FIRE ALARM

PROJECT REPORT

Submitted By:

ROLL NO. STUDENT NAME

21001015010 ARPIT KUMAR
21001015015 AYUSH MITTAL
22001015501 AASHISH KUMAR
22001015503 ASHMIT KUMAR
22001015502 ANIKET SINGH
22001015504 HARSH KUMAR

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN

ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

(3RD-SEMESTER)

1
 UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
MISS POULOMI

TABLE OF CONTENTS

S.NO TOPICS PAGE.NO

1. INTRODUCTION 3-7

2. HISTORY AND TYPES OF ALARM SYSTEMS 8-10

3. PRINCIPLE OR METHODOLOGY 11

4. COMPONENTS REQUIRED 12

5. COMPONENT DESCRIPTION 13-23

6. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 24

7. WORKING 25

8. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES 26

9. APPLICATIONS 27-29

10. CONCLUSION 29

11. REFERENCES 30

2
 INTRODUCTION

Fire Alarm Circuit is a simple circuit that detects the fire and activates the Siren Sound
or Buzzer. Fire Alarm Circuits are very important devices to detect fire in the right time
and prevent any damage to people or property. Fire Alarm Circuits and Smoke Sensors
are a part of the security systems which help in detecting or preventing damage.
Installing Fire Alarm Systems and Smoke Sensors in commercial buildings like offices,
movie theatres, shopping malls and other public places is compulsory.

There are many expensive and sophisticated Fire Alarm Circuit in the form of stand-
alone devices, but we have designed very simple Fire Alarm Circuits using common
components like thermistor and NE555.

The primary purpose of fire alarm system is to provide an early warning of fire so that
people can be. evacuated & immediate action can be taken to stop or eliminate of the
fire effect as soon as possible. Alarm can be triggered by using detectors or by manual
call point (Remotely).

A fire alarm system has a number of devices working together to detect and warn people
through visual and audio appliances when smoke, fire, carbon monoxide
or other emergencies are present. These alarms may be activated automatically from
smoke detectors, and heat detectors or may also be activated via manual fire alarm
activation devices such as manual call points or pull stations.

Alarms can be either motorized bells or wall mountable sounders or horns. They can
also be speaker strobes which sound an alarm

The circuit is as simple and straight forward so that, it can be easily implemented. The
thermistor offers a low resistance at high temperature and high resistance at low
temperature. This phenomenon is employed here for sensing the fire.

TYPES OF TEMPERATURE DETECTING SENSORS

1. Resistance temperature detectors (RTDs)
2. Thermocouples
3. Thermistors
4. Infrared sensors
5. Semiconductor sensors

3
 RESISTANCE TEMPERATURE DETECTORS
A Resistance Thermometer or Resistance Temperature Detector is a device which used
to determine the temperature by measuring the resistance of pure electrical wire. This
wire is referred to as a temperature sensor. If we want to measure temperature with
high accuracy, RTD is the only one solution in industries. An RTD works by using a
basic principle; as the temperature of a metal increases, so does the resistance to the
flow of electricity. An electrical current is passed through the sensor, the resistance
element is used to measure the resistance of the current being passed through it.

4
THERMOCOULES
A Thermocouple is a sensor used to measure temperature. Thermocouples consist of
two wire legs made from different metals. The wires legs are welded together at one
end, creating a junction. This junction is where the temperature is measured. When the
junction experiences a change in temperature, a voltage is created. What is a
thermocouple and how does it work? A thermocouple is a sensor used to measure
temperature. Thermocouples are made with two wires of different metals, joined
together at one end to form a junction. As the temperature changes, the two dissimilar
metals begin to deform, causing a change in resistance.

5
THERMISTORS
A thermistor is a type of resistor whose resistance is dependent on temperature, more so
than in standard resistors. The word is a combination of thermal and resistor. A
thermistor is a resistance thermometer, or a resistor whose resistance is dependent on
temperature This
type of thermistor is used the most. A PTC thermistor works a little differently. When
temperature increases, the resistance increases, and when temperature decreases,
resistance decreases.

INFRARED SENSOR
An infrared sensor is an electronic instrument that is used to sense certain characteristics
of its surroundings. It does this by either emitting or detecting infrared radiation.
Infrared sensors are also capable of measuring the heat being emitted by an object
and detecting motion. An infrared sensor emits and/or detects infrared radiation to
sense its surroundings. The
basic concept of an Infrared Sensor which is used as Obstacle detector is to
transmit an infrared signal, this infrared signal bounces from the surface of an object
and the signal is received at the infrared receiver. Infrared temperature sensors sense
electromagnetic waves in the 700 nm to 14,000 nm range. While the infrared spectrum
extends up to 1,000,000 nm, IR temperature sensors do not measure above 14,000
nm. These sensors work by focusing the infrared energy emitted by an object onto one
or more photodetectors.

6
SEMICONDUCTOR SENSOR

Semiconductor-based temperature sensors, or integrated circuit (IC) temperature

sensors, operate with reverse bias, have a small capacitance and a low leakage current.
They are formed on thin wafers of silicon. They are compact, produce linear outputs,
and have a small range of temperature. At typical operating temperatures for
semiconductors, the decreasing µ dominates, and thus the resistance of both
semiconductors and metals increases with increasing temperature for the operating
temperatures of semiconductor devices. Thus, changes in the measured R can be used as
a thermometer.

7
 HISTORY AND TYPES OF ALARM
SYSTEMS

NOTIFICATION APPLIANCES

Notification Appliances utilize audible, visible, tactile, textual or even olfactory stimuli
to alert the occupants of the need to evacuate or take action in the event of a fire or other
emergency. Evacuation signals may consist of simple appliances that transmit encoded
information, coded appliances that transmit a predetermined pattern, and or appliances
that transmit audible and visible textual information such as live or pre-recorded
instructions, and illuminated message displays.
In the United States, fire alarm evacuation signals generally consist of a standardized
audible tone, with visual notification in all public and common use areas. Emergency
signals are intended to be distinct and understandable to avoid confusion with other
signals. As per NFPA 72, 18.4.2 (2010 Edition) Temporal Code 3 is the standard
audible notification in a modern system. It consists of a repeated 3-pulse cycle (.5s
on .5s off .5s on .5s off .5s on 1.5s off). Voice Evacuation is the second most common
audible in a modern system. Legacy systems, typically found in older schools and
buildings have used continuous tones alongside other audible schemas. In the United
Kingdom, fire alarm evacuation signals generally consist of a two-tone siren with visual
notification in all public and common use areas. Some fire alarm devices have an alert
signal which is generally used for schools for lesson changes, the start of morning
break, end of morning break, the start of lunch break, end of lunch break and when the
school day is over.
Audible textual appliances, which are employed as part of a fire alarm system that
includes Emergency Voice Alarm Communications (EVAC) capabilities. High-
reliability speakers are used to notifying the occupants of the need for action in
connection with a fire or other emergency. These speakers are employed in large
facilities where general undirected evacuation is considered impracticable or
undesirable. The signals from the speakers are used to direct the occupant's response.
The system may be controlled from one or more locations within the building known as
Fire Wardens Stations, or from a single location designated as the building Fire
Command Center. Speakers are automatically actuated by the fire alarm system in a fire
event, and following a pre-alert tone, selected groups of speakers may transmit one or
more prerecorded messages directing the occupants to safety. These messages may be
repeated in one or more languages. Trained personnel activating and speaking into a
dedicated microphone can suppress the replay of automated messages in order to initiate
or relay real-time voice instructions.

8
 EMERGENCY VOICE ALARM COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

Some fire alarm systems utilize emergency voice alarm communication systems
(EVAC) to provide pre-recorded and manual voice messages. Voice alarm systems are
typically used in high-rise buildings, arenas and other large "defend-in-place"
occupancies such as hospitals and detention facilities where total evacuation is difficult
to achieve.

Voice-based systems provide response personnel with the ability to conduct orderly
evacuation and notify building occupants of changing event circumstances.

In high rise buildings, different evacuation messages may be played on each floor,
depending on the location of the fire. The floor the fire is on along with ones above it
may be told to evacuate while floors much lower may simply be asked to stand by.

MASS NOTIFICATION SYSTEMS/EMERGENCY COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

New codes and standards introduced around 2010 especially the new UL Standard 2572,
The U.S. Department of Defense’s UFC 4-021-01 Design and O&M Mass Notification
Systems, and NFPA 72 2010 edition Chapter 24 have led fire alarm system
manufacturers to expand their systems voice evacuation capabilities to support new
requirements for mass notification including support for multiple types of emergency
messaging (i.e. inclement weather emergency, security alerts, amber alerts). The major
requirements of a mass notification system are to provide prioritized messaging
according to the local facilities' emergency response plan. The emergency response
team must define the priority of potential emergency events at the site and the fire alarm
system must be able to support the promotion and demotion of notifications based on
this emergency response plan.

Emergency Communication Systems also have requirements for visible notification in

coordination with any audible notification activities to meet requirements of the
Americans with Disabilities Act. Many manufacturers have made efforts to certify their
equipment to meet these new and emerging standards. Mass notification system
categories include the following:

Mass notification systems often extend the notification appliances of a standard fire
alarm system to include PC based workstations, text-based digital signage, and a variety
of remote notification options including email, text message, RSS feed , or IVR-based
telephone text-to- speech messaging.

EUROPEAN FIRE ALARM SYSTEM CATEGORIES

Fire alarm systems in non-domestic premises are generally designed and installed in
accordance with the guidance given in BS 5839 Part 1. There are many types of fire

9
alarm systems each suited to different building types and applications. A fire alarm
system can vary dramatically in both price and complexity, from a single panel with a
detector and sounder in a small commercial property to an addressable fire alarm system
in a

multioccupancy building.
BS 5839 Part 1 categorizes fire alarm systems as:

"M" manual system (no automatic fire detectors so the building is fitted with call points
and sounders).

"L" automatic systems intended for the protection of life.

"P" automatic systems intended for the protection of property.

Categories for automatic systems are further subdivided into L1 to L5 and P1 to P2.

10
 PRINCIPLE OR METHODOLOGY

The fire alarm working principle is based on thermistor used in the fire alarm circuit.
This fire alarm circuit is used to identify and indicate an increase in temperature beyond
certain value (temperature of an enclosed area). All Fire Alarm Systems essentially
operate on the same principle. If a detector detects smoke or heat, or someone operates
a break glass unit, then alarm sounders operate to warn others in the building that there
may be a fire and to evacuate. A thermistor is an inexpensive and easily obtainable
temperature sensitive resistor, thermistor working principle is it's resistance depends
upon the temperature. When temperature changes, the resistance of the thermistor
changes in a predictable way. The benefits of using a thermistor is accuracy and
stability.

11
 COMPONENTS REQUIRED

S.NO. COMPONENT NAME NO. OF PIECES

1 10k Thermistor 1

2 470-ohm Resistor 4

3 33k-ohm Resistor 1

4 2.2k-ohm Resistor 1

5 47k-ohm Resistor 1

6 560-ohm Resistor 1

7 0.04 uf Capacitor 1

8 0.1 uf Capacitor 1

9 10 uf, 16 V Capacitor 1

10 SL100B Transistor 1

11 BC548 Transistor 1

12 BC558 Transistor 1

13 NE555 IC 1

14 Small Buzzer 5V 1

15 Connecting wires -

16 Power supply -

17 LN4001 Diode 5

12
 COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION

10K THERMISTOR
An NTC thermistor is a thermally sensitive resistor whose resistance exhibits a large,
precise and predictable decrease as the core temperature of the resistor increases over
the operating temperature range.
The enclosed negative temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistor, p/n 1600-10K, works
by translating temperature into resistance, with resistance decreasing as temperature
increases (hence the 'negative coefficient'). As can be seen be the graph, the
resistance of the thermistor drops very quickly.
Testing a PTC thermistor follows all the same steps as a NTC thermistor. First check,
with an ohmmeter, the thermistor without any heat applied. With a PTC thermistor at
room temperature or below, the thermistor should measure a very low resistance.
Usually, thermistor failure is caused by an open circuit due to mechanical separation
between the resistor element and lead material. This can happen as a result of improper
handling, thermal mismatch, or heat damage. Another common reason thermistors fail
is simply aging.
A thermistor is an inexpensive and easily obtainable temperature sensitive resistor,
thermistor working principle is, it's resistance depends upon the temperature. When
temperature changes, the resistance of the thermistor changes in a predictable
way. The benefits of using a thermistor is accuracy and stability.
A thermistor is a resistance thermometer, or a resistor whose resistance is dependent on
temperature. ... This type of thermistor is used the most. A PTC thermistor works a little
differently. When temperature increases, the resistance increases, and when temperature
decreases, resistance decreases. Thermistors do not have continuity, they show
resistance. You should read around 10k Ohms at room temperature. If the igniter is
getting 120 volts, but not glowing, then you have a bad igniter WP33002789.

13
 RESISTORS
Every 1,000,000 Ohms is known as a Megohm (Mega = one million), abbreviated to the
capital letter "M". As a couple of examples; a 4,700 Ohm resistor would be written
as either 4.7K or 4K7, and 5,600,000 Ohms would be written as 5.6M or 5M6.

TYPES OF RESISTORS USED –

1. 470-Ohm Resistor

2. 33k-ohm Resistor

14
 3. 2.2k-ohm Resistor

4. 47k-ohm Resistor

5. 560-ohm Resistor

15
CAPACITORS

It is a device for storing electrical energy, consisting of two conductors in

close proximity and insulated from each other. A simple example of such a storage device is
the parallel-plate capacitor. If positive charges with total charge +Q are deposited on one of
the conductors and an equal amount of negative charge −Q is deposited on the second
conductor, the capacitor is said to have a charge Q.

Capacitors have many important applications. They are used, for example, in digital circuits
so that information stored in large computer memories is not lost during a momentary electric
power failure; the electric energy stored in such capacitors maintains the information during
the temporary loss of power. Capacitors play an even more important role as filters to
divert spurious electric signals and thereby prevent damage to sensitive components and
circuits caused by electric surges.

TYPES OF CAPACITORS USED -

1) 0.04 uf Capacitor

2) 0.4 uf Capacitor

16
 3) 10 uf , 16 V Capacitor

TRANSISTORS

A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electrical signals

and power. The transistor is one of the basic building blocks of
modern electronics. It is composed of semiconductor material, usually with at least
three terminals for connection to an electronic circuit. A voltage or current applied
to one pair of the transistor's terminals controls the current through another pair of
terminals. Because the controlled (output) power can be higher than the controlling
(input) power, a transistor can amplify a signal. Some transistors are packaged
individually, but many more in miniature form are found embedded in integrated
circuits.

Most transistors are made from very pure silicon, and some from germanium, but
certain other semiconductor materials are sometimes used. A transistor may have
only one kind of charge carrier, in a field-effect transistor, or may have two kinds of
charge carriers in bipolar junction transistor devices. Compared with the vacuum
tube, transistors are generally smaller and require less power to operate. Certain
vacuum tubes have advantages over transistors at very high operating frequencies or
high operating voltages. Many types of transistors are made to standardized
specifications by multiple manufacturers.
A typical transistor is composed of three layers of semiconductor materials or more
specifically, terminals which helps to make a connection to an external circuit and
carry the current. A voltage or current that is applied to any one pair of the terminals
of a transistor controls the current through the other pair of terminals. There are three
terminals for a transistor. They are:

 Base: This is used to activate the transistor.

 Collector: It is the positive lead of the transistor.

17
  Emitter: It is the negative lead of the transistor.

TYPES OF TRANSISTORS USED –

1) SL100B TRANSISTOR

2) BC548 TRANSISTOR

18
 3) BC558 TRANSISTOR

NE 555 IC
IC 555 timer is a one of the most widely used IC in electronics and is used in various
electronic circuits for its robust and stable properties. It works as square-wave form
generator with duty cycle varying from 50% to 100%, Oscillator and can also
provide time delay in circuits. The 555 timer got its name from the three 5k ohm
resistor connected in a voltage-divider pattern which is shown in the figure below. A
simplified diagram of the internal circuit is given below for better understanding as
the full internal circuit consists of over more than 16 resistors, 20 transistors, 2
diodes, a flip-flop and many other circuit components.
The 555 timer comes as 8 pin DIP (Dual In-line Package) device. There is also a 556
dual version of 555 timer which consists of two complete 555 timers in 14 DIP and a
558-quadruple timer which is consisting of four 555 timer in one IC and is available
as a 16 pin DIP in the market.

Basics Concepts:

19
·) Comparator: The Comparator are the basic electronic component which compares the two

input voltages i.e. between the inverting (-) and the non-inverting (+) input and if the non-

inverting input is more than the inverting input then the output of the comparator is high.

Also the input resistance of an ideal comparator is infinite.

·) Voltage Divider: As we know that the input resistance of the comparators is infinite hence

the input voltage is divided equally between the three resistors. The value being Vin/3 across

each resistor.

·) Flip/Flop: Flip/Flop is a memory element of Digital-electronics. The output (Q) of the

flip/flop is ‘high’ if the input at ‘S’ terminal is ‘high’ and ‘R’ is at ‘Low’ and the output (Q) is

‘low’ when the input at ‘S’ is ‘low’ and at ‘R’ is high.

INTERNAL CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Function of different Pins:

20
1. Ground: This pin is used to provide a zero voltage rail to the Integrated circuit to divide the

supply potential between the three resistors shown in the diagram.

2. Trigger: As we can see that the voltage at the non-inverting end of the comparator is Vin/3,

so if the trigger input is used to set the output of the F/F to ‘high’ state by applying a voltage

equal to or less than Vin/3 or any negative pulse, as the voltage at the non-inverting end of

the comparator is Vin/3.

3. Output: It is the output pin of the IC, connected to the Q’ (Q-bar) of the F/F with an

inverter in between as show in the figure.

4. Reset: This pin is used to reset the output of the F/F regardless of the initial condition of

the F/F and also it is an active low Pin so it connected to ‘high’ state to avoid any noise

interference, unless a reset operation is required. So most of the time it is connected to the

Supply voltage as shown in the figure.

5. Control Voltage: As we can see that the pin 5 is connected to the inverting input having a

voltage level of (2/3) Vin. It is used to override the inverting voltage to change the width of

the output signal irrespective of the RC timing network.

6. Threshold: The pin is connected to the non-inverting input of the first comparator. The

output of the comparator will be high when the threshold voltage will be more than (2/3)
Vin thus resetting the output (Q) of the F/F from ‘high’ to ‘low’.

7. Discharge: This pin is used to discharge the timing capacitors (capacitors involved in the

external circuit to make the IC behave as a square wave generator) to ground when the output

of Pin 3 is switched to ‘low’.

8. Supply: This pin is used to provide the IC with the supply voltage for the functioning and

carrying of the different operations to be fulfilled with the 555 timer.

SMALL BUZZER (5V)

21
The buzzer consists of an outside case with two pins to attach it to power and ground. When

current is applied to the buzzer it causes the ceramic disk to contract or expand. Changing the

This then causes the surrounding disc to vibrate. That's the sound that you hear. PUI has the

AI-3035, a piezoelectric buzzer rated for 2-5 Volt operation, nominal 3 Volts, and with a

maximum current requirement of 9 mA.

The dimensions are 30 mm diameter, 20.5 mm height excluding leads. To reduce the sound

of the buzzer, measure the resistance of the buzzer, then place a resistor the same value as the

buzzer in series with it, see how much this drops the volume. The more resistance to quieter

the buzzer should be. If the buzzer does not work with half the value try a value lower in

resistance. The purpose of the buzzer test is to test functions of the buzzers installed in a

computer.

Typically, the buzzer test is done by controlling the buzzer to sound a continuous buzzing

sound while a test engineer listens to the buzzer with ears to determine if the buzzer is in

working condition. Sensor-Buzzer is a passive buzzer. Like a magnetic speaker, it needs

voltage with different frequency so that it can make sound accordingly. The pitch becomes

louder when the frequency gets higher. All buzzers with internal oscillators have polarity

because they have small circuit built into them while the buzzers with only Piezo disks can be

operated both ways.

22
LN4001 DIODE

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

23
 WORKING

We will now see the working of the simple Fire Alarm Circuit. First thing to know is
that the main component in detecting the fire is the 10 K Thermistor. As we mentioned
in the component description, the 10 K Thermistor used here is a NTC type Thermistor.
If the temperature increases, the resistance of the Thermistor decreases.

The IC1 (NE555) is configured as a free running oscillator at audio frequency. The
transistors T1 and T2 drive IC1. The output (pin 3) of IC1 is couples to base of
transistor T3 (SL100), which drives the speaker to generate alarm sound. The
frequency of NE555 depends on the values of resistances R5 and R6 and
capacitance C2. When thermistor becomes hot, it gives a low-resistance path for the
positive voltage to the base of transistor T1 through diode D1 and resistance R2.
Capacitor C1 charges up to the positive supply voltage and increases the the time for
which the alarm is ON. The larger the value of C1, the larger the positive bias
applied to the base of transistor T1 (BC548). As the collector of T1 is coupled to the
base of transistor T2, the transistor T2 provides a positive voltage to pin 4 (reset) of
IC1 (NE555). Resistor R4 is selected s0 that NE555 keeps inactive in the absence of
the positive voltage. Diode D1 stops discharging of capacitor C1 when the
thermistor is in connection with the positive supply voltage cools out and provides a
high resistance path. It also inhibits the forward biasing of transistor T1.

24
 ADVANTAGES

 Low cost
 Reliable
 Fast response
 Circuit can be easily constructed
 High level security
 Easy to design
 Easy to modify
 Low power consumption
 Early warning benefits
 Can easily be installed anywhere in commercial buildings
 Early warning is essential to effective fire safety because fires can occur at
any time any place
 Detection distance
 Speed of response
 Sensitivity
 Range of applications
 Portable

DISADVANTAGES

 False alarm
 Blinded by thick smoke
 Senses near range heat(fire) only
 Uses continuous power supply

25
 APPLICATIONS

Fire alarm in office

Remote LCD Annunciator

Fire alarm in hotel rooms

26
 Fire alarm in schools

Fire alarm projects

27
 CONCLUSION

Thus, we conclude from this fire alarm is used for safety and emergency purpose. This is
not only use in houses but also in any type of buildings.

28
 REFERENCES

I. Fire Alarm Circuit Using IC 555 and Thermistor

(circuitstoday.com)
II. https://www.engineersgarage.com/555-timer-ic-
introduction-basics-working-with-different-
operating-modes/
III. https://byjus.com/jee/transistor/

29