1

(a) Laser (b) Nuclear reactor (c) Ceramics

Laser:
 Stands for "Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation."
 Emits a concentrated beam of light that is coherent and monochromatic.
 Used in various fields such as medicine, industry, communication, and research.
 Applications include laser surgery, barcode scanners, laser printers, and optical fiber
communication.
 Works based on the process of stimulated emission, where photons are emitted
when atoms or molecules are excited by an external source of energy.

(b) Nuclear reactor:

 A facility that uses controlled nuclear reactions to generate electricity.

 Contains a core with nuclear fuel (such as uranium or plutonium) that undergoes
fission.
 Fission releases a tremendous amount of heat, which is used to produce steam.
 The steam then drives a turbine connected to a generator, producing electricity.
 Nuclear reactors provide a significant portion of the world's electricity, offering a
reliable and low-carbon energy source.
 Strict safety measures and regulations are in place to ensure the safe operation of
nuclear reactors.

(c) Ceramics:

 Materials made from inorganic, non-metallic substances and processed at high

temperatures.
 Known for their hardness, strength, and ability to withstand high temperatures.
 Used in a wide range of applications, including pottery, construction materials,
electrical insulators, and biomedical implants.
 Different types of ceramics include earthenware, porcelain, stoneware, and
refractory ceramics.
 Ceramics can be shaped through techniques like molding, casting, or shaping by
hand.
 Advanced ceramics are engineered for specific properties and can have applications
in aerospace, electronics, and cutting-edge technologies.

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Q.2. Write briefly in bullet points for grade 7 about any five of the following ( 2 each)
(a) Asteroids (b) Black Hole (c) Aurora (d) Sedimentary Rock (e) Epiphytes (f)
Ionosphere
(a) Asteroids:

 Rocky objects that orbit the Sun, primarily found in the asteroid belt between Mars
and Jupiter.
 They vary in size, ranging from small boulders to large bodies several hundred
kilometers in diameter.
 Composed of rock, metal, and sometimes ice.
 Can have irregular shapes and surfaces, with some displaying impact craters.
 2

 Scientists study asteroids to learn about the early solar system and potential threats
to Earth from asteroid impacts.

(b) Black Hole:

 A region in space with extremely strong gravitational forces, where nothing, not even
light, can escape.
 Formed from the remnants of massive stars that have collapsed under their own
gravity.
 Has a gravitational pull so strong that it warps spacetime.
 Can be detected indirectly by observing the effects it has on surrounding matter and
light.
 Black holes are believed to play a crucial role in the formation of galaxies.

(c) Aurora:

 Natural light displays that occur in the polar regions of Earth.

 Caused by the interaction between charged particles from the Sun and Earth's
magnetic field.
 Result in colorful displays of light, predominantly green, red, and blue.
 In the northern hemisphere, it is called the Aurora Borealis (or Northern Lights), while
in the southern hemisphere, it is called the Aurora Australis (or Southern Lights).
 Auroras are a beautiful natural phenomenon that can be seen under specific
conditions and dark skies.

(d) Sedimentary Rock:

 Formed from the accumulation and compaction of sediments over time.

 Sediments can include rocks, minerals, organic matter, and even remains of plants
and animals.
 Layers, or strata, are visible in sedimentary rocks, providing information about
Earth's history.
 Examples include sandstone, limestone, shale, and conglomerate.
 Fossils are often found in sedimentary rocks, helping scientists study past life forms
and environments.

(e) Epiphytes:

 Plants that grow on the surface of other plants for physical support.
 Do not harm the host plant, as they obtain nutrients from the air, rainwater, and
debris.
 Common examples include orchids, bromeliads, and some ferns.
 Epiphytes have adapted to their unique environment, often possessing specialized
structures for water storage and absorption.
 They can be found in various ecosystems, such as rainforests and cloud forests.

(f) Ionosphere:
 3

 A region of Earth's upper atmosphere where gas particles are ionized by solar
radiation.
 Contains ions and free electrons, making it electrically conductive.
 Plays a crucial role in radio communication as it reflects radio waves back to Earth.
 Composed of several layers, including the D, E, and F layers.
 The ionosphere is influenced by solar activity and can exhibit variations during the
day and night.

in bullet points for grade 7 Q.3 Differenitate between the following pairs: (2 each) (a)
BIT and BYTE (b) RAM and ROM (c) Epidemic and endemic (d) Photosynthesis and
respiration (e) Herbivores and carnivores
(a) BIT and BYTE:

 BIT stands for "Binary Digit" and is the smallest unit of data in computing.
 BIT can represent either a 0 or a 1, representing the binary system used in
computers.
 BYTE is a unit of data that consists of 8 bits.
 BYTE is used to measure the size or capacity of computer memory or storage.
 Computers process and store data in terms of bytes, while individual bits are used
for binary representation and calculations.

(b) RAM and ROM:

 RAM stands for "Random Access Memory."

 RAM is a type of computer memory that is volatile, meaning it loses its data when
power is turned off.
 It is used for storing data that is actively being used by the computer and allows for
quick read and write operations.
 ROM stands for "Read-Only Memory."
 ROM is a type of computer memory that is non-volatile, meaning it retains its data
even when power is turned off.
 It contains firmware or permanent instructions that are essential for booting up the
computer or running basic operations.

(c) Epidemic and endemic:

 Epidemic refers to the rapid spread of a disease to a large number of people within a
specific population or area.
 It is often characterized by a sudden increase in the number of cases above what is
normally expected.
 Epidemics are usually temporary and can be contained through public health
measures.
 Endemic refers to the constant presence or usual occurrence of a disease within a
specific population or area.
 It refers to the baseline level of disease prevalence in a particular region or group.
 Endemic diseases are typically well-established and may not cause a significant
public health concern.
 4

(d) Photosynthesis and respiration:

 Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants, algae, and some bacteria
convert sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide into glucose (a form of sugar) and
oxygen.
 It occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells and is essential for the production of
oxygen and food in the form of glucose.
 Respiration is the process by which living organisms, including plants, break down
glucose to release energy for cellular activities.
 It occurs in the mitochondria of cells and requires oxygen to produce carbon dioxide,
water, and energy (in the form of ATP).

(e) Herbivores and carnivores:

 Herbivores are animals that primarily consume plants, such as grass, leaves, fruits,
or seeds.
 They have specialized digestive systems for breaking down plant matter and
extracting nutrients from it.
 Examples include cows, rabbits, and deer.
 Carnivores are animals that primarily consume other animals.
 They have adaptations like sharp teeth and claws for hunting, tearing, and
consuming meat.
 Examples include lions, tigers, and wolves.

Q.4 in bullet points for grade 7 (i) What are the endocrine glands? Name any Two.
(2+2) (ii) Name the parts of human body from where the following secreted: (6) (a)
Insulin (b) thyroxin (c) adrenalin (d) oestrogen (e) cortisol (f) Testosterone
(i) What are the endocrine glands? Name any Two:

 Endocrine glands are special glands in the human body that secrete hormones
directly into the bloodstream.
 These hormones are chemical messengers that regulate various functions and
processes in the body.
 They help maintain homeostasis, growth, development, metabolism, and
reproduction.
 Two examples of endocrine glands are:
1. Pituitary gland: Located at the base of the brain, it produces and releases
hormones that regulate other endocrine glands and control growth,
metabolism, and reproduction.
2. Thyroid gland: Located in the front of the neck, it produces hormones (like
thyroxine) that regulate metabolism, growth, and development.

(ii) Name the parts of the human body from where the following are secreted:

(a) Insulin: Secreted by the pancreas, specifically by the beta cells in the islets of
Langerhans. Insulin helps regulate blood sugar levels and facilitates the uptake of
glucose by cells.
 5

(b) Thyroxin: Secreted by the thyroid gland. It regulates metabolism, growth, and
development, and helps maintain body temperature and energy levels.

(c) Adrenalin (Epinephrine): Secreted by the adrenal glands, specifically the adrenal
medulla. It is involved in the body's response to stress and helps increase heart rate,
blood pressure, and energy availability.

(d) Oestrogen: Secreted by the ovaries (in females) and in smaller amounts by the
testes (in males). Oestrogen plays a crucial role in female reproductive development,
regulating the menstrual cycle, and maintaining bone density.

(e) Cortisol: Secreted by the adrenal glands, specifically the adrenal cortex. It is
involved in the body's response to stress, helps regulate metabolism, and plays a
role in immune system function.

(f) Testosterone: Secreted primarily by the testes (in males) and in smaller amounts
by the ovaries (in females) and the adrenal glands. Testosterone is the primary male
sex hormone and plays a vital role in male reproductive development, muscle mass,
bone density, and secondary sexual characteristics.

a) Briefly discuss the classification of plants giving suitable examples: (6) (b) define
the following: (4) (1) Vaccine (2) Antibiotic (3) Solar eclipse (4) Exotherm
(a) Classification of plants giving suitable examples:

Plants are classified into different groups based on their characteristics and
evolutionary relationships. The classification of plants is typically based on several
factors such as their structure, reproductive methods, and genetic similarities. Here
are some broad categories of plants with suitable examples:

1. Non-Vascular Plants:
 These are simple plants that lack specialized vascular tissues for water and
nutrient transport.
 Examples: Mosses, liverworts, and hornworts.
2. Vascular Plants:
 These are plants that possess specialized vascular tissues (xylem and
phloem) for efficient water and nutrient transport.
 Examples: Ferns and horsetails.
3. Gymnosperms:
 These are seed-bearing plants that do not produce flowers or fruits.
 The seeds are typically exposed on the surface of cones.
 Examples: Conifers (such as pine, spruce, and fir trees), cycads, and ginkgo
trees.
4. Angiosperms:
 These are flowering plants that produce seeds enclosed within a protective
structure (fruit).
 They are the most diverse and widespread group of plants.
 Examples: Roses, sunflowers, oak trees, and grasses.
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(b) Definitions:

(1) Vaccine:

 A vaccine is a biological preparation that stimulates the immune system to provide

protection against specific infectious diseases.
 It often contains weakened or inactivated forms of pathogens or components of
pathogens.
 Vaccines help the body recognize and fight the targeted pathogen more effectively.

(2) Antibiotic:

 An antibiotic is a type of medication that is used to treat bacterial infections.

 Antibiotics can kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria, helping the body to fight off the
infection.
 They are not effective against viral infections.

(3) Solar eclipse:

 A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between the Sun and the Earth,
blocking the sunlight from reaching certain regions on the Earth's surface.
 It happens when the alignment of the Sun, Moon, and Earth is in a specific
configuration.
 There are different types of solar eclipses, including total, partial, and annular
eclipses.

(4) Exotherm:

 Exotherm refers to a chemical reaction or process that releases heat or energy to the
surroundings.
 It is the opposite of an endothermic reaction, which absorbs heat or energy from the
surroundings.
 Exothermic reactions often involve the formation of chemical bonds and are
associated with a rise in temperature.

Q.5 Give scientific reasons of the following: (2 each) (a) Why climbers get their food
by climbing on other trees ? (b) Mars is called red planet. (c) Vitamin D is the
essential component of the bidy. (d) The weight of the oblect is less at the equator
than at the poles. (e) Why do some people snore?
(a) Why climbers get their food by climbing on other trees?

 Climbers, such as certain types of vines or lianas, rely on climbing on other trees to
access sunlight.
 By climbing, they can reach the upper canopy where sunlight is abundant and
competition for light is reduced.
 Climbers have adaptations like tendrils, hooks, or clinging roots that help them attach
to other trees for support.
 7

 This strategy allows climbers to maximize their exposure to sunlight and optimize
their chances of photosynthesis for energy production.

(b) Mars is called the red planet:

 Mars is referred to as the red planet due to its reddish appearance when observed
from Earth.
 The reddish color is primarily due to the iron oxide (rust) present on its surface.
 The iron oxide dust and rocks on Mars give it a distinct reddish hue, similar to rusted
iron.
 The iron oxide particles in the Martian soil and atmosphere scatter sunlight in a way
that makes Mars appear reddish in color.

(c) Vitamin D is an essential component of the body:

 Vitamin D is essential for the body because it plays a vital role in several
physiological processes.
 It helps in the absorption and utilization of calcium and phosphorus, which are crucial
for bone health and growth.
 Vitamin D also contributes to the regulation of the immune system and plays a role in
cell growth and differentiation.
 Sun exposure triggers the synthesis of vitamin D in the skin, and it can also be
obtained from certain foods or supplements.

(d) The weight of an object is less at the equator than at the poles:

 The weight of an object is influenced by the Earth's rotation and the resulting
centrifugal force.
 The Earth is not a perfect sphere but slightly flattened at the poles and bulging at the
equator.
 Due to this shape, objects weigh slightly less at the equator than at the poles.
 The centrifugal force at the equator counteracts a fraction of the gravitational force,
resulting in a slight reduction in weight compared to the poles.

(e) Why do some people snore?

 Snoring occurs when there is a partial blockage or narrowing of the airway during
sleep.
 The narrowing of the airway can be due to various factors, including the relaxation of
muscles in the throat, excess weight, nasal congestion, or structural abnormalities.
 When the airway is partially blocked, the airflow causes the tissues in the throat to
vibrate, resulting in the sound of snoring.
 Factors like sleeping position, alcohol consumption, and certain medical conditions
can increase the likelihood of snoring in some individuals.

Give description of satellites and also give their functions. (10)

Description of satellites:
 8

 Satellites are artificial objects that are placed into orbit around celestial bodies, such
as the Earth.
 They are typically man-made and designed to perform various functions and tasks.
 Satellites can be classified into different types based on their purpose and orbit,
including communication satellites, weather satellites, scientific satellites, and
navigation satellites.
 They come in different sizes, ranging from small CubeSats to large geostationary
satellites.
 Satellites are equipped with instruments and systems to collect data, transmit
signals, monitor the Earth's surface, or perform specific scientific experiments.
 They are launched into space using rockets and are placed in specific orbits to fulfill
their intended functions.
 Satellites can operate in different altitudes and orbits, such as low Earth orbit (LEO),
medium Earth orbit (MEO), geostationary orbit (GEO), and polar orbit.

Functions of satellites:

1. Communication: Communication satellites facilitate global communication by

relaying signals for television, telephone, internet, and other forms of communication
across long distances.
2. Weather Monitoring: Weather satellites observe and gather data about weather
patterns, cloud cover, atmospheric conditions, and other meteorological phenomena
to provide accurate weather forecasts and warnings.
3. Earth Observation: Satellites equipped with cameras and sensors capture images
and collect data about the Earth's surface, helping in mapping, monitoring changes
in land use, tracking weather patterns, and studying environmental phenomena.
4. Navigation: Navigation satellites, such as the Global Positioning System (GPS),
provide precise positioning, timing, and navigation information to users worldwide,
enabling accurate location tracking and navigation in various applications like
transportation and mapping.
5. Scientific Research: Scientific satellites are used for scientific research and
exploration, including studying the universe, collecting astronomical data,
investigating space phenomena, and conducting experiments in microgravity
environments.
6. Remote Sensing: Satellites equipped with remote sensing instruments capture data
about the Earth's atmosphere, oceans, land, and ecosystems, aiding in
environmental monitoring, resource management, disaster response, and
agricultural assessments.
7. Military and Defense: Satellites play a crucial role in military and defense operations,
including intelligence gathering, surveillance, reconnaissance, and communication
for military forces worldwide.
8. Education and Communication: Some satellites are dedicated to educational
purposes, providing access to educational programs, internet connectivity, and
telecommunication services to underserved or remote areas.
9. Search and Rescue: Satellites equipped with search and rescue instruments help in
locating and providing assistance to individuals in distress, such as during maritime
emergencies or natural disasters.
10. Commercial Applications: Satellites are utilized in various commercial applications,
including satellite television, internet services, global financial transactions,
monitoring of transportation and logistics, and precision agriculture.
 9

(a) What is balance diet? (5

 A balanced diet refers to consuming a variety of food items in proper proportions to
meet the nutritional needs of the body.
 It involves including a combination of different food groups in meals and snacks.
 A balanced diet should provide essential nutrients, vitamins, minerals, and other
components necessary for good health and well-being.
 It typically includes foods from the following groups:
1. Fruits and vegetables: Rich in vitamins, minerals, and fiber.
2. Grains and cereals: Provide carbohydrates, fiber, and some essential
nutrients.
3. Protein-rich foods: Such as lean meats, poultry, fish, legumes, and dairy
products, which are important for growth, repair, and overall body functions.
4. Dairy products or dairy alternatives: Good sources of calcium and other
nutrients.
5. Healthy fats: Found in nuts, seeds, oils, and fatty fish, which provide energy
and essential fatty acids.
 A balanced diet also involves moderating the consumption of sugar, salt, unhealthy
fats, and processed foods.
 It is important to drink an adequate amount of water to maintain hydration and
support bodily functions.
 A balanced diet can help maintain a healthy body weight, prevent nutrient
deficiencies, and reduce the risk of chronic diseases like heart disease, diabetes,
and certain cancers.

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(b) How are characters transmitted from parents to offspring?
 Characters, also known as traits or characteristics, are transmitted from parents to
offspring through the process of inheritance.
 Inheritance occurs through the passing of genes from parents to their children.
 Genes are segments of DNA located on chromosomes within the cells of our bodies.
 Each gene carries the instructions for a specific trait, such as eye color, hair texture,
or height.
 Offspring inherit half of their genes from their biological mother and half from their
biological father.
 The process of inheritance involves the combination of genetic material from both
parents.
 During sexual reproduction, the sperm from the father and the egg from the mother
unite to form a fertilized egg or zygote.
 The zygote then undergoes cell division and development, inheriting genetic
information from both parents.
 Different combinations of genes inherited from the parents contribute to the unique
traits and characteristics of each individual.
 Some traits are influenced by a single gene (known as single-gene traits), while
others are influenced by multiple genes and environmental factors (known as
polygenic traits).
 10

 Genetic inheritance is responsible for the similarities and differences between family
members and plays a fundamental role in shaping the diversity of life.

NEW NEW NEW NEW NEW NEW NEW NEW NEW NEW
NEW NEW NEW NEW NEW NEW NEW NEW
NEW NEW
5a. Muhammad bin Musa Al-Khawarizmi b. Abu Ali Sina
a. Muhammad bin Musa Al-Khawarizmi:

 Muhammad bin Musa Al-Khawarizmi was a Persian mathematician, astronomer, and

geographer.
 He lived during the 9th century (circa 780-850 CE).
 Al-Khawarizmi is often referred to as the "Father of Algebra" due to his significant
contributions to the field of algebra.
 His book "Kitab al-Jabr wa al-Muqabala" (The Compendious Book on Calculation by
Completion and Balancing) introduced systematic algebraic methods and laid the
foundation for solving equations.
 Al-Khawarizmi's work on Hindu-Arabic numerals, including the concept of zero,
greatly influenced the development of modern arithmetic and mathematical notation.
 He also made contributions to geography and trigonometry, and his works were
widely translated and spread knowledge throughout the Islamic world and Europe.

b. Abu Ali Sina (Avicenna):

 Abu Ali Sina, commonly known as Avicenna, was a Persian polymath who lived
during the 10th and 11th centuries (980-1037 CE).
 He made significant contributions to various fields, including medicine, philosophy,
astronomy, and poetry.
 Avicenna's most renowned work is "The Canon of Medicine," an influential medical
encyclopedia that compiled medical knowledge from ancient Greece, Persia, and
India.
 The Canon of Medicine became a standard medical textbook in Europe and the
Islamic world for centuries.
 Avicenna's medical writings covered topics such as anatomy, physiology, pathology,
and pharmacology.
 He emphasized the importance of clinical observation and documentation in medical
practice.
 Avicenna's philosophical works, especially his book "The Book of Healing," explored
topics in metaphysics, ethics, logic, and natural philosophy.
 His contributions to both medicine and philosophy had a profound impact on later
scholars and influenced the development of medieval and Renaissance thought.
 11

Q.1. Differentiate clearly between the following pairs: (2 each) a. Fission and fusion
b. Star and Planet c. Pollination and Fertilization d. Telescope and Microscope e.
Antibiotics and Vaccines
a. Fission and Fusion:

 Fission is the splitting of an atomic nucleus into two or more smaller nuclei,
accompanied by the release of a large amount of energy.
 Fusion is the process of combining two or more atomic nuclei to form a larger
nucleus, also accompanied by the release of a tremendous amount of energy.
 Fission occurs in nuclear power plants and atomic bombs, while fusion powers the
sun and other stars.
 Fission releases energy by breaking apart heavy nuclei (such as uranium or
plutonium), whereas fusion releases energy by combining light nuclei (such as
hydrogen isotopes).
 Fission is currently used for generating electricity, while fusion is a potential future
source of clean and abundant energy.

b. Star and Planet:

 Stars are massive celestial objects that emit light and heat due to nuclear fusion in
their cores.
 Stars are primarily composed of hot gases, such as hydrogen and helium, and they
emit their own light.
 Planets, on the other hand, are celestial bodies that orbit stars and do not emit light
of their own.
 Planets are relatively smaller and are primarily composed of solid or gaseous
materials.
 Stars generate energy through nuclear fusion, while planets do not have their own
internal energy source.
 Stars come in various sizes and colors, while planets are typically smaller and have
diverse compositions.

c. Pollination and Fertilization:

 Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from the male reproductive part (anther) to
the female reproductive part (stigma) of a flower.
 Pollination can occur through various means, including wind, water, or through the
help of animals like bees, butterflies, or birds.
 Fertilization, on the other hand, is the fusion of the male gamete (sperm) with the
female gamete (egg) to form a zygote.
 Fertilization occurs after pollination, where the pollen tube delivers the male gametes
to the ovary and fertilizes the ovule.
 Pollination is essential for the transfer of pollen, while fertilization is crucial for the
formation of seeds and the development of offspring.

d. Telescope and Microscope:

 Telescopes are optical devices used to observe distant objects, such as stars,
planets, galaxies, or celestial events.
 12

 Telescopes work by collecting and focusing light, allowing astronomers to study and
analyze celestial objects.
 Microscopes, on the other hand, are instruments used to magnify and observe small
objects, such as cells, microorganisms, or tiny structures.
 Microscopes use lenses to magnify the image and reveal details that are not visible
to the naked eye.
 Telescopes are mainly used in astronomy and space research, while microscopes
are used in various fields, including biology, medicine, and materials science.

e. Antibiotics and Vaccines:

 Antibiotics are medications that are used to treat bacterial infections.

 They work by killing or inhibiting the growth of bacteria, helping the body fight off the
infection.
 Antibiotics are ineffective against viral infections.
 Vaccines, on the other hand, are biological preparations that stimulate the immune
system to provide protection against specific infectious diseases.
 Vaccines contain weakened or inactivated forms of pathogens or components of
pathogens.
 Vaccines help the body recognize and fight the targeted pathogen more effectively.
 Unlike antibiotics, vaccines are preventive measures and are typically administered
before exposure to a specific pathogen.

5 a. Discuss briefly the SOLAR SYSTEM. (6) b. How are EARTHQUAKES caused?
(4)
a. Brief discussion of the Solar System:

 The Solar System is a vast collection of celestial objects that revolve around the
Sun.
 It consists of the Sun, eight planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn,
Uranus, and Neptune), numerous moons, asteroids, comets, and other smaller
objects.
 The Sun is at the center of the Solar System and provides light, heat, and
gravitational pull that holds the planets in their orbits.
 The planets in the Solar System differ in size, composition, atmosphere, and
distance from the Sun.
 The inner planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars) are rocky and relatively
smaller, while the outer planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune) are gas
giants with massive sizes and thick atmospheres.
 Moons orbit around planets and some have unique characteristics, such as Earth's
Moon.
 Asteroids are rocky objects that orbit the Sun, mostly found in the asteroid belt
between Mars and Jupiter.
 Comets are icy bodies that orbit the Sun in elliptical paths, and when close to the
Sun, they develop a glowing coma and a tail.
 The Solar System is a small part of the vast universe and provides a fascinating
subject for scientific exploration and discovery.
 13

b. How earthquakes are caused:

 Earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust,
leading to ground shaking and tremors.
 The Earth's crust is made up of tectonic plates that float on the semi-fluid mantle
layer.
 Most earthquakes occur along the boundaries of these tectonic plates.
 When the stress between two plates becomes too great, it overcomes the friction
holding them together, causing them to slip or break.
 This sudden movement generates seismic waves that travel through the Earth,
causing the ground to shake.
 The point within the Earth's crust where the earthquake originates is called the
hypocenter or focus.
 The point on the Earth's surface directly above the hypocenter is called the
epicenter.
 Earthquakes can vary in intensity and magnitude, measured using tools like
seismographs and the Richter scale.
 Besides tectonic activity, earthquakes can also be caused by volcanic activity,
landslides, or human-induced activities like mining or reservoir-induced seismicity.
 The study of earthquakes is essential for understanding Earth's structure, plate
tectonics, and implementing measures for earthquake preparedness and safety.

a. Supernova b. Radioactivity c. Laser d. Semiconductors e. Geothermal Energy f.

Computer Virus g. Pasteurization
a. Supernova:

 A supernova is a powerful and extremely energetic stellar explosion.

 It occurs when a massive star reaches the end of its life cycle and undergoes a
catastrophic collapse.
 The explosion releases an immense amount of energy, radiating light and various
forms of radiation into space.
 Supernovae can briefly outshine entire galaxies and produce elements heavier than
iron through nuclear fusion.
 They play a crucial role in the distribution of elements in the universe and can trigger
the formation of new stars and planetary systems.

b. Radioactivity:

 Radioactivity refers to the spontaneous emission of particles or radiation from the

nucleus of an unstable atomic nucleus.
 It is a natural property exhibited by certain elements, such as uranium, thorium, and
radium.
 Three common types of radiation emitted during radioactive decay are alpha
particles, beta particles, and gamma rays.
 Radioactive decay occurs until the unstable nucleus reaches a more stable state.
 Radioactivity has various applications, including medical diagnosis and treatment,
industrial uses, and energy production in nuclear power plants.
 14

c. Laser:

 Laser stands for "Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation."

 It is a device that produces a concentrated and coherent beam of light.
 Laser light is monochromatic (of a single color) and has properties like high intensity,
directionality, and low divergence.
 Lasers have a wide range of applications in various fields, including medicine,
industry, research, communication, and entertainment.
 Examples of laser applications include laser surgery, cutting and welding metals,
barcode scanners, laser printers, and fiber optic communication.

d. Semiconductors:

 Semiconductors are materials that have electrical conductivity between that of

conductors (such as metals) and insulators (such as nonmetals).
 Common semiconductors include silicon and germanium.
 They have a unique property of changing their electrical conductivity based on
external factors such as temperature or impurities.
 Semiconductors form the basis of modern electronic devices, including transistors,
diodes, and integrated circuits (ICs).
 They are essential components in computers, smartphones, televisions, and many
other electronic devices.

e. Geothermal Energy:

 Geothermal energy is the heat energy generated from the Earth's internal heat.
 It is harnessed by extracting heat from hot rocks or water reservoirs deep within the
Earth.
 Geothermal power plants use this energy to produce electricity or provide direct
heating for homes and buildings.
 Regions with high geothermal activity, such as geysers or hot springs, are suitable
for geothermal energy production.
 Geothermal energy is a renewable and environmentally friendly source of power,
reducing reliance on fossil fuels and contributing to a sustainable energy future.

f. Computer Virus:

 A computer virus is a type of malicious software program that can replicate itself and
spread from one computer to another.
 It can cause various harmful effects, such as corrupting or deleting files, stealing
personal information, or disrupting computer operations.
 Computer viruses are typically designed to exploit vulnerabilities in computer
systems or deceive users into executing them.
 They can spread through email attachments, infected websites, file sharing, or
removable storage devices.
 Antivirus software and safe browsing practices help protect against computer
viruses.

g. Pasteurization:
 15

 Pasteurization is a process of heating liquids, such as milk, juice, or wine, to kill or

deactivate harmful microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, and parasites.
 The liquid is heated to a specific temperature and held at that temperature for a
certain time, followed by rapid cooling.
 Pasteurization helps to extend the shelf life of perishable products while maintaining
their nutritional quality.
 It was developed by French scientist Louis Pasteur in the 19th century and is widely
used in the food and beverage industry to ensure safety and reduce the risk of
foodborne illnesses.

4a. What are HORMONES? Name four important hormones and describe their
functions in the human body. (2+4
Hormones:

 Hormones are chemical messengers produced by various glands in the body.

 They are released into the bloodstream and travel to target tissues or organs to
regulate and control specific functions.
 Hormones play a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis, growth, development,
metabolism, and reproduction.

Four important hormones and their functions in the human body:

1. Insulin:
 Produced by the pancreas.
 Function: Regulates blood sugar levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose from the
bloodstream into cells for energy production.
 Helps in maintaining stable blood sugar levels and preventing high blood sugar
(hyperglycemia) or low blood sugar (hypoglycemia).
2. Growth Hormone (GH):
 Produced by the pituitary gland.
 Function: Stimulates growth, cell reproduction, and regeneration in the body.
 Important for proper bone and muscle growth, as well as overall development during
childhood and adolescence.
3. Thyroid Hormones (T3 and T4):
 Produced by the thyroid gland.
 Function: Regulate metabolism, energy production, and growth and development.
 Help maintain body temperature, heart rate, and brain function.
 Play a crucial role in the proper functioning of various organs and systems in the
body.
4. Estrogen and Testosterone:
 Estrogen is primarily produced by the ovaries in females, while testosterone is
produced by the testes in males (although both hormones are present in both
genders in different amounts).
 Functions:
 Estrogen: Regulates the development of secondary sexual characteristics in
females, supports the menstrual cycle, and plays a role in bone health.
 Testosterone: Regulates the development of secondary sexual characteristics
in males, supports muscle growth, bone density, and sperm production.
 16

These are just a few examples of the many hormones present in the human body.
Each hormone has specific functions and works in coordination with others to
maintain overall health and well-being.

5 Explain the structure and function of an ANIMAL CELL with a labeled diagram.
(2+2)
Structure and Function of an Animal Cell:

 An animal cell is a basic structural and functional unit of all animal organisms.
 It has various specialized structures called organelles, each with a specific function.
 Here is a brief explanation of the structure and function of an animal cell:
1. Cell Membrane:
 Structure: Thin, flexible outer layer surrounding the cell.
 Function: Regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell, providing
protection and maintaining cell integrity.
2. Nucleus:
 Structure: Large, centrally located organelle.
 Function: Contains genetic material (DNA) that controls cell activities and carries
hereditary information.
3. Cytoplasm:
 Structure: Gel-like substance filling the cell.
 Function: Provides support and protection for organelles, facilitates cell metabolism
and movement of organelles.
4. Mitochondria:
 Structure: Rod-shaped organelles with inner and outer membranes.
 Function: Produces energy (ATP) through cellular respiration, known as the
powerhouse of the cell.
5. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):
 Structure: Network of interconnected tubes and sacs throughout the cytoplasm.
 Function: Involved in protein synthesis, lipid metabolism, and transport of materials
within the cell.
6. Golgi Apparatus:
 Structure: Stack of flattened, membrane-bound sacs.
 Function: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for transport to their
specific destinations inside or outside the cell.
7. Lysosomes:
 Structure: Small sacs containing digestive enzymes.
 Function: Breaks down and recycles waste materials, old cell components, and
foreign substances.
8. Vacuoles:
 Structure: Membrane-bound sacs, larger in plant cells and smaller in animal cells.
 Function: Stores water, nutrients, and waste products; helps maintain cell shape and
support.
9. Cytoskeleton:
 Structure: Network of protein filaments (microtubules, microfilaments) throughout the
cytoplasm.
 Function: Provides structural support, maintains cell shape, and enables cell
movement.
 17

10. Ribosomes:
 Structure: Small particles made of RNA and proteins.
 Function: Involved in protein synthesis by linking amino acids together to form
proteins.

Note: To visualize the labeled diagram of an animal cell, it would be best to refer to a
visual resource such as a textbook, online diagram, or educational website, as it
would provide a more accurate representation.

a. What are the essential nutrients of BALANCED DIET? Describe one such nutrient
in detail explaining its role in the metabolism
Essential Nutrients of a Balanced Diet:

 A balanced diet should include a variety of essential nutrients that are required for
proper growth, development, and overall health.
 Here are some important essential nutrients found in a balanced diet:
1. Carbohydrates:
 Carbohydrates are the main source of energy for the body.
 They are found in foods such as grains (bread, rice, pasta), fruits, vegetables, and
legumes.
 Carbohydrates are broken down into glucose, which is used by cells for energy
production.
 Glucose is vital for various metabolic processes, including cellular respiration and
providing energy to the brain and muscles.
2. Proteins:
 Proteins are important for growth, repair, and maintenance of body tissues.
 They are found in foods like meat, fish, poultry, dairy products, legumes, and nuts.
 Proteins are composed of amino acids, which are building blocks for cells, tissues,
enzymes, and hormones.
 They play a crucial role in muscle development, immune function, and the production
of enzymes and hormones.
3. Fats:
 Fats are a concentrated source of energy and provide essential fatty acids.
 They are found in foods like oils, butter, nuts, seeds, and fatty fish.
 Fats are involved in hormone production, insulation and protection of organs, and the
absorption of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K).
 They also provide a feeling of satiety and help transport certain vitamins throughout
the body.
4. Vitamins and Minerals:
 Vitamins and minerals are micronutrients that are required in smaller quantities but
are essential for various body functions.
 They are found in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, dairy products, and meat.
 Examples of important vitamins include vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin A, vitamin K,
and the B-vitamins.
 Minerals like calcium, iron, potassium, and zinc are crucial for bone health, nerve
function, blood clotting, and the production of red blood cells.

One Nutrient in Detail: Vitamin C

 18

 Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, is a water-soluble vitamin found in citrus

fruits, berries, tomatoes, and leafy greens.
 Role in Metabolism:
 Vitamin C plays a vital role in the metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates, and
fats.
 It is required for the synthesis of collagen, a protein that forms connective
tissues in the body, including skin, bones, blood vessels, and tendons.
 Vitamin C is involved in the conversion of proline and lysine, two amino acids,
into collagen.
 It also acts as an antioxidant, protecting cells from damage caused by harmful
free radicals.
 Vitamin C enhances iron absorption from plant-based foods and supports the
immune system's function.
 It is important for wound healing, maintaining healthy teeth and gums, and
promoting overall tissue repair and growth.
 Additionally, vitamin C helps regenerate other antioxidants in the body, such
as vitamin E, enhancing their effectiveness in combating oxidative stress.

a.in bullet points Define ENERGY. Name four renewable sources of energy. How
can our country come out of Energy Crisis?
Energy:

 Energy is the ability to do work or the capacity to cause change.

 It exists in various forms, such as kinetic energy (energy of motion), potential energy
(stored energy), thermal energy (heat), electrical energy, and more.
 Energy can be converted from one form to another, but the total amount of energy in
a closed system remains constant (law of conservation of energy).

Four Renewable Sources of Energy:

1. Solar Energy:
 Solar energy is obtained from the sun and converted into usable energy through
technologies like solar panels or solar thermal systems.
 It is abundant and renewable, making it a sustainable source of energy.
 Solar energy can be harnessed to generate electricity, heat water, or provide direct
heating and lighting.
2. Wind Energy:
 Wind energy is generated by harnessing the power of wind through wind turbines.
 Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy of the wind into mechanical energy, which is
then used to generate electricity.
 Wind energy is clean, abundant, and does not produce greenhouse gas emissions.
3. Hydropower:
 Hydropower is generated by harnessing the energy of flowing or falling water.
 It involves the use of dams or river turbines to convert the potential energy of water
into mechanical energy, which is then converted into electricity.
 Hydropower is a reliable and widely used renewable energy source.
4. Biomass:
 19

 Biomass energy is derived from organic matter, such as plants, agricultural residues,
or wood.
 It can be used to produce heat, electricity, or biofuels through processes like
combustion or fermentation.
 Biomass energy is renewable, as new plants can be grown to replace the ones used
for energy production.

How can our country come out of Energy Crisis?

 Promote Energy Efficiency:

 Encourage energy-efficient practices and technologies to reduce energy
consumption.
 Implement energy-saving measures in industries, buildings, and
transportation sectors.
 Diversify Energy Sources:
 Invest in renewable energy sources like solar, wind, hydro, and biomass to
reduce reliance on fossil fuels.
 Encourage the development and adoption of clean and sustainable energy
technologies.
 Enhance Energy Infrastructure:
 Improve and expand energy infrastructure, including power generation,
transmission, and distribution systems.
 Upgrade and modernize existing energy facilities to improve efficiency and
reliability.
 Support Research and Development:
 Invest in research and development of new energy technologies and
solutions.
 Promote innovation in clean energy sources, energy storage, and energy-
efficient systems.
 Raise Awareness and Education:
 Educate the public about the importance of energy conservation and
sustainable practices.
 Encourage individuals, communities, and businesses to adopt energy-saving
measures.
 Policy and Regulatory Measures:
 Implement policies, regulations, and incentives to promote renewable energy
investments and usage.
 Establish energy conservation standards and promote sustainable energy
practices.
 International Cooperation:
 Collaborate with other countries, organizations, and stakeholders to share
knowledge, resources, and best practices in the energy sector.
 Explore opportunities for energy trade, interconnections, and cooperation to
ensure energy security.

b. Write a brief note on CERAMICS

 Ceramics are a broad category of materials that are primarily made from clay and
other inorganic materials.
 20

 They are created through a process called firing or baking, where the clay is heated
at high temperatures until it hardens and becomes durable.
 Ceramics have been used by humans for thousands of years for various purposes,
including pottery, construction materials, and decorative objects.
 They are known for their strength, heat resistance, and ability to retain shape and
color even under extreme conditions.
 Ceramics come in different forms, such as tiles, bricks, plates, bowls, vases, and
figurines.
 They can be glazed or painted to add color, texture, and patterns.
 Ceramics have wide-ranging applications in industries like architecture, engineering,
aerospace, electronics, and medicine.
 In architecture, ceramics are used for roofing tiles, bricks, and decorative elements
due to their durability and aesthetic appeal.
 In engineering and aerospace, ceramics are used for manufacturing parts that
require high strength, wear resistance, and thermal stability.
 In electronics, ceramics are used for insulating materials, capacitors, and circuit
boards.
 In medicine, ceramics are used for dental implants, prosthetics, and bone
replacements due to their biocompatibility.
 Ceramics continue to evolve with advancements in materials science and
technology, making them an essential part of our everyday lives.

2 Describe very briefly the working of a CAMERA. How does it resemble in its
function with that of the HUMAN EYE? (3
Working of a Camera:

 A camera is a device that captures and records images or videos.

 It consists of a lens, an image sensor, and a mechanism to control the amount of
light entering the camera.
 When you press the shutter button, the camera opens its aperture (like the eye's
pupil) to allow light to pass through the lens.
 The lens focuses the light onto the image sensor, which converts the light into an
electrical signal.
 The camera processes this signal and creates a digital image or video file that can
be stored or displayed.

Resemblance to the Human Eye:

 Just like a camera, the human eye also works by capturing and processing light to
create visual images.
 The cornea and lens in the eye focus light onto the retina, which is similar to the
image sensor in a camera.
 The retina contains cells called photoreceptors that convert light into electrical
signals.
 These electrical signals are then transmitted to the brain through the optic nerve,
where they are processed and interpreted as visual images.
 Both the camera and the human eye rely on the principles of focusing light and
converting it into electrical signals to create images.
 21

What are PLASTCS? Describe briefly their characteristics and Limitations in bullet
points for grade 2
 Plastics are a type of material that is made from synthetic or natural polymers.
 They are flexible and can be molded into different shapes when heated and then
cooled.
 Plastics are lightweight and have a wide range of uses in everyday life.
 Characteristics of plastics:
1. Durability: Plastics are strong and can withstand impact and wear.
2. Versatility: They can be made into various forms, such as bottles, toys, and
containers.
3. Waterproof: Plastics do not absorb water and can be used for items that need
to stay dry.
4. Colorful: Plastics can be easily colored and come in different shades and
patterns.
5. Easy to clean: Plastics can be washed and wiped clean with ease.
6. Long-lasting: Plastics can have a long lifespan if taken care of properly.
 Limitations of plastics:
1. Non-Biodegradable: Plastics do not break down easily in the environment and
can contribute to pollution if not properly disposed of.
2. Heat sensitivity: Some plastics can melt or deform when exposed to high
temperatures.
3. Lack of strength: Not all plastics are strong enough for heavy-duty
applications.
4. Chemical sensitivity: Some plastics can be affected by certain chemicals and
may release harmful substances.
5. Recycling challenges: While many plastics can be recycled, it can be a
complex process and not all types of plastics are recyclable.
 It is important to use plastics responsibly and consider alternatives or recycling
options to reduce their environmental impact.