings have been adopted from seismic point of view that
reversal stress may occur. And footing beams are provided for column at foundation for more
rigidity of building and also need for the column located at boundary. Longitudinal
reinforcement in beams and columns has been calculated based on critical load combination.
Spacing of the shear reinforcement has been calculated as per the ductility criteria as defined
in IS 13920 -1993. Some sample designs are shown later on in this report.
Beams and columns have been designed using ETABS while slab, staircase and foundations
are designed manually. Samples of manual design calculation of critical slab, footings and
staircase are shown in this report in ANNEX-II: SAMPLE DESIGN CALCULATIONS. The
structural design of sections and reinforcements are presented in the drawing.

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5.1 Column design summary

Figure 5-23 : Rebar of column in Grid A

Figure 5-24 : Rebar of column in Grid B

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 Figure 5-25 : Rebar of column in Grid C

Table 5-9 : Column Design Summary

Corner
Column bar Face bar
Column Grid Floor Area
Name
nos Dia nos dia

GF 1006 4 16 4 16
A1
1st 980 4 16 4 12
C1-
350x350 2nd 980 4 16 4 12
C1- GF 980 4 16 4 16
350x350
B1 1st 980 4 16 4 12

2nd 1061 4 16 4 12
C1- C1
350x350 GF 1060 4 16 4 16
1st 980 4 16 4 12

22
 2nd 980 4 16 4 12
C1-
350x350 GF 995 4 16 4 16

1st 980 4 16 4 12

A2 2nd 980 4 16 4 12
C1-
350x350 GF 980 4 16 4 16

1st 980 4 16 4 12

B2 2nd 1026 4 16 4 12
C1-
350x350 GF 1017 4 16 4 16

1st 980 4 16 4 12

C2 2nd 1057 4 16 4 12
C2-
350x350 GF 1051 4 16 4 16

A3 1st 1302 4 16 4 16
C1-
350x350 GF 1008 4 16 4 16

1st 980 4 16 4 12

B3 2nd 1089 4 16 4 12
C1-
350x350 GF 1042 4 16 4 16

1st 980 4 16 4 12

C3 2nd 1092 4 16 4 12

For more details refer structural drawing.

23
5.2 Beam Design Summary

Figure 5-26 : Rebar in Ground floor beam

Figure 5-27 : Rebar in first floor beam

28
Figure 5-28 : Rebar in Second floor beam

25
Table 5-10 : Beam Design Summary
Diameter of Rebar
Beam
Floor Left Middle Right
ID
Top Bottom Top Bottom Top Bottom
1-A/B Ground Floor 2-16(Th)+3-12(Ext) 3-16(TH) 2-16(Th) 3-16(TH) 2-16(Th)+3-12(Ext) 3-16(TH)
1-B/C Ground Floor 2-16(Th)+3-12(Ext) 3-16(TH) 2-16(Th) 3-16(TH) 2-16(Th)+3-12(Ext) 3-16(TH)
2-A/B Ground Floor 2-16(Th)+3-12(Ext) 3-16(TH) 2-16(Th) 3-16(TH) 2-16(Th)+3-12(Ext) 3-16(TH)
2-B/C Ground Floor 2-16(Th)+3-12(Ext) 3-16(TH) 2-16(Th) 3-16(TH) 2-16(Th)+3-12(Ext) 3-16(TH)
3-A/B Ground Floor 2-16(Th)+3-12(Ext) 3-16(TH) 2-16(Th) 3-16(TH) 2-16(Th)+3-12(Ext) 3-16(TH)
3-B/C Ground Floor 2-16(Th)+3-12(Ext) 3-16(TH) 2-16(Th) 3-16(TH) 2-16(Th)+3-12(Ext) 3-16(TH)
A-1/2 Ground Floor 2-16(Th)+3-12(Ext) 3-16(TH) 2-16(Th) 3-16(TH) 2-16(Th)+3-12(Ext) 3-16(TH)
A-2/3 Ground Floor 2-16(Th)+3-12(Ext) 3-16(TH) 2-16(Th) 3-16(TH) 2-16(Th)+3-12(Ext) 3-16(TH)
B-1/2 Ground Floor 2-16(Th)+3-12(Ext) 3-16(TH) 2-16(Th) 3-16(TH) 2-16(Th)+3-12(Ext) 3-16(TH)
B-2/3 Ground Floor 2-16(Th)+3-12(Ext) 3-16(TH) 2-16(Th) 3-16(TH) 2-16(Th)+3-12(Ext) 3-16(TH)
C-1/2 Ground Floor 2-16(Th)+3-12(Ext) 3-16(TH) 2-16(Th) 3-16(TH) 2-16(Th)+3-12(Ext) 3-16(TH)
C-2/3 Ground Floor 2-16(Th)+3-12(Ext) 3-16(TH) 2-16(Th) 3-16(TH) 2-16(Th)+3-12(Ext) 3-16(TH)
1-A/B 1st floor 2-16(Th)+1-16(Ext) 2-16+1-12(Th) 2-16(Th) 2-16+1-12(Th) 2-16(Th)+1-16(Ext) 2-16+1-12(Th)
1-B/C 1st floor 2-16(Th)+1-16(Ext) 2-16+1-12(Th) 2-16(Th) 2-16+1-12(Th) 2-16(Th)+1-16(Ext) 2-16+1-12(Th)
2-A/B 1st floor 2-16(Th)+1-16(Ext) 2-16+1-12(Th) 2-16(Th) 2-16+1-12(Th) 2-16(Th)+1-16(Ext) 2-16+1-12(Th)
2-B/C 1st floor 2-16(Th)+1-16(Ext) 2-16+1-12(Th) 2-16(Th) 2-16+1-12(Th) 2-16(Th)+1-16(Ext) 2-16+1-12(Th)
3-A/B 1st floor 2-16(Th)+1-16(Ext) 2-16+1-12(Th) 2-16(Th) 2-16+1-12(Th) 2-16(Th)+1-16(Ext) 2-16+1-12(Th)
3-B/C 1st floor 2-16(Th)+1-16(Ext) 2-16+1-12(Th) 2-16(Th) 2-16+1-12(Th) 2-16(Th)+1-16(Ext) 2-16+1-12(Th)
A-1/2 1st floor 2-16(Th)+1-16(Ext) 2-16+1-12(Th) 2-16(Th) 2-16+1-12(Th) 2-16(Th)+1-16(Ext) 2-16+1-12(Th)
A-2/3 1st floor 2-16(Th)+1-16(Ext) 2-16+1-12(Th) 2-16(Th) 2-16+1-12(Th) 2-16(Th)+1-16(Ext) 2-16+1-12(Th)
B-1/2 1st floor 2-16(Th)+1-16(Ext) 2-16+1-12(Th) 2-16(Th) 2-16+1-12(Th) 2-16(Th)+1-16(Ext) 2-16+1-12(Th)
B-2/3 1st floor 2-16(Th)+1-16(Ext) 2-16+1-12(Th) 2-16(Th) 2-16+1-12(Th) 2-16(Th)+1-16(Ext) 2-16+1-12(Th)
C-1/2 1st floor 2-16(Th)+1-16(Ext) 2-16+1-12(Th) 2-16(Th) 2-16+1-12(Th) 2-16(Th)+1-16(Ext) 2-16+1-12(Th)
C-2/3 1st floor 2-16(Th)+1-16(Ext) 2-16+1-12(Th) 2-16(Th) 2-16+1-12(Th) 2-16(Th)+1-16(Ext) 2-16+1-12(Th)
1-A/B 2nd floor 2-12(TH)+1-12(Ext) 3-12(Th) 2-12(TH) 3-12(Th) 2-12(TH)+1-12(Ext) 3-12(Th)
1-B/C 2nd floor 2-12(TH)+1-12(Ext) 3-12(Th) 2-12(TH) 3-12(Th) 2-12(TH)+1-12(Ext) 3-12(Th)

30
 2-A/B 2nd floor 2-12(TH)+1-12(Ext) 3-12(Th) 2-12(TH) 3-12(Th) 2-12(TH)+1-12(Ext) 3-12(Th)
2-B/C 2nd floor 2-12(TH)+1-12(Ext) 3-12(Th) 2-12(TH) 3-12(Th) 2-12(TH)+1-12(Ext) 3-12(Th)
3-B/C 2nd floor 2-12(TH)+1-12(Ext) 3-12(Th) 2-12(TH) 3-12(Th) 2-12(TH)+1-12(Ext) 3-12(Th)
A-1/2 2nd floor 2-12(TH)+1-12(Ext) 3-12(Th) 2-12(TH) 3-12(Th) 2-12(TH)+1-12(Ext) 3-12(Th)
B-1/2 2nd floor 2-12(TH)+1-12(Ext) 3-12(Th) 2-12(TH) 3-12(Th) 2-12(TH)+1-12(Ext) 3-12(Th)
B-2/3 2nd floor 2-12(TH)+1-12(Ext) 3-12(Th) 2-12(TH) 3-12(Th) 2-12(TH)+1-12(Ext) 3-12(Th)
C-1/2 2nd floor 2-12(TH)+1-12(Ext) 3-12(Th) 2-12(TH) 3-12(Th) 2-12(TH)+1-12(Ext) 3-12(Th)
C-2/3 2nd floor 2-12(TH)+1-12(Ext) 3-12(Th) 2-12(TH) 3-12(Th) 2-12(TH)+1-12(Ext) 3-12(Th)
All floor secondary beam 3-12(Th) 3-12(Th) 3-12(Th) 3-12(Th) 3-12(Th) 3-12(Th)

Note:-Th=Throughout rebar, Ext =Extra rebar, secondary beam size=230x300 with 3 nos 12 mm bar at top and bottom

27
5.3 Slab Design Summary
Size: 125mm
Reinforcement:
Let’s provide 8mm@150mm c/c both ways with usual layouts/curtailments wherever required
For more details, refer structural drawings

5.4 Staircase Design Summary

Staircase is designed as waist slab with following design details.
Waist Slab Thickness = 125 mm,
Longitudinal reinforcement: 12 mm dia. bars@ 150mm c/c,
Transverse Reinforcement: 8 mm dia. bars @ 150mm c/c

5.5 Foundation Design Summary

The foundation is designed as Isolated footing, strap footing and Combined footing. Tie
beams are provided in two different levels one at the top level of footings (Lower Tie Beams)
and another at the plinth level (Upper Tie Beams).

Figure 5-29 : Base reaction for footing design

32
Table 5-11 : Footing Design Summary
Footing pad
Footing type Size(mm*mm) Depth(mm) Reinforcement
IF1(A-3) 1500 X1500 450 mm 12 mm bar @150 c/c both way
F1(A-2,B-3) 1900 X 1900 450 mm 12 mm bar @150 c/c both way
EF1(A-1,C-3) 1700 X 1700 450 mm 12 mm bar @150 c/c both way
CF1(B1,C1,C2,B2) 4000x4900 450 mm 16 mm bar @150 c/c both way
Combined footing at top and bottom
Strap beam
SB1(connecting F1& 350x500 6 nos 16 mm @150 c/c at top and 4 nos 16
EF1) mm @150 c/c at bottom with 3 legged 10
mm bars @150 c/c
Tie beam
LTB1 & UTB1 230 x300 Longitudinal bars: 3-12dia top & bottom
Stirrups : 2-legged 8 dia @ 6" c/c
For more details, refer structural drawing

29
 6 CONCLUSION
After the analysis of the building components, the building is found to be safe against the
gravity as well as Seismic Loads. The section sizes and reinforcements are sufficient enough
to withstand all kinds of possible axial, shear, flexural and torsional forces. The building is
designed to make it good enough to assure Life Safety under Design Basis Earthquake
considered for Zoning factor 0.35, Importance Factor 1.0 and soft soil condition as per
NBC205:2020. Bearing capacity of the soil is taken as 120 KN/m 2. M20 grade of concrete is
used for columns, beams, slabs and foundations. Ductile detailing as per IS13920:1993 has
been extensively adopted while detailing.
7 RECOMMENDATIONS
Design and construction of the structure are inter – related jobs. A performance of a building
depends upon a work and material quality during the construction more than the intensions
pursued during structural design. A large percentage of structural failures are attributed due to
poor quality of construction. Therefore, to assure the proper safety, material and work quality
should be maintained during the construction. Structural designer will be responsible for all
the designs but not for any faulty constructions happened at site beyond his supervision.
Following recommendations are made by the structural designer.
1. It is recommended to strictly follow the section sizes and reinforcements provided in the
structural drawings.
2. It is recommended that the site engineer should be responsible to handle the problems that
may arise during construction. He/she shall also be responsible for maintaining the material
and process quality during construction.
3. It is strictly recommended that any changes in the design shall be done only with the
consultation of the structural designer.
4. It is strictly recommended to maintain the standards in the grade of cement and
reinforcement steel. It is recommended to run a cube test to ensure the strength and quality of
the concrete ratio used. It is also recommended test the reinforcement steels to ensure the
quality of steel used.

30
 ANNEXES
ANNEX -I: REFERENCES
IS: 456 – 2000 Code of Practice for Plain and Reinforced Concrete

IS: 875 (Parts 1-5) Code of practice for design loads (other than earthquake)
for buildings and structures (second revision)
Part 1 – Dead loads Part
2 – Imposed load

NBC 105: 2020 Seismic Design of Buildings in Nepal

IS: 1893 – 2016 Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures

IS: 13920 - 1993 Ductile Detailing of Reinforced Concrete Structures

subjected to Seismic forces - Code of Practice

SP: 16 – 1980 Design Aids for Reinforced Concrete to IS: 456 – 1978

SP: 34 – 1987 Handbook on Concrete Reinforcement Detailing

Jain, A.K Reinforced Concrete, Limit State Design, fifth edition,

Nelam Chand and Bros, Rookie, 1999

Sinha, S. N. Reinforced Concrete Design, second edition, Tata

McGraw Hill Publishing Company Ltd, New Delhi, 1996

Pillai, U.C. and Menon,D. Reinforced Concrete Design, second edition, Tata
McGraw Hill Publishing Company Ltd, New Delhi, 2003

Neelam Sharma Reinforced cement concrete design

31
 ANNEX-II: SAMPLE DESIGN CALCULATIONS

SAMPLE BEAM DESIGN BY ETABS(C-1/2, ground Floor)

IS 456:2000 + IS 13920:2016 Beam Section Design

Beam Element Details Type: Ductile Frame (Summary)

Level Element Unique Name Section ID Combo ID Station Loc Length (mm) LLRF
GF B7 7 beam 230x350 DL+0.3LL+eqy ULS 3820 3995 1

Section Properties
b (mm) h (mm) bf (mm) ds (mm) dct (mm) dcb (mm)
230 350 230 0 40 40

Material Properties
Ec (MPa) fck (MPa) Lt.Wt Factor (Unitless) fy (MPa) fys (MPa)
22360.68 20 1 500 500

Design Code Parameters

ɣC ɣS
1.5 1.15

Factored Forces and Moments

Factored Factored Factored Factored
Mu3 Tu Vu2 Pu
kN-m kN-m kN kN
-35.2216 3.1884 39.9344 0.2128

Design Moments, Mu3 & Mt

Factored Factored Positive Negative
Moment Mt Moment Moment
kN-m kN-m kN-m kN-m
-35.2216 4.7295 0 -39.9511

Design Moment and Flexural Reinforcement for Moment, Mu3 & Tu

32
 Design Design -Moment +Moment Minimum Required
-Moment +Moment Rebar Rebar Rebar Rebar
kN-m kN-m mm² mm² mm² mm²
Top (+2 Axis) -39.9511 321 0 321 153
Bottom (-2 Axis) 0 160 0 0 160

Shear Force and Reinforcement for Shear, Vu2 & Tu

Shear Ve Shear Vc Shear Vs Shear Vp Rebar Asv /s
kN kN kN kN mm²/m
50.853 0 73.0329 22.9701 652.84

Torsion Force and Torsion Reinforcement for Torsion, Tu & VU2

Tu Vu Core b1 Core d1 Rebar Asvt /s
kN-m kN mm mm mm²/m
3.1884 39.9344 170 290 331.85

SAMPLE COLUMN DESIGN (A3-First Floor)

IS 456:2000 + IS 13920:2016 Column Section Design

Column Element Details Type: Ductile Frame (Summary)

Level Element Unique Name Section ID Combo ID Station Loc Length (mm) LLRF
1st F C7 45 C 350x350 DL+0.3LL-eqy ULS 2450 2800 1

Section Properties
b (mm) h (mm) dc (mm) Cover (Torsion) (mm)
350 350 58 30

Material Properties
Ec (MPa) fck (MPa) Lt.Wt Factor (Unitless) fy (MPa) fys (MPa)
22360.68 20 1 500 500

Design Code Parameters

33
 ɣC ɣS
1.5 1.15

Axial Force and Biaxial Moment Design For Pu , Mu2 , Mu3

Design Pu Design Mu2 Design Mu3 Minimum M2 Minimum M3 Rebar Area Rebar %
kN kN-m kN-m kN-m kN-m mm² %
41.2201 63.7937 18.397 0.8244 0.8244 1302 1.06

Axial Force and Biaxial Moment Factors

K Factor Length Initial Moment Additional Moment Minimum Moment
Unitless mm kN-m kN-m kN-m
Major Bend(M3) 0.886109 2450 -8.8025 0 0.8244
Minor Bend(M2) 0.900082 2450 6.8099 0 0.8244

Shear Design for Vu2 , Vu3

Shear Vu Shear Vc Shear Vs Shear Vp Rebar Asv /s
kN kN kN kN mm²/m
Major, Vu2 21.9034 56.3662 40.8795 21.9034 387.95
Minor, Vu3 45.5669 56.3662 40.8795 45.5669 387.95

Joint Shear Check/Design

Joint Shear Shear Shear Shear Joint Shear
Force VTop Vu,Tot Vc Area Ratio
kN kN kN kN cm² Unitless
Major Shear, Vu2 0 0 73.6115 547.8367 1225 0.134
Minor Shear, Vu3 0 0 153.5324 547.8367 1225 0.28

(1.4) Beam/Column Capacity Ratio

Major Ratio Minor Ratio
0.41 0.854

Additional Moment Reduction Factor k (IS 39.7.1.1)

Ag Asc Puz Pb Pu k
cm² cm² kN kN kN Unitless
1225 13 1590.7145 435.7978 41.2201 1

Additional Moment (IS 39.7.1)

Consider Length Section KL/Depth KL/Depth KL/Depth Ma
Ma Factor Depth (mm) Ratio Limit Exceeded Moment (kN-m)
Major Bending (M3 ) Yes 0.875 350 6.203 12 No 0
Minor Bending (M2 ) Yes 0.875 350 6.301 12 No 0

34
SAMPLE SLAB DESIGN
The design calculation of slab critical slab has been shown in sample slab design

1.0 General Data:

Depth of slab : (D) 125 mm
Grade of Concrete : (fck) 20 N/mm2
Grade of Steel : (fy) 500 N/mm2
Effective cover: (d') 20 mm
Effective depth of slab : (d) 105 mm
Effective length:
Shoter span: (lx) 3.385 m
Longer span: (ly) 3.995 m

2.0 Loading:
Dead Load: (DL) 3.125 KN/m2
Other Dead Load: (ODL) 2 KN/m2
Live Load: (LL) 2 KN/m2
Total Load: (w) 7.125 KN/m2
Factored Load: (wu) 10.6875 KN/m2

3.0 Type of slab:

1.181

Type: Two way Slab

4.0 Calculation of Moments:

Moment coefficient:
Type of Slab Panel: 4
Short span coefficient: αx
Support S 0.05867
Mid Span M 0.04405
Long span coefficient: αy
Support S 0.047
Mid Span M 0.035
Moments:

35
 Short span moments:
Support S 7.185 KN-m
Mid Span M 5.395 KN-m

Long span moments:

Support S 5.756 KN-m
Mid Span M 4.287 KN-m

5.0 Check depth for maximum Moments:

Maximum moments: Mu 7.185 KN-m
Moment coefficient: k 0.134
< 105
effective depth: d 52 mm
OK

6.0 Calculation of reinforcement:

6.1 For shorter span
Mim'm reinforcement (Ast)min 126 mm2
Design moment: Mx 7.185 KN-m
Neutral axis depth : x 10 mm
Area of steel required: Ast 164 mm2
Area of steel provided: Ø 8 mm
S 150 mm
Ast 336 mm2
Pt 0.32 %
For longer span
Effective depth d 97 mm
Mim'm reinforcement (Ast)min 117 mm2
Design moment: Mx 5.756 KN-m
Neutral axis depth : x 9 mm
Area of steel required: Ast 142 mm2
Area of steel provided: Ø 8 mm
S 150 mm
Ast 336 mm2
Pt 0.347 %

36
7.0 Check for shear stress:
Maximum shear force: Vu 18.089 KN
Shear Stress: tv 0.173 N/mm2
β 7.257
Concrete Shear Strength: tc 0.399 N/mm2
Shear Strength factor: K 1.3
Shear Strength of Slab: tc' 0.5187 > 0.173 N/mm2
OK

8.0 Check for development length:

Ultimate moment
Capacity: M1 14.12 KN-m
Maximum Shear Force: V 18.089 KN
Bond Stress: tbd 1.92 N/mm2
Development length: Ld 454 mm
Anchorage length: L0 105 mm
Available length: 1120 > Ld
OK

8.0 Check for deflection:

length to eff. Depth ratio: l/d 32.239

α 23
β 1
141.54
ϒ 2.000 for fs = 8 N/mm2
and Pt
δ 1 = 0.32 %
λ 1
Coefficient: 46.000
OK

37
SAMPLE ISOLATED FOOTING DESIGN(A-3 grid)
Given
Data
Size of column
Bc = 350 mm
Dc = 350 mm
Column Load (V) = 171.8933 KN
Bearing Capacity (qa) = 120 KN/m2
Grade of Concrete (fck) = 20 Mpa
Grade of Steel (fy)= 500 Mpa

Calculation of size of footing

wt. of foundation = 17.19 KN
Total Load (P)= 189.08 KN
Area of footing = 1.576 m2
*Note:Taking the ratio of width and length of footing same as that of column dimensions

Size of footing
L= 1.255 m
B= 1.255 m
Provided (L) = 1.500 m
Provided (B) = 1.500 m

Upward reaction (q') = 114.596 KN/m

Max'm B.M. = 18.944 KN-m

Calculation for depth of footing

B.M. = 0.134 fckbd2
depth (d)= 84 mm
Provided depth (d) = 400 mm

Check for Shear

Per. Shear Strength (τc) = 0.25√fck 1.118 N/mm2
a) Punching shear

38
 depth (d)= 400 mm
Punching shear(τ'V) = 0.161 N/mm2
Ok
Provided depth (d) = 400 mm
Overall Depth (D)= 450 mm

b) One way Shear (Calculation for no shear reinforcement)

depth (d) = 400 mm
Max'm S.F. = 20.054 KN
One way Shear (τv) = 0.050 N/mm2
Provided Ast = 0.18 %
β= 12.90
Concrete Shear strength (τc)= 0.312 N/mm2
Ok
Ast = 720 mm2

Calculation for reinforcement

Ast = 110 mm2

Ast required = 720 mm2
mm
Provided, Size = 12 dia
Spacing = 150 mm c/c
Ast Provided= 754 mm2
Ok
Area of Steel Along width
B.M. = 18.944 KN-m
Ast = 720 mm2
mm
Provided, Size = 12 dia
Spacing = 150 mm c/c
Ast Provided= 754 mm2
Ok

39
 Development Length

Bond stress(τbd)= 1.920 N/mm2

Development length (Ld)= 680 mm
Available Ld along length = 525 mm
Provide
Hook

Load Transfer from Column to Footing

Nominal bearing stress in
column = 2.105 N/mm2
Allowable bearing stress = 0.45*fck
9.000 N/mm2
Thus no additional dowel bars are required to transfer load

SAMPLE STRAP FOOTING DESIGN(B-2/4 grid)

40
1.Datas
Grade of concrete(fck)= 20 N/mm2
Strength og steel(fy)= 500 N/mm2
Size of column(C1)= 350 x 350 mm
Size of column(C2)= 350 x 350 mm
Factored load on column(P1)= 323.98 KN
Service load on column including wt (P1)
= 237.59 KN
Factored load on column(P2)= 535.66 KN
Service load on column(P2) including
wt= 392.82 KN
Distance between centre of column(s)= 3.135 m
Allowable bearing capacity(q0)= 120 KN/m2
Centre of footing 1 from property
line(x')= 0.175 m

2.Size of footing
Deternination of reactions
Distance of R1 from P1(e) 0.65 m
Distance of R1 From P2 2.485 m
Reaction at footing F1(R1) 299.73 KN
Reaction at footing F2(R2) 330.67 KN
FS against overturning
(characteristic loads ) 6.32 >1.5,OK

Dimension of Footing F2
Footing Area required for F2 3.27 m2
Size of footing F2(B2) 1.81 m
Provided size for footing F2 1.90 m Ok
Dimension of Footing F1
Area of footing A1 required 2.50 m
Length 1.70
Breadth of footing 1.70 m

3.Design of slab for footing F1

41
Depth requirement from flexural moment
Factored Soil Pressure= R/A
155.57 KN/m2 OK
width of strap beam= 0.35 m
Cantilever projection of slab= 0.68 m
Maximum moment at the face of strap KN-m per m
beam= 35.44 length
Depth required from moment criteria=

115.43 mm

Depth requirement from one way shear criteria

Vu=155.57*(0.68-d/
1000) KN
Assume % of steel= 0.17

β= 13.66

Tc= 0.31
suppose Tv<Tc
155.57*(0.68-d/1000)*1000/(d*1000)=0.31
d= 224.01 mm
adopt d= 400.00 mm
Overall depth(D)= 450.00 mm

Reinforcement in footing slab

Mu=35.44KN-m

Ast= 680.00 mm2/m

42
Bar size= 12 mm
Spacing required= 166.32 mm
Spacing Provided= 150 mm
Ast provided= 753.98 mm2
% of Ast= 0.17 OK
Provide 1.7mx1.7mx0.45m size F1 footing with 12mm bar at 150 mm spacing
c/c on both way

4.Design of slab under footing F2

Soil Pressure= P/A
137.40 KN/m2 OK
Cantilever projection of slab= 0.775 m
Maximum moment at the face of strap KN-m per m
beam= 41.26 length
Depth required from moment criteria

124.55 mm

Depth requirement from one way shear criteria

Vu=137.4*(0.775-d/
1000) KN

Assume % of steel= 0.17

β= 13.66

Tc= 0.31
suppose Tv<Tc
137.4*(0.775-d/1000)*1000/(d*1000)=0.31
d= 236.31 mm
adopt d= 400.00 mm
Overall depth(D)= 450.00 mm

Reinforcement in footing slab

43
Mu=41.26KN-m

Ast= 680.00 mm2/m

Bar size= 12 mm
Spacing required= 166.32 mm
Spacing Provided= 150 mm
Ast provided= 753.98 mm2
% of Ast= 0.17 ok
Provide 1.9mx1.9mx0.45m size F2 footing with 12mm bar at 150 mm spacing
c/c on both way

5.Design of Strap
beam

356.38 589.23

264.47 261.06

point of max negative moment from F(G) 1.35 m

Distance from
Location F shear force(KN) Moment(KN)
F 0 0.0 0.00
E-left 0.175 -46.3 4.05
E-right 0.175 310.1 4.05

44
G 1.35 0.0 -177.75
D 1.70 -93.2 -161.32
C 2.36 -93.2 -88.56
B-left 3.31 -341.2 117.80
B-right 3.31 248.0 117.80
A 4.26 0.0 0.00

Maximun positive moment 117.80 KN-m

Maximum Negative
moment Shear force 177.75 KN-m
-341.2

-93.2 -93.2
0 -46.30.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5

0.0 0.0 0.0

248.0
310.1

Bending Moment (on tension side)

-177.75
-161.32

-88.56

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5

0.004.05 0.00

117.80

45
drequired= 436.95 mm
dprovided= 450 mm
Overall depth= 500 mm

Area of steel required for positive moment

Ast= 674.26 mm2/m

Diameter of bar
adopted= 16 mm
No of bar required= 4.0
Ast provided= 804.25 mm2/m

Area of steel required for negative moment

Ast= 1100.85 mm2/m

Diameter of bar
adopted= 16 mm
No of bar required= 6.0
Ast provided= 1206.37 mm2
Min ast required= 267.75 OK

Design for shear

The critical section for shear is at left face of column C2
Vu= 295.54

Tv 1.876 N/mm2
pt= 0.511

β= 4.55

46
Tc= 0.50 N/m2
since Tc<Tv, Shear reinforcement is required
vus= 217.20 KN
Dia of bars= 10 mm
no of legged of
stirupps= 3
Spacing of stirupps= 212.346 mm
Spacing provided= 150 mm

Hence provide 350mm*500mm strap beam with 3 legged 10 mm bars at 150 c/c
spacing.

SAMPLE COMBINED/MAT FOOTING DESIGN(B-1,B-2,C-1,C-2 grid)

1 Known Data:

Grade of concrete (fck) = 20 Mpa

Grade of steel (fy) = 500 Mpa

Bearing capacity of soil (q) = 120 kN/m2

Length of foundation (L) = 4 m

Breadth of foundation (B) = 4.9 m

Total load(P)= 1267 KN

Gross Area 20 m2
(A)=
Load
Joint Comb Ultimat Workin
Story Grid o e Load g Load
kN kN X1 Y1 P*X1 P*Y1
Base B1 472.92 315.28 0 0 0.000 0.00
Base C1 303.63 202.42 3.135 0 951.880 0.00
Base C2 396.84 264.56 3.135 3.92 1244.093 1555.61
Base B2 726.74 484.49 0 3.92 0.000 2848.82
self
weight
4404.433
Total Load 1900.13 1267 2195.9735 6

47
 Center of gravity of Xg Yg
load= 1.16 2.32
2 Calculations :
1. Center of geometry[C.G.] from grid B
(Xg) = 1.31 m
(Yg) = 2.27 m

2. Center of loads[C.L.]
(XL) = 1.16 m
(YL) = 2.32 m

3. Eccentricity
Along x-direction,ex = -0.154 m
Along y-direction,ey = 0.048 m

4. Moment of inertia
Along x-direction,Ix= 39.216 m4
Along y-direction,Iy= 26.133 m4

5. Moment due to eccentricity

Along x-direction, Mx=P* ey = 60.759 kN-m

Along y-direction ,My=P* ex = -195.465 kN-m

6. Soil pressure at different points

Stress calculation in KN/m2

Join Grid X Y Pressure Remark
t (q) s
0 B1 -1.31 -2.27 70.911 OK
0 C1 1.83 -2.27 47.463 OK

48
 0 C2 1.83 1.65 53.537 OK
0 B2 -1.31 1.65 76.985 OK

Average Stress along grids in (KN/m2)

In X-direction and Y-direction, the raft is divided in 2 and 2 strips respectively, i.e. ,2
and 2 equivalent beam:
B-B 73.95
C-C 50.50
1-1 59.19
2-2 65.26

Bending moment calculations in KNm/m

Along grids
1-2
L= 4.11
B-B 187.37
C-C 127.96

B-C
l= 3.32
1-1 97.86
2-2 107.90

Depth calculated from Moment

= 265.41 mm
Factor of Safety = 1.50

Shear Check:
Shear strength of concrete t'c for M20 grade 1.11803
=0.25sqrt(fck) = N/mm2

1. For Corner column, C1

bo = d+2c = d +600

49
column load = 202.42 KN
Vu = 303630 N
Coeff of
a= 1 d
value of
b= 600 2c
c= -271574.928
d= 301.31 mm

2. For face column, C4

bo = 2d+3c = 2d +900
column load = 315 KN
Vu = 472920
Coeff of
a= 2 d
value of
b= 900 3c
c= -422992.5072
d= 286.98 mm

3. For central column B4

bo = 4d+4c = 4d + 1200
column load = 484 KN
Vu = 726740 N
Coeff of
a= 4 d
value of
b= 1200 4c
c= -650016.0168
d= 280.12 mm

effective depth provided= 400 mm

Overall depth provided= 450 mm

Area of Steel Reinforcements Required in mm2

Minmum Area of Steel Required in mm2
=0.12*1000*d/100 = 480.00

50
 Ast
Dia of bar Spacing Remark
Grid Max BM Ast required Provide
Provided Provided s
d
B-B 187.371 1,161.73 16 150 1340.41 OK
C-C 127.957 773.11 16 150 1340.41 OK
1-1 97.858 584.00 16 150 1340.41 OK
2-2 107.899 646.55 16 150 1340.41 OK

SAMPLE STAIRCASE DESIGN

1 Data
Grade of steel(fy) 500 N/mm2
Grade of concrete(fck) 20 N/mm2
Nominal cover 15 mm
diameter of main bars 12 mm
diameter of distribution bars 8 mm
Tread 250 mm
Rise 180 mm
thickness of waist slab 125 mm
Effective Depth= 104 mm
Thickness of landing slab 125 mm
support width 0.23 m

2 Load on waist slab

Inclined length per steps 0.308 m
Self weight of waist slab 0.96 KN/m
self weight of step 0.56 KN/m
total dead load 1.53 KN/m
total dead load(per m2) 6.10 KN
live load 3 KN
floor finish 1 KN
total load per sq.m. 10.10 KN
Factored load per sq.m. 15.15 KN
load per m 15.15 KN/m

3 Load on landing

51
 self weight of slab = 3.13 KN/m2
floor finish 1.20 KN/m2
live load 3.00 KN/m2
load per m sq. 7.33 KN/m2
factored load 10.99 KN/m2
load/m 10.99 KN/m

4 Crtitical Flight
4.1 Rebar calculation
span of landing A 0.38 m
span of landing B 1 m
span of flight 1.8 m
Span of landing A with support 0.495
Span of landing B with support 1.115
effective span of flight with
support 1.8
effective span 3.41
reaction at B support 16.48 kN
reaction at A support 19.64 kN
point of maximum moment(x) 1.432 m
Max.bending moment 15.03 KNm
Ast required 364.28 mm2
spacing required 310.47005 mm
spacing provided 150 mm
Ast Provided 753.98224 mm2
Providing 12mm dia. @ 150mm c/c as main rebar

4.2 Check for shear

Max Vu= 19.64
Tv 0.189 N/mm2
Pt= 0.72
β 3.20
N/
Tc 0.57 sq.mm
safe in shear

4.3 Development Length

M1= 15.03 KNm

52
 V= 19.64 KN
L0 0.144 m
Ldmax= 909.289 mm
Ld provided 679.6875 mm
OK

4.4 Deflection check

Ast Required 364.28 mm2
Ast Provided 753.98 mm2
Pt= 0.72 %
Fs 140.11
Modification Factor 1.9
a 20
L/d max= 38
L/d Provided= 32.79
Safe in deflection
5 Distribution bar
Ast required 0.12*b*D
150
spacing required 335.10
Spacing provided 150
Providing 8mm dia. @ 150mm c/c as distribution
rebar

SAMPLE BEAM COLUMN CAPACITY CHECK

Column Capacity
of grid B2
Grade of
concrete 20
size of column= 350 350
Clear cover 40

Column of Ground floor

Factored column axial load 715.49 KN
pu/fck*b*d 0.29
No of Rebar % of
No of bar Bar dia bar Bar dai area reabr
4 16 4 16 1607.68 1.31
Asc 1.31

53
Now,p/fck= 0.066 d'/b 0.11
Mu/fck*b*D2= 0.15

Column of First floor

Factored column axial load 457.18 KN

pu/fck*b*d 0.19
No of Rebar % of
No of bar Bar dia bar Bar dai area reabr
4 16 4 12 1256 1.03
Asc 1.03

Now,p/fck= 0.051 d'/b 0.11

Mu/fck*b*D2= 0.13

Moment carrying capacity of column

M= 240.1 KN-m

Beam Capacity B-2/3

Width of Beam(b)= 230 mm
Overall
depth(D)= 350 mm
Clear cover(cc)= 25 mm
Effective cover(d')= 41 mm
Effective depth(d)= 309 mm

Materials
Grade of concrete(fck)= 20 N/mm2
grade of
steel(fy)= 500 N/mm2
Beam A-1/2
area(mm
location no dia no dia ) %
Top 2 16 3 12 741.4159 1.04
Bottom 3 16 603.1858 0.85
Effective span 3995 mm

Calculation of hogging moment

p(t) 1.04
Pc 0.85

54
d'/d 0.133
From table of Sp16
Mu/Bd2 3.7
Hogging
moment= 81.25 KN-m

Calculation of Sagging moment

p(t) 0.85
Pc 1.04
The contribution of the compressive steel is ignored while calculating the sagging moment
capacity as T-beam. Referring to Annex G of IS: 456-2000, sagging moment capacity at A for xu <
Df and xu < xu,max may be calculated as given below.
bf 1446.08 mm
3

Sagging moment 78.34 KN-m

Beam Capacity B-1/2

Width of Beam(b)= 300 mm
Overall
depth(D)= 350 mm
Clear cover(cc)= 25 mm
Effective cover(d')= 41 mm
Effective depth(d)= 309 mm

Materials
Grade of concrete(fck)= 20 N/mm2
grade of
steel(fy)= 500 N/mm2
Beam A-1/2
area(mm
location no dia no dia ) %
Top 2 16 3 12 741.4159 1.04
Bottom 3 16 603.1858 0.85
Effective span 3920 mm

Calculation of hogging moment

p(t) 1.04
Pc 0.85

55
d'/d 0.133
From table of
Sp16
Mu/Bd2 3.7
Hogging
moment= 105.98 KN-m

Calculation of Sagging moment

p(t) 0.85
Pc 1.04
The contribution of the compressive steel is ignored while calculating the sagging moment
capacity as T-beam. Referring to Annex G of IS: 456-2000, sagging moment capacity at A for xu <
Df and xu < xu,max may be calculated as given below.
bf 1507.33 mm
3

Sagging moment 78.45 KN-m

ΣMb 184.32 KN-m

ΣMc 240.1
ΣMc/ΣMb= 1.30 >1.2,ok As per NBC

56