Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Revision Package
Revision Package
Revision Package
SCHOOL
1 mark for the point and 1 mark for its expansion – for explain, describe
1 mark for point, 1 mark for expansion and 1 mark for result – for discuss
1
1 mark for point, 1 mark for development1, 1 mark for development2, 1 mark
for conclusion – for assess, evaluate, analyse
1. Arable farming :It has good fertile soils and enough rainfall e,g. Limpopo soils
2. Pastoral farming: It has good pastures, the vegetation is mixed tree and bush
savanna (mophane, mosunyana, morula etc)
3. Mining which creates employment e.g. Minerals mined are Coal in Morupule and
copper-nickle in Selibe Phikwe.
5. Tourism because of historical sites , game reserves e.g. Mmokolodi & Mashatu
game reserve, Matsieng, Lentswe la baratani etc
1. Tourism: the main attraction is wildlife, e,g. Khutse, Central Kalahari Gam
reserves
2. Arable farming: rainfall ranges from low in the Ghanzi area to high in the
Pandamatenga area. In some areas arable farming is limited due to poor soils
4. Veld products collection e.g; morama, wild berries, sengaparile, mosukujane etc
1. Tourism: due to abundance of wildlife :e,g. chobe national park, boating cruize at
the Chobe river, the sedudu island etc
2
4. Arable farming due to good soils and rain e.g. horticulture
1. Abundance of surface water provides them with water reeds for construction of
shelter
Pollution
2. Death of marine species; plants and animals that live in water will suffocate and
die
3. Global warming; green house gases such as CO2 emmitted into the atmospere will
eventually lead to the depletion of the ozone layer which will result in global
temperatures rising
4. Spread of respiratory diseases; air pollution leads to contamination of the air. E.g.
Athsma
5. Acid rain; the pollutants in the air will mix with rain water and cause it to be
acidic thus leading to acid rain
Poaching
1. Extinction of some animal species due to over hunting e.g. those which are
endangered
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2. Disturbs ecosystem. The food chain will be affected. Sometimes poachers can
cause veld fires
3. Scares away tourists. Some of the animal species which attract tourists will be
finished and the tourists will visit other places or destinations
Deforestation
1. Causes soil erosion; plants and trees are wind breakers and if they are cut it will
be easy for the soil to be washed away
3. Depletion of ozone layer, plants use CO2 from the atmosphere to make their own
food, when they are cut then there will be a lot CO2 in the atmosphere which
contributes to global warming. Burning of the veld also increases this CO2 in the
atmosphere
4. Loss of habitat; some animal species will not have a place where to live
5. Loss of food; plant species are a source of food to different types of animals e.g
herbivores
6. Desertification; continuous soil erosion will deplete the soil and lead to it being
unproductive
3. It ensures that the ecosystem is not interfered with negatively; measures will be
put in place to deal with or address the identified negative impact
6. It ensures that the views of the public are taken on board before implementing
development projects
4
7. It protect other environmental users (animals and people)
1. They have educated people about the environmental care (how to use resources
e.g. Thusanyo Lefatsheng educating people on how to harvest natural resources)
2. They have managed to guard against misguided projects especially those which
are not environmentally friendly e.g. dragging of the Boro river
1. Carried out conservation activities at grassroots level e.g. litter picking campaigns
5. Did not give enough education to the community e.g. Churches, Dikgosi do not
take part
5
Evaluate the role of government in environmental conservation.
1. Managed to set up national parks and game reserves to protect wild animals
3. Set up Department of Wildlife and National Parks to take care of wild animals
POPULATION DYNAMICS
2. Stage of child bearing: (Teenage pregnancy, early marriage)- One starts bearing
children at an early age and by the time one reaches menopause one has many
children
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3. Virility of men: Men prove their virility by having so many children
4. Use of children as labour: Families have large numbers of children so that they
can use them as labour in their fields and cattle posts.
5. Use of children as security: Parents had many children so that children can take
care of them while old
6. Religious beliefs: The Roman Catholics do not agree to the use of condoms and
this results in more pregnancies thus more children.
9. Immigration : When many people come into the country population increases
7
Explain possible solutions to rapid population growth
4. Population policy; e.g; one child policy in China to reduce population growth
5. Delay marriage; child bearing would start later in a couples live and hence reduce
population growth
1. Land –use;
- conflict between mining and settlements,
- Industries and environmentalits (pollution)
- Developments; people being moved infavour of some developments,
- Wildlife and setlements (damage done by animals)
2. Overpopulation (shortage of resources): e.g land will get degraded and will force
people to fight over the use of limited land which will be degraded/leading to people
competing or fighting over limited resources
6. Lack of access/Denied right of use: when some people deny others the use of
naturals resources conflicts do occure e.g CKGR issue where by Basarwa were
fighting with government.
7. Ownership of natural resources/belonging: when people fight over land each one
of them is claiming right to it.
8. Little or not benefit from the resources; The Niger delta, Kabinda in Angola.
8
9.Lack of consultation on the use of natural resources: sometimes government or
individuals carry out projects without consulting relevant stakeholders and this
creates problems.
Describe ways of resolving conflict arising from the use of scarce resources by
communities.
2. Strict government policies: enforce anti pollution laws and punish those who
pollute
4. Support NGOs that are concerned with environmental conservation e.g. Thusanyo
Lefatsheng
5. Dialogue government and communities should hold talks face to face about
importance of preserving natural resources.
6. Government should work hand in hand with other stakeholders to find solutions
to environmental problems
1. Poor infrastructure
2. Unemployment
4. Poverty
5. Medical reasons
6. Fear of witchcraft
7. Diseases
8. Wars
9
Explain factors that could have forced Zimbabweans to migrate into Botswana.
2.Poverty: people are not able to meet their basic needs so they move away to
search for a better life.
4.Low agricultural production: this has pushed the Zimbabweans out because there
is lack of food.
6.Depreciation of the currency: this pushes people out because their money cannot
buy basic needs.
7.Lack of basic commodities: those with money have to go out to buy basic
commodities.
2.Abundance of cheap labour which benefit local industries e.g herdboys, domestic
workers
OR
has brought competition for employment. Locals suffer because theirr jobs have
been taken by Zimbabweans.
3.Increased market for local businesses which Zimbabweans buy from and take
products back to their country of origin
OR
At the same time as the Zimbabweans come to buy products in Botswana they
spread diseases. Zimbabweans have also overstreached the government resources
e.g repatration of Zimbabweans and medical bills.
10
Discuss five effects of rural-urban migration on rural areas (source areas).
1. Brain drain: skilled people leave rural areas for towns thus reducing productivity
in rural areas
3. Decline in economic activities: e.g. Agriculture decline due to the fact that able
bodied migrate to urban areas leaving agricultural production in the hands of the
young and old, thus reducing production.
4. Family breakdown e.g. spouses leave their partners back in rural areas and both
of them indulge in extra marital affairs.
5. Gender and age imbalance: rural areas would have more females and also the
young and old while the able-bodied men have left for urban areas.
6. Spread of diseases e.g. extra marital relationships may spread diseases such as
HIV/Aids
8. Remittances: those who migrate to urban areas may get employment and bring
wages back to their homes in rural areas ( developing and taking care of their
families)
9. Reduces pressure on available resources: few people will remain and this
reduces pressure on resources such as water, land etc
10. Trickle down effect e.g. new skills, ideas, technology brought back from towns
to rural areas by those who might have migrated.
11. Increases dependent population as breadwinners leave the young and old
behind
12. Loss of culture as some of the things copied including behaviour may conflict
with the values of people in rural areas.
1. Age: Able bodied (working population) mostly move to urban areas leaving the
dependent population behind (the old and children)
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2. Sex: Both men and women equally move to urban areas mostly looking for
employment and better lifestyle
1. Loss of culture
2. Increased crime
Discuss how the youth can help to address the problem of unemployment in
rural areas.
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1. Self employment by setting up industries and this would help to create
employment
Positives:
2. Create employment
3. Improves infrastructure
4. Research opportunities
5. Training opportunities
Negatives:
1. Loss of life
2. Loss of breadwinners
6. Funeral expenses
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8. Stigmatisation/discrimination
1. To identify changes in the structure of population and causes for those changes
3. To collect data which will be used in planning in social and economic sectors e.g.
Agriculture, Health etc
5. Census data can be used to identify where developments are needed most
6. To know the total number of people in the country so as to balance resources with
population
FAMILY
3. Sense of identity/belonging/pride
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4. Promote adult life;
7. Peaceful co-existance; Through upholding morals and values people will respect
each other and live in peace.
1. Education: Equips both genders with same skills [ with the skills achieved
everybody can perform any task. ]
6. Globalisation/cultural influence:
Technology: enable everybody to perform difficult and heavy tasks.
Copied trends: e,g; men can cook
Women leaders/Female family heads
Gender:
a) Male
3. Ploughing, hunting
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4. Provider (bread winner)
5. Provides shelter
b) Female
1. Cooking, washing
2. Sweeping (cleaning)
3. Bird scaring
2. Promotes cultural tolerance: people get to accept other peoples culture whom
they are married to.
3. Broadens cultural knowledge: married couples can learn each others cultural
elements.
4. Prevent tribalism
2. Provide care: Taking care of the sick ( bathing them and feeding them)
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4. Provide support: counselling, moral, emotional, material and financial
support.
5. Encourage family members to marry and stick to one partner (to reduce the
spread of HIV/AIDS)
1.Availing literature to the children: such as books, video cassettes, DVDs and
brochures.
4.Rules and regulations at family level: parents should monitor the activities of the
children so that they did not indulge in sexual activities at an early stage.
1. Divorce
2. Poverty
3. Natural disasters
4. Wars
5. Diseases
6. Property disputes
8. Witchcraft
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9. Religious intolerance
2. Old Age Homes: Old people no longer taken care of by relatives when they get old,
now they are taken to Old Age homes to be taken care of by Government.
3. Street Children: No one to discipline and take care of children at home, so they
end up in streets to fend for themselves.
6. Small families: Couples opt not to have large number of children due to high
standards of living.
1.Nuclear family: changing from extended to nuclear family reduces family ties in
that these days people only associate only with their immediate family members.
Extended family members no longer care for each other and this result in juvenile
delinquency, street children, destitudes etc.
2.Nuclear families are easily manageable since they are small and therefore lead to
reduced conflicts.
5.Divorce: since one of the parents may abidicate his/her responsibilities and this
may put emotional stress, fiinancial stress on the children and the available parent.
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7.Cohabitation: creates a feeling of anxiety and this may result in passion killings,
may bring legal battles due to breach of promise or inheritance.
8.Gender inequality: this has helped to bring equality between men and women in
the running of the family, family roles are gender neutral.
10.Destitution
NATION BUILDING
Negative;
6. Batswana were captured e.g. women and children and strong men
Positive;
1. New military tactics were learnt e.g. settling on hill tops for defence
2. Trade was started with settlers e.g. buying of guns for defence
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5. A period of nation building because this is a period when merafe came together
for common defence.
5. Shortage of land
Explain how the Boers threatened the lands of Batswanan between the 1840s
and 1880s.
1. Wanted labourers to work for them e.g. wanted to disarm Sechele to force his
people to work for them
2. Encroachment into the land of Batswana because they wanted to take their lands
e.g. Boers crossed the Vaal River and settled in Eastern Botswana
1. Fear that the Boers and Germans may merge and take over the Bechuanaland
2. Protecting the Road to the North: where British expected to transport labour and
minerals and spread their religion.
4. Protection of the Batswana from the Boers: e.g. Boers had already taken land
belonging to Botswana (Stellaland and Goshen)
5. Discovery of Gold in Tati and Diamonds in Kimberly: opened hope for finding
more minerals.
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7. Missionary influence ; so that they do their mission work freely without the
interference of the Boers.
1. Resident Commissioner had legal authority over Dikgosi: that is Dikgosi had to
obey his instructions
3. Kgosi would rule with the consent of Tribal Councils; no longer with the consent
of his morafe
1. It created law courts called Tribunals which did not allow merafe to participate
during trials.
2. Kgosi could not try major cases such as murder, rape and treason, they had to be
tried by Magistrate court
3. Stripped the powers of the dikgosi which they had over their people
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Describe the roles played by Batswana Dikgosi in preventing a takeover by the
British South Africa Company (BSACo.) activities
1. They saved the lands of Batswana from being taken by the Ndebeles and Kololo’s
even the Boers e.g. Kgosi Makaba and Kgari died trying to save the lands
2. They joined forces to defeat Boers e.g. In 1852 at Battle of Dimawe Sechele,
Mosielele and Gaseitsewe joined forces
4. They sued the British government for introducing proclamations e.g. Bathoen II
and Tshekedi Khama
1. Legacy of colonialism
4. Cultural differences
5. Illegal Immigrants
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6. Passion killings
7. HIV/AIDS
Answers:
2. Unites people
5. Convey important messages about the nation e.g. national anthem convey history,
culture and vision of the nation.
5. Criticised colonial government for low salaries, poor education and health
facilities
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LEGCO
4. Formed basis for formation of political parties e.g. BDP, BNF etc which led the
country to independence
6. Driving force for political education to citizens e.g. respect for national symbols
The spirit of nationalism brought changes in the lives of Africans. Discuss how
nationalism affected the lives of Batswana.
4.some cultural groups were assimilated e.g. Batswapong and Bangwato, Bayei and
Batawana.
5.paved way for independence; different tribes put their differences away for the
same mission of gaining independence.
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7.instills sense of belonginess/cultural identity
8.promote tolerance
1. Can be used as a tool of destruction e.g. prompted Genocide in Rwanda and Sudan
2. Can be used to promote apartheid e.g. in South Africa it was used to deny blacks
all their rights
3. Can be used to fuel conflicts e.g. Religious nationalism resulted in terrorist attacks
in USA
1. Unites people
2. Black and white represent the two racial group working together to develop the
nation
1. It strives for unity and peace ( …ka kutlwano le kagisano, e bopagantswe mmogo.)
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3. It encourages the nation to work together to preserve the national heritage
Coat of Arms
1. Shows identity/love/pride/patriotism
POSITIVES
1. NGOs such as Emang Basadi have succeeded in lobbying Government to
change policies which discriminate against women e.g marriage Act
NEGATIVE
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1. Can exaggerate issues e.g. removal of Basarwa from CKGR by Survival
International
3. Created conflicts between parents and their children e.g. Childline Botswana
5. Most of them are based in urban areas e.g. Somarelang Tikologo, KCS
Positives
2.Encourages women to support one another and stop being jealous towards each
other e.g voting each other during National Elections
3.Promote proper upbringing of children e,g Botswana has managed to protect child
rights and sensitise cchildren on their rights
6.As a women lobby or watch group, Emang Basadi is one of those groups that
advocated for a 30% quata for women in Botswana National Assembly.
Negatives
8.It has created conflicts at family level since some women no longer respect their
husdands because of equality which is preached by Emang Basadi.
9.Emang Basadi does not reach women in rural areas so they do not benefit from
their help.
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2. Advices government in tribal matters
7. Preservation of land
8. Custodian of culture
2. Introduction of harsh colonial laws which undermined chiefs e.g. hut tax,
proclamations
7. Colonial education
11. Political experience gained e.g. from World War II and mines
Botho:
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1. Teaches acceptable behaviour
Democracy:
1. Places people on same level (equality)
Development:
1. Mobilise country’s resources for the upliftment of people’s standard of living
Self reliance
1. Encourages people to be independent and avoids dependence on others
4. Promotes patriotism
5. Increase level of goods and services and makes everyone to have enough
Unity
2. Promotes stability
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3. Recognition of all groups
7. Poverty
8. HIV/Aids
9. Crime
12. Corruption.
CITIZENSHIP IN BOTSWANA
3.settlement: people who came into and settled in an area before independence
6.through adoption/ registratio e.g marriage; a non Tswana child being adopted by a
Tswana parent(s).
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3. Patriotic: having love for his country
8. Pays tax
1.Through advocacy, Emang Basadi has made women aware of their rights. Child
line also fights agaist the abuse of children/education: Ditshwanelo teaches people
about their rights.
Families have broken up due to influence from these organisations
2.Caring: SOS helps to care for homeless children and those with disabilities.
NGO’s can promote dependency syndrome
3. Legal representation: NGO’s like Ditswanelo represent people or speak for people
whose human rights are being abused by either the government or some
individuals.
4.Sponsorship: NGO’s sponsor workshops which are invilved with educating people
about their human rights.
5.Lobbying: NGO’s criticise whoever is abusing the human rights of some people or a
group of people e.g survival internation on the plight of Basarwa
Lobbying can also tarnish the image of a country a country(over exaggeration of
issues)
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7.Mostly based in urban areas: so fail to reach those in rural areas.
1. Has improved the lives of citizens by providing health services like clinics and
hospitals
5. Has managed to protect basic human rights of citizens e.g right to life, right to
health
6. Has protected citizens from internal and external enemies e.g. through BDF and
Police
1. Language: In the past people could be identified by the language they spoke,
nowadays people can speak many languages. Therefore modern attributes such as
passport, ID are used to identify people
2. Location: Ward could easily identify a particular group in the past, but nowadays
people can locate any where they want. So modern attributes are used instead.
3. Age Regiments: People could identify themselves by the names they were given
during Bogwera and Bojale, but nowadays these initiation schools have been
replaced by modern schools where modern attributes are used.
5. Food: Food could be used to identify people e.g. Bakalanga were associated with
Delele, but nowadays people eat different food e.g. Modern food such as rice.
6. Dress: They way people dressed could identify them, but nowadays people were
modern clothes so modern attributes such as Passport, ID, National anthem,
currency are used.
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7.location/ward; was made of people who are related e.g. Kgosing ward for the
Kgosi’s relatives.
1. Youth parliament
2. Crime: This has increased due to the exchange of ideas with other foreign
criminals. There are now cases of well planned robberies in Botswana and
the robbers even have firearms which they get from outside the country.
5. Spread of Diseases: (ie; HIV/AIDS, SARS, H1N1, etc. These stretches the
government’s budget. They also have reduced human resource (trained and
qualified personnel)
6. Brain drain: Most Batswana students who go for training outside do not
come back. They get jobs abroad. Also some Batswana go for greeener
pastures abroad, e,g; Batswana nurses.
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7. Influx of illegal immigrants: These people are expensive to keep and
repatriate
2. Aid with strings attached – has left government with huge debts
4. Dumping site for cheap, low quality and second hand produts.
7. Local market saturated: Trade - foreign products in the market (cars, food,
clothing and electronics).
Chinese ( selling everything including local mechandise)
8. Fly-by-night investors: The investors enjoy the tax holiday and take the
profits to their countries.
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1.Language: trading with other people from outside has lead Batswana to learn
languages of their trading parters for effective communication e.g English.
Cultural exchange/loss of culture: may lead to copying of bad traits of other people’s
culture e.g prostitution, homosexuality or local culture may be enriched e.g
technology like the use of modern transport, use of air cons etc
4.Recognition of Human Rights e.g some locals started to lobby for human rights as
it is done internationally e.g Marriage Act, Citicenship Act.
Has also brought moral decay.
5.social welfare programmes are in place e.g orphanages like SOS, old age
pension(tandabala)
3. Distribution of resources basing on national needs rather than on tribal needs e.g.
allocation of land. Every Motswana can apply for a plot anywhere in Botswana.
4. Allowing all tribes to have a say in decision making e.g. Referendum (patlo
maikutlo)
5. Allowing different tribes cultural expression and the formation of cultural groups
e.g. SPIL. They can freely showcase their culture.
GLOBAL CITIZENRY
1. Loss of life: this lead to reduction of population e.g more than 3000 people were
killed during the Sptember 11 2001 terrorist attacks in New York (USA).
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2. Destruction of property/environment:e.g terrorist often destroy airplanes,
airports, bridges, trains, and mails leading to high expenditure on recontraction.
Destruction of the land leading to pollution.
6. Disruption of peace and stability: which leads to war as some countries fight back
e.g the USA and the Taliban government of Afganistan leading to racial/religious
hatred.
10.instruments of liberation since people believe that for them to e listened to they
need to engage in acts of terrorism to register the concerns of the aggrieved parties.
11.Can cause a change in policy e.g Americans are now cooperating with other
countries to fight terrorism.
1. Acceleration of soil erosion due to bare ground leading to low yield to farmers
2. Loss of flat land as dongas and gullies develop, spoils the beauty of the landscape
4. More floods due to bare lands, plants help hold water thus avoiding floods
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8. Enhances tourism
1. Leads to floods
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2. Patrol ceasefire zones between fighting factions;this helps to sustain peace in the
affected region.
3. Monitor the disarmament of local troops; this helps to avoid the killing of people
or multilating of people
5. Responsible for transporting aid e.g. food, medical supplies to affected areas
Discuss role played by institutions in sustaining human life, dignity and peace.
1. Provides relief to those in need like the poor e.g. clothes, medicine
2. Helps people during wars with shelter, food, e.g. wounded soldiers
Amnesty International
38
Southern African Development Community (SADC)
GOVERNANCE
4. Holding of elections
5. Voting
1. Declares Botswana as a sovereign state: thus it shall rule itself without any
external interference
2. States the rights and freedoms of people that are protected e.g. right to life
3. States that power is separated into three branches: Executive, Legislature and
Judiciary
4. Specifies how and when elections should be held e.g. every after 5 years
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5. Establish Botswana as a democratic country e.g. leaders must be elected by
citizens
6. States issue of citizenship e.g. how one can become a Motswana and renounce
citizenship
Executive
3. Propose new laws, amendment of old laws e.g. the liquor Act
Legislature
1. Make and amends existing laws e.g. marriage Act of 1975 amended in 1st May
2005, Traffic Act.
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Judiciary
2” reading in the parliament: debate are allowed at this stage and members vote to
approve or reject
6. Committee stage: where the bill is discussed in details and changes are made and
vote is taken
3d reading in the parliament: members then vote for or against the bill
8. If,voted for, the bill becomes an Act of Parliament awaiting the president to sign
10. If the president refuses to sign the bill, it is returned to parliament to undergo
the stages again.
1. Government can be sued by civil society e.g. Unity Dow case over the citizenship
act
2. The government power to change the constitution is limited e.g. it has consult
people through national referendums and if majority disagree, the government can’t
change.
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3. The president has powers beyond all the branches e.g. signs the bills, can give
clemency
4. Judiciary is not that independent because it is under the office of the President
5. President can make decisions that cannot be questioned e.g. can declare war
Advantages(strengths):
5. Encourages accountability/consultation
6. Encourages broad based political parties e.g. BDP as opposed to regional based
parties e.g. MELS
Disadvantages(weaknesses):
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10. Party that wins may not necessarily mean it has highest votes.
3. Jealousy
6. Cultural/historical factors
Media
Ombudsman
1. Enhances accountability as public officers will know that any wrongdoing will be
reported
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3. Encourages good relationships between public officers and those they supervise
3. Builds confidence on local and foreign investors and this promotes investments
and civic peace.
4. Teaches people about the dangers of corruption on the economy of this country in
order to have a corrupt free society.
5.It promotes trasparency; any action by any official with authority should not be
taken in secrecy e.g tendering for projects should be transparent or open to all
qualifying person. It should be done according to government stipualated
procedures.
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7. Offers practical assistance e.g. legal assistance
2. Have made sure that the government does not overstep its mandate
4. Have provided some checks and balances or guard against abuse of power by
government
3. Minimises corruption
(CONSTITUTIONAL DEMOCRACY)
2. There is multi-party system i.e. many political parties stand for elections
4. There is accountability e.g. leaders and responsible and explain their intentions
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6. People can criticise the government without fear
1. No free & fair regular elections; Only one party allowed and people forced to elect
that party.
4. Dictators make laws without any consultation and control the courts
6. No transparency
7. Corruption
8. Use of force; to scare and intimidate or even kill people who disagree with the
government
9. No consultation
Similarities
3. Have government
Differences
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1. Elections 1. No elections
3.In a constitutional democracy all people are equal before the law whereas ina
monarchy some people are above the law.
6.In a constitutional democracy there opposition parties and civil societies whereas
an a monarchy opposition parties and civil societies are prohibited.
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
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2. Helps in opening routes for trade;Exchange of goods
3. Respect for International law; Obey rule of law and international law to protect
image of Botswana
4. Respect for Human rights; Protection of rights of citizens of Botswana and citizens
of other countries
5. Non interference (soveignity); Does not want to interfere in the internal affairs of
other countries without being asked and Botswana does not want other countries to
interfere in her internal affairs.
7. Respect for territorial Integrity; Does not want to claim the land that does not
belong to her/respect boarders of other states.
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i. Helps countries in sustaining peace in the world and promotes unity among
countries-therefore countries have mutual understanding on issues to avoid
war. E.G. botswana vs Namibia over Sedudu Island.
ii. Helps in opening routes for trade- as countries are dependent on each other
in the exchange of goods.
iii. Assistance e.g. monetary and material aid (loans/grants and food)-countries
can benefit from receiving aid/ loans in order to develop their countries.
iv. Promotes economic development e.g receiving funding for development
projects
v. Cooperation: Common approach to World issues/goals e.g Millenium Devt.
Goals, World peace, Enironmental Conservation .et.c.
vi. Promotes exchange of skills/ technology (Cultural exchange)
(a) Regional
i. Taking part in SADC summits/ meetings
ii. Signing regional agreemens e.g. OKAVANGO (Okavango River Basin Water
Commission)
iii. Mediating in conflicts e.g. in the Democratic Republic of Congo
iv. Hosted refugess who were fleeing from wars in their countries
(b) Continental
I. Participated in a number of peace keeping missions e.g. 1993
Botswana soldiers went to somalia
II. Attends AU meetings
III. Signed agreements such as the African Nuclear Free Zone Treaty
(c ) International
I. Is a signatory to the UN and other international organisations
4. Loans e.g. Trans Kalahari built through a loan from Arab States
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6. Scholarship/education
7. Natural disasters
11.Few diplomatic missions: this stalls the expansion of the international relations.
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I. Imposes economic sanctions (financial, technological,goods sanctions) to
countries
II. Military intervention e.g. UN peace keeping forces( peace keeping
mission(UNAMIS)United Natons Advance Mission-mediating talks in
Sudan(North-South Sudan conflict)
III. Diplomacy- banning any political or diplomatic relations
I. Trial leaders who violate basic human rights e.g. Charles Taylor Liberian
President
II. Settle cases/ conflicts between countries e.g. Botswana vs Namibia over
Sedudu Island.
Positives
I. Botswana has signed treaties and agreements.
II. Has a foreign policy guideline
III. Mediation in conflicts e.g. in the DRC
Negatives
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1. Inheritance: Only boys are allowed to inherit major property like land and cattle
and the surname. Girls are only given pots etc
2. Leadership: This was only reserved for males in most tribes in Botswana. They
believe that women cannot be good leaders
3. Education: Only the boys were allowed to finish school, with girls there is a belief
that they would get married and be taken care of by their husbands. Separate
schools for boys and girls (Bogwera and Bojale)
4. Provider in the family: Society strongly believes that it is the men who should
provide for the families. They should look for employment while the women stay at
home to look after children and cultivate the fields.
5. Division of labour: Boys and girls grow up knowing that they have different
responsibilities e.g. men do jobs that require muscles while girls do light jobs e.g.
cooking
6. Bereavement: e.g. mourning during death of a spouse it is only the women who
are required to put on a mourning dress for a certain period while men do not.
9. Societal values; Sex preference ( during child bearing) and child naming.
Using examples, show how elements of culture differ from one group to
anotherin Botswana.
2.dress: Baherero put on long heavy dresses with head scarves shaped like horns
4.technology: the mortar in the southern part of Botswana is taller while the one
used in the norther part is shorter.
1. Intermarriages
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2. Food exhibitions
3. Cultural festivals
7. Dress code
8. Language
9. Story telling
10. Museums
1. Identity/Belonging
2. Morality/Socialisation/Botho
3. Unity/Peace/Cooperation
4. Pride
6. Promote democracy;
7. Promote tourism;
8. Hinders development;
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1. Some Batswana have changed from traditional way of dress to modern
clothes e.g Some Batswana who used to wear clothes made from animal skins now
wear clothes made from cotton which they buy from shops and as a result some of
the traditional attire is slowly disappearing.
2. Batswana have adopted some foreign languages : they mix their local languages
with foreign languages such as English, Afrikaans e.g Setswana has borrowed and
acquired words from English such as ‘motorokara for ; Borrowed and acquire words
from other languages; Accent has changed and local language mixed with English
5. Tools; Agriculture; use of highly mechanised tools from simple tools, use of
animals as draught power
5. It helps to preserve culture e.g. tape recorder used are stored and will be seen by
future generations
7.creates cultural clashes e.g. sexually straight shaming sexually not straight
8.media has eroded the setswana culture e.g. children now sing hip hop
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Discuss how globalisation has affected national culture in Botswana.
2. Women are no longer housewives; they are now professionals and hold top jobs
3. Traditionally women put on long dresses but now they put on short dresses
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Evaluate the impacts of culture in promoting national principles.
Democracy:
1. Many sayings/proverbs have promoted democracy e.g. Mmua lebe o bua la gagwe
Self reliance:
1. Some cultural forms have encouraged self reliance e.g. Molaletsa, Letsema
4. Every culture produced its own tools e.g. Dikika, ditlatlana, dinkgwana
5. Some sayings have encouraged self reliance e.g. Mpha mpha o a lapisa
Unity:
Botho:
1. Cultural practices have promoted Botho e.g. greeting of elders using both hands
Development
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3. Cultivation of skills and knowledge through initiation skills
Discuss the need for cultural tolerance, space, appreciation and liberty in the
world.
1. To promote peace
2. To prevent discrimination
3. To avoid wars
4. To promote cooperation
1.It promotes nation building/it promotes peaceful co-existance thus unity and
peace
2.It leads to cultural indentity e.g all Batswana can identify with certain cultural
aspects such as music and food/It brings about pride which helps people to practice
their culture freely.
3.It helps to preserve culture in that people will know their culture and pass it to the
younger generation.
4.It broadens cultural knowledge/exchange of other people which will lead to
cultural appreciation/aculturalisation.
5.It boosts development: where there is tolerance people work towards one goal to
develop their country.
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2. Availability of natural resources; to be exploited and be exported to attract
foreign exchange.
7. Entrepreneurship;
3. Provision of infrastructure e.g. serviced land and this makes it easy for people
who want to invest
1.Country is open to foreign investment: e.g too many Chinese shops in the country,
BEDIA marketing the country internationally.
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3.Privatisation ofgovernment sectors: not much education has been given to
Batswana
7.Empowers Batswana e.g reserving some businesses for Batswana only like
operating like operating public transport. This helps to reduce competion from
international companies
2. Revenue in the form of taxation: thus taxation helps the government to run the
affairs of the country
3. Provides employment to the locals and this helps to improve their standard of
living
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2.Source of government revenue: agricultural products such as beef are sold to the
European Union countries.
4.It has multiplier effect: when BMC wa set up in Lobatse other industries also came
into being in the country e.g tannaries. (promote other industries – economic
diversification)
5.Infrastructure development: e.g the income from meat industry is used to develop
the country.
6.Food security: this helps to create or produce food locally thus self sufficiency.
1.Provision of finance to the agriculural sector e.g through CEDA young farmers are
funded.
3.Political stability: through democracy farmers enjoy peace tranquility when they
practice their capitalism.
6.Incentives like tax holiday: e.g new companies may be excused from paying tax for
their machinery imports.
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9.No monitoring by government: farmers cultivate their field with the help from
government but later after cultivating they do not any reason to produce.
10.Agricultural products prices controlled by BAMB/monopoly of prices: this makes
farmers to be slow in producing as they do not see any reason to produce.
4. Lack of capital; to expand existing industries and to buy equipment and inputs
6. High utility costs; expensive electricity, phone and water bills leading to low
profits
7. Competitition from well established foreign industries. This leads to low profits
for local industries.
1. Diverts investment e.g. when profit is not invested back but used for wrong
purposes
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3. Delays economic growth e.g. if profits are not invested back: money that is ear
marked for projects is going to be diverted and used for prsonal purprses by
corrupt officials so money will not be used for its intended purposes.
5.Investors are scared away because no investor wants to put their money where
he/she is going to loose it because of corruption.
6.It inflates/prolongs the actual time which is spent on projects thus loosing both
capital and time.
7.Increases the gap between the rich and the poor in that the rich powerful people
will continue to be rich at the expense of the less powerful poor people.
1.Lack of /limited market: most countries are producing the same minerals so there
is stiff competion for market.
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2.Lack of capital/equipment: this slows production
6.Flactuation of prices due to global economic forces may cause mines to close thus
loss of jobs.
Assess ways in which the tourism industry has positively contributed to the
economy of Botswana
1. Creates employment
2. Generate revenue
6. Development of infrastructure
2. Have provided trading links to Botswana e.g. Market for Beef and Diamonds at
European Union
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4. Gives assistance to Botswana in balance of payment e.g. IMF
2.Global inflation: general increase in prices of commodities like petrol and food as a
result of increased money suppy.
4.Flaction of prices in the world markets: meaning that if one sells his/her products
at a time ehen prices are low there is less profit accumulated.
5.Provides trade links with Botswana: e.g market for beeef and diamond through the
EU.
EDUCATION IN BOTSWANA
Similarities:
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1. Both teach skills needed in every day life
Differences:
TRADITIONAL MODERN
1. Use local language only 1. Use both local and foreign languages
Some Dikgosi like Kgosi Kgafela, have re-itroduced inition schools to revive
traditional education.
Explain how this type of education is important to culture in Botswana.
3.It prepares the youth for adult life: the youth are taught survival skills that they
will use in future in order to combat challenges of adult life.
4.It teaches productivity: the initiates are taught abou the importance of
productivity at home and how to achieve it e.g taking good care of livestock.
5.It helps preserve culture: initiates are taught about the culture of their tribes so
that it does not get lost with time.
6.It promotes self reliance: initiates are encouraged to produce their own food while
at initiation schools and this teaches them to be self reliant in future.
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7.It instills pride/belonginess/identity
Suggest ways of catering for the disabled people in the Education system.
3. They should be provided with facilities that cater for their status
5. Training personnel i.e. providing skilled manpower who can teach the disabled
1.Provision of suitable facilities e.g ramps, toilets, deks, lifts have been provided in
most government buildings.
OR
2.Facilities are inadiquate and majority of the schools do not cater for the disabled.
There are only a few of such schools in the country and children feom different
regions without thiese schools have to travel long distances.
3.Training of teachers o special education: this has been done and it has helped to
enable teachers to interact with the disabled learners in schools.
OR
4.Teachers trained on special education are not many so the candidates are left
without teachers.
5.Availing modified scripts to the disabled learnrs e.g braille for the taoally blind
and enlarged print for those with low vision.
OR
6.These modified scripts are only used during the external examinations only,
during the course of the two years in school they are not provided.
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Healthy society;
6. People are able to read information about the drug dosage, expiry dates of goods
Voter Education;
4. People will have privacy concerning their votes because they will read everything
for themselves
Outline the steps to take when consumer, voter rights are violated.
Consumer rights:
1. Approach supervisor
2. Approach management
Voter rights:
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4. Approach IEC
Outline the steps taken by individuals when health rights have been violated
3.approach Ministry of Health Head Quarters (toll free number 0800 600 740)e.g.
Director, Permanent Secretary
4. Helps in developing human resource e.g people can take part in social, economic
and political activities
6. Provides people with behavioural ethics and morals i.e. they can fit well in the
society
Explain the importance of education in promoting economic development.
1.makes people to be innovative: they bring new ideas after getting education
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4. a tool for change i.e. removes cultural stereotypes that hinder economic growth
1. Lack of finance: most people do not have enough money to start their own
businesses.
2. Lack of managerial skills/technical skills: most people do not have the relevant
skills to start and manage businesses and so they fail e.g advertising
3. Lack of land
4. Limited market for products: market is limited so locals face stiff competition
from established companies.
10. Crime/lack of security e.g. theft: this affects most businesses because they are
robbed of their hard earned profit in most cases. Most people fail to secure their
premises and so they lose due to crime.
11.Bureaucracy of the country: this delays people and they end up giving up on
starting businesses.
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1. Financial assistance e.g. youth grants/loans
2. On job training
3. Workshops
5. Talk shows
6. Youth parliament
7. Youth Policy
8. Access to education
3. The old people having wealth of experience can use it to contribute to community
projects
4. By paying tax
5.The grandparents can help to take care of orphans and handicapped when their
parents are at work.
Government:
1. Has provided 10 year basic education for Batswana e.g. Primary, and Junior
Secondary Education
2. Has managed to establish more schools to train Batswana for jobs e.g. GIPS, NUT
3. Has provided health facilities to ensure good health e.g. Clinics, hospitals
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5. Has sent Batswana officers for further education e.g. to local schools and abroad
NGO’s
3. Have helped in improving standards of living of poor people e.g. Red Cross
8. Awarding sponsorship
9. Upgrading of officials
DEFINITIONS
1. Monarchy: A system of government in which a country is ruled by a king or
queen
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4. Material culture: Cultural aspects that are tangible (can be touched) e.g.
pottery, dress, food etc
5. Non Material culture: Non tangible (not touchable) aspects of culture e.g.
music, beliefs
13.Overpopulation: When there are more people in an area than the available
resources can support.
14.Mortality rate: The number of people who die in a year for every 1000
people in a particular country
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20.Intermarriage: Marrying across ethnic groups or across nationalities
24.Dictatorship: A form of government whereby the leaders are above the law.
29. Multi ethnicity The existence of different ethnic groups in one country.
31. Game farming: Rearing of wild animals in privately owned game reserves.
32. Fertility rate: The average number of lifetime births per woman during her
productive age (15-44yrs)
35. First past the Post: An electoral system in which seats in parliament are
based on constituencies and the candidate with the highest votes assumes
power.
36. Rule of law: A practice whereby all the laws in the constitution must apply
to all individuals in the country
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37. Voter Apathy: low turnouts of voters during general elections.
39. Terrorism: Acts of violence usually carried out by small or large groups or
people in order to achieve certain goals.
40. Corruption: Acting dishonestly or illegally in return for money or personal
gain.
41. Dual citizenship: Having two passports for two countries at the same time
47. Sustainability: To continue existing for future use without being depleted
52. DCEC: Government institution given the mandate to investigate and report
corruption.
55. Document study: A method of data collection in which data is gathered from
written or published materials only.
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56. Research: A systematic study of a subject or problem intended to discover
new facts or ideas.
58. Formal education: A type of education which involves reading and writing
59. Social Factors: facts and experiences in life that affects and influences the
human behavior and lifestyle in the society.
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