Research- It is a systematic investigation that requires data collection, analysis, and

interpretation using appropriate methodologies.

Common types of research

a. Qualitative Research- involves non-numerical data, such as opinions and literature.
Enables us to gather participants' experience.
b. Quantitative Research- depends on numerical data, such as statistics and
measurements to test or confirm theories and assumptions.

Title Page- Is the first page of the paper. This includes the name of the paper, authors, and
institutional affiliation of the authors.

Abstract - it summarizes the contents of the research. It is composed with 300 words or less,
and discusses the important aspects of the paper such; the purpose of the study, basic design
used, and the findings or results of the study.

Introduction- is one of the first things you need to write in your research. It is where you
mention your specific topic from a general standpoint. Stating a piece of short background
information about your research by citing existing studies.

Significance of the Study- The significance of a study is its importance. It refers to the
contribution(s) to and impact of the study on a research field. The significance also signals who
benefits from the research findings

Statement of the Problem- Identifies the problems or questions that your research would like
to answer or prove based on the data that will be gathered.

Hypothesis- states what your research may find out. It may indicate predictions on the different
or opposite outcomes of the research as it is based on the existing studies.
a. Null Hypothesis (Ho)- A prediction that there is no significant change, effect, or
relationship between variables.
b. Alternative Hypothesis (Ha)- A prediction that there is significant change, effect, or
relationship between variables.

Scope- will dictate the extent of how deep you will explore the research questions, focus and
provide a clear understanding of what will be investigated.

Delimitations- explains aspects that are going to be excluded. It describes the boundaries that
are set in the study.

Theoretical Framework- is an understanding of theories that are relevant to the topic of the
research paper and that relate to the broader areas of knowledge being considered.

Conceptual Framework- it shows the relationship of the variables and helps you to inform the
rest of the design. It helps to develop realistic questions, select appropriate methods.

Research Methodology- a way of explaining how a researcher intends to carry out their
research. It's a logical, systematic plan to resolve a research problem. A methodology details a
researcher's approach to the research to ensure reliable, valid results that address their aims
and objectives.

Population/ Participants - it refers to the people that meets the criteria of your study.
a. Subpopulation- is a subgroup from the population that is created based on research.
b. Sample- is selected from the population or the subpopulation.
c. Convenience- samples are participants that can be studied most easily, cheaply, or
quickly.

Sampling Design- refers to how the participants of your study are selected.

Instruments- refers to the tools you will use in your research to collect data.

Data Collection Method- is the process of gathering, measuring, and analyzing accurate data.

a. Focus group/ group interviews - performed by planned discussion and interview with a
small group of people conducted by the researcher
b. Interviews- conversation where one participant asks questions, and the other
provides answers.
c. Surveys - question or a series of questions in order to gather information about what
most people do or think about something. It is sometimes a multiple choice or rating
scale.
d. Observations- an act or instance of viewing or noting a fact or occurrence for your
study.
e. Documents and Records-document is a piece of writing that contains information
whereas a record is a document that can be used as evidence. Both documents and
records provide information, but records also serve as evidence.
f. Case Studies- a detailed study of a specific subject, such as a person, group, place,
event, organization, or phenomenon.

Questionnaire- a set of printed or written questions with a choice of answers, planned for the
purposes of a survey or statistical study.

Results- are the findings from the gathered data. It should be arranged in a logical manner
based on the research questions being addressed using graphs, charts, and tables. It should
have descriptions and a summary of the significant findings.

Data analysis - is the process of applying statistical procedures to describe and illustrate the
data collected.

Conclusion- it is where the findings are summarized and arranged in a manner that answers
the research problems.

Recommendations- this is where the suggestions are discussed to address the gaps and
limitations.

Reference - it is located at the last page of the research paper which is written in a style format
depending on the format requirement.

Appendices- contains all the supplementary materials used in the research such as the survey
questionnaire, rating scales, and list of definition of terms used in the research.
Figures- are the tables, graphs, and charts used to present the summary of data so it will be
easier to read.

In-text Citation- it is established to provide support to your claims based on the existing
studies. It is a summarized, paraphrased, or quoted information from another source.

Plagiarism- it means that you are using someone else’s work and presenting it as your own.

Citation- A citation can be either full or in-text and notates a source that the writer has used to
support their argument or research. The way you tell your readers that certain material in your
work came from another source.

APA - American Psychological Association

● The Author's name begins with the last name, then first or middle name are just initials.
● We use the comma “ , “ to separate authors, and place the symbol “&“ before the last
name in the list.
● Capitalization on the first letter of the first word in the title and lowercase for the rest of
the words
● Exceptions to lowercase for proper names like America or Acronyms like “NASA”
● If the title contains a colon “ : ” or any punctuation, capitalize the first letter of the
following sentence.
● Sometimes the title is in italics
● Put the year the work was published or produced in parentheses, we follow the
author-date. (Year, Month and day, or season)
● Begin publisher information after the title. End publisher information with a period

MLA- Modern Language Association

● For the first author listed, always place the last name first, and then provide the first
name exactly as given. If the author spelled out their first name, then spell out the first
name in the citation; if they only gave an initial, then only provide the initial as well as the
middle name or initial.
● For additional authors, list their first name first, and middle name or initial, and then their
last name.
● Separate multiple author names with a comma “,” and place the word “and” before the
 last name in the list.
● Capitalize all words except small words ( “a” “the” “of” “is”) unless they are the first word
in the title.
● Article titles are usually enclosed in quotes (“ “ ).
● Book titles are usually written as italics.
● We put date of publication directly after the title of the source it refers to
● We put the place where it is published along with the publisher and put colon “:” before
the publisher
● It's recommended that you add the date you accessed the work at the end of the citation.
Add the word “accessed“ before the date.

Expanded Definition of Words

• It is an explanation of the meaning of a certain word or phrase.

• It is distinguishing the characteristics of a certain word, providing extra facts or information
about it, giving examples, and saying what cannot be included to describe it.

According to Randy Devillez (1996),

an expanded definition can be as short as a. paragraph or two or as long as several hundred pages.
Moreover, in a paragraph, essay, or speech, an expanded definition is an explanation and/ or illustration
of a. word, thing, or concept.

Purpose of an Expanded Definition

Barbara Fine Clouse (2003),
She explains that an extended definition can also serve a persuasive purpose. Sometimes you inform
by clarifying something that is complex.

Techniques of Expanded Definitions

1. Etymology – explaining the origin of the word.

● Example - from the tagalog term “Halo” means “mix”

2. History – if relevant, discuss the history of the term, its use, and controversies associated with
it.

● Example- a culinary centerpiece in the heart of the philippines, has a rich and diverse history
that traces back to japan.

3. Cause and Effect – discussing how the situation came about and the effects it may have.

● Example- The heat index is rising, which is why I observed so many people enjoying their halo
halo.

4. Description – listing and defining the components parts.

● Example- it is a shaved ice dessert that beats any snow cone on a hot summer day.

5. Classification – showing how the topic fits or not into a larger category.

● Example- it is classified as a cold or frozen dessert.