Tissues

Dr. Shubhajit Roy Chowdhury,

School of Computing and Electrical Engineering,

IIT Mandi, India
Email: src@iitmandi.ac.in

Dr. Shubhajit Roy Chowdhury SCEE, IIT MANDI

 Introduction
• Tissue:
– Collection of specialized cells that perform
limited number of functions

• Histology:
– The study of tissues

What are the four tissues of the body?

Dr. Shubhajit Roy Chowdhury SCEE, IIT MANDI

 The four tissues of the Body
• Epithelial Tissue: “covering”
– Covers exposed surfaces
– Lines internal passageways
– Forms glands
• Connective Tissue: “support”
– Fills internal spaces
– Provides structure and strength to support other
tissues
– Transports materials
– Stores energy
Dr. Shubhajit Roy Chowdhury SCEE, IIT MANDI
 The four tissues of the Body

• Muscle Tissue: “movement”

– Specialized for contraction
– Skeletal muscle, heart muscle, and walls of hollow
organs
• Neural Tissue: “control”
– Carries electrical signals from 1 part of the body to
another

Dr. Shubhajit Roy Chowdhury SCEE, IIT MANDI

 Primary Germ Layer
• Embryonic layers give rise to all four tissue types
in adults
– Ectoderm: nervous, epithelial (epidermis)
– Mesoderm: muscle, connective, epithelial
(endothelium + mesothelium)
– Endoderm: epithelial (mucosa)

Dr. Shubhajit Roy Chowdhury SCEE, IIT MANDI

 KEY CONCEPT
• Tissues are collections of cells and cell
products that perform specific, limited
functions
• 4 tissue types form all the structures of the
human body:
– epithelial, connective, muscle, and neural

Dr. Shubhajit Roy Chowdhury SCEE, IIT MANDI

 Epithelial Tissues

• 2 categories:
– Epithelia:
• layers of cells covering internal or external surfaces
– Glands:
• structures that produce fluid secretions

Dr. Shubhajit Roy Chowdhury SCEE, IIT MANDI

 Characteristics of Epithelia
Structures of Epithelia:
• Cellularity:
• little extracellular matrix, mostly cells
• Contacts:
• cells linked by tight junctions
• Polarity:
• apical + basal surfaces, separate functions
• Attachment:
• attached to connective tissue (CT) via basal lamina
• Regeneration:
• high turnover, stem cells at basal surface

Dr. Shubhajit Roy Chowdhury SCEE, IIT MANDI

 Characteristics of Epithelia
Functions of Epithelia:
• Provide physical protection:
• abrasion, dehydration, infection
• Control permeability:
• semi-permeability, covers all surfaces
• Provide sensation:
• sensory neurons
• Produce specialized secretions (glandular
epithelium):
• protection, chemical messengers

Dr. Shubhajit Roy Chowdhury SCEE, IIT MANDI

 Free Surface and Attached Surface
1. Apical Surface: exposed to environment,
may have:
• Microvilli: absorption or secretion
• Cilla: fluid movement
2. Basolateral Surface: attachment to
neighboring cells via intercellular connections

Dr. Shubhajit Roy Chowdhury SCEE, IIT MANDI

 Basal Lamina
(a.k.a. basement membrane)
• Lamina lucida:
– Produced by epithelia
– Glycoproteins + fine filaments restrict large molecule
movement
• Lamina densa:
– Produced by connective tissue
– Coarse protein fibers
– Provides strength and filtration

Dr. Shubhajit Roy Chowdhury SCEE, IIT MANDI

 Repairing and Replacing Epithelia
• Epithelia stem cells are anchored to lamina
lucida
• Epithelia are replaced by division of germinative
cells (stem cells)
– Stem cells divide and migrate toward apical region

Dr. Shubhajit Roy Chowdhury SCEE, IIT MANDI

 Classes of Epithelia
• Based on shape and layers
• Shape: (all are hexagonal from the top)
1. Squamous: flat, disc shaped nucleus
2. Cuboidal: cube or square, center round nucleus
3. Columnar: tall, basal oval nucleus

Dr. Shubhajit Roy Chowdhury SCEE, IIT MANDI

 Layers
• Simple epithelium:
– single layer of cells
– Function:
• absorption, secretion, filtration
• Stratified epithelium:
– 2 or more layers of cells
– Function:
• Protection
**In stratified, name for apical cell shape**

Dr. Shubhajit Roy Chowdhury SCEE, IIT MANDI

 Connective Tissues
• Features:
– Never exposed to the environment
– Usually vascularized
– Consists of cells in a matrix
• Components:
1. Specialized cells:
- Produce matrix, provide protection
2. Extracellular protein fibers:
- Support, strength
3. Ground Substance:
- gel fluid, consists of:
* interstitial fluid, cell adhesion molecules

Dr. Shubhajit Roy Chowdhury SCEE, IIT MANDI

 The Matrix
• The extracellular components of connective
tissues (fibers and ground substance):
– majority of cell volume
– determines specialized function

Dr. Shubhajit Roy Chowdhury SCEE, IIT MANDI

 Functions of Connective Tissue
1. Establish structural framework
2. Transport fluid and dissolved materials
3. Protect organs
4. Support, surround, interconnect tissues
5. Store energy reserves
6. Insulate body
7. Defend against pathogens

Dr. Shubhajit Roy Chowdhury SCEE, IIT MANDI

 Classification of
Connective Tissues
• Connective tissue proper:
– Many cell types and fiber types in thick ground
substance
a. Loose: open fiber framework
b. Dense: tightly packed fibers
• Fluid connective tissues:
– May cell types in watery matrix with soluble fibers
• Supportive connective tissues:
– Limited cell population in tightly packed matrix

Dr. Shubhajit Roy Chowdhury SCEE, IIT MANDI

 Connective Tissue Proper
• Viscous ground substance
• Varied extracellular fibers
• Varied cell population

Ground substance: rich in GAG

-viscous, prevents microbe
penetration

Fiber types:
1. Collagen fibers: collagen protein
2. Reticular fibers: collagen protein
3. Elastic fibers: elastin protein

Dr. Shubhajit Roy Chowdhury SCEE, IIT MANDI

 Categories of
Connective Tissue Proper
• Loose connective tissue:
– more ground substance, less fibers
– e.g., fat (adipose tissue)
• Dense connective tissue:
– more fibers, less ground substance
– e.g., tendons

Dr. Shubhajit Roy Chowdhury SCEE, IIT MANDI

 Fluid Tissue Transport Systems
• Cardiovascular system (blood):
– arteries
– capillaries
– veins
• Lymphatic system (lymph):
– lymphatic vessels

Dr. Shubhajit Roy Chowdhury SCEE, IIT MANDI

 Fluid Connective Tissues
• Fluid connective tissues:
A. Blood
- Matrix = plasma: serum (fluid)
+ plasma proteins (produced by liver) fibers
are soluble until clot forms
- Cells = Formed elements
originate from hemocytoblast (stem cells) in
bone marrow
-Location: contained in blood vessels
-Function:
-transport nutrients, wastes and defense cells
throughout the body

Plasma  Interstitial Fluid  Lymph  Plasma

Dr. Shubhajit Roy Chowdhury SCEE, IIT MANDI
 Supportive Connective Tissues
• Strong framework, few cells, fibrous matrix
• Function: support and shape
• Mature cells in lacunae
• Two types:
1. Cartilage:
• gel-type ground substance
• for shock absorption and protection
2. Bone:
• calcified (made rigid by calcium salts, minerals)
• for weight support

Dr. Shubhajit Roy Chowdhury SCEE, IIT MANDI

 Cartilage
• Composition:
– Matrix: 80% water, firm gel of glycoaminoglycans made of
chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronic acid, + fibers
– Cells: chondrocytes in lacunae (chambers)
• Cells formed the matrix
• Structure:
– No innervation
– Avascular (no blood vessels)
• chondrocytes produce antiangiogenesis factor
– Surrounded by Perichondrium:
• Outer layer = dense irregular CT
– Function: protection, attachment
• Inner layer = cellular (fibroblasts)
– Function: growth and repair
Dr. Shubhajit Roy Chowdhury SCEE, IIT MANDI
 Bone/Osseous Tissue
• Highly vascularized
• Little ground substance
• Matrix:
– 2/3 calcified: calcium salts deposits for strength
• Calcium phosphate + calcium carbonate
– 1/3 collagen for flexibility to resist shatter
• Cells: Osteocytes
– Cells formed the matrix
– Located in lacunae arranged around central canals within
matrix
– Connected by cytoplasmic extensions that extend through
canaliculi
• Canaliculi: excess blood supply
– Canaliculi necessary for nutrient and waste exchange, no
diffusion through calcium
Dr. Shubhajit Roy Chowdhury SCEE, IIT MANDI
 Bone/Osseous Tissue
• Surrounded by Periosteum: covers bone surfaces
– Outer: fibrous layer for attachment
– Inner: cellular layer for growth and repair
• Location: Bones
• Function:
– Support & Protection
– Levers for movement
– Storage of minerals

Dr. Shubhajit Roy Chowdhury SCEE, IIT MANDI

 Structures of BoneCanaliculi
Osteocytes PERIOSTEUM
in lacunae Fibrous
layer
Blood
Cellular
vessels layer
Central canal

Matrix

• Osteocytes
– Connected by cytoplasmic extensions that extend through
canaliculi (small channels through matrix)
– Canaliculi necessary for nutrient and waste exchange

Dr. Shubhajit Roy Chowdhury SCEE, IIT MANDI

 Muscle Tissue
• Function: Provide Movement
– Is specialized for contraction
• Features:
– Highly vascularized
– Contains actin and myosin for contraction

Dr. Shubhajit Roy Chowdhury SCEE, IIT MANDI

 Three Muscle Types
1. Skeletal Muscle

2. Cardiac Muscle

3. Smooth Muscle

Dr. Shubhajit Roy Chowdhury SCEE, IIT MANDI

 Classification of Muscle Cells
• Striated (muscle cells with a banded
appearance):
– or nonstriated (not banded)
• Muscle cells can have a single nucleus:
– or be multinucleate
• Muscle cells can be controlled voluntarily
(consciously):
– or involuntarily (automatically)

Dr. Shubhajit Roy Chowdhury SCEE, IIT MANDI

 Cardiac Muscle Tissue
• Striated, involuntary, and single nucleus
• Location: majority of heart
• Function: move blood through body

Dr. Shubhajit Roy Chowdhury SCEE, IIT MANDI

 Smooth Muscles
Smooth Muscle Tissue:
- Nonstriated, involuntary, and single nucleus
- Cells, small, spindle shaped
- uninuclear
- capable of cell division
- no striations: no myofibril organization
- Locations:
- walls of blood vessels
- walls of hollow organs:
- digestive, respiratory, urinary, reproductive tracts
- Function: move materials through the organ

Dr. Shubhajit Roy Chowdhury SCEE, IIT MANDI

 Nervous/Neural Tissue
• Function:
– specialized for conducting electrical (nervous) impulses
– rapidly senses internal or external environment
– process information and controls responses
• Location:
– Most in brain and spinal cord: Central Nervous System
– 2% in Peripheral Nervous System
• Cells:
– Neuroglia Cells:
• Support, repair, and supply nutrients to nervous tissue
– Neurons:
• Transmit information
• Up to 3 ft long
• Large soma (cell body)
• Large nucleus, visible nucleoli
• Many dendrites: receive info
• One axon: transmits info
• No Cell division

Dr. Shubhajit Roy Chowdhury SCEE, IIT MANDI

 Cell Parts of a Neuron
• Cell body:
– contains the nucleus and nucleolus
• Dendrites:
– short branches extending from the cell body
– receive incoming signals
• Axon (nerve fiber):
– long, thin extension of the cell body
– carries outgoing electrical signals to their destination

Dr. Shubhajit Roy Chowdhury SCEE, IIT MANDI

 Thank You

Dr. Shubhajit Roy Chowdhury SCEE, IIT MANDI