Lege Hidha Revised Technical Report

OWEB LEGE HIDHA MULTI-VILLAGE CR-WASH WATER SUPPLY PROJECT DRAFT DETAIL DESIGN REVIEW
ENGINEERING REPORT 1
Table of Contents
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ....................................................................................................... 7
1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 11
1.1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON LAGA HIDHA WATER SUPPLY STATUS11
1.1.1 MAJOR IMPACTS OF UNSAFE WATER ............................................................... 12
1.1.2 CLIMATE CHANGE AND WASH ........................................................................... 13
1.1.3 WASH CLIMATE RESILIENT DEVELOPMENT................................................... 14
1.1.3.1 LAGA HIDHA CURRENT WASH CONDITION ................................................. 15
1.1.3.1.1 BACK GROUND OF THE WOREDA ................................................................ 15
1.1.3.1.2 HEALTH INFRA-STRUCTURE- ........................................................................ 15
1.1.3.1.3 SCHOOL INFRA-STRUCTURE ......................................................................... 15
1.1.3.1.4 WATER SUPPLY INFRASTRUCTURE ............................................................ 15
1.1.3.1.5 CATCHMENT MANAGEMENT ........................................................................ 16
1.2 OBJECTIVE................................................................................................................... 16
1.2.1 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES OF THE ASSIGNMENT ................................................. 16
1.3 SCOPE ........................................................................................................................... 17
1.4 APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY ......................................................................... 18
1.4.1 LITERATURE REVIEW AND DESK STUDY ........................................................ 18
1.4.2 DISCUSSION WITH THE BENEFICIARIES /STAKE HOLDERS OF THE PROJECT
.............................................................................................................................................. 18
1.4.3 FIELD VISIT .............................................................................................................. 18
1.5 LOCATION ................................................................................................................... 19
1.6 PHYSIOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PROJECT AREA ...................... 20
1.7 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS ......................................................................................... 21
1.8 LAND USE PATTERN ................................................................................................. 22
1.9 EXISTING WATER SUPPLY SCHEME ..................................................................... 24
1.10 EXITING WATER SHORTAGE, FETCHING QUEUE, DANGEROUS WELLS ... 25
2. DESIGN CRITERIA AND METHODOLOY..................................................................... 29
2.1 GENERAL ..................................................................................................................... 29
2.2 DATA COLLECTION AND ANLYSIS ....................................................................... 29
2.2.1 SOCIO ECONOMIC DATA ...................................................................................... 29
2.2.2 HYDROLOGICAL DATA FOR PREVIOUS WATER SOURCE............................ 31
2.3.1 Conclusion and Recommendation for previous water source ..................................... 31
2.4 GEOTECHNICAL DATA FOR THE PREVIOUS DESIGN OF TRANSMISSION
AND DISTRIBUTION MAIN ............................................................................................ 33
2.4.1 SCOPE OF THE STUDY ........................................................................................... 33
2.4.2 METHODOLOGY AND EQUIPMENT USED......................................................... 34
2.4.3 CONCLUSIONS ......................................................................................................... 35
2.5 GROUND SURVEY ...................................................................................................... 35
2.6.1 IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES .......................................................... 37
2.6.2 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES ............................................................................ 38
2.6.4 COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS .................................................................................... 39
2.6.5 DECOMMISSIONING ............................................................................................... 39
2.7 PLANNING HORIZON (DESIGN PERIOD) ............................................................... 40
2.8 POPULATION (size, growth rate, projection) .............................................................. 40
ENGINEERING CORPORATION OF OROMIA MARCH 2022

2.9 WATER DEMAND (water demand, variation) ............................................................. 41

2.10 PIPE SYSTEM (MATERIALS, VELOCITIES, PRESSURE) ................................... 43
2.11 VALVES AND ACCESSORIES ................................................................................. 44
2.12 PIPELINE APPURTENANT STRUCTURES............................................................... 46
2.13 DESIGN OF STORAGE RESERVOIRS .................................................................... 47
2.14 OTHER CONSIDERATIONS ..................................................................................... 48
3.0 WATER SUPPLY SOURCES .......................................................................................... 50
3.1 GROUND WATER SOURCES..................................................................................... 50
3.1.1 Hydrogeology .............................................................................................................. 50
3.1.2 Hydrochemistry - Water Quality ................................................................................. 51
3.1.3 Summary of Water Source .......................................................................................... 52
3.2 SURFACE WATER SOURCES.................................................................................... 53
3.2.1 LOCATION OF INTAKES ........................................................................................ 53
3.2.2 WATER TREATMENT PLANT LOCATION .......................................................... 55
3.2.3 PROPOSED TREATMENT SITE FOR THE PREVIOUS PROJECT AREA .......... 56
3.2.4. PROPOSED TREATMENT SITE FOR THE REVISED TRANSMISSION LINE . 57
4.1 GENERAL ...................................................................................................................... 58
4.2.1 SECTOR DEVELOPMENT PLAN ......................................................................................... 58
4.3 DESIGN PERIOD (PLANNING HORIZON) .................................................................. 59
4.4 POPULATION PROJECTION ...................................................................................... 60
4.4.1 BASE POPULATION................................................................................................. 60
4.5 WATER DEMAND ......................................................................................................... 62
4.5.1 GENERAL ....................................................................................................................... 62
4.6 DOMESTIC WATER DEMAND .............................................................................................. 62
4.6.1 PERCAPITA WATER DEMAND AND SERVICE LEVELS ........................................................ 63
4.6.2 RURAL WATER SUPPLY SERVICE ..................................................................................... 63
4.6.3 URBAN WATER SUPPLY SERVICE ..................................................................................... 63
4.6.4 CLIMATIC AND SOCIO- ECONOMIC ADJUSTMENT FACTORS ............................................... 65
4.7 NON-DOMESTIC WATER DEMANDS ........................................................................ 66
4 .7 .1COMMERCIAL AND PUBLIC WATER DEMANDS ................................................................ 66
4.7.2 INDUSTRIAL WATER DEMAND ........................................................................... 66
4.7.3 LIVESTOCK WATER DEMAND ............................................................................. 66
4.7.4 UNACCOUNTED FOR WATER (UFW) .................................................................. 67
4.7.5 DEMAND VARIATIONS ............................................................................................ 67
4.7.6 AVERAGE DAY DEMAND...................................................................................... 67
4.7.7 MAXIMUM DAY DEMAND .................................................................................... 67
4 .7 .8 PEAK HOUR DEMAND ........................................................................................... 67
4.8 SUMMARY OF WATER DEMAND .............................................................................. 68
5.0 HEADWORK OF THE PREVIOUS DESIGN (Side Intake) ........................................... 73
5.1 LOCATION OF THE HEADWORK ............................................................................ 73
5.1.2 TYPE OF INTAKE ..................................................................................................... 73
5.2 PURPOSE ...................................................................................................................... 73
5.3 DESIGN PROCEDURE AND PARAMETERS ........................................................... 74
5.3.1 DESIGN FLOODS ....................................................................................................... 74
5.3.2 BASIC DESIGN PRINCIPLE ........................................................................................ 75
5.4 Designing Major Structures ........................................................................................... 76

5.4.1 Guide Wall .................................................................................................................. 76

5.5 Sludge Pumps ................................................................................................................. 77
5.5.1 Pipe Material ............................................................................................................... 77
5.6 Pump House and Wet Well ............................................................................................ 78
6. HEADWORK OF THE REVISED DESIGN (Kata Dibe Dam) ..................................... 81
6 .1 LOCATION OF THE HEADWORK ........................................................................... 81
7.0 WATER TREATMENT PLANT FOR THE PRIVOUS DESIGN ............................... 85
7.1 DESIGN PARAMETERS .............................................................................................. 85
7.1.1 DESIGN CAPACITY ................................................................................................... 85
7.1.2 ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES.............................................................................. 85
7.1.3 WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS OF WABE RIVER ..................................................... 86
7.1.4 GUIDELINES FOR DRINKING-WATER QUALITY ............................................... 86
7.1.5 BASIC RAW WATER QUALITY OF THE RIVER ...................................................... 86
7.2 SELECTION OF TREATMENT ALTERNATIVES ...................................................... 87
7.3 SLOW SAND FILTER ................................................................................................... 88
7.3.1 DESIGN CRITERIA OF SLOW SAND FILTER ......................................................... 90
7.3.2 FILTER MEDIA OF THE PREVIOUS DESIGN ........................................................ 96
7.3.3 UNDER-DRAINS OF SLOW SAND FILTERS ........................................................ 96
7.4 FLOW MEASUREMENT IN SLOW SAND FILTERS ................................................. 98
7.5 CLEAR WATER TANK .............................................................................................. 100
7.5.1 Sizing the Clear Water Tank ..................................................................................... 100
7.6 DISINFECTION ........................................................................................................... 100
8. WATER TRANSMISSION AND STORAGE SYSTEM OF PREVIOUS DESIGN....... 102
8.1 GENERAL .................................................................................................................... 102
8.2 TRANSMISSION (LOT-I) AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM (EASTERN PART OR
LOT-II & WESTERN PART OR LOT-III) ....................................................................... 102
8.2.1 RAW WATER TRANSMISSION MAIN FROM WABE RIVER INTAKE TO
TREATMENT PLANT ...................................................................................................... 103
7.2.2 CLEAR WATER GRAVITY MAIN ............................................................................ 111
8.2.3 PROPOSED RESERVOIRS ........................................................................................ 112
9.0 ELECTROMECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEM DESIGN OF THE PREVIOUS
DESIGN ................................................................................................................................. 116
9.1 GENERAL ................................................................................................................... 116
9.2 MECHANICAL SYSTEM .......................................................................................... 116
9.2.1 Wet well Pump and sludge pumps ............................................................................ 116
9.2.1.1 BOOSTER Pump station Mechanical Design. ....................................................... 121
9.2.1.1.1 Booster Pump Station (LBPH-01) ...................................................................... 121
9.2.2 Booster Pump Station (LBPH-02) ............................................................................ 124
9.2.5 Capacity of EM-equipment of Booster Pump Station............................................... 133
9.2.6 Capacity of Generator ............................................................................................... 133
9.3 TRANSIENT FLOW ANALYSIS .............................................................................. 134
9.3.1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 134
9.3.2 Water Hammer Description ....................................................................................... 134
9.3.3 Causes of Transient Initiation .................................................................................... 135

9.3.4 Bentley Water Hammer ............................................................................................. 137

9.3.4.1 Pipeline Protection ........................................................................................... 138
9.3.4.1.1Analysis without Surge Protection Equipment .................................................... 138
9.3.5 TRANSIENT ANALYSIS ........................................................................................ 138
9.3.5.1 Transient Analysis in route between wet well and Booster station-1 .................... 138
9.3.5.2 Transient Analysis in route between Booster station-1 and Booster station-2 ...... 141
9.3.5.3 Transient Analysis in route between Booster station-2 .......................................... 143
And Booster station-3......................................................................................................... 143
9.3.5.4 Transient Analysis in route between Booster station-3 and Cheffa reservoir ....... 145
9.4 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM FOR PREVIOUS DESIGN0 .............................................. 148
9.4.1 General ...................................................................................................................... 148
9.4.2 Scope of works .......................................................................................................... 148
9.4.3 BOOSTER PUMP STATION1 (LBPH1) ................................................................. 148
9.4.3.1 POWER CABLE SIZING (CONTROL BOARD TO MOTOR) .......................... 149
9.4.3.2 VOLTAGE DROP CALCULATION (MOTOR SIDE) ........................................ 149
9.4.3.3 STAND-BY DIESEL GENERATOR SIZING...................................................... 149
9.4.3.4 TRANSFORMER SIZING .................................................................................... 150
9.4.3.5.1 from generator to manual transfer switch. .......................................................... 150
9.4.3.5.3 POWER FACTOR CORRECTOR DESIGN ..................................................... 151
9.4.4.4TRANSFORMER SIZING ..................................................................................... 154
9.4.4.5 POWER CABLE SIZING FROM SUPPLY UNIT TO CONTROL BOARD. ..... 154
9.4.4.5.2 from transformer to MTS .................................................................................... 154
9.4.4.5.3 POWER FACTOR CORRECTOR DESIGN ..................................................... 155
9.4.5.3 STAND-BY DIESEL GENERATOR SIZING. ........................................................ 157
9.4.5.6 POWER FACTOR CORRECTOR DESIGN ........................................................ 158
9.4.6.6 POWER FACTOR CORRECTOR DESIGN ........................................................ 162

10.0 ELECTROMECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEM DESIGN FOR THE REVISED

DESIGN (KATA DIBE DAM AS WATER SOURCE) ....................................................... 162
10.1 GENERAL ................................................................................................................. 162
10.2. DESIGN CRITERIA ................................................................................................. 163
10.3. MECHANICAL SYSTEM ....................................................................................... 163
10.3.1 PUMPING UNIT .................................................................................................... 163
10.3.2. Pump Head ............................................................................................................. 163
10.4. SUBMERSIBLE PUMP MECHANICAL DESIGN .............................................167
10.4.1. HEAD LOSS CALCULATION FO HEAD LOSS CALCULATION FOR
SUBMERSIBLE PUMP (KAKALCHA) ......................................................................................167
10.5. MECHANICAL DESIGN OF BOOSTER PUMP STATION ..............................169
10.6. ELECTRICAL DESIGN OF BOOSTER PUMP STATION ................................173
10.8. WATER HAMMER ANALYSIS OF BOOSTER STATION ..............................177
10.10. SUMMARY OF TRANSFORMER SIZING FOR SURFACE PUMP STATIONS
FOR REVISED TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN....................................................................183
11. ENGINEERING COST ESTIMATE OF THE FORMER DESIGN .............................. 184
11.1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 184
11.2 SUMMARY OF COSTS OF WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM ...................................... 184
11.3 IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY .......................................................................... 184
12. ENGINEERING COST ESTIMATE OF THE REVISED DESIGN .............................. 195
12.1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 195
12. ANNEXES ....................................................................................................................... 197
11. REFERENCES ................................................................................................................ 198
List of Figures
FIGURE 1. LOCATION MAP ....................................................................................................................................19
FIGURE 2.PHYSIOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS ..............................................................................................20
FIGURE 3.SOIL CHARACTERISTICS .....................................................................................................................21
FIGURE 4. LAND USE LAND COVER ....................................................................................................................23
FIGURE 5.EXISTING WATER SOURCES ..............................................................................................................25
FIGURE 6. PROPOSED TREATMENT LOCATIONS, ADINAN UTM, ZONE 37 N. ...........................................56
FIGURE 7. STAGE DISCHARGE CURVE ...............................................................................................................74
FIGURE 8. INTAKE WALL PLAN ...........................................................................................................................76
FIGURE 9. RETAINING WALL SECTION ..............................................................................................................77
FIGURE 10. PUMP HOUSE OF THE PREVIOUS DESIGN AT INTAKE (WABE RIVER) ..................................80
FIGURE 11. INFLOW -OUT FLOW HYDROGRAPH .............................................................................................82
FIGURE 12. GOLOCHA & KETA DIBE DAM LOCATIONS .................................................................................83
FIGURE 13. KATA DIBE DAM GENERAL LAYOUT ...........................................................................................84
FIGURE 14.REVISED TRANSMISSION LINE ........................................................................................................84
FIGURE 15. BASIC COMPONENTS OF AN OUTLET CONTROLLED SLOW SAND FILTER .........................89
FIGURE 16. DESIGN CRITERIA FOR SSF ..............................................................................................................90
FIGURE 17. COMPONENTS OF PREVIOUS WATER TREATMENT PLANT ....................................................93
FIGURE 18. MANIFOLD AND LATERAL ARRANGEMENT ...............................................................................95
FIGURE 19. TREATMENT PLANT SECTION VIEW .............................................................................................95
FIGURE 20.FLOW OVER THE RECTANGULAR WEIR .......................................................................................99
FIGURE 21. DISCHARGE VS DEPTH OF WATER OVER THE WEIR ................................................................99
FIGURE 22. FORMER TRANSMISSION LINE LAYOUT ....................................................................................102
FIGURE 23. HYDRAULIC ANALYSIS RESULT OF RAW WATER GRAVITY MAIN ....................................103
FIGURE 24.FILTER UNIT ARRANGEMENT .......................................................................................................111

FIGURE 25. RESERVOIRS FOR EASTERN PART DISTRIBUTION LINE (LOT-II).........................................113

FIGURE 26. RESERVOIRS FOR WESTERN PART DISTRIBUTION LINE (LOT-III) ......................................113
FIGURE 27.WITHOUT PROTECTION AT WET WELL.......................................................................................138
FIGURE 28.WITH PROTECTION AT WET WELL ...............................................................................................140
FIGURE 29. WITHOUT PROTECTION AT BOOSTER 1 .....................................................................................141
FIGURE 30.WITH PROTECTION AT BOOSTER-1 ..............................................................................................142
FIGURE 31.WITHOUT PROTECTION AT BOOSTER2 .......................................................................................143
FIGURE 32. WITH PROTECTION AT BOOSTER2 ..............................................................................................144
FIGURE 33. WITHOUT PROTECTION AT BOOSTER 3 .....................................................................................145
FIGURE 34. WITH PROTECTION AT BOOSTER3 ..............................................................................................146
FIGURE 35. ROUGHNESS COEFFICIENT FOR PIPES. ......................................................................................164
List of Table
TABLE 1.LAND USE LAND COVER ......................................................................................................................22
TABLE 2. EXISTING SCHEMES..............................................................................................................................24
TABLE 3. POPULATION AND WATER DEMAND SUMMARY OF PREVIOUS DESIGN ................................41
TABLE 4. SUMMARY OF WATER DEMAND FOR BOTH PREVIOUS AND THE REVISED ONE .................42
TABLE 5.HAZEN WILLIAM’S COEFFICIENT ......................................................................................................43
TABLE 6. TREATMENT BOUNDARY POINTS .....................................................................................................56
TABLE 7. GTP-2 WATER SUPPLY STANDARD SERVICE LEVEL ....................................................................59
TABLE 8.COUNTRY LEVEL POPULATION GROWTH RATES CSA .................................................................60
TABLE 9. PROJECTED POPULATION OF LAGA HIDHA WEREDA WSP ........................................................61
TABLE 10. POPULATION PROJECTION ALONG REVISED TRANSMISSION LINE OF PROJECT ...............62
TABLE 11. STANDARD SERVICE LEVEL OF RURAL WATER SUPPLY SERVICE ........................................63
TABLE 12. PERCAPITA WATER DEMAND BY MODE OF SERVICE ...............................................................64
TABLE 13. PERCAPITA WATER DEMAND BY PURPOSE AND MODE OF SERVICE ...................................64
TABLE 14. PROJECTED SERVICE LEVELS OF RURAL WATER DEMAND ....................................................64
TABLE 15. PROJECTED SERVICE LEVELS OF URBAN RURAL WATER DEMAND .....................................64
TABLE 16. CLIMATIC ADJUSTMENT FACTORS ................................................................................................65
TABLE 17. SOCIO-ECONOMIC ADJUSTMENT FACTORS .................................................................................65
TABLE 18. PERCAPITAL LIVESTOCK DEMAND ................................................................................................66
TABLE 19. RECOMMENDED DEMAND VARIATIONS AND PEAK FACTORS ...............................................67
TABLE 20. RURAL WATER DEMAND BY MODE OF SERVICE .......................................................................68
TABLE 21. TOWNS WATER DEMAND BY MODE OF SERVICE .......................................................................69
TABLE 22. SUMMARY OF WATER DEMAND FOR TOTAL PREVIOUS ..........................................................70
TABLE 23. SUMMARY OF WATER DEMAND FOR TOTAL PREVIOUS AND REVISED ...............................71
TABLE 24.SUMMARIES OF PROJECTED POPULATIONS AND DEMAND ANALYSIS OF LEGE HIDHA
WSP BY VILLAGE ...........................................................................................................................................72
TABLE 25. DESIGN FLOODS OF THE WEIR ........................................................................................................74
TABLE 26. DESIGN CAPACITY OF TREATMENT PLANT ................................................................................85
TABLE 27. LOCAL ENVIRONMENTS FOR THE DESIGN OF TREATMENT PLANT ......................................85
TABLE 28. BASIC RAW WATER QUALITY OF WABE RIVER (PREVIOUS DESIGN SOURCE) ...................86
TABLE 29.FILTER SUPPORTING MEDIA GRAVEL ............................................................................................96
TABLE 30. CRITERIA FOR DIMENSIONING OF UNDER-DRAIN SYSTEM USING PERFORATED PIPES ..97
TABLE 31. DESIGN SUMMARY OF THE UNDER DRAIN SYSTEM..................................................................97
TABLE 32.RESERVOIRS CAPACITY FOR EASTERN PART DISTRIBUTION LINE (LOT-II) .................................................115
TABLE 33 .SLUDGE PUMP DESIGN ....................................................................................................................117
TABLE 34.MOST COMMONLY USED PUMP TYPES. .......................................................................................118
TABLE 35.SUMMARY OF PROTECTION DEVICES ..........................................................................................147
TABLE 36. IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY AND SUMMARY OF COSTS ...................................................186
TABLE 37.SUMMARY OF FORMER AND REVISED PROJECT COST ............................................................195
TABLE 38.TOTAL BENEFICIARY OF THE REVISED DESIGN ........................................................................196

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This report is to present the draft design and study of Lege Hidha Multi Villages Climate
Resilient Water Supply Project. The study area used to cover 27 Kebeles of Lege Hidha
Woreda of Bale Administrative Zone of the Oromia National Regional State during the
previous study and currently encompasses total 32 Kebeles under Ginir Administrative Zone
of the Oromia National Regional State as the Previous Bale Zone was divided into Ginir and
Bale Zone itself to simplify the administrative system i.e. the project is now located in Ginir
Administrative Zone. The increment of 37 Kebeles to 32 during design review is due to
incorporation of 5 kebeles of Sawena District around revised intake (Kata Dibe Dam) and
also along revised transmission line of the project.
The main objective of the study is revising the previous Water supply design source from
Wabe River by side intake to flood water harvesting by Zoned Earth Dam which was
designed by Engineering Corporation of Oromia for irrigation purpose. The under
construction dam is located in the eastern part of previous Bale Zone (present Ginir Zone)
of the Oromia National Regional State and specifically in Keta Dibe Kebele in Sawena
district. The previous design of the project from Wabe river source was executed in 2019
G.C and Oromia Construction Corporation (OCC) contractor entered into an agreement with
Client (Ministry of Water & Energy) & Engineering Corporation of Oromia on Consultancy
side to construct the project. Accordingly, the contractor commenced the construction of the
water supply distribution line including Chaffa 1500m3 gravity service reservoir in 2021
G.C. However, the previous 11km transmission line with access road from Wabe River to
Chaffa 1500m3 gravity service reservoir is not still commenced due to lack of budget to
construct access road. Hence, it is very challenge full to access head work site, 5 booster
stations including low head submersible pump at intake, treatment plant and total pressure
line within 11km without access road. The other main challenge was power supply for
previous design pressure line as it is impossible to operate (run) the project with fuel only.
As per the information from the Laga Hidha Wereda administrative officials, electric power
supply from 50km (Sawena District) for Laga Hidha Beltu town was planned by Ethiopian
Electric Power Corporation and receiving this power to Wabe River headwork was
previously proposed if the installation of power line to the town would be executed prior to
the commencement of Water Supply Project. Unless extending 76.3km power line from
Sawena (Micha town) to the project head work in collaboration with EEPC & the bill of
quantity for the previous design for safety was executed to supply power utility from 76.3km
in addition to stand by generator at booster stations. However EEPC changed the plan to
solar panel for the town though they used to commence the excavation works for the project
during the data collection for the Water Supply Project and it is impossible to operate the
booster stations’ pressure line electromechanical works by this limited power & currently
there is shortage of budget to supply electric power from 76.3km for the Water Supply
project. As the phase-I construction contract agreement was signed without considering EEP
utility other than generator with fuel, it is very challenging to operate the project with fuel
only. Those above challenges summed up and led the Consultant and Client concerning
bodies to change the water supply source from Wabe River to Kata Dibe Dam on Dhare
River as water source for the revised project. The Dam (under construction) is located 64km
from Chaffa 1500m3 ground service reservoir (under construction). The water will be
abstracted from the dam by steel intake pipe with DN1200mm which is under construction.

The revised pipe line is reduced from DN1200mm to DN500mm with tee fitting connection
and extended 14km from dam outlet to rapid sand filter type treatment plant by gravity
system.
There are three (3) booster stations with all necessary ancillary structures along 50km left
from treatment plant to Chaffa 1500m3 ground service reservoir. Low head submersible
pump will be installed in booster station-2 reservoir of 1000m3 to deliver to Kelkelcha 100m3
elevated reservoir and Boditi 50m3 existing sandwiched masonry reservoir for their
community along transmission line. Even though water demand for human and livestock to
five kebeles along transmission line is considerably abstracted from the source depending
on their socio economic study, design works for Micha town,Kata dibe kebele and laku is
not incorporated in this revised design works. The Sawena Wereda town Micha town)
independently needs its own design works as it is somewhat wider and needs the Client
direction to do so, though treatment plant is geographically located nearby kata Dibe Kebele,
there are no the Kebele community around there. In addition, Laku Kebele’s boundary is
next to Boditi Kebele along the main transmission line from booster station-1 to booster
station-2.Hence the Consultant considered all 5 kebele communities’ water demand to
overcome the problem that may arise with water demand later and incorporate 2 kebeles’
(Kelkelcha and Boditi) water supply in this design review as they are directly along the main
transmission line.
The area is drought prone and has no easily accessible sustainable source of water for people
and their cattle. Due to this exposure to the climate change, considering the area under the
study of CR-WaSH program is found to be vital.
The main objective of the study is: - To identify the most drought prone kebeles/Gots,
investigate the current water supply situation of the project area, undertaking detail
investigation, identification of feasible water sources and finally to carryout detail study
design for the previous design, currently incorporated kebeles nearby & along transmission
main.
The design period of the project was set to be 20 years, i.e. from year 2022 to 2042 each phase
10 Years. 2021 was assumed as kick off operation.
According to the information obtained from the beneficiary Districts administrative officials, and
CSA population and house census 2007 growth rates, the 2011/19 projected existing population
sizes of the project area are found to be 112,364 and at the end of Second Phase of the project (i.e.,
by 2042) the figure rises to 191,146 for the previous design (when Wabe river was water source
of the design). In the same way, that of additionally incorporated due to water supply source change
is 16,556 and 26,004 for 2022 and 2042 year respectively. Hence, total human population
forecasted to be served from the project at the year 2042 is 217,149 and 137,525 population number
at the end of 2022.
The total animal population for the previous design is 737,763 while 37,671number of livestock
are additionally incorporated during design review for the community nearby and along
transmission main as there is no water supply source in the surroundings. Total number of
livestock expected to be served by the project is 775,434.

Regarding additional source of water identification a lot of effort has been done to assess
availability of safe and reliable surface water sources that are of climate resilient. Wabe
River was identified as potential surface source of water and the proposed intake site was
about 11.35Km from Beltu Town towards North at UTM location X=714712.395
Y=881372.821 Z= 725.976and UTM Zone: 37 for previous design works.
Based on the hydrological study the mean monthly minimum and maximum flow estimated
at the project diversion site from collected stream gauge readings are computed as 8m3/sec
in February and 164.6m3/sec in August respectively for previous design.
A side intake was designed to abstract the river water. The raw water from the intake
minimum water level had been conveyed to pre-sedimentation tank located about 0.4Km
downstream of intake. Partially treated water is conveyed by gravity from treatment plant to
clear water tank. Clear water collected in tank is further boosted to Cheffa reservoir for gravity
flow through distribution lines to the service areas.
Raw water samples were collected twice from the proposed source at different periods.
Based on the laboratory test conducted for the river raw water samples, high turbidity was
recorded during rainy season. So treatment plant is vital to enable it potable. Slow sand in
combination with horizontal roughening filter was proposed to treat the raw water. The
treated water is stored in clear water tank and is then boosted to Cheffa Transfer reservoir
for gravity flow through the Western and Eastern distribution systems to the commanding
areas. The distribution System embraces structures such as service and transfer tanks,
pressure break tanks, Water points, cattle troughs, washing basins, showering rooms, river
crossings, valves like (washout valves, air release valves, dismantling joints etc).
Detail Geotechnical investigations were done along pipe line routes, at structural locations
(reservoir, treatment plant, head works etc). Hydrogeological investigation was done to
invent the existing water sources and to propose the source for this project.
Environmental and social impact assessment study was done for identifying the positive and
negative impacts and indicating the mitigation measures.
Institutional and organizational management study was done to design operation and
management system (staff structuring, tariff establishing etc).In the same way, socio-
economic study was carried out to identify socio-economic base of the area.
Hydrological study was done to estimate the minimum and maximum flow of the Wabe
River.

Watershed Management study was undergone to identify the climate risks that might affect
the sustainability of the water supply system. The hazard, exposure and vulnerability of the
area were studied in detail under this category of study.
Structural analysis was done to make the project stable, safe and economical.
Electromechanical design was carried out to fix electrical load, pump capacity and to
mitigate water hammer in the transmission main.
The previous project design categorized into 3 construction phases excluding access road
bill of quantity depending on the Client will to search budget source for the road from
Oromia Regional State was listed table below.
Summary of the Currently Revised

Summary of the previous Design Project Cost
Design Project Cost
Total Summary Deliverance Total Summary in
S.No Deliverance Capacity in Ethiopian Capacity from Ethiopian
Phase
. from total Maximum Day Birr(ETB) with total Maximum Birr(ETB) with
Demand(l/s) VAT Day Demand(l/s) VAT
25% of transmission line
capacity and distribution
1 I line for Beltu town and 211,074,128.66 100% 1,321,678,092.74
one rural Kebele. Access
road Cost is not included.
Distribution
2 II Distribution line for 285,490,588.79 network for 231,800,588.79
Western part network Western part
Distribution
3 III Distribution network for 467,556,250.6 network for 467,556,250.64
Eastern part Eastern part
Total 964,120,968.05 2,021,034,932.17
Construction of phase-I pipes, fittings and electromechanical works of the transmission
line only delivers 25% or 65l/s of total maximum demand (256l/s) depending on the
behalf of the client and 75% of the project cost to fulfill the left of the demand (191l/s)
is included in the Phase-II. Phase-I incorporates the Wereda town and one rural kebele.
Phase-II is for Western part of i.e. 9 Kebeles of Lega Hidha Wereda While Phase-3
encompasses 16 kebeles.
Finally Engineering drawings, Bill of quantity and Tender documents were organized &
finalized.

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON LAGA HIDHA WATER SUPPLY

STATUS
Safe drinking water is a basic need for human development, health and well-being, and
because of this it is an internationally accepted human right. The human right to drinking
water is fundamental for life and health. Sufficient and safe drinking water is a precondition
for the realization of all human rights (UNHR, 2002). However; billions of people in the
world still have no access to it. Increased access to improved water supply services has given
due attention being one of the essentials for health, welfare and livelihood of Ethiopian
population. The Ethiopian government has developed Water Sector Development Plan
(WSDP)/Universal Access Plan (UAP-2) for WASH and has been implementing these to
increase urban and rural communities’ access to safe and adequate drinking water supply
services.
The overall drinking water supply access has reached to 22% with an average per capita
consumption of 15 liters per person per day with in 1.5 km radius in rural, and 0.5km radius
in urban. The main water supply sources for rural communities includes; deep and shallow
boreholes, spot and gravity springs and hand dug wells fitted with hand pumps which are
managed by communities. Yet too many people (78%) exclusively depend on unimproved
sources such as rivers, unprotected springs, open hand dug wells (self-supply) and ponds (for
some periods after rainy season).
Moreover, water supply from improved sources does not always guaranty that the water is
safe. The existing operation and maintenance practices are reactive and are exercised after
the supply system interrupts and stops providing services, and the system may be maintained
and operation is depending on the availability of materials, spare parts, and capacity of the
operators and care takers. In most of the cases, system remains dis-functional over
long period of time due to various reasons including; lack of ownership as a result
of inadequate community involvement/participation during system development, lack of
spare parts supply chain, poor operation and maintenance. The protection of the
catchment where the source of water is embedded has also a significant influence on the
quality and quantity of the water produced.

A climate change impact on the water supply system is being a crucial issue that demands
great attentions of political leadership to undertake measures. Now we are facing problems
mainly declining the water yield, and damage of water supply infrastructure by flood.
The poor quality and low quantity status of drinking water initiated government and WASH
development partners to bring the water safety issue upfront for discussion on MSF-5 and
reached consensus to develop national strategic framework and guideline for water safety
plans so as to address the above mentioned challenges.
Thus, this study will focus on how to describe the rural communities can get and sustain Safe
and adequate drinking water by developing and implementing their own CR-WSP.
1.1.1 MAJOR IMPACTS OF UNSAFE WATER

Unsafe drinking water, along with poor sanitation and hygiene leads to high levels of
environmental contamination and exposure to the risks of microbial infections, diarrheal
diseases (including cholera), trachoma, schistosomiasis and hepatitis(GLAAS, 2014).
Furthermore, diarrheal diseases contribute a major burden of disease in the world,
especially in low and middle income countries. Of all medical conditions, diarrhea is the
second leading cause of healthy time lost to illness (72.8 million DALYs),(Ahs et al.,
2010). Its contribution reaches globally about 1.7 billion cases of diarrheal disease and
causing more than 760,000 deaths annually among under 5 years’
children(UNICEF/WHO, 2009).

1.1.2 CLIMATE CHANGE AND WASH

Water is the primary medium through which climate change influences the Earth’s
ecosystem and thus the livelihood and well-being of societies. Climate change directly
impacts water resources and water services for all economic, social and environmental
functions that water supports. Therefore, the impacts reach into many sectorial interests such
as health, tourism, agriculture and industry. Water-related climate risks arise from too much
water, too little water or polluted water. For example, the occurrence of floods and droughts
is expected to increase with a changing climate, with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change (IPCC) predicting water-related disasters to increase in both frequency and severity,
as the whole global water cycle is affected by climate change. In fact, in many places these
changes are already taking place and the world is ill-prepared to respond to these risks. In
turn, this will cause loss and damage, which affect the supply and delivery of water,
sanitation and hygiene. A changing climate brings with it uncertainties that compound those
that are already inherent in the WASH sector, especially in developing countries that are the
most vulnerable to these negative impacts. Despite increasing challenges with higher levels
of warming, there are however opportunities to respond to the risks posed.
Developing solutions to manage these escalating risks calls for new strategies and a stronger
capacity to absorb expected changes.
It is to be noted that existing shallow well water and springs are vulnerable to microbial
contamination due to runoff during rainy seasons in flood prone and water logged areas. On
the other hand, shallow ground water sources in arid and semi-arid areas most frequently
suffer from lowering of the water table, decreased discharge rate (quantity) and drying due
to high temperature and evapo-transpiration.
When there is increased intensity of rainfall there is increased risk of flooding, leading to
both infrastructure damage and contamination of surface and groundwater supplies. In rural
areas for example, floods can damage or inundate springs, wells, and rainwater
harvesting systems and boreholes. This can hamper both access to water and cause
contamination and health risks. In addition, pit latrines widely used in rural areas are also
vulnerable to flooding and can cause serious environmental contaminations that aggravate
deterioration of drinking water quality.

Furthermore, quality of the existing water sources is under threat as a result of poor
sanitation, open defecation (exclusively practiced by 85% of the existing Kebeles (Woreda
Health Office-2011 EC,).
Degraded micro-watershed has significant on the sustainability of the water supply. In the
one hand, degraded micro-watershed has low recharging capacity of the ground leading to
decreased yield of the water point. On the other hand, degraded micro-watershed generate
more flood that may damage the water supply infrastructures and cause contamination of the
shallow groundwater and surface water sources.
1.1.3 WASH CLIMATE RESILIENT DEVELOPMENT

The WASH sector is already affected in many different ways by weather and climate events
(such as variability, seasonality and extreme events). This translates into negative impacts
on drinking water availability and quality, and also in negative performance of sanitation
and hygiene services. Future climate change will put an additional stress on delivering and
sustaining health and well-being related outcomes.
Climate variability and change (Previous study around the World)

 Projections indicate warming by the end of the 21st century of between 0.3 and 5°C
(centigrade).
 With a 2°C global temperature rise, up to 10 million more people could be affected by coastal
flooding each year.
 With a 4°C temperature rise, a 50% decrease in water availability could occur in East Africa
and the Middle East.
 In developing countries, the incidence of diarrhea is expected to increase by around 5% for
every 1°C increase in temperature.
 In US$2.5 trillion economic losses from disasters so far this century – 70% relate to floods
and droughts.
 Since the original Rio Earth Summit in 1992, floods, droughts and storms have affected.
 4.2 billion people (95% of all people affected by disasters

1.1.3.1 LAGA HIDHA CURRENT WASH CONDITION
1.1.3.1.1 BACK GROUND OF THE WOREDA

 Has an area of 397,70Km2(65%-Qolla.35% Woina dega)
 Has 27 Kebeles/Gandas(1 Wereda Town(Beltu),2 Rural towns, 24 Rural Kebeles)
 Temperature (20-300C).
 Base Population of 2019 is 112,364
1.1.3.1.2 HEALTH INFRA-STRUCTURE-

 Health center 5(all have no water supply).
 Health post 24
 Private health center (clinic-2,Drug store-1,Rural drug Vender 2)
 Health center coverage 83%
 Health post coverage 92%
1.1.3.1.3 SCHOOL INFRA-STRUCTURE

 School 45(Primary school 42, Secondary school 2, preparatory school 1) with a total students
of 13,677.
 All schools have no water supply
 All schools have toilets (without hand washing).
1.1.3.1.4 ANIMAL POPULATION FOR FORMER DESIGN

 Cattle 394,368
 Small ruminants 266,254
 Equines 27,083
 Camel 50,058
 Poultry 36,358
1.1.3.1.4 WATER SUPPLY INFRASTRUCTURE

 Deep well 5(2-on spot), 2 non function1.
 Shallow well 2(1-non-functional)
 Hand pump 67(14-non-functional)
 Spring developed 1

1.1.3.1.5 CATCHMENT MANAGEMENT

 Managed with Physical Conservation1868 ha
 Managed with biological Conservation 442ha
 Naturally managed(Afforested) 61125ha
 Degraded land 83161.23ha
1.2 OBJECTIVE
The objective of the assignment is to carryout water supply status assessment study,
identification of Kebeles and villages/gots most prone to the problem and need urgent
intervention. Based on the findings of the assessment, undertake water supply feasibility
study for the selected, kebeles/villages/gots and prepare detail design based on the outcome
of the feasibility study.
1.2.1 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES OF THE ASSIGNMENT

 Specific objectives of the assignment include but not limited to;
 Carryout rapid situational assessment on the water supply status of the Woreda (s)
 Identify Kebele(s)/Village(s)/Got(s) most prone to water supply problem.
 Undertake Climate Resilient (CR) water supply system feasibility study (technical, financial
and economic feasibility of the water supply options available giving due focus for Climate
Resilience) in the identified Kebele(s)/Village(s)/Got(s)
 Carryout detail design on the feasible water supply system including the water source,
technology options, technical design with the specification, engineering cost estimate,
safeguard study, water tariff for cost recovery strategy, implementation plan, and bid
document.
 Prepare business plan and management options for sustainable service delivery
 Prepare water safety plan strategy for the project
 Identify potential challenges for long term sustainability and frame coping mechanisms.

1.3 SCOPE
The scope of the assignment includes;
 By reviewing sector policy and development strategy documents to be well acquainted with
the sectors requirement in fulfilling the assignment.
 Using primary and secondary data to carryout reconnaissance water supply status study to
identify Kebeles/Villages/Gots most prone to the water supply problem.
 Carrying consultation with the Woreda and Regional water sector stakeholders on the
outcome of the reconnaissance study and agree on the Kebeles/Villages/Gots for which
feasibility study needs to be done,
 Including Climate Resilient water source options demonstrating with multi criteria decision
making (MCDM) technique like the technical, financial, environmental, O&M management,
and etc.
 Carrying out geological, hydro geological, hydrological and geophysical study of the
potential water sources (groundwater, surface water, spring, etc.) of the area and determine
the location of the intake site (borehole drilling site, surface water intake site, spring, etc.)
and the expected safe yield of the source.
 Cutting edge technologies like GIS, remote sensing from high resolution platforms and
robust techniques have to be deployed for investigation of resilient water sources and have
to be validated & justified with possible ground truth.
 Carrying out detail design of the feasible option including the technical design (analytical
report, technical drawings, specifications, engineering cost estimate), environmental studies,
the water tariff for cost recovery and its affordability with the willingness to pay, the project
implementation plan and the bid document.
 Multi-woreda, Multi-kebele or Multi-village and linking rural urban water supply system is
a preference if this is justified by the technical and financial study and its viability for O&M
management at local level.
 Water demand computation has to take in to account the prevailing sector standards, include
institutions like schools, health facilities and others.
 Livestock watering has to be considered if there is no perennial preference within reasonable
distance in the area and all possible options have to be thought for optimal system design

1.4 APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY
1.4.1 LITERATURE REVIEW AND DESK STUDY

 All the project area’s relevant published and unpublished reports, Programs and Policies on
hydrological, geological, hydrogeological and geophysical studies which were conducted
previously by different organizations, and authors and then maps, attribute data and current
online Satellite images were collected and critically evaluated before the field work. All
information pertinent to the Water Supply Project to be assessed shall be thoroughly revised
to latter carryout detailed design. The desk study includes the project location and
physiographical characteristics map preparation by using CSA shape files, DEM of resolution
30x30m with powerful tools such as GIS 10.4, global mapper13 (64-bit), googleearth-win-pro-
7.1.8.3036 and other relevant soft wares, secondary data organization and interpretation.
1.4.2 DISCUSSION WITH THE BENEFICIARIES /STAKE HOLDERS OF THE

PROJECT
 We contacted different governmental offices, such as the District Administration, Water
Resource Office, Health, Education, Agriculture & Rural development Office and others.
Discussions have been made with district officials and most data is collected from sector
offices in Laga Hidha district so as to promote the implementation of the project.
 Then Potential beneficiaries are also identified and consultation with local elders, leaders,
women and youth through direct discussion to understand their past and current problems &
gather more information in detail during reconnaissance survey.
1.4.3 FIELD VISIT

 To have a general visualization and understanding of the project area, we
visited the project area in order to collect and gather a relevant and required
data we are going to use during detail study and design.
 We observed pipe line networking to be lied.
 We observed catchment management condition from divide line to well
fields.
 We observed the sanitation and hygiene condition of the community.
 We observed surface water sources and identified intake points, wet well
location, booster stations, treatment plant locations.
 Well fields were identified preliminary by experts.

 Discussions were made with the beneficiaries on the water scarcity problems
for human and their cattle.
1.5 LOCATION
Laga Hidha Woreda is located in Oromia Regional State in Bale Zone during the previous
study (currently under Ginir Zone) at a distance of 700Km from Finfinne (Addis Ababa). Its
37 UTM location is between 0825003.6m and 0902176.8m Northing, 688518.58m
and792638m Easting.
Figure 1. Location Map

1.6 PHYSIOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PROJECT AREA

The digital elevation model (DEM) and relevant spatial data for the intended project area
were collected from available sources. The DEM from Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission
(SRTM) with a spatial resolution of 30m by 30m was used in the present study. The drainage
steams of the District were also extracted with ArcSWAT_Version2012.10_4.19 software
using the same DEM data. We have three major watersheds in the area those will be drained
to the Wabe River along Koriba and Sema boundary, Fik and Adele kebeles.
From the DEM of the District, the elevation of the project area ranges between 0 to1805 m
above mean sea level (amsl). But GPS reading at proposed reservoir is 1895m amsl.
Figure 2.Physiographic Characteristics

1.7 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS

The areal distribution of the soil types in the project area is Cambisol, Leptosol, Vertisol,
Calcisol, Fluvisol, Solonchaks and Luvisol with percent (%) coverage of 40.87, 24.15, 20.39,
9.98, 3.4, 0.94, and 0.24 respectively. Almost major part of the study area is dominantly
covered by Cambisol with sandy clay loam and sandy clay textural combinations within a
deep to medium soil depth range.
Figure 3.Soil Characteristics

1.8 LAND USE PATTERN

The land in the town and surrounding rural communities is used for little urban development
and large extent of it is used for rural development including the housing units for
inhabitants, government offices and other public utilities and infrastructures such as roads
and others. The buffer zones and the expansion areas of the town are mainly used for
livestock grazing, crop production and rural settlements. Most of the land in rural areas is
not farmed, as majority of the population in these areas are pastoralists. The highest percent
coverage of the Project area is covered by dense thorny deciduous desert shrubs. The detail
project area land use pattern is summarized as follows:-
Table 1.Land Use Land Cover

Percent(%) of
S.No. Types of Land use land Cover
Coverage
1 Shrub Land 77.33
2 Cultivated Land 13.83
3 Bush Land 7.47
4 Grass Land 1.19
5 Settlement 0.13
6 Forest 0.05
Total in % 100

Figure 4. Land Use Land Cover

1.9 EXISTING WATER SUPPLY SCHEME

The area has no dependable source except for small springs and hand dug wells spaced
unevenly at very far places from the dwelling area. Deep and shallow wells with small
discharge were drilled in few Kebeles. Some of these sources take more than 3 hours trip
travel. The type and distributions of the existing sources are summarized below in table.
Table 2. Existing Schemes
Types schemes
Name of Kebels
Non-functional
Hand pump
Functional
Deep well
Shallow
Spring
S.No.
Total
well
1 Beltu 1 1 2 2
2 Hara Egu 1 1 1
3 Goro raya 1/on spot/ 1 1
4 Bahima 1 3 4 4
5 Chaffa 5 3 2 5
6 Hidha hunda 3 1 4 4
Mumicha
7 12 12 12
nadhi
Dalu Jeno
8 1 10 11 1 11
Gubbisa
9 Addelle 1 1 1
10 Yabelo 1 1 1
11 Harkiso 4 1 3 4
12 Hero 5 5 5
13 Darraba 5 4 1 5
14 Elelu 5 2 3 5
15 Ija burka 7 7 7
16 Angoye 1 1 1
17 Wajinsa 2 1 1 2
18 Goni 1/on spot/ 1 1 1
19 Fiq 1 1 1
20 Bare 1 1 1
Total 5 2 67 1 58 17 74

1.10 EXITING WATER SHORTAGE, FETCHING QUEUE, DANGEROUS WELLS
Figure 5.Existing Water Sources




2. DESIGN CRITERIA AND METHODOLOY
2.1 GENERAL
This chapter briefly describes the design criteria and basic design parameters to be used
for designing water supply unit components. In all design of units, the use of locally
available materials will be given priority. Besides, the maximum use of existing water
supply facilities in the project area should be considered, where appropriate.
Planning and designing of water supply development should be based on the design criterion
which has to be prepared and agreed with the client. Particular attention has been paid to
household incomes in setting design criteria, determining population and water demands
criteria, and affordability of services.
Though the design criteria have been prepared in a separate chapter, summary of the
relevant components will be presented in consecutive sections for clarity and understanding
of the planning and design processes.
In addition, the procedures for computer modelling of the proposed water supply system
will be outlined. Data base formation and computer modelling of the water distribution
network are the most important steps for efficient and effective design of system
components. The procedures adopted for building data base and modelling the system will
also be outlined.
2.2 DATA COLLECTION AND ANLYSIS
2.2.1 SOCIO ECONOMIC DATA

The main objective of socio economic study is to assess the existing socio economic
conditions of the area and update the existing socioeconomic data of the project to
provide baseline information for planning and design of the water supply system.
The socio-economic study of the project includes analysis of the demographic features
of the project area, the economic base of the communities in the project area, land use
pattern of the project area, the social services and infrastructure development, problems
of the area & existing water supply system.
The methodology and data gathering techniques applied are focused on the socio
economic conditions of the beneficiary communities. The direct and potential
beneficiaries of the project were identified during the field investigation.
i) Scope of the Study
The socio-economic study of the project includes analysis of the demographic features
of the project area, the economic base of the communities in the project area, land use
pattern of the project area, the social services and infrastructure development and
problems of the area, the existing water supply and its.

ii) Methodology
 Sampling Design - With regard to the sampling design of the study, random sampling
and quota/purposive sampling methods was applied to come up with reliable and sound
data for the study. The socioeconomic study has deployed both quantitative and
qualitative data collection methods.
To generate the necessary data two major sources of data were used in the socioeconomic
study: primary and secondary data sources.
 Primary Data Sources and Data Collection Instruments - With regard to primary data
collection, interview questions (applied schedule method to generate data from
respondents) has been prepared and used in gathering the necessary data from the existing
households in the water supply development areas. Primary data that were used for the
study of the project have been collected from direct beneficiaries of the community
through Focus Group Discussion (FGD). These have been undertaken through
preparation of check lists and follow up step by step the enumerated items. For Focus
Group Discussion (FGD) the communities are selected from elders, religious leaders,
community leaders, women and youth in the project areas.
 Secondary Data Sources - For secondary data collection purpose, reviews of reports
and documents have been under taken at districts and other levels. In addition data was
collected from the sector offices on social services and distributions, livestock population
and human population. Besides, documents such as CSA population data, specifically
household size and population projection for the project areas, are considered and applied
in the study. In addition, study documents/reports for previous phase water supply
projects was thoroughly reviewed
 Data Processing, Analysis and Synthesis -The data collected for the study through
various ways were organized and duly processed and analyzed by using SPSS and
interpreted to present the general socioeconomic situation of the project area. Different
data that was collected from the field through various data collection
methods/instruments were analyzed and synthesized to validate the findings of the
socioeconomic study.
Based on the information obtained from the socio economy study of beneficiary Districts,
administrative officials, and CSA population and house census 2007’s growth rate, the
population (2011/19) of the project area is projected to be 112,364 for the previous
design. Additional 16,556 base population (2022) for community nearby the revised
water source (Kata Dibe Dam on Dhare River/stream) and along transmission line.

2.2.2 HYDROLOGICAL DATA FOR PREVIOUS WATER SOURCE

The main objectives of hydrological study to this project is:-
 To estimate base flow of Wabe Shebelle River at the selected water intake site in relation
to determining its adequacy for the intended water supply project and downstream release
for the previous transmission line design.
 To estimate runoff magnitude expected from the river for constructing sustainable and
fit to purpose intake and related structures at the selected site.
Estimation of expected sediment load of the river at selected headwork site
2.3.1 Conclusion and Recommendation for previous water source

As per conducted hydrologic study based on primary and secondary data of Wabishebele
river basin, the following basic conclusions had been deducted for the previous design.
 The river selected as source for stated water supply project has got a catchment area of
20,544km2 upstream of proposed headwork site.
 From perennial tributary rivers and the main course, considerable amount of discharge is
contributed during the dry season period. Moreover the regulated flow from the Melka
Wakena hydroelectric dam enabled the river to discharge ample amount of water. As a
result, the water supply project will not face any difficulty to abstract water from the river
provided that existing conditions tend to persist or not affected tremendously.
 The rive at selected headwork site has got mean monthly discharge of 8m3/sec as
minimum and 164.59m3/sec as maximum during months of February and August
respectively as deducted from 34 years generated stream flow data.
 The peak discharge for designing headwork related structure was estimated for 50 and
100 years return period as 1779m3/sec and 1987m3/sec.
 The Annual sediment load of the watershed upstream of opposed headwork site was
estimated as 4.2MCM to 5.6MCM(Million Cubic Meter)
 As recommendation in relation to hydrologic study of the selected source's Sustainability
and to reduce sediment load on treatment system, it is highly advisable to work on the
upstream catchment soil and water conservation activities.
 However, Catchment Area for Kata Dibe dam(to which the revised document is changed)
is 1541km2
 This Dam (Zoned Earth type) is about 12km far from Micha town (Sawena District
town).
 Head work location (Adindan /UTM Zone-37): Easting = 707724, Northing = 824246 &
Elevation= 1358.15ma.s.l.

 Mean annual river inflow at dam site were estimated to have a value of 101MCM (3.206
m3/s)
 A maximum Discharge of 287.8 m3/s corresponding to 1000 years return period routed
outflow at Kata Dibe dam.
 Total Reservoir area is 1.363km2
 Reservoir storage is 11.4MCM at FSL of 1376m.a.s.l
 Assuming a design life of about 25 years and trap efficiency ranges from 80 to 90%, the
annual sediment deposit is 0.012 million m3 and throughout the design period, the
accumulated sediment in the reservoir will be 0.3 million m3.
 Dead Storage is 0.6MCM
 Live storage Volume is 10.8MCM while 9.5MCM per year water demand is needed and
the storage relative to the demand is sufficient to fulfill yearly human & livestock
population demand.
 Dam height is 20.2m
 Dam length is 690m
 Spill way length is 60m
 The crest level (Normal Reservoir Pool level) is at 1376m and the maximum water level
corresponding to 1000 years routed outflow is 1378.35 m i.e. with flood lift height of
2.35m.
 The structure comprises side channel spillway, chute and terminal structure.
 The spilled water leaving the terminal structure due to a maximum discharge of 287.8
m3/s corresponding to 1000 years return period will join the natural Dare River by spill
way of 60m long.

2.4 GEOTECHNICAL DATA FOR THE PREVIOUS DESIGN OF TRANSMISSION

AND DISTRIBUTION MAIN
Geo-technical site investigation works have been conducted at the proposed Lege Hidha
water supply project area. The sites investigated includes the proposed river diversion
works & intake site, treatment site (SSF), Reservoir site and main pipe route.
Furthermore, an assessment and investigation of natural construction materials that can
be used as source of construction to the intended structures has been conducted and
delineated in the project area.
Especial emphasis was given to the key issues affecting the design, costs and feasibility
of the project. Accordingly detail investigation was carried out on issues related to the
following but not limited to:
 Foundation bearing capacity at the major civil structures such as .River intake site,
treatment plant site, reservoir site, auxiliary buildings and other important structures
along the transmission pipe route
 Main pipe route; investigation related to instability of slopes and property of materials
found adjacent to and along the main pipe route that could adversely affect feasibility
and sustainability of the project
 Drainage / gulley crossing sites: main interest being foundation bearing capacity of
materials found along the crossing sites to support the intended crossing structures
Construction materials: investigation related to assessment, identify, evaluation and
delineation of potential sites of construction material that would be used for construction
of the intended structures. This includes sand, aggregate and masonry that exist naturally
in the area of interest
2.4.1 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

In accordance with the Terms of Reference (TOR) of the Project, the geotechnical study
is supposed to include desk study on previous works, field work, laboratory analysis on
samples collected from the project site, and data analysis, interpretation &report writing
to a standard format focusing on:
 The suitability of locations and structural sites with emphasis on bearing capacity
Propose depth of excavation.
 The geotechnical characterization of materials along the canal route and propose
methods of excavation
 Identify the various geological units underlying the project area & its surroundings,
and, preparation of the geological map of the project area.
 Locating construction material sites within reasonable distance from the structural
sites.
2.4.2 METHODOLOGY AND EQUIPMENT USED

The methods used in this investigation are test pitting for structural sites, and excavation
of auger holes and visual observation for pile line route investigation depending on
weather the interval is soil covered or rocky respectively. Preliminary in situ tests at the
sites which include rock soundness tests using geological hammer, and megascopic
mineralogical identification of rock specimens was done together with field test for soils.
Disturbed, but representative samples were collected from the test pits and some auger
holes, and are handed in for classification, direct shear, and CBR and compaction tests.
Equipment used during the field work are:-
 Measuring tape- of 5m and 20m length.
 Compass for the measurement of strike and inclination of rock strata.
 GPS for navigation and location and digital camera- for visual records.
 Hand lens and pen knife for megascopic rock forming mineral identification.
 Geological Hammer to break open rock specimens, and;
 Hand digging equipment like crowbar spade etc.
i) Method of Investigation
 Desk study had been conducted that includes review and analysis of previous works such
as available geological maps and study reports
 Site reconnaissance survey
 Detail geological survey along the proposed Reservoir sites, Booster station sites and
main pipe lay route.
 Excavated exploration holes / pits
 Field in situ testing of materials mainly with respect to foundation bearing capacity of
materials characterizing the intended structures
 Asses availability of materials found along the proposed main pipe route lay
 Laboratory testing and analysis of soil materials
 Data compilation, analysis and interpretation
 Report production

ii) Materials and Equipment

The materials and equipment’s used during the present investigation are:
 Topographic map
 Geologic hammer
 Garmin GPS
 Software and programs to construct geologic profiles and exploration hole log sections
 Digital Camera
2.4.3 CONCLUSIONS
 Geotechnical investigation was conducted on 7 reservoir sites;
 Investigation was also conducted along the pipe line routes through augering and visual
observation, and the formations that underlie these routes were identified;
 Field tests conducted on the soil helped us to identify the soil samples
2.5 GROUND SURVEY
Topography, route and profile surveying works are required to collect data/ Information
which are useful in deciding parameters for Project execution. The parameters are obtained in
the form of elevation and special position indicators described in terms of Easting and
northing. Thus, these data were obtained for the purpose of Verification of ground truth;
Establishing Ground Control Points (Bench Marks), Listing of Crossings details and salient
points, profiles and lay out mapping , conducting hydraulic analysis ,determination of
suitable location and levels for water structures (reservoirs, collection tanks, manholes and
valve chambers, cross drainage structures and fence works & etc) including alignment of
the pipe route & etc.
In order to synchronize the data collected with the national grid system, reference points were
established with the help of data obtained from other existing references (Existing Bench
Marks) and fixed GPS was used to establish points of known elevation.

i) Setting Up of Permanent Bench Marks
Surveying activity for collector pipes, transmission main, river intake site, treatment plant,
and reservoir sites are carried out first by transferring a known bench mark from the previously
established bench marks for the project and further fixing the Bench mark with the help of
fixed GPS. Then these points were established at all points ‘of major structures sites, intake
structures, treatment plant, pipe route, and bends and at convenient interval suitable for
upcoming construction activities.
The benchmarks are also recorded in such a way that it can indicate their value and access in
the form of sketch. Other benchmarks are also established on the existing permanent features
and included in the layout drawings produced for detail design. Lists of Bench Marks are
provided with detail geographic location for in the drawing album.
ii) Topography Survey
Topographic survey are conducted for well filed collector pipes, on transmission main,
reservoir sites and pumping station compound. Topographic drawings are prepared for the
transmission main with appropriate scale which can show clearly pipe trench lines,
obstructions, and permanent structures. Layout of the pumping station compound indicates
the area requirement of infrastructures and arrangements of pump house, generator house,
reservoirs, chemical house, and other structures constructed in the compound. Profile of
pipelines is prepared from detail surveying of the pipe route.
iii) Profile Survey
Detail profile surveys along the pipe line alignment of transmission main, river cross section
and treatment plant sites are carried out with additional cross sectional points are taken in
detail for stream and gulley crossing.

2.6 ENVIRONMENTAL AND IMPACT ASSESSMENT

2.6.1 IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES
The following are summary of potential impacts on the physical, biological and human
environment from the construction and operation of the proposed project, with and
without implementation of proposed mitigation measures.
 The impact rating shows that the Lega hidha Multi-village Water Supply Project will
have few and limited adverse impacts combined with significant social and health
benefits. The difference between the pre-mitigation impact and the post-mitigation
impact rating is thus also minimal, partly because the project design has already
incorporated environmental and social considerations. Significant pre-mitigation impacts
related to cultural heritage (graves and sacred sites) can be avoided or reduced by
adhering to the proposed mitigation measures.
 Resettlement is the main concern at the current stage of project planning. A preliminary
assessment of the scale of physical displacement has indicated that a total of 3 structures
are located for the water mains. This estimate was reached based on a number of
assumptions that have not yet been validated, including the exact routing of the pipelines.
However, there are several opportunities for minimizing the resettlement impact,
including:
 Finding best routing for the main transmission pipelines in order to minimize
displacement, the highly populated areas in Bahima and Goni and the urban area in Beltu
town. This option would reduce the number of affected structures and resettlement costs.
 Fitting the water mains closer to the road within the boundaries of the former road reserve
(5m from the center line), because the road to Bahima had required the land and relocated
structures.
Other mitigation measures and recommendations arising from the ESIA study include
the following:
 At the water intake, enforce protection of buffer zone around the riverbank; establish a
protective zone, marked with buoys, outside river; select construction methods that
minimize disturbance to river; and design the intake to minimize the possibility of
entrainment of fish and other aquatic organisms.
 Use native/excavated material to backfill the trench section around the pipes to minimize
the volumes of excess material. Spoil should be disposed of in appropriate approved areas
and be subject to landscaping.

 Conduct public health campaigns to mitigate the risks and impacts from population influx
and behavioral change during the construction phase.
 Provide labour opportunities for local residents, especially the directly affected
households, women and youth
 including best practice health and safety provisions in the construction contracts and
ensure strict compliance
 The siting of the primary reservoir at Melka Oda/Chefa hill must be fixed for command
reservoir
2.6.2 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES

Local surface and groundwater resources are inadequate to satisfy the demand from the
growing population.
Wabe River provides the most reliable source of water supply in the Lega Hidha district
during the previous design.
Different options have been assessed and considered for the water sources, pipelines and
reservoirs areas. The original location at Melka Oda hill would interfere with a planned
spoil disposal. Alternative locations are therefore being explored at Chefa, which are all
located in close vicinity to each other. A final decision on the siting of the command
reservoir has decided the selected site at Chefa kebele.
2.6.3 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING
A preliminary Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) and monitoring plan
has been prepared in order to guide the implementation of the mitigation measures. The
plan will be updated during the detailed design and once the construction contractors
have been selected.
The sole responsibility for the implementation and outcome of the ESMP rests with
OWWDSE (Previous organizational name of ECO or Engineering Corporation of
Oromia during the study) as the project proponent. ECO is committed to manage all the
environmental, health, safety and social risks and impacts identified in the ESIA study.
In order to ensure compliance, the environmental and social mitigation measures and
requirements will be incorporated into bidding and contract documents. The project
implementation unit will be staffed with professional experts responsible for
environmental and social management and monitoring.

The ESMP consists of the following components, as further described in the ESIA report:
 Construction contractors’ ESMP
 Community health, safety and security plan
 Stakeholder engagement plan
 Monitoring plan
In addition, a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) will be prepared and implemented prior
to the start of the construction works. The planning and implementation of the RAP shall
be guided by the World Bank / FDRE safeguard policies and standards and by national
legislation.
2.6.4 COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS
Improved water supply and sanitation services can result in a number of economic and
social benefits. The most significant are:
 Reductions in cases and deaths associated with diarrheal disease
 Reduction in indirect adverse health impacts through reduced mortality rates and
malnutrition
 Benefits resulting from the reduced distance to a safe water such as reduced work burdens
and time spent on fetching water
 Economic benefits related to reduced health service costs as well as reduced losses of
productive time due to disease and to a reduction in premature mortality
2.6.5 DECOMMISSIONING
It is anticipated that the lifespan of Lega Hidha Multi-Village Water Supply Project will
be at least 20-30 years and probably considerably longer if the scheme is built with high
quality materials. When the operational phase ends, it will be necessary to decommission
the scheme. Impacts associated with decommissioning are similar to those of the
construction phase. It is therefore recommended that a decommissioning plan will be
prepared before the start of the decommission operations, taking into account the
applicable legislation and environmental/social conditions prevailing at that time.
2.6.6 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The Lega Hidha Multi-Village Water Supply Project is designed to provide sustainable
and climatic resilience water supply system which is expected to greatly improve the
socio-economic and sanitation conditions through the district. The project is also
considered to be environmentally feasible. On the other hand, the land requirements for
project infrastructure would have impact of displacement on structures and property.
However, as explained above, the resettlement impact can be minimized through detailed
design by slightly adjusting the routing of the best water pipelines and reservoirs areas.

In conclusion, the ESIA consultant recommends that detailed planning of the Lega Hidha
Multi-Village Water Supply Project continues under the condition that adequate
measures are taken to address the issues arising from the ESIA study, including design
issues and all other environmental and social management actions as outlined in the ESIA
report.
2.7 PLANNING HORIZON (DESIGN PERIOD)

The design period (planning horizon) is the length of time for which the system is expected
to provide a community with good quality and sufficient quantity of water. This period
should be neither too short, not less than ten years or too long because of economic reasons
and the difficulty of predicting future water demands.
The design period of the project was set to 20 years and divided into two phases (stages),
with each phase holds a period of 10 years. Phase-I water supply system had been designed
to meet water demands of population for the last 10 years considering 2021 as the kickoff
year for operation. The design period of Phase-II will cover the period from year 2022 to
2042.
2.8 POPULATION (size, growth rate, projection)

i) Base Population
The use of a reliable base population figure is very important for optimizing the project costs
and sustaining the project’s service year. Over and under estimation of the populations could
result in a higher investment cost and a lower service run period respectively. Hence; it is
very important to initially get a realistic base population figures not to come up with the
above-mentioned problems. Based on the socioeconomic study, the current population of
the project area is estimated to be 112,364 by 2011/2019 and it is considered as the base
population for population projection during the previous design proposing Wabe River as
water source. Additional 16,556 base population (2022) are incorporated to give priority
for community nearby the revised water source (Kata Dibe Dam on Dhare River/stream)
and along transmission line design review as per water right policy.
II) Population Growth Rate
The Central Statistical Authority has established an annual growth rates for population
projection from 1995 up to the year 2030. Hence, in projecting the future population sizes
of the project area, the country level CSA’s growth rates is referred for this study.

2.9 WATER DEMAND (water demand, variation)

The basic principles followed in the estimation of water demands are include but not limited
to the following:
 Sector Development : GTP1 and GTP2
 Urban WS Design Guideline: MoWIE issued in January 2006
 Socio-Economic Study Current Study Report: OWWDSE August 2019
 Stakeholders Consultation
Based on these approaches, water demand requirements for domestic and non-domestic
purposes are estimated and presented in the following table.
Table 3. Population and Water demand summary of Previous Design
SUMMARY OF WATER DEMAND FOR LAGA HIDHA(Previous Design)

Description Year
2,022 2,032 2,042
Population 120,969 151,890 191,146
Domestic Demand (m3/d) 2,418.97 4,508.88 7,563.98
Commercial and Public Demand (m3/d) 241.90 450.89 756.40
Industrial Demand (m3/d) 120.95 225.44 378.20
Livestock Demand (m3/d) 7,327.55 7,327.55 7,327.55
UFW (m3/d) 1,516.40 1,876.91 2,403.92
m3/d 11,625.77 14,389.68 18,430.04
Average Day Water Demand
l/s 134.56 166.55 213.31
Maximum Day Factor 1.00 1.10 1.20
m3/d 13,950.92 17,267.62 22,116.05

Maximum Day Water Demand
l/s 161.47 199.86 255.97
Peak Hour Factor 1.70 1.70 1.70
3
m /d 19,763.81 24,462.45 31,331.07
Peak Hour Water Demand
l/s 228.75 283.13 362.63

Table 4. Summary of Water Demand for both previous and the revised one
SUMMARY OF WATER DEMAND FOR LAGA HIDHA & NEWLY ADDED SAWENA
DISTRICT WATER DEMAND DURING DESIGN REVIEW
Year
Description
2,022 2,032 2,042
Population 137,525 172,547 217,149
UFW (m3/d) 1,516.40 1,876.91 2,403.92
Average Day Water m3/d 11,625.77 14,389.68 18,430.04
Demand l/s 134.56 166.55 213.31
Maximum Day Factor for Laga Hidha 1.00 1.10 1.20
Laga Hidha(m3/d) 13,950.92 17,267.62 22,116.05
l/s 161.47 199.86 255.97
Micha Town(m3/d) 293.33 505.69 819.98
Maximum Day Water
Demand l/s 3.39 5.85 9.49
Sawena Rural District Kebeles
793.78 938.81 991.93
(m3/d)
l/s 9.19 10.87 11.48
Peak Hour Factor for Laga Hidha 1.70 1.70 1.70
Laga Hidha(m3/d) 19,763.81 24,462.45 31,331.07
l/s 228.75 283.13 362.63
Peak Hour Water Micha Town (m3/d) 762.65 1314.79 1557.97
Demand l/s 8.83 15.22 18.03
Sawena Rural District Kebeles
1,587.56 1,877.61 1,983.85
(m3/d)
l/s 18.37 21.73 22.96
3
TOTAL LAGA MDD(m /d) 15038.03 18712.11 23927.96
HIDHA & SAWENA MDD(l/s) 174.05 216.58 276.94
DISTRICT ALONG PHD(m /d)3
22114.02 27654.85 34872.89
TML PHD(l/s) 255.95 320.08 403.62

2.10 PIPE SYSTEM (MATERIALS, VELOCITIES, PRESSURE)

The transmission mains are designed to convey a maximum day demand. The design is
based on the following criteria:
 Flow rate,
 Maximum design pressure,
 Transient pressure and
 External pressure
The pipe size and type is determined based on these design requirements and on the basis of
economic analysis. Friction losses are calculated for an economical pipe diameter of ductile
iron pipes and u-PVC pipes, using a Hazen Williams hydraulic Equation.
Table 5.Hazen William’s Coefficient

Pipe type
Pipe status U-PVC STEEL DCI
New pipe 140 130 130
15 year old 130 120 120
25 year old 122 112 112
1) FLOW VELOCITIES
Experience shows that in many cases pipes designed to flow velocities of, say, 0.8 to 1.2
m/sec are quite at optimum conditions for long lines; however, the following flow velocities
will be acceptable:
Minimum: - 0.5m/s.
Maximum: - 1.8m/s,
For short sections, particularly at special cases, e.g. At inlet and outlet of reservoirs and
treatment plants, may be designed for different values.

2) PRESSURE REQUIREMENTS
Pressure in the distribution network to be as follows:
 Gravity supply from the service reservoir at lowest water level condition
 As a rule, a minimum manometer head of 10m is considered as adequate during Peak Hour
Demands. However, in exceptional cases, depending on the topography of the area, lower
pressure levels may be permitted, but not less than 5 m.
 A maximum of 160m manometer head, to avoid risking leaks and bursts in the distribution
system and 340m for transmission line particularly during minimum flow conditions and
when the static pressure would be dominant.
 Pipe pressure classes are chosen for the maximum pressure head that may occur under no or
minimum consumption condition which is set at nil or 10 per cent of the average day demand
and the service reservoir at maximum water level.
 Pipelines in the distribution system and transmission line shall withstand a maximum
operating pressure of 160m and 350 m manometer head and hence locally manufactured
PE100 HDPE pipes of pressure class of PN 10, PN16,PN25 and DCI pipes of grade K 9 have
been used as much as possible.
3) SELECTION OF PIPE MATERIAL AND TYPE

When a pipe is found technically suitable for particular case the economical pipe
materials available for selection are:
 Pipe material: Steel pipes for all pumping mains and gravity lines with DN greater
than 450mm. DCI K-7 for all gravity mains DN up to 450
 Hydraulic loss per km <10 m/km
 Flow velocity: About 2.0m/s at maximum flow and 0.5m/s at minimum.
 Pressure rating: maximum of 40 bars and a minimum of 10bars
2.11 VALVES AND ACCESSORIES
a) Air Release Valves
Location: Air valves are to be provided at selected high points.
Size: Air release valves compatible in size, type and pressure ratings to the system, are
selected. Therefore, single orifice, sonic type DN50 or 60 mm will be installed on mains of
diameters up to DN 450 mm.
b) Flush-out Valves
Flush-out valves will be provided taking into account draining the respective pipeline
sections in 3 - 4 hours’ time. On mains of DN 250 mm – DN 400 mm, the flush-out valve
will normally be DN 80 mm or DN 100 mm. On smaller mains and pipelines, a minimum
of DN 50 mm will be installed. Valves compatible in size, type and pressure ratings to the
system are selected.

c) Isolating Valves
Spacing: Isolating valves will be provided along the pipe profile to isolate a portion of the
system during repairs. These valves will be installed at intervals as required, their spacing
being dictated by factors such as connections to consumers and connections to other mains.
Isolating valves will be installed at maximum distances of 500 meters. However, to reduce
the number of valves, this distance may increase wherever found applicable.
Number: The number of isolating valves to be installed in an adequately looped grid at

intersections of arteries and service or consumers’ mains are n-1, where n is the number of
branches at the intersection spot.
Location: At interconnecting pipes, bypass pipe connections and at hydrant connections.
Type and Size: Proposed type of isolating valve is gate valve compatible in size, type and
pressure ratings to the system.
d) Fittings
Pipeline fittings (such as bends, tees, etc.) will be as follows:
To be appropriate for the pipeline configuration, fittings will be of DI, GI, Cast Iron, and
HDPE or of uPVC where such lines are installed, similar in size and class to the pipelines will
be installed
Wherever fittings for assembling steel pipes will be required, they are to have the same
design strength as that of the pipe

2.12 PIPELINE APPURTENANT STRUCTURES

a) Valve Chambers
Concrete manholes or chambers are designed for each valve location for protection and to
provide easy access for different purposes.
b) Trench Depth
Where ground elevations, physical obstructions and land regulations permit,

transmission mains will follow the most practical direct route.
The following considerations will govern the alignment of pipelines within the supply
area:
 Transmission mains will follow the shortest route, allowing for deviations where
necessitated by topographical conditions.
 Wherever possible, pipelines will be laid at road sides and verges of footpaths, pavements
or green strips.
 Distribution and transmission pipelines will follow the existing or planned roads, while
observing the necessary requirements for hydraulic efficiency and economy.
Laying Depth of Pipelines Will Be Subject to the Following Criteria:

 Depth of mains below ground will take into consideration ease of maintenance,
avoidance of excessive earth pressure and protection from live load due to traffic.
 Mains laid in trenches will have a minimum cover of 1.0 m for pipes of DN 400 mm and
smaller, and 1.20 m for pipes of DN 400 mm and larger.
 Pipe mains under carriageways or road verges will have a minimum cover of 1.20 m.
 The depth of cover will be increased as may be required where the ground level is to be
changed in future for the construction of a road, where an increased depth is needed to
maintain a minimum slope in the pipelines, where this will eliminate the need for an air
valve, or where other special requirements call for greater depth.
 A minimum distance of 0.9m will be maintained from fences and buildings to the verge of
the trench for pipe laying.

c) Thrust Blocks
Whenever the pipeline changes direction horizontally or vertically or changes in size;
concrete thrust blocks are designed to resist the thrust force in the piping system.
d) Pipe Supports
Concrete supports for pipes are designed whenever the pipe is laid above ground surface
and also in situations where the foundation formations are not good
Lateral transverse anchors are designed for conditions where pipe is laid in steep slopes
e) Road and River/Ditch Crossings

Whenever pipeline crosses gravel, asphalt or concrete roads and river/ditch, crossing
structures, which will protect the pipe, are designed. For heavy traffic road crossings,
concrete encasements are provided. We proposed to use edge of bridges to cross main
streams along revised gravity and pressure main.
2.13 DESIGN OF STORAGE RESERVOIRS

Reservoirs are categorized into transfer and service reservoirs. Accordingly, each kind of
reservoir is designed as follows:
a) Transfer Reservoirs
 Transfer reservoirs that are used for pumping station will be sized based
on 2-hour detention time of maximum day demand.
 Reservoirs that provide transfer via gravity (break pressure tanks), if
necessary, will be sized for 30 minutes’ detention time of the maximum

day demand.
b) Service Reservoirs/Operational
The storage volume required for service reservoirs have to be large enough to
accommodate the cumulative differences between water supply and demands plus
provision for emergency cases such as power interruptions and repair works. In this
case, the capacities of service reservoirs are determined by calculating one third of
maximum day demands of the supply zone.
 Those reservoirs designed for break pressures in the distribution or
gravity zones will also serve as service reservoirs for the commanding
areas.
 The total storage capacity of the reservoir is thus determined by adding
the requirements of both transfer and operational capacities.

2.14 OTHER CONSIDERATIONS

a) Integration of the existing system
The existing systems at Beltu, Bahima, Goni Towns and Boditi rural kebele along
revised transmission main will be incorporated into the new project. Exiting Pipe lines
Water points and cattle trough these stated Towns and the rural should be
connected to the new system so that cost minimizing is favored.
b) Use of locally available materials
The area is rich in natural construction materials such as sand, stone, aggregates for road
construction and soil for bed laying. In addition to the natural materials, pipe materials like
uPVC, HDPE, GI and Steel pipes are widely manufactured by regional and Federal states
of Ethiopia. Cement and Rebar are also manufactured indoor. This will minimize the need
of foreign currencies for procurement.
C) Design of manually operated system

As much as possible, Automation operations and controls systems will be avoided in the
design of the project. By adopting manual operating systems, the sustainability and financial
viability of the water supply system will be increased.
a) Computer modelling
i) Use of the latest design software

All pipe lines and pimping stations are designed by modelling the water system with
computer Software. The latest versions of Water CAD V8i, which are powerful water
system modelling software, have been employed for accuracy and efficiency of design
work. This standard computer program has been established taking into account its significant
future use by the client. The Darcy-Weisbach and Hazen William equations have been used
for hydraulic analyses of the water system. Additional auxiliary Softwares are also used for
preparation of the model and presentation of design drawings.
ii) Building data base for modelling water supply systems

The purpose of creating data base for a water supply system is to export and import data
elements between the Water CAD model and date base files so as efficiently perform the
analysis of the system and produce the required out puts. The arrangement of basic project
data and corresponding modelling elements has been outlined as follows.

a) Water Demand Data

The water demand data and respective supply points are represented as nodes in WaterCAD
as mentioned earlier. The water demands data and their respective points of locations have
been spatially distributed in accordance with the settlement pattern and density of
population. Demands of big Institutions and small industries are assigned at their locations.
Either the average or maximum day demand of those areas could be used when modeling
demand points.
b) Water Supply Sources data
All selected alternative water supply sources such as River Intakes and springs, and their
respective locations, and sources quantities are modeled as reservoirs and arranged in
Microsoft Excel Spread Sheets.
c) Transmission and Distribution Network
Knowing the locations of possible water supply sources and locations of Demand points,
the next question is how to convey the required water from supply sources to demand
points. Depending on the topographic conditions, the logical starts at this stage are the
selection of best routes for layout of transmission and distribution mains and definition of
data elements required to build the network. The transmission mains are designed for a
capacity of maximum daily water demands while distribution networks are for peak hourly
demands of the project
d) Pumping Stations
Pumping stations are designed for maximum daily water demands. Arrangement of
appropriate locations for pumping stations, installation of wet wells and pumps are the
modeling components of pumping stations.
e) Reservoirs
Service reservoirs (Tanks) are designed to balance the hourly fluctuations of water demands.
Capacities are determined by either the storage requirements of one third maximum day
demand or mass curve analysis of the inflow verses outflow systems. Service reservoirs are
located at higher ground elevations where water will be distributed to target communities
with flow of gravity
f) Valves
Installation of Valves such as Pressure reducing valves (PRV), Air releasing Valves (ARV),
Flow Control Valves (FCV), Flush out Valves (FOV), etc. at the required locations and data
elements:
iii) Hydraulic analysis and presentation of results
Following the establishment of data base for the water supply distribution network,
hydraulic analysis is carried out to evaluate the hydraulic behaviors of the system. This task
requires iterative processes of resizing of water supply components and reanalysis of the
outputs until the results of hydraulic parameters such as discharge, velocity and pressure
values will meet the required criteria.

3.0 WATER SUPPLY SOURCES

3.1 GROUND WATER SOURCES
3.1.1 Hydrogeology
The project area is characterized by different hydrogeological units. These are Mesozoic
sedimentary rocks, volcanic rocks and alluvial deposits
Mesozoic sedimentary rocks
The Mesozoic sedimentary rocks are found being underlying the alluvial deposits and
volcanic rock units. Such sedimentary rocks found in the project area are sandstone and
carbonate rocks.
The sandstone rock formation is minor in area extent outcropping at places as small
patches in the area. Such rock unit is found being well bedded, loosely cemented and
affected by weathering. This feature creates favorable condition for recharge and
movement of water in the area.
The carbonate rock is found covering extensive part of the project area. It is grey
calcilutite commonly well jointed and affected by weathering. At places the rock unit is
found being affected by small solution cavities which can be considered as potential
ground water recharge sites. There are lineaments supposed to be faults affecting such
lithologic unit. Prevailing discontinuities such as faults, joints and bedding planes
including contact lines are important sites of recharge and water bearing layers. Effect of
weathering also enhance movement of water upon increasing crevices, enhancing
reaction of the bed rock with ingression water resulting open solution cavities that is
favorable for movement and storage of water. If water entered in the joints/fractures and
solution cavities, it can yield large quantities of water.
There are a number of deep wells drilled in the carbonate formations in the project area.
The wells drilled ends with relatively low discharge and some being end dry and hence
abandoned.
It is important to note that the major water bearing layers in such carbonate rock unit is
related to weathering and fracturing. Consequently, it is localized without regional
extent.
Basaltic Dyke
The basaltic rock found exposed in the area is Basaltic Dyke. It occurs mainly being
confined along prevailing major discontinuity / fault lines. It covers valley and stream
courses created by faulting and also forms small ridges bounding such fault lines.
The basaltic dyke found exposed in the area is intensely affected by fracturing. Such an
effect creates interconnected pores which can be considered as potential recharge and
water bearing layers in the area. The major discontinuity planes / fault lines and vents are
potential recharge site that enhance ground water movement and hence potentiality of the
material for ground water occurrence. Consequently, it is expected to encounter relatively
better yield in such type of rock / aquifer material.
There are considerable number of dug wells and few drilled well in the project area. Such
wells indicate presence of shallow and deep ground water occurrence of relatively good
discharge. Furthermore, at places there are seepages emerging from the rock along
prevailing toe of ridges formed by such fractured basaltic rock unit. However, it is
localized without regional extent and hence can be considered of low potential which
cannot get replenishment from regional sources.

Alluvial deposits
The unconsolidated soil overburden deposit is found covering exclusive part of the plain
land mass in the area. It is mainly silty clay occasionally with sand and gravel soil mixes,
Thickness of the material as inferred from drilled wells and valley cut sections is in the
order of less than 10mts.
The alluvial deposit in the area are generally fine / silt and clay in texture. Such a material
though of high porosity due to absence of interconnected porosity it retards recharge and
infiltration. It would rather enhance run off rather than infiltration
However, the river deposits consisting loss unconsolidated sand gravel deposit may
deserve potential recharge and shallow ground water bearing layers in the area.
3.1.2 Hydrochemistry - Water Quality
Fraction of the rain infiltrates or percolates into the ground and becomes ground water.
During its passage through the ground, the water comes in contact with many substances
both organic and inorganic. Some are readily soluble in water. Others such as those
causing alkalinity and hardness are soluble in water containing carbon dioxide absorbed
from the air or from decomposing organic matter in the soil. The decomposed organic
matter also removes dissolved oxygen from the water percolating through it. Such water
free from oxygen and high in carbon dioxide dissolves iron and manganese from the soil.
Water containing iron and manganese is favorable for the development of Crenothrix and
other similar organisms in collected ground water supplies. Hydrogen sulfide sometimes
occurs in ground water and is associated with the absence of oxygen, the decomposition
of organic matter or the reduction of sulfates.
The dissolved minerals determine the usefulness of the ground water for various purposes
and the presence of some minerals beyond certain limit may make it unsuitable for
drinking, irrigation or industrial purpose and may result in corrosion or incrustation of
tube well screen and pipes.
Prevailing major aquifers / water bearing layers in the project area are carbonate and
basaltic rock formations. Carbonates are highly susceptible for dissolution and gets
soluble when in contact with infiltrated surface water to the ground. This would cause
adverse impact on increasing the TDS and PH so that it becomes unsuitable and hard for
use to domestic purpose. However, water supply from basaltic rock aquifers is not
susceptible for dissolution and hence the water quality is good from such formations
This has been backed by the response from the targeted beneficiaries and upon testing
the water from the wells that testes hard as it was justified by the present study crew.

3.1.3 Summary of Water Source

During the present detail survey, the project area is found being characterized mainly by
alluvial deposits, carbonate and basaltic dykes. Major ground water bearing layers in the area
are carbonate and fractured basaltic rock units
As to the present findings, ground water occurrence in carbonate rock formation is related to
jointing fracturing and weathering. There are major discontinuity structures namely faults that
enhance recharge and ground water at places in the carbonate rock formations. However, due
to the localized nature of such discontinuity and limited areal extent of the water bearing
formations discharge is relatively low and may not be sustainable. Drilled deep wells in the
area indicated that the discharge from such wells is low which less than 5l /s is.
Similarly, ground water occurrence in the basaltic dyke formation is related to fracturing the
basaltic rock/dyke is found being localized that is confined along major structure / fault lines.
Consequently, the ground water is local being confined along such weak zone / faults and
fractured formations. The expected discharge and water quality from such a rock formation is
relatively better and good. However, due to the limited extent of such formation with relatively
small catchment area that is not regional, it may not be sustainable during absence of
precipitation for consecutive years.
It is recommended for drilling of test wells at selected sites based on geophysical survey and
site geologic setting. Afterwards well field sites (probably in carbonate rock formations) can
be identified and delineated based on the result of test wells. It is required to evaluate and
confirm the available ground water potential and regional extent of the water bearing layer in
order to avoid risks associated to discharge and localized nature of aquifers with respect to
sustainability and water demand of the targeted beneficiaries for use to the intended purpose.
As the other water supply source option, surface water can be considered. There is ample
surface water resource in the project area that can be considered for use to the intended
purpose. To this, the Wabe River was selected for the previous design depending on the
above conclusions. As it has been observed during the mission, the base flow was
relatively high. Such a source can be considered for use to the intended purpose
considering sustainability and volume of water met the water demand of the targeted
beneficiaries.

3.2 SURFACE WATER SOURCES

In this study a lot of effort has been done during field survey to assess availability of safe
and reliable surface water sources to augment the demand needed for the project. The
project area is located in Wabe Shebelle river basin and only one perennial river was
emanating from upstream side of the project and bounding the area in the North and East
Directions. Generally the following factors were considered for river selections as water
sources:
 Base flow of the river
 Implemented and proposed developments on the river
 Accessibility of the river intake site
 Exposure of the river to pollution and sedimentation
 Cost of construction
 Cost of operation and maintenance and etc.
Accordingly the Wabe River located in the vicinity of the project area as an only source
has been investigated to identify safe and reliable surface water source for the project
for the pre designed transmission main.
3.2.1 LOCATION OF INTAKES

The location of intake has great influence on the performance, success and life time of the
structure. While selecting site for location of intakes, different points must be considered
carefully. Some of the considerations taken into an account are mentioned below.
 Intake work should provide pure water
 Heavy water currents should not strike the intake directly
 Intake should be located at such a situation where sufficient quantity of
water remains available under all the circumstances. When level of water
is minimum in the source, even then sufficient amount of water should
remain available.
 Site must be well connected with access roads
 Site should be in a position to fulfill the enhanced demand or needs
 It should not be located in navigation channels to reduce pollution of
water.
 During floods in the river, flood water should not be concentrated
towards the intake
 Intake should not be located on the curve of a river. If there is no
alternatives, then intake should locate on the outer bank of the river not
at the inner bank
 Intake should be located on the upstream side of the town to control the
water contamination due to sewage disposal of the city
In spite of all the efforts and precautions, problem stayed there due to natural cause,
temperature, seasonal variation in quantity and quality, wind currents etc. may affect the
stability and safety of the intake works. Though very challenging efforts were paid by
the consulting body during consideration of the above mentioned points, the contractor
could not access the head work (Intake site) due to shortage of budget to construct access
road along transmission main and to the intake location.

The other main challenge was power supply for previous design pressure line as it is
impossible to operate (run) the project with fuel load only. As per the information from
the Laga Hidha Wereda administrative officials, electric power supply from 50km
(Sawena District) for Laga Hidha Beltu town was planned by Ethiopian Electric Power
Corporation and receiving this power to Wabe River headwork was previously proposed
if the installation of power line to the town would be executed prior to the commencement
of Water Supply Project. Unless extending 76.3km power line from Sawena (Micha
town) to the project head work in collaboration with EEPC & the bill of quantity for the
previous design for safety was executed to supply power utility from 76.3km in addition
to stand by generator at booster stations. However EEPC changed the plan to solar panel
for the town though they used to commence the excavation works for the project during
the data collection for the Water Supply Project and it is impossible to operate the booster
stations’ pressure line electromechanical works by this limited power & currently there
is shortage of budget to supply electric power from 76.3km for the Water Supply project.
As the phase-I construction contract agreement was signed without considering EEP
utility other than generator with fuel, it is very challenging to operate the project with
fuel only. Those above challenges summed up and led the Consultant and Client
concerning bodies to change the water supply source from Wabe River to Kata Dibe Dam
on Dhare River as water source for the revised project. The Dam (under construction) is
located 64km from Chaffa 1500m3 ground service reservoir (under construction). So
main objective of the this study is to revise the previous Water supply design source from
Wabe River by side intake to flood water harvesting by Zoned Earth Dam of Kata Dibe
which was designed by Engineering Corporation of Oromia for irrigation purpose. This
under construction dam is located in the eastern part of previous Bale Zone (present Ginir
Zone) of the Oromia National Regional State and specifically in Keta Dibe Kebele in
Sawena district. The previous design of the project from Wabe river source was executed
in 2019 G.C and Oromia Construction Corporation (OCC) contractor entered into an
agreement with Client (Ministry of Water & Energy) & Engineering Corporation of
Oromia on Consultancy side to construct the project. Accordingly, the contractor
commenced the construction of the water supply distribution line including Chaffa
1500m3 gravity service reservoir in 2021 G.C. However, the previous 11km transmission
line with access road from Wabe River to Chaffa 1500m3 gravity service reservoir is not
still commenced due to lack of budget to construct access road. Hence, it is very challenge
full to access head work site, 5 booster stations including low head submersible pump at
intake, treatment plant and total pressure line within 11km without access road.
The water from the revised transmission line will be abstracted from the dam by steel
intake pipe with DN1200mm which is under construction. The revised pipe line is
reduced from DN1200mm to DN500mm with tee fitting connection and extended 14km
from dam outlet to rapid sand filter type treatment plant by gravity system. There are
three (3) booster stations with all necessary ancillary structures along 50km left from
treatment plant to Chaffa 1500m3 ground service reservoir. Low head submersible pump
will be installed in booster station-2 reservoir of 1000m3 to deliver water to Kelkelcha
100m3 elevated reservoir and Boditi 50m3 existing sandwiched masonry reservoir for
their community along transmission line. Even though water demand for human and
livestock to five kebeles along transmission line is considerably abstracted from the
source depending on their socio economic study, design works for Micha town,Kata dibe
kebele and laku is not incorporated in this revised design works.

The Sawena Wereda town Micha town) independently needs its own design works as it
is somewhat wider and needs the Client direction to do so, though treatment plant is
geographically located nearby kata Dibe Kebele, there are no the Kebele community
around there. In addition, Laku Kebele’s boundary is next to Boditi Kebele along the
main transmission line from booster station-1 to booster station-2.Hence the Consultant
considered all 5 kebele communities’ water demand to overcome the problem that may
arise with water demand later and incorporate 2 kebeles’ (Kelkelcha and Boditi) water
supply in this design review as they are directly along the main transmission line.
1) Proposed site for intake structure at the river during the previous
During field survey of the feasibility study, the consultant had been made his best effort
to choose and locate the intake structure to a place where the technical and economic
aspects of the project becomes safe and reliable.
UTM location X=714700.1, Y=881372.8, Z=725.61
The intake type for the project was river intake and different intake sites had been
investigated along the bank of the Wabe River.
2) Proposed site for intake for the Revised Transmission Line
Those above mentioned challenges (budget limitation to construct access road along
previous transmission line; headwork and power supply to booster stations) summed up
and led the Consultant and Client concerning bodies to change the water supply source
from Wabe River to Kata Dibe Dam on Dhare River as water source for the revised
transmission line of the project.
3.2.2 WATER TREATMENT PLANT LOCATION

Water available from various sources contains impurities which would be harmful and
dangerous for use of human beings specially for drinking purpose. Such harmful
situations must be controlled using water purification systems and mechanisms with the
use of water treatment plant constructed at a suitable site. Water treatment plant was civil
structure which undertakes the treatment of water from source, from the starting point of
filtration and plain sedimentation up to the last stage of pure water storage reservoir step
by step.
Previous treatment plant Adindan UTM location X= 715354.5, Y=876330.4, Z=1625
The objective of treatment was to:
 Removal of color, dissolved gases and murkiness of water
 Removal of objectionable test and odor from the water
 Killing of troublesome bacteria
 To estimate the corrosive and tuberculation properties of water which is
essential from the safety of pipes and pipe fittings point of view.
 To make water safe for drinking and domestic use and also for various
industrial purposes like brewing, dyeing, steam boilers etc.

3.2.3 PROPOSED TREATMENT SITE FOR THE PREVIOUS PROJECT AREA

The pre-treatment and main treatment plant is located at head work (400m away from
intake point) and about 8Km distance away from the head Work as wide enough site is
not available at a less distance. The proposed treatment area is wide enough and is very
sound in geology. It was coordinated as follows:
Figure 6. Proposed Treatment Locations, Adinan UTM, Zone 37 N.
Table 6. Treatment boundary points

Boundary
S.No X Y Z
Corner
1 A 715,502.60 876,247.16 1,629.00
2 B 715,429.40 876,240.80 1,624.00
3 C 715,423.35 876,321.34 1,621.33
4 D 715,342.30 876,314.32 1,606.00
5 E 715,324.90 876,515.11 1,617.28
6 F 715,253.56 876,506.00 1,608.93
7 G 715,245.20 876,604.08 1,598.35
8 H 715,415.74 876,619.03 1,616.40
9 I 715,438.30 876,362.10 1,619.80
10 J 715,492.30 876,366.70 1,629.60

3.2.4. PROPOSED TREATMENT SITE FOR THE REVISED TRANSMISSION LINE

The treatment plant is located at head work (14km away from intake point at Kata Dibe
dam outlet) and about 50Km distance away from the chaffa 1500m3 service reservoir that
under construction. The 14km is through gravity and 50km of water deliverance after
treated (cleared) is by 3 booster stations arranged at different heads between chaffa
1500m3 service reservoir and treatment plant. The detail design of revised treatment plant
document is attached at the back of this document and its general layout is indicated as
follows:

4.1 GENERAL
This section presents the project area population and respective water demand
requirements, which are complex and basis for deciding the capacity and investment of
the water supply system. For deciding on water demand requirements, guiding principles
such as government’s sector development plan, supporting policy statements and
strategies were identified and brief highlights have been presented under the following
subsection.
Data required for estimating the growing water demands of population have been
collected. These include demographic data such as population size, growth rate, density,
distribution and socioeconomic data like public and commercial institutions and
livestock population.
4.2 GUIDING PRINCIPLES
4.2.1 SECTOR DEVELOPMENT PLAN
The Regional government of Oromia has committed to enhance the social welfares of
population through provision of adequate water supply and Sanitation services. Specific
targets are set in the GTP-2 for the Water Supply and Sanitation Sub-Sector (2015/16-
2019/20).
Goal 1.1
Provide rural water supply access with GTP-2 minimum service level of 25 l/c/day within
a distance of 1 km from the water delivery point for 85% of the rural population of which
20% are provided with RPS.
Goal 1.2
Provide urban water supply access with GTP-2 minimum service level of 100 l/c/day for
category-1 towns/cities, 80 l/c/day for category-2 towns/cities, 60 l/c/day for category-3
towns/cities, 50 l/c/day for category-4 towns/cities, up to the premises and 40 l/c/day for
category- 5 towns/cities within a distance of 250m with piped system for 75% of the urban
population. Summary of these goals and water supply service levels are presented in table
shown below:

Table 7. GTP-2 Water Supply Standard Service Level
Category Urban Population (l/C/day) Service Level
1 >1000,000 100 up to premises

2 100,000-1,000,000 80 up to premises
3 50,000 -100,000 100100,000 60 up to premises
4 20,000 - 50,000 50 up to premises 75%
within a distance of
5 < 20,000 40
250 m
within a distance of 1
Rural Population 25 85%
km
Source: Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia MoWIE GTP-2 Year 2015
4.3 DESIGN PERIOD (PLANNING HORIZON)

The design period (planning horizon) is the length of time for which the system is expected
to provide a community with good quality and sufficient quantity of water. This period
should be neither too short, not less than ten years or too long because of economic reasons
and the difficulty of predicting future water demand.
The design period also fixes the target date in the future for which a given project should
serve before it is abandoned or expanded. The design period has a direct impact on the overall
capacity, complexity as well as cost of water supply systems.
In practice, the construction of urban water supply projects is mostly carried out in two
phases (stages) in which each phase holds a design period of 10 years and rural water supply
systems are designed to accommodate the water requirements for a design period of 10 to
15 years depending on factors such as scope of the project, availability of fund and socio-
economic condition of benefited communities.
The design period of the previous project was set to be 20 years, i.e. from year 2022 to 2042.
Consequently, a design period of 10 years has been proposed considering 2022 as kick off
operation and thus the planning horizon for Phase (stage)-I of the project is planned to be from
2022 to 2032 and that of stage-II is 2032-2042.

4.4 POPULATION PROJECTION

4.4.1 BASE POPULATION
It is essential that the water supply system have to be designed to meet the requirements of
the population expected to be growing at the end of the design period. This period accounts
population growth and socio-economic development.
The Central Statistical Authority has established an annual growth rates for population
projection from 1995 up to the year 2030. Hence, in projecting the future population sizes of
the project area, the country level CSA’s growth rates as presented in the table below were
used. However the growth rate for rural and urban is different and was considered separately.
Table 8.Country Level Population Growth Rates CSA

Year Urban Rural
2010-2015 3.88 2.15
2015-2020 3.69 1.98
2020-2025 3.51 1.68
2025-2030 3.35 1.41
Finally, the population has been projected up to end of the design period using the
geometric progression method and presented as below. What should be clear here is that
there is additional human and livestock population due to revision of transmission pipe
line as community around the intake & along pipe route have to access to water supply
as per water policy. The information regarding this is shown in the following
consecutive table.
Pn  Pp (1  0.01r ) n
Where,
Pn = Design population (after n years)
Pp = Present population (at the start of design period)
r = Annual population growth rate in %
n = Design period in years

Table 9. Projected Population of Laga Hidha Wereda WSP
Urban Growth
Rural Growth
Population
Population
Population
Projected
Rate (%)
Rate (%)
Urban
Rural
Total
Year
2019 1.98 3.69 68,253 44,111 112,364
2020 1.98 3.69 69,604 45,739 115,343
2021 1.68 3.51 70,774 47,344 118,118
2022 1.68 3.51 71,963 49,006 120,969
2023 1.68 3.51 73,172 50,726 123,898
2024 1.68 3.51 74,401 52,507 126,907
2025 1.68 3.51 75,651 54,350 130,000
2026 1.41 3.35 76,717 56,170 132,888
2027 1.41 3.35 77,799 58,052 135,851
2028 1.41 3.35 78,896 59,997 138,893
2029 1.41 3.35 80,009 62,007 142,015
2030 1.41 3.35 81,137 64,084 145,221
2031 1.41 3.35 82,281 66,231 148,511
2032 1.41 3.35 83441 68449 151,890
2033 1.41 3.35 84617 70742 155,360
2034 1.41 3.35 85810 73112 158,923
2035 1.41 3.35 87020 75562 162,582
2036 1.41 3.35 88247 78093 166,340
2037 1.41 3.35 89492 80709 170,201
2038 1.41 3.35 90753 83413 174,166
2039 1.41 3.35 92033 86207 178,240
2040 1.41 3.35 93331 89095 182,426
2041 1.41 3.35 94647 92080 186,726
2042 1.41 3.35 95,981 95,164 191,146

Table 10. Population projection along revised transmission line of project

Year 2022 2027 2032 2037 2042
Sawena District Kebeles with
their population.
Micha (Sawena Wereda town) 6720 7,924 9,343 11,016 12,989
Ketta 3589 3,849 4,128 4,428 4,749
Kelkelcha 1841 1,975 2,118 2,271 2,436
Boditi 2229 2,391 2,564 2,750 2,949
Laku 2177 2,335 2,504 2,686 2,881
Total 16556 18,473 20,657 23,151 26,004
From the above two tables total summary of human population for previous design (from
Wabe river) for Laga Hidha Wereda at 2042 is 191,146 and the total after design review
(Kata Dibe Dam as water source) is 217,149 out which 26,004 is additional population due to
source change.
4.5 WATER DEMAND
Water is one of the basic and essential requirements of life. The main objective of a water
supply project is therefore to provide safe water, in quantities adequate for drinking, food
preparation and personal hygiene to protect the health of communities from water borne
diseases.
4.5.1 GENERAL
Water demand is defined as the volume of water that different categories of consumer can
afford to consume in the context of unrestricted supply. The total water requirement of a
project is usually estimated by its uses for domestic and non-domestic purposes.
The basic information required for estimation of water demands are:
 the study on customers’ consumption
 existing water supply levels
 the study on social and economic condition,
 the towns’ development plan (if any) and
 the climatic conditions of the project area
Since there are no current and historical records of water consumption trends for the supply
area in question; an analytical approach has to be used involving estimation of water demand
for different categories of consumers as described in the consecutive sections.
4.6 DOMESTIC WATER DEMAND
Domestic water demand includes water used for basic needs such as drinking, cooking,
ablution/baths, washing clothes and utensils, and cleaning houses. The average amount of
water used per person per day varies from country to country as well as from region to
region within a country. The major important factors for these variations are:
 Level of water supply service
 Percapita Demand
 Climatic conditions
 Level of socio economic development
 Affordability and willingness to pay for the services

4.6.1 PERCAPITA WATER DEMAND AND SERVICE LEVELS

The amount of water to be used by a person per day for daily life and activity is known as
Percapita water demand. It is used as a base for estimating the domestic water demand
of population. It is normally a function of the daily basic needs but should be adjusted by
socioeconomic development and climatologic factors.The level of a water supply service
greatly affects the water demand of the users. If the level of service is excellent like house
connection, the demand for water is also very high due to its use for multipurpose such as
toilet flushing, laundry machines and bathing rooms. The water demand of the users
decreases as level of service decreases and vice versa.
The following common three types of service levels have been adopted for designing the
water supply project.
a) House Connections (HC);
b) Yard Connections (YC);
c) Public Fountains (PF)
4.6.2 RURAL WATER SUPPLY SERVICE
Estimation of the present and future Percapita water demands and service level of rural and
urban communities are based on government’s sector development programs such as
Universal Access, GTP1 and GTP2.
Table 11. Standard Service Level of Rural Water Supply Service

WS Percapita
Planning
Development Demand Standard Service Level
Year Plan (l/C/day)
2020-2025 UAP 15 PF within 2 km
2026-2030 GTP1 20 PF within 1.5 km
2031-2035 GTP2 25 PF within 1 km
4.6.3 URBAN WATER SUPPLY SERVICE

a) Percapita water Demand and Service Standards
The urban Percapita water demand and standard service level of the project has been
estimated based on urban water supply guideline of MoWIE issued in January 2006 and
government’s sector development programs.

Table 12. Percapita Water Demand by Mode of Service

2020 2025 2035
S No. Mode of Service Symbols
(l/c/day) (l/c/day) (l/c/day)
1 House HC 40 50 70
Connection
Yard Connection
2 Own/Shared YC 25 30 40
3 Public Fountain PF 15 20 25
Table 13. Percapita Water Demand by Purpose and Mode of Service
Year 2020 2025 2035

Mode of
HC YC PF HC YC PF HC YC PF
service
Drinking 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
Cooking 5 4 3 5 4.5 3.5 5 5 4
Ablution/Bath 14 10 7 16 12.5 7 18.5 15 7.5
/Shower
Washing 4 4 3 4.5 4 3 5 4 2.5
Utensils
Launder 7.5 4.5 3.5 10 6 5 12 7.5 7
House 4 3 2 4 3.5 2.5 4 4 2.5
Cleaning
Toilet 4 3 4 3 4 3
Total 40 25 15 50 30 20 70 40 25
b) Projection of Service Labels

Taking into account the past experiences in similar projects and from socioeconomic survey
data of the project, the future service label of towns has been determined for each mode of
service.
Table 14. Projected Service Levels of Rural Water Demand
Mode 2022 2032 2042
of Service
House 0% 3% 5%
Tap Users
Yard 0% 4% 5%
Tap Users
Public 100% 93% 90%
Tap Users
Table 15. Projected Service Levels of Urban Rural Water Demand
Mode of 2022 2032 2042
ServiceTap
House 0% 10% 20%
Users
Yard Tap 0% 15% 30%
Users
Public Tap 100% 75% 50%
Users

4.6.4 CLIMATIC AND SOCIO- ECONOMIC ADJUSTMENT FACTORS

As mentioned in the aforementioned section, the water used by a person depends on the
climatic and socioeconomic conditions of the area. This means water is more used at hot
areas than cold ones. In addition reach people consume more water than the poor. These are
adjusted by multiplying the adjustment factors with total domestic demand.
The mean annual precipitation of project area is less than 100 mm. This situation could
categorize the project area under Group C with climatic adjustment factor of 1.
Table 16. Climatic Adjustment Factors

Mean Annual
Group Precipitation Factor
A (mm)
600 or less 1.1
B 601-900 1.05
C 901 or more 1
Source: 25 Towns Water Supply Feasibility Study and Engineering Design Report
(MoWR)
Socio-economically, the town can be grouped under “Towns under normal Ethiopian
conditions” with Socio-economic adjustment Factor of 1.
Table 17. Socio-Economic Adjustment Factors
Group Description Factor

Towns enjoying high living
A standards and with high 1.1
potential for development
Towns having a very high
B potential for development, but 1.05
lower living standards at present
Towns under normal Ethiopian
C 1
conditions
D Advanced rural towns 0.9
Source: Ministry of Water Resources Urban Water Supply Design Criteria - January
2006

4.7 NON-DOMESTIC WATER DEMANDS

4 .7 .1 COMMERCIAL AND PUBLIC WATER DEMANDS
Commercial demand includes water requirement for restaurants, Cinema houses,
railways, bus stations, shopping centers, Local drinks (Tela, Areqe, Tej) etc whereas
public demand includes water required by schools, hospitals, public offices, military camps,
public parks, dispensaries, day-care centers and so on.
In case where exhaustive estimation of the public and commercial institutions is
not possible it is recommended to take 20 to 40% of the domestic water demand,
depending on the size of population. In this project an average of 20% has been assumed
reasonable for the project areas.
4.7.2 INDUSTRIAL WATER DEMAND
The development plans of many Towns indicate that there are plans to establish some small
to medium scale industries. In most cases big industries are assumed to have their own water
supply systems.
Where there is no distinct data for the project area, it is recommended to take 5 to 10% of the
domestic water demand, depending on the size of the project. 5% has been taken for towns of
the project area.
Source (cost effective design guideline for urban water supply, MOWR, FEB2007)
4.7.3 LIVESTOCK WATER DEMAND

The livestock water demand is considered where there are no traditional sources such as rivers
and streams available within a radius of 5 km from the project area. No provision has been
considered for livestock water demand where small springs or rivers are available within the
specified distance except in the driest months. The livestock water demand is estimated
based on the livestock figures obtained from the districts Administrations and their
respective per capita water demand of the project area.
Table 18. Percapital Livestock Demand

Consumption
Animal Type Unit Consumption Frequency
Factor
TLU
Cattle 0.5 (Tropical 25l/2 days/head Every 2 days
Livestock Unit)
Sheep 0.2 TLU 5l/day/head Every day
Goat 0.1 TLU 5l/2 days/head Every 2 days
Horses &
1 TLU 25l/day/head Every day
Donkey

4.7.4 UNACCOUNTED FOR WATER (UFW)

All water leakages in the system and unauthorized connections are categorized under UFW.
This is taken as 25% and 15% of water production at the start and end of project respectively.
In this case 15 % is taken for the entire project area.
4.7.5 DEMAND VARIATIONS
The consumption patterns of different users of water supply services vary on hourly, daily
and seasonal basis. Keeping records of these variations can help in developing standard peak
factors for a given locality, which is the basis for the design of different water supply
components. Poor estimation of these factors can lead to under or over design of water
supply systems. To design the different elements of a water supply scheme, the following
design factors are considered.
4.7.6 AVERAGE DAY DEMAND
The average daily demand is the total annual (average) water demand distributed over 365
days. It obtained by simply summing up the domestic and non-domestic demands as well
as unaccounted for water (UFW). These form the basis to estimate the maximum day and
the peak hour demand.
4.7.7 MAXIMUM DAY DEMAND
The maximum day water demand is considered to meet water consumption changes with
seasons and days of the week. It also represents the changes in demand with season and
some special events happening in any specified year. The maximum day demand is obtained
by multiplying the average day demand with the maximum day factor.
4 . 7 . 8 PEAK HOUR DEMAND
The peak hour demand is the highest demand of any one-hour over the maximum day. It
represents the diurnal variations in water demand resulting from the behavioural patterns of
the local population. The peak hour demand is obtained by multiplying the maximum day
demand with the peak hour factor.
As stated earlier, both the maximum day and peak hour factors greatly depend on the size
of the population to be served.
It is always advisable to adopt peak factors developed from locally recorded consumption
data or from a water services having similar climatic, cultural and socio-economic
characteristics. In the absence of such data, the designer can flexibly adopt the peak factors
set by MoWIE in the design criteria of urban water supply and summarized in Table below.
Table 19. Recommended Demand Variations and Peak Factors
POPULATION MAXIMUM PEAK

SIZE< 20,000 DAY HOUR2
20,001- FACTOR 1.9
50,000 1 to 3
50,001- 1.8
100,000
>100,000 1.6
As the population of the project area is composed of rural and rural towns a maximum
day and peak hour factors of 1.2 and 1.7 are adopted respectively for previous design. 1.2
maximum day demand factor and 2 peak hour factor for additional kebeles of Sawena
district along revised transmission line is adopted depending on their population
number.

4.8 SUMMARY OF WATER DEMAND

Finally, the total water demand of the project will be established by summarizing all
water demand requirements mentioned in the foregoing sections as follows.
Table 20. Rural Water Demand by Mode of Service
DEMAND CALCULATION OF LEGE HIDHA WEREDA RURAL AREA
Mode of Service
UNIT 2022 2032 2042
Population Unit 71,943 83,441 95,981
Percent of Population Served By
HC % 0% 3.00% 5%
YCP % 0% 4% 5%
PF % 100% 93.00% 90%
Population by Service Level
HC No - 2,503 4,799
YCP No - 3,338 4,799
PF No 71,943 77,600 86,383
Per capita Water Demand
HC lpcd 40 50 60
YCP lpcd 25 30 40
PF lpcd 20 25 25
Demand By Service Standard
HC m 3/d - 125.16 287.94
YCP m 3/d - 100.13 191.96
PF m 3/d 1,438.85 1,940.00 2,159.58

Sub Total 1,438.85 2,165.29 2,639.48
Climate and Social Factor Factor 1 1.1 1.2
3/d
Total Domestic Water Demand m 1,438.85 2,381.82 3,167.38
l/s 16.65 27.57 36.66
3/d
Industrial Water Demand 5 to 10 %( 5%) m 71.94 119.09 158.37
3/d
Commercial and Public (5 % to 20%) m 143.89 238.18 316.74
Livestock Water Demand m 3/d 6,405.35 6,405.35 6,405.35
Total Water Demand m 3/d 8,060.03 9,144.44 10,047.84
Unaccounted For Water (15%-25%) m 3/d 1,209.00 1,371.67 1,507.18
Average Daily Water Demand m 3/d 9,269.03 10,516.11 11,555.01

l/s 107.28 121.71 133.74
Maximum Day Factor Factor 1.2 1.2 1.2
Maximum Day Water Demand m 3/d 11,122.84 12,619.33 13,866.02
l/s 128.74 146.06 160.49
Peak hour Factor Factor 1.7 1.7 1.7
peak hour Water Demand m 3/d 15,757.35 17,877.38 19,643.52
l/s 182.38 206.91 227.36

Table 21. Towns Water Demand by Mode of Service

Demand Calculation Of Beltu ,Adele And Behima Town
Mode Of Service
UNIT 2022 2032 2042
Population Unit 49,006 68,449 95,164
Percent of Population Served By
HC % 0% 10.00% 20%
YCP % 0% 15% 30%
PF % 100% 75.00% 50%
Population by Service Level
HC No - 6,845 19,033
YCP No - 10,267 28,549
PF No 49,006 51,337 47,582
Per capita Water Demand
HC lpcd 40 50 70
YCP lpcd 25 30 40
PF lpcd 20 25 25
Demand By Service Standard
HC m 3/d - 342.25 1,332.30
YCP m 3/d - 308.02 1,141.97
PF m 3/d 980.12 1,283.43 1,189.56

Sub Total 980.12 1,933.70 3,663.83
Climate and Social Factor Factor 1 1.1 1.2
Total Domestic Water Demand m 3/d 980.12 2,127.07 4,396.60
l/s 11.34 24.62 50.89
Industrial Water Demand 5 to 10 %( 5%) m 3/d 49.01 106.35 219.83
Commercial and Public (5 % to 20%) m 3/d 98.01 212.71 439.66
Livestock Water Demand m 3/d 922.2 922.2 922.2
Total Water Demand m 3/d 2,049.34 3,368.32 5,978.28
Unaccounted For Water (15%-25%) m 3/d 307.4 505.25 896.74
Average Daily Water Demand m 3/d 2,356.74 3,873.57 6,875.03

l/s 27.28 44.83 79.57
Maximum Day Factor Factor 1.2 1.2 1.2
Maximum Day Water Demand m 3/d 2,828.09 4,648.29 8,250.03
l/s 32.73 53.8 95.49
peak hour Factor Factor 1.7 1.7 1.7
peak hour Water Demand m 3/d 4,006.45 6,585.07 11,687.54
l/s 46.37 76.22 135.27

Table 22. Summary of Water Demand for total previous

Year
Description
2,022 2,032 2,042
Population 120,969 151,890 191,146
UFW (m3/d) 1,516.40 1,876.91 2,403.92
m3 / 14,389.6 18,430.0
11,625.77
Average Day Water Demand d 8 4
l/s 134.56 166.55 213.31
Maximum Day Factor 1 1.1 1.2
m3 / 17,267.6 22,116.0
13,950.92
Maximum Day Water Demand d 2 5
l/s 161.47 199.86 255.97
Peak Hour Factor 1.7 1.7 1.7
m3 / 24,462.4 31,331.0
19,763.81
Peak Hour Water Demand d 5 7
l/s 228.75 283.13 362.63

Table 23. Summary of Water Demand for total previous and revised
SUMMARY OF WATER DEMAND FOR LAGA HIDHA & NEWLY ADDED SAWENA DISTRICT WATER DEMAND
Year
Description
2022 2032 2042
Population 137525 172547 217149
Domestic Demand (m3/d) 2418.97 4508.88 7563.98
Livestock Demand (m3/d) 7327.55 7327.55 7327.55
UFW (m3/d) 1516.40 1876.91 2403.92
m3/d 11625.77 14389.68 18430.04
Average Day Water Demand
l/s 134.56 166.55 213.31
Maximum Day Factor for Laga Hidha 1.00 1.10 1.20
Laga Hidha(m3/d) 13950.92 17267.62 22116.05
l/s 161.47 199.86 255.97
Micha Town(m3/d) 293.33 505.69 819.98
Maximum Day Water Demand
l/s 3.39 5.85 9.49
Sawena Rural District Kebeles (m3/d) 793.78 938.81 991.93
l/s 9.19 10.87 11.48
Peak Hour Factor for Laga Hidha 1.70 1.70 1.70
Laga Hidha(m3/d) 19763.81 24462.45 31331.07
l/s 228.75 283.13 362.63
Micha Town (m3/d) 762.65 1314.79 1557.97
Peak Hour Water Demand
l/s 8.83 15.22 18.03
Sawena Rural District Kebeles (m3/d) 1587.56 1877.61 1983.85
l/s 18.37 21.73 22.96
MDD(m3/d) 15038.03 18712.11 23927.96
MDD(l/s) 174.05 216.58 276.94
TOTAL LAGA HIDHA & SAWENA DISTRICT
PHD(m3/d) 22114.02 27654.85 34872.89
PHD(l/s) 255.95 320.08 403.62

Table 24.Summaries of Projected Populations and Demand Analysis of Lege Hidha Wsp by
Village
Population 2019
Population In
Population in
Population in
MDD 2022
MDD 2032
MDD 2042
Live Stock
Population
Projected
Projected
Projected
2022
2032
2042
Kebeles
Growth Growth Growth

26595 l/s l/s l/s
rate % rate % rate %
Alelu 2,993 3,155 3,659 4,209 32,701 5.55 6.31 6.95
Bare 2,845 3,000 3,479 4,001 35,072 7.08 7.8 8.41
Fik 4,062 4,283 4,966 5,712 30,463 7.51 8.54 9.4
Harikiso 4,248 4,479 5,193 5,974 27,478 6.73 7.81 8.7
Hero 3,574 3,769 4,370 5,027 17,961 6.12 7.03 7.78
Behima 3,497 3,886 5,427 7,545 36,860 5.43 7.1 10.4
Delo Jano
4,430 4,671 5,416 6,230 24,840 7.32 8.44 9.38
Gubisa
Oda 1,434 1,512 1,753 2,017 24,876 0.56 0.92 1.22
Sema 2,008 2,117 2,455 2,824 24,876 5 5.51 5.94
Koriba 1,418 1,495 1,734 1,994 21,350 4.41 4.77 5.07
Doy Abu 2,244 2,366 2,743 3,155 25,424 5.11 5.68 6.16
Luku Kilitu 2,069 2,182 2,530 2,910 26,036 5.24 5.76 6.2
Chefa Meadina 3,307 3,487 4,043 4,651 24,347 5.2 6.04 6.74
Mumicha Nedi 4,051 4,271 4,953 5,697 21,869 5.01 6.03 6.89
Ejejawi Burika 4,530 4,776 5,538 6,370 26,775 6.13 7.28 8.24
Gara Jalu 2,595 2,736 3,172 3,649 25,956 5.37 6.02 6.57
Yabelo 3,607 3,803 4,409 5,072 35,876 7.4 8.31 9.07
Adele 32,469 36,072 50,384 70,049 34,114 19.29 34.8 65.48
Goni 5,043 5,317 6,165 7,091 33,848 7.28 8.56 9.62
Dereba 1,867 1,969 2,283 2,626 28,271 5.47 5.94 6.33
DULECHA 1,131 1,193 1,383 1,591 22176 4.31 4.59 4.83
Wenijisa 1,448 1,527 1,770 2,036 25,038 4.84 5.21 5.51
Haru Goro 5,148 5,428 6,294 7,240 20,359 6.34 7.65 8.74
Hida Hunida 2,125 2,240 2,598 2,988 23,993 4.84 5.38 5.83
Anigoye 1,812 1,910 2,215 2,547 25,936 4.96 5.42 5.81
Wedesa 1,395 1,471 1,705 1,962 27,433 4.41 4.7 4.95
Beltu 8,144 9,048 12,638 17,570 32,416 8.02 11.9 19.6
Total 112,364 120,969 151,890 191,146 161.5 200 255.97

5.0 HEADWORK OF THE PREVIOUS DESIGN (Side Intake)

5.1 LOCATION OF THE HEADWORK
The proposed diversion intake site is about 11.35km from Beltu Town towards
Northwest direction at UTM location X: 714,700.1, Y: 88, 1372.8, Z: 725.61 and UTM
Zone: 37.
5.1.2 TYPE OF INTAKE
Side intake was chosen because of the following facts at the site;
 The river is too wide (about 200m) at the intake points so that weir is not an
economical structure at this river section.
 The river is more or less stable at the intake proposed so that bed reduction is un-
expected.
 Base flow is enough (about 7 times the demand) so that easy diversion is possible.
 The river carries much flood (about 4m stage) so that high training structure is needed
if weir is constructed.
5.2 PURPOSE
Side intake was selected to convey water to the wet well.
The main purposes of the intake are threefold:
 To guide water to the Approach channel so that sufficient quantity of water can be
diverted to the system;
 Regulate the supply of water into the system;
 Maintain the bank of the river;
 flood Protection;
 minimize silt entry to the approach channel

5.3 DESIGN PROCEDURE AND PARAMETERS

5.3.1 DESIGN FLOODS
Based on the Water Resources Study Report and the design criteria the design
floods are summarized in table shown below.
Table 25. Design Floods Of the Weir
Design Parameters Value Unit
Maximum flood Flow of 100 1987 m3/sec

Years
Maximum flood of 50 Years 1779
Minimum Flow of River 0.116 m3/sec
Figure 7. Stage Discharge Curve

5.3.2 BASIC DESIGN PRINCIPLE

The hydraulic structure of diversion intake normally encompasses two aspects of design:
a) Analysis of hydraulic failure include:
 Subsurface flow analysis
 Surface flow analysis
b) Analysis of structural failure include:
 Safety against sliding
 Safety against overturning
 Safety against tension
Structural aspect is the design of various members to resist the acting forces by standard
structural analysis. The acting forces principally include hydraulic forces (hydrostatic
pressures, seepage pressures and dynamic pressures), dead load, earth pressures and live
loads.
5.3.3 HYDRAULIC DESIGN
The hydraulic design part involves the following
1) Studying and investigation of the head work site to obtain data required for the design
work which is outlined in the previous sections, such as
 High flood or maximum flood discharge
 High flood levels of the river
 River cross section at the weir site.
 Sub surface Geology and Foundation condition
 Topography of the area etc.
2) Designing or Sizing of the various structures of the intake which includes
 Crest Elevation
 Upstream and downstream guide wall
 Breast wall
 Operation slab
 Gates
 Trash rack, ladder etc
The overall objective of this work is thus to design a stable, sound, sustainable and
economical structure that could withstand all worst hydraulic conditions throughout its
life.

5.4 Designing Major Structures

5.4.1 Guide Wall
Guide wall protects entry of flood to the intake chamber and keeps banks from erosion
during the previous design from Wabe river water source.
Figure 8. Intake Wall Plan

Figure 9. Retaining Wall Section
5.5 Sludge Pumps

Sludge Pumps delivers raw water from intake to the pre-treatment tank for a length of
about 400m.
5.5.1 Pipe Material
Class B grooved end spiral Steel pipes both outside and inside epoxy coated connected
with grooved couplings of DN 500mm is used.

5.6 Pump House and Wet Well

The wet well was designed to have a capacity of one hour maximum daily demand flow
and its pumps. The wet well is constructed completely by the side of hill so that retaining
wall and draining canal are vital to divert the storm flood(roof flood and its own
compound and catchment flood) and silt.


Figure 10. Pump House of the previous design at intake (Wabe River)

6. HEADWORK OF THE REVISED DESIGN (Kata Dibe Dam)

6 .1 LOCATION OF THE HEADWORK
 Kata Dibe Dam is located on the downstream of Gololcha Dam the is design for irrigation
purpose in the same way of Kata Dibe Dam.
 Its (Gololcha Dam) detail study and design was also completed.
 Reservoir area for Gololcha Dam 3.54km2
 Revised capacity 52.88MCM @1522m a.s.l,
 Live storage Volume 47.58MCM,
 Dead storage 5.3MCM @1489m a.s.l.,
 Dam height 55.3m,
 Dam length About 1.1km
 Gross Irrigable land by the Gololcha Dam 9500ha.
 Catchment Area for Kata Dibe dam(to which the revised document water source is
changed) is 1541km2
 This Dam (Zoned Earth type) is about 12km far from Micha town (Sawena District
town).
 Head work location (Adindan /UTM Zone-37): Easting = 707724, Northing = 824246 &
Elevation= 1358.15ma.s.l.
 Mean annual river inflow at dam site were estimated to have a value of 101MCM (3.206
m3/s)
 A maximum Discharge of 287.8 m3/s corresponding to 1000 years return period routed
outflow at Kata Dibe dam.

350
19.6, 290.8
300
250 21.56, 287.6833894
200
Inflow Q (Outflow)
150
100
50
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
-50
Figure 11. Inflow -out flow hydrograph
 Total Reservoir area is 1.363km2 and planned to irrigate about 1500ha command area
during it was initially proposed for irrigation purpose & now changed to dam for Water
supply purpose on the base of transmission pipe line design review.
 Reservoir storage is 11.4MCM at FSL of 1376m.a.s.l
 Assuming a design life of about 25 years and trap efficiency ranges from 80 to 90%, the
annual sediment deposit is 0.012 million m3 and throughout the design period, the
accumulated sediment in the reservoir will be 0.3 million m3.
 Dead Storage is 0.6MCM
 Live storage Volume is 10.8MCM while 9.5MCM per year water demand is needed and
the storage relative to the demand is sufficient to fulfill yearly human & livestock
population demand.
 Dam height is 23.2m on the river bed and varied to 19.7m on the center of the dam
 Dam length is 690m
 Bottom width of the dam is from downstream to the upstream is 120 and somewhat
decreases toward the around intake.

 Top width of the dam is 8m

 Spill way length is 60m
 The crest level (Normal Reservoir Pool level) is at 1376m and the maximum water level
corresponding to 1000 years routed outflow is 1378.35 m i.e. with flood lift height of
2.35m.
 The structure comprises side channel spillway, chute and terminal structure.
 The spilled water leaving the terminal structure due to a maximum discharge of 287.8
m3/s corresponding to 1000 years return period will join the natural Dare River by spill
way of 60m long. It is obvious that Gololcha Dam on the upper stream of Kata Dibe Dam
should be constructed either simultaneously or before Kata Dibe Dam to insure the safety
of Kata Dibe Dam. However as information from the Dam designers the spill way on the
left bank of Kata Dibe Dam was revised from 40m length to 60m to capacitate it safely
pass additional flow that may face kata Dibe Dam as it is under construction earlier than
Golocha Dam.
Keta Dibe_Dam_HW
Gololcha_Dam_HW
Figure 12. Golocha & Keta Dibe Dam Locations

Figure 13. Kata Dibe Dam General Layout
Figure 14.Revised transmission line

7.0 WATER TREATMENT PLANT FOR THE PRIVOUS DESIGN

7.1 DESIGN PARAMETERS
7.1.1 DESIGN CAPACITY
The total water demand required for phase II (year 2042) was around 22,116 cubic meter per
day (225.97 l/s).
Table 26. Design Capacity of Treatment Plant

Equation
Description/Parameters Value Unit
/Symbol
255.97 l/s
Design Flow Q design
22,116 m3/day
7.1.2 ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES
The design and efficiency of treatment plant is totally governed by local environment,
specifically by temperature. According to the hydrological study, the average
0
t em perat ur e is 25 C. The selected temperature for the design is thus the average. The
related design parameters are summarized in the table below.
Table 27. Local Environments for the Design of Treatment Plant
Equation
Parameters Value Unit
(Symbol)
Average Altitude at
1625 masl
Treatment Plant
Temperature t 25 00C
Kinematics 8.96E-07
ν m2/s
viscosity, 6
dynamic viscosity 8.96E-04
µ Kg/m*s
of water 3
ρw at the design ρw 998.2 kg/m3
temperature
Acceleration due g 9.81 m/s2
Gravity

7.1.3 WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS OF WABE RIVER

7.1.4 GUIDELINES FOR DRINKING-WATER QUALITY
According to the design criteria, the raw water source shall be free from chemical
pollution. The bacteriological, chemical and physical properties of the treated water shall
be within the standards of drinking water established by World Health Organization
(WHO).
7.1.5 BASIC RAW WATER QUALITY OF THE RIVER
Raw water samples were collected twice from the proposed source at different periods. The
collected samples were analyzed in the water quality Laboratory of the OWWDSE and
have been annexed to this report while its main characteristics are presented in table below.
The type of treatment plant required to meet acceptable water quality standards will thus be
selected based on the analysis of the raw water quality parameters of the water supply
source.
Table 28. Basic Raw Water Quality of Wabe River (Previous design source)
WHO
Parameters Raw Water Quality Guideline
Values
11/10/20111111
Data of Analysis
EC14/11/2018
Source of Sample Wabe River
pH 6.9 6.5-8.5
o
Temperature, C
Turbidity, NTU 658 5
Electrical Conductivity, µS/cm 270
TDS, mg/l 135 1000
o
Total Solids at 105 C, mg/l 5000
HCO3 Alkalinity, mg/l as
240
CaCO3
Total Alkalinity, mg/l as 240
CaCO3
Ca Hardness, mg/l as CaCO3 9.3
Mg Hardness, mg/l as CaCO3 10.4
Total Hardness, mg/l as 19.6 500
CaCO3
Nitrate (NO -), mg/l 0.04 50
3
Nitrate (NO2-), mg/l 0

Chloride (Cl-), mg/l 12 250
Fluoride (F-), mg/l 0.73 1.5
Sulfate (S2O42-) 6.3 250
Sodium (Na), mg/l 5.2 200
Potassium (K), mg/l 15.7
Calcium (Ca), mg/l 3.7 200
Magnesium (Mg), mg/l 2.5 150
Iron (Fe), mg/l 2.13 0.3
7.2 SELECTION OF TREATMENT ALTERNATIVES

The following criteria have been taken into consideration in the selection of treatment options:
 Raw water characteristics which should comply with World Health Organization
(WHO) and Ethiopian guidelines for Drinking Water Quality other than those can be
improved by treatment.
 Treated water requirements which should comply to WHO guidelines for Drinking
Water Quality
Requirements for aeration
Water with high iron content than allowable shall be subject to aeration. The method of
aeration shall as much as possible utilize simple technology such as cascading and try to
avoid motorized aeration.
Options for filtration
 Raw Water with maximum turbidity values of less than 25 NTU shall use SSF
pending availability of space and labour for cleaning purposes. However for turbidity
of more than 50 NTU RSF is preferred
 For turbidity values of between 25 and 50 NTU SSF may be used provided there is
an efficient pretreatment system. On the other hand if found economical use of
chemicals can be considered as a pre-treatment option.
Requirements for tertiary treatment
Options for disinfection
Chlorine shall be used for disinfecting purposes. The required dose shall ensure a minimum
of 1.5 ppm within the distribution system at any one time. The use of hypochlorite with simple
drip system shall be replaces by standard mixing and dosing pumps wherever the scope of the
works for the town dictates.
Options for sludge treatment / disposal
Unless harmful substances are found in the sludge, the sludge can be disposed of to the nearby
streams taking care of the ecological damages that may arise downstream.
Cost of construction.
In order to arrive at an optimal construction cost which would result in an affordable scheme,
estimates of various technical options should be considered, discussed with the users and
arrive at an affordable cost that would result in a sustainable system.
 Ease of construction
 Cost of operation and maintenance
 Ease of operation and maintenance
 Availability of spare parts
 Familiarity of the operational staff with the proposed technology

Based on the laboratory test conducted for the aforementioned river raw water samples,
the quality of test parameters comply with WHO guidelines for Drinking Water
Quality. Thus, for the time being the river water can be directly supplied to the
beneficiaries or injected to the existing system after defection. Even though the
upstream catchment of the river is protected and rarely populated currently, increase in
population settlement and farm practice will be indispensible in the long run. As a
consequence, catchment deforestation and land degradation might be resulted which
have direct impact on the river quality of water. Thus taking in to consideration the
future treat of river water pollution due to the above mentioned causes, a slow sand
treatment plant is proposed to safe guard the
7.3 SLOW SAND FILTER
For over 150 years, slow sand filters have been an effective means of treating water for control
of Microbiological contaminants, first used in Great Britain and later in other European
countries. Slow sand filtration principles apply when; untreated water percolates through a
bed of uniformly graded porous sand that overlies a gravel bed (see Figure 3.-9 for diagram).
The water enters over the surface of the filter and is drained from the bottom. In a mature
filter, a rich, sticky, mat-like biological layer called a Schmutzedecke forms in the top layers
of the sand, where particles tend to settle because of the slow rate of filtration. The
Schmutzedecke is composed of biologically active microorganisms, including bacteria, algae,
and other single and multiple-cell organisms. The microorganisms break down and feed off
of organic matter in the water that is passing through the Schmutzedecke, and inorganic
particles are trapped and strained by this layer, as well. The Schmutzedecke assumes
the dominant role in slow sand filtration because it allows the process to remove particles
smaller than the sand could trap on its own. To ensure that the biological community in
this layer remains effective, the filters should operate at a constant rate. Eventually, flow
becomes reduced because the filtered material and debris begin to block up the
Schmutzedecke. To increase the flow rate, the filter must be cleaned by scraping and removing
the top layer of sand. Until the biological layer replenishes itself, the filtered water should not
be used.

Figure 15. Basic Components of an Outlet Controlled Slow Sand Filter

1 Raw water inlet valve
2 Valve for drainage of supernatant water layer
3 Valve for backfilling the filter bed with clean water
4 Valve for drainage of filter bed and outlet chamber
5 Valve for regulation of the filtration rate
6 Valve for delivery of treated water to waste
7 Valve for delivery of treated water to the clear water reservoir
8 Outlet weir
9 Calibrated flow indicator

7.3.1 DESIGN CRITERIA OF SLOW SAND FILTER

The design criteria referenced for the proposed slow sand filtration are shown in the table
below.
Figure 16. Design Criteria for SSF
Design Parameters Unit Range of Criteria Selected Design Value
Design period years 40

Period of operation 24 h/d
m3/day 22,116.05
Design Flow, Q for Phase II
m3/hr 1843
Filtration rates in the filters m/hr 0.1 to 0.2 0.21
Area of Filter bed Required m2 4500
Number of filter bed units No Minimum 2 18
≤200 for Rural
Area of one Filter bed Required m2 250
≤400 for Urban
Width of one filter unit m 12.5
Length of one filter unit m 20
Height of filter bed
Initial: m 0.9
Minimum: m 0.5 to 0.6
Specification of sand:
Effective size mm 0.15 to 0.30
Uniformity coefficient UC <5, preferably <3
Height of under-drains including
m 0.3 to 0.5 0.5
gravel
Height of supernatant water: m 1 1
Once the design parameters are selected, sizing of filter units are calculated as following.
The total area, A of filtration plant is sized based on a design flow rate, Q (m3/hr.) and the
selected filtration rate, HLR (m/hr).
Q
Area, A  (m 2 )  0.256* 3600/ 0.21  4389 , Take A=4500m2
HLR
The system should possess a minimum of two filters to ensure that one is functional
whilst the other is being cleaned. A minimum of four filters is recommended for a public
water supply for increased amount of treated water. The following formula can be used to
obtain a rough estimation, of the appropriate number of filters for a system:
n  A  4500 13  8 , But considering the recommended maximum area of a filter

1 13 1
2 2
unit, the numbers of filters are fixed to be 18.
Since the area, A of total unit has already been fixed, the area of each filter units, can be
calculated by dividing the total area by the number of units.
A 4500
Area of each filter unit, a    250m 2
n 18
I) Filter Box
Most filter boxes are built with vertical or near vertical walls (in which case the
horizontal dimensions will be those of the filter-bed surface) of a depth sufficient to
accommodate the constituent parts (filter bottom, gravel support, filter medium,
supernatant water depth and freeboard).
Depth of filter box, d  0.5  1  1  0.5  3m
II) Total Wall length
For a given surface area and number of units having common walls, the total wall length will
vary with different combinations of (b) and (1) and becomes smallest when:
2 * 4500
l  21.76 , Take l= 20m
18  1
(18  1) * 20.7
b  11.49 , Take b= 12.5m
2 *18
For this value of (b), the equation for the minimum wall length for rectangular filters is:
Smallest total wall length (m), L wm  2 2 A(n  1)  2 2 * 4500(18  1)  827m
The preliminary design and arrangement of filters has been depicted in the following
consecutive Figures


Figure 17. Components of Previous water treatment Plant


Figure 18. Manifold and Lateral Arrangement
Figure 19. Treatment Plant Section View

7.3.2 FILTER MEDIA OF THE PREVIOUS DESIGN

1. Grain Size and Depth of Sand Bed
A declining rate filtration is a cheapest type of system without a filter control at all. The raw
water level is kept at constant at an equal elevation for all filtering units, while the piezometric
level of the filtered water upstream of the clear water channel is kept constant by a fixed weir.
The difference between both levels will give the head loss H, which is the same for all filtering
units and constant during the whole length of filter run. This means, however, a high rate of
filtration for the clean filter bed directly after backwashing, gradually declining as filtration
goes on and clogging occurs. When the capacity of the plant no longer satisfies the
requirements, the filter longest in operation and having the lowest rate of filtration is cleaned
by scraping.
2. Filter Support Gravel
The gravel layers will be arranged in grading order of fine to coarse sizes from top to
bottom as shown in table below.
Table 29.Filter Supporting Media Gravel
Filter Supporting
Size (mm) L(m)
Media Gravel
Gravel-1 1-1.4mm 0.15
Gravel-2 4.0-5.6 0.15
Gravel-3 16.0-23.0 0.2
Total 3
7.3.3 UNDER-DRAINS OF SLOW SAND FILTERS

The under-drain system plays an important part in the efficient operation of a filter. It serves
the dual purpose of supporting the filter medium and of providing unobstructed passage way
for the treated water to leave the underside of the filter.
Once the filter bed has been laid, the under drainage system cannot usually be inspected,
cleaned, or repaired in any way without a major disturbance to the bed as a whole, and it is
therefore important that it should be so designed and constructed that it cannot become choked
by the entry of granular material from above.
The proposed filter bottom is the perforated lateral system consists of a central manifold pipe
to which are attached a series of lateral pipes with orifices (perforations) to distribute air scour
and wash water during back washing and to collect filtered water from the filtering material
during filtration process. Designing this type of filter bottom will thus include sizing of central
manifold and lateral pipes with its orifices/perforations as shown in below
The under drain system proposed is perforated PVC pipes, covered with layers of gravel
of successively diminishing grain size to prevent the intrusion of filtering medium. Figure
above shows a number of arrangements for the construction of the filter bottom. The
under drain systems that use perforated pipes designed using the criteria outlined in Table 5-
6 and Table 5-7 here in under.
Table 30. Criteria for Dimensioning of Under-Drain System Using Perforated Pipes
Range
Design Parameters Unit of Selected Design Value
Criteria
Maximum velocity
m/s 0.5 0.4
in manifold
Maximum velocity
m/s 0.5 0.1
in laterals
Spacing of laterals m 1–2 1.5
Size of holes in
mm 2–4 3
laterals
Spacing of holes in 0.1 –
m 0.2
laterals 0.3
The design of the under drain system has thus worked out in accordance with the
guideline and presented in table shown below:
Table 31. Design Summary Of the Under Drain System
Design Value Unit
Parameters
Sand bed for filter unit
Length of Sand bed, B 20 m
Width of Sand bed, W 12.5 m
Filter Unit Surface Area 250 m2
Number of units 18 nr
Orifices
Diameter of Orifice 3 mm
Number of Orifices per lateral 30 nr
Spacing of Orifices 0.2 m
Laterals
Diameter of Lateral, dn 25 mm
Number of Lateral 25 nr
Spacing of Laterals from center to 0.15 m
center
Length of each Lateral 6 m
Manifold
Diameter of Manifold, DN 250 mm
Length of manifold 20 m

7.4 FLOW MEASUREMENT IN SLOW SAND FILTERS

In slow sand filtration plants, it is necessary to measure the flow through the filters and to
adjust the filtration rate to a pre-set value. Flow measurements can be carried out in closed
pipelines with venturi meters or other devices, but in rural water supply it is often more
economical to use open measuring weirs. Flow measurement is then based on the principle
that the flow over a weir in an open channel is related to the depth of the water above the
crest of the weir.
The relationship between the discharge (Q) and the depth of water over the weir (H) are
shown in Figure 6- below for rectangular weir of 90°. With the help of these equations, the
discharge can be indicated on the weir and the operator can then be informed which
discharge equals the design rate of filtration.
Flow measurement can be facilitated by installing a flow indicator about 0.3 m upstream of
the weir. This should consist of a float to which a pointer is connected, which indicates the
rate of filtration on a calibrated scale. From this flow indicator, the operator can easily see
whether he has set the correct rate of filtration.
The discharge over the rectangular weir can be calculated with the following equation:
𝟑⁄
𝑸 = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟏𝑩𝑯 𝟐
Rectangular Weir
H (cm) Q (l/s)
0.00 0.00
1.00 0.38
2.00 1.08
3.00 1.98
4.00 3.06
5.00 4.27
6.00 5.61
7.00 7.07
8.00 8.64
9.00 10.31
10.00 12.08
11.00 13.94
11.15 14.22 Design HLR
12.00 15.88
13.00 17.91
Maximum
14.00 20.01 HLR
15.00 22.19
16.00 24.45
17.00 26.78

Figure 20.Flow Over the Rectangular Weir
40
Q Vs H
35
y = 0.0482x2 + 0.7816x - 0.5779
30
25
20
Q (l/s)
15
10
0
0 5 10 15 20
-5
H (m)
Figure 21. Discharge Vs Depth of Water over the Weir

7.5 CLEAR WATER TANK

Treated water from the clear water channel of minimum elevation will be conveyed to
the downstream clear water tank of 2000m 3 capacity for temporary storage before being
injected to the main gravity transmission pipeline
7.5.1 Sizing the Clear Water Tank
This concept of sizing the clear water tank volume is principal (as the summation of the 3
volumes below).
a. Water storage for plant operation
b. A storage reservoir to balance plant output with distribution system demand
c. Provide disinfection contact time
But, for this project water that is required to operate the plant (chemical dilution and feed,
pump lubrication, wash down, in plant domestic needs, filter backwash requirement) are
nearly nil as the treatment plant used to treat the raw water is SSF that doesn’t require the
mentioned demands. Furthermore, this station is used only as boosting station; not as
balancing distribution. Therefore, typical retention time is two hours of production is used.
𝑙 𝑠 1
256 ∗ 2ℎ𝑟𝑠 ∗ 3600 ∗ = 1850~2000𝑚3 .
𝑠 ℎ𝑟 1000 𝑙
𝑚3
7.6 DISINFECTION
Calcium hypochlorite may be used as a disinfectant agent. Calcium hypochlorite has
chlorine content (available chlorine) of 65 - 70%. In the absence of this chemical, bleaching
powder with available chlorine of 35 - 37% can also be used.
The amount of chlorine dosage depends mainly on the level of the chlorine demand
influenced by many factors. As the chlorinating will be made on filtered water, an
approximate dose of 1.5 mg/l is deemed adequate. The optimum chlorine dosage is however
determined by conducting frequent residual chlorine tests. The desirable value of the
residual chlorine in the distribution network is between 0.2 - 0.5 mg/l of free chlorine and a
concentration of at least 0.2 mg/l should be available at any water consumption point.
The calcium hypochlorite is mixed with water in a mixing tank to make a solution of about
5% concentration. The mixing and feeding tanks are sized to handle 5% solution lasting for
24 hours. Taking a maximum concentration dose of 3 mg/l with 65% concentrated calcium
hypochlorite, the size of the tanks is 1000 litters.
The feeding tank may be equipped with a float controlled constant head tank with flow
indicator or a constant head flow bowl, rubber tube and a flow meter. In order to have
adequate contact time, the chlorine solution is dosed at the wet well in the clear water
pumping station. The flow from the filter clear water channel to the wet well will be
gravitational. The chlorine dose is adjusted according to the plant throughput flow rate and
is controlled by checking the concentration of residual chlorine in the service reservoir.
Calcium Hypochlorite (trade names include: “HTH”, “Per chlorine”, “Pittchlor”) are not only
twice as strong as chlorinated lime but retain their original strength for more than a year under
normal storage conditions.

Chlorinated lime (CaO.2CaOCl2) is readily available and cheap chlorine compound. This
chemical is easy to transport and not dangerous to handle if it is supplied in a suitable
container. It is white or yellowish powder containing about 33% available chlorine. It will
lose chlorine during storage. In the presence of moisture bleaching powder becomes
corrosive. It is necessary to use corrosion- resistant containers made of wood, ceramic or
plastics. These should be stored in a dark, cool and dry place. In order to minimize the loss of
chlorine a maximum concentration of 5% is recommended for a bleaching powder solution.

8. WATER TRANSMISSION AND STORAGE SYSTEM OF PREVIOUS DESIGN

8.1 GENERAL
The only alternative sources for meeting the demand requirements of Lege Hidha water
supply project was from the Wabe River. The water from the source was boosted
sequentially to the collection reservoir. From the reservoir water goes to the
command area by two main distribution lines.
8.2 TRANSMISSION (LOT-I) AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM (EASTERN PART OR
LOT-II & WESTERN PART OR LOT-III)
The detail design of water transmission and distribution systems the newly proposed
system and modelling of the new system to synchronizing with the existing network.
The components described under this section include the following parts:
a) Raw Water transmission Main from Wabe River Intake to Pre-treatment Plain
Sedimentation tank at 400m from the intake by sludge pumps Booster Station (BS)-1
with Wet well 1000m3BS-2 with Wet well (1000m3) BS-3 with Wet well
(1000m3)  Balancing Wet well with 500m3 at Treatment Plant of (HRFSSF )
Clear Water Reservoir(CWR) with Storage Capacity of 2000m3 BS-4 at this
treatment Plant; Cheffa Reservoir of 1500m3 service reservoir.
 Chlorinated Water in Clear water Reservoir also be backed to Oda
Kebele at the head work site and Operators at BS-3, 2&1. With
Successive six (6) Pressure break tank of 50m3 each.
b) Two Distribution from Cheffa to 2-different directions of (Eastern i.e. Lot-II and
Western i.e. Lot-III );
c) Service and break tanks along the lines;
d) Service lines with water points, cattle troughs and washing basin;
Figure 22. Former Transmission line layout

8.2.1 RAW WATER TRANSMISSION MAIN FROM WABE RIVER INTAKE TO

TREATMENT PLANT
Raw water from the intake minimum water level was proposed to be conveyed by Sludge
Pump to Pre-treatment Plain Sedimentation Tank located about 400m downstream of
intake. It was designed to transport 255.97 l/s of raw water by steel pipe sized to DN500
mm.
a) HYDRAULIC ANALYSIS AND SIZING OF THE MAIN

Hydraulic pressure along the raw water transmission main is governed by hydraulic grade
of water level in the wet-well which has a value of 1078 m H2O.
According to the hydraulic analysis result, the main has a capacity to convey 255.97l/s. The
flow velocity was 1.3m/s for DN500mm. The selected material was Steel /GS and the total
pipe required for the raw water Gravity main was around 9.2km as seen in (Table 7-1).
Figure 23. Hydraulic Analysis Result of Raw Water Gravity Main
D L hL Gradt
Q (l/s) V (m/s) hL (m) Material PN
(mm) (m) (m/km)
500 9200 255.97 1.3 11.75 2.22 SteelGradient(m/K Class B
Pipe HL (m)
V
DN (mm)
PN (bars)
(mH2O)
(mH2O)
(m
Q (l/s)
Matrl.
U/S P
D/S P
L (m)
Label
/s)
m)
190.7 0.6
AdM1 600 859.603 0.43 0.5 0 12.161 Steel Class B
93 7
189.3 0.6
AdM1 600 739.693 0.37 0.5 12.161 37.614 Steel Class B
65 7
187.9 0.6 1699.98
AdM1 600 0.86 0.51 37.614 55.007 Steel Class B
37 6 1
185.9 0.6 1587.30
AdM1 600 0.79 0.5 55.007 72.587 Steel Class B
82 6 7
185.2 0.6 2878.67
AdM1 600 1.44 0.5 72.587 60.947 Steel Class B
68 6 3
183.1 1.4 1681.08
AdM1 600 8.4 5 60.947 43.632 Steel Class B
26 6 5
176.9 1.8 1226.95
AdM1 600 10.45 8.52 43.632 37.916 Steel Class B
21 4 8
1.6 1539.90
AdM1 600 160.4 11.35 7.37 37.916 53.434 Steel Class B
7 3
1.6 4457.97
AdM1 350 157 24.53 5.5 53.434 0 Steel Class B
3 6
147.3 0.9 3776.30
AdM1 500 7.62 2.02 0 40.21 Steel Class B
29 3 2
139.4 0.8
AdM1 500 861.899 1.3 1.51 40.21 51.074 Steel Class B
17 8
134.0 0.8 2800.11

AdM1 500 4.2 1.5 51.074 60.345 Steel Class B
55 4 6
5722.04 HDP
AdM1 315 115 1.9 54.24 9.48 60.345 0 PN10
6 E
1.2 1419.64 HDP
AdM1 355 98.63 5.68 4 0 27.554 PN10
8 4 E
93.05 1.2 1279.69 HDP
AdM1 355 4.48 3.5 27.554 40.149 PN10
4 1 1 E
92.20 HDP
AdM1 355 1.2 119.964 0.42 3.5 40.149 42.452 PN10
4 E
91.35 1.1 HDP
AdM1 355 499.913 1.75 3.5 42.452 51.093 PN10
4 9 E
85.91 2398.46 114.01 HDP
AdM1 355 1.3 7.74 3.23 51.093 PN16
4 3 8 E
81.76 1.2 114.01 117.38 HDP
AdM1 355 59.864 0.24 4.01 PN16
6 3 8 8 E
1.1 117.38 152.24 HDP
AdM1 355 74.4 478.396 1.67 3.49 PN16
2 8 1 E
0.9 4856.49 152.24
AdM1 350 93.8 12.15 2.5 99.882 Steel Class B
7 6 1
0.9 1096.60 105.29
AdM1 350 93.8 2.75 2.51 99.882 Steel Class B
7 3 7
0.8 14201.5 105.29 143.58
AdM1 350 77.65 28.43 2 Steel Class B
1 83 7 1
0.6 5433.58 143.58 160.09
AdM1 350 61.5 5.44 1 Steel Class B
4 6 1 4
0.6 160.09 159.36
AdM1 350 61.5 699.356 0.7 1 Steel Class B
4 4 2
0.6 159.36 159.86
AdM1 350 61.5 520.067 0.52 1 Steel Class B
4 2 6
0.6 159.86 160.85
AdM1 350 61.5 559.927 0.56 1 Steel Class B
4 6 6
0.6 1478.38 160.85 106.31
AdM1 350 61.5 1.48 1 Steel Class B
4 2 6 5
0.6 106.31 HDP
AdM1 350 61.5 1039.55 1.07 1.03 0 PN10
4 5 E
1.0 8659.28 HDP
AdM1 355 78.84 21.65 2.5 0 66.196 PN10
3 5 E
0.8 HDP
AdM1 355 64.56 20.005 0.04 2 66.196 67.121 PN10
4 E
0.6 HDP
AdM1 355 50.28 839.589 0.84 1 67.121 75.872 PN10
5 E
0.7 3238.66 HDP
AdM1 280 36 7.07 2.18 75.872 84.68 PN10
5 1 E
0.8 1379.06 100.86 HDP
AdM1 280 36 4.11 2.98 84.68 PN16
7 4 2 E
0.7 1837.51 100.86 100.07 HDP
AdM1 280 36 3.68 2 PN10
5 9 2 4 E

0.8 2456.98 100.07 102.93 HDP

AdM1 280 36 7.26 2.95 PN16
7 2 4 1 E
0.6 1639.27 102.93 HDP
AdM1 280 30.43 3.27 1.99 24.542 PN10
4 3 1 E
0.5 HDP
AdM1 200 14.28 20.005 0.04 2 24.542 24.886 PN10
9 E
0.6 1237.73 HDP
MaM1 75 2.142 8.02 6.48 60.947 71.373 PN10
3 1 E
0.5 HDP
MaM1 63 1.428 164.281 1.51 9.19 71.373 77.713 PN10
9 E
0.4 HDP
MaM1 50 0.714 180.169 1.08 5.99 77.713 87.12 PN10
7 E
0.5 1170.23 HDP
MuM1 110 3.723 6.98 5.96 43.632 48.427 PN10
1 1 E
0.7 HDP
MuM1 110 2.482 23.95 0.2 8.35 48.427 48.462 PN10
3 E
0.5 HDP
MuM1 110 1.241 1799.91 10.71 5.95 48.462 69.938 PN10
1 E
NDM 16.52 0.6 3797.33 HDP
200 8.95 2.36 37.008 61.657 PN10
1 1 8 5 E
NDM 0.6 HDP
200 15.28 523.685 1.06 2.02 61.657 65.538 PN10
1 3 E
NDM 14.03 0.5 HDP
200 180.148 0.32 1.78 65.538 69.297 PN10
1 9 8 E
NDM 12.67 0.6 1387.76 HDP
200 3.32 2.39 69.297 82.573 PN10
1 9 4 8 E
NDM 0.7 2141.98 HDP
200 9.384 10.01 4.67 82.573 0 PN10
1 8 5 E
NDM 11.11 0.9 1323.35 HDP
200 11.6 8.77 0 19.781 PN10
1 8 3 6 E
NDM 0.9 HDP
200 8.942 264.765 1.95 7.37 19.781 21.095 PN10
1 4 E
NDM 0.6 HDP
200 4.471 45.983 0.18 3.91 21.095 21.611 PN10
1 1 E
0.6 1737.40 HDP
WaM1 90 3.295 10.13 5.83 82.573 99.589 PN10
7 6 E
0.6 108.13 HDP
WaM1 90 2.917 441.513 3.64 8.24 99.589 PN16
9 7 E
0.6 108.13 HDP
WaM1 90 3.295 312.561 1.81 5.79 98.931 PN10
7 7 E
0.4 2334.50 150.51 HDP
WaM1 90 1.945 14.75 6.32 98.931 PN16
6 4 3 E
0.4 150.51 159.68 HDP
WaM1 75 1.35 152.424 0.58 3.81 PN16
6 3 1 E
0.5 1972.30 159.68 HDP
WaM1 75 1.35 13.71 6.95 69.925 PN10
6 7 1 E
0.3 HDP
WaM1 50 0.595 30.01 0.13 4.33 69.925 69.606 PN10
9 E

20.40 0.5 6073.04 HDP

EBM1 250 8.23 1.36 1.524 71.715 PN10
1 3 8 E
15.30 0.6 3270.45 HDP
EBM1 250 7.47 2.28 71.715 67.141 PN10
1 3 5 E
11.90 1936.99 HDP
EBM1 250 0.6 4.13 2.13 67.141 97.599 PN10
1 2 E
11.90 0.8 HDP
EBM1 250 1606.47 8.79 5.47 97.599 119.3 PN16
1 9 E
10.20 0.7 1592.97 115.50 HDP
EBM1 250 6.52 4.09 119.3 PN16
1 6 2 4 E
0.6 115.50 111.11 HDP
EBM1 250 8.501 155.398 0.45 2.9 PN16
3 4 1 E
0.5 111.11 HDP
EBM1 250 6.801 1519.22 3.19 2.1 66.7 PN10
7 1 E
0.6 1765.90 HDP
EBM1 250 3.4 10.73 6.08 66.7 70.835 PN10
9 5 E
HDP
EBM1 250 3.4 0.8 44.202 21.85 494.32 70.835 69.276 PN10
E
0.7 HDP
EBM1 250 1.7 806.479 7.86 9.75 69.276 76.039 PN10
1 E
27.51 0.7 7643.50 HDP
HaM1 250 15.19 1.99 65.306 0.67 PN10
2 2 7 E
10.17 0.8 2240.39 HDP
HaM1 250 12.12 5.41 0.67 32.774 PN10
2 5 4 E
0.7 HDP
HaM1 250 9.432 305.444 1.44 4.71 32.774 34.125 PN10
9 E
0.8 HDP
HaM1 250 8.014 582.385 3.52 6.04 34.125 35.148 PN10
4 E
HDP
HaM1 250 5.857 0.8 1482.49 9.42 6.35 35.148 39.453 PN10
E
HDP
HaM1 250 5.117 0.7 387.555 1.92 4.95 39.453 39.965 PN10
E
0.8 HDP
HaM1 250 4.377 259.572 2.56 9.86 39.965 44.677 PN10
9 E
0.7 HDP
HaM1 250 3.637 456.052 3.19 6.99 44.677 43.489 PN10
4 E
0.5 HDP
HaM1 250 2.897 467.684 2.14 4.58 43.489 75.278 PN10
9 E
0.6 HDP
HaM1 250 2.158 1589.29 10.24 6.44 75.278 72.609 PN10
3 E
0.4 HDP
HaM1 250 0.74 72.026 0.47 6.53 72.609 65.306 PN10
9 E
0.8 HDP
HFM1 180 17.34 680.634 3.8 5.58 0.67 16.021 PN10
8 E
24.27 1811.09 HDP
HFM1 200 1 11.3 6.24 16.021 17.094 PN10
9 4 E
22.63 0.9 HDP
HFM1 200 135.819 0.74 5.45 17.094 18.545 PN10
7 3 E

22.63 1.1 1577.36 HDP

HFM1 180 14.44 9.15 18.545 28.462 PN10
7 5 6 E
20.99 1.0 HDP
HFM1 180 939.984 7.49 7.97 28.462 45.105 PN10
5 6 E
19.39 0.9 HDP
HFM1 180 802.708 5.52 6.88 45.105 45.666 PN10
7 8 E
0.8 1088.69 HDP
HFM1 180 17.34 6.36 5.84 45.666 0 PN10
8 4 E
0.7 1291.86 HDP
HFM1 160 11.23 7.96 6.16 0 68.994 PN10
2 4 E
10.76 0.6 1456.88 HDP
HFM1 200 5.18 3.56 68.994 75.635 PN10
3 5 2 E
0.5 5043.78 171.97 HDP
HFM1 200 9.165 13.3 2.64 75.635 PN25
5 7 7 E
0.4 4973.59 171.97 176.12 HDP
HFM1 200 7.567 9.19 1.85 PN25
6 5 7 3 E
0.4 4991.01 176.12 156.79 HDP
HFM1 180 5.969 9.89 1.98 PN16
4 6 3 3 E
0.3 156.79 100.99 HDP
HFM1 180 4.371 2096.07 2.3 1.1 PN16
3 3 8 E
0.3 2106.18 100.99 HDP
HFM1 160 4.371 2.35 1.12 0 PN10
3 7 8 E
0.5 HDP
HFM1 110 4.29 868.17 4.03 4.64 0 7.474 PN10
8 E
0.3 2879.39 HDP
HFM1 110 2.692 5.72 1.99 7.474 0 PN10
7 8 E
0.4 HDP
HFM1 75 1.598 22.619 0.13 5.75 0 18.215 PN10
7 E
BGJM 20.04 0.6 1881.18 HDP
225 4.86 2.58 0 36.438 PN10
1 9 5 5 E
BGJM 19.05 1.2 1133.83 HDP
160 10.26 9.05 36.438 0 PN10
1 5 2 5 E
BGJM 13.11 0.6 HDP
180 678.783 1.95 2.87 0 39.481 PN10
1 3 6 E
BGJM 2174.58 100.96 HDP
160 6.177 0.4 4.61 2.12 39.481 PN10
1 4 5 E
BGJM 5057.91 100.96 132.10 HDP
140 6.177 0.6 15.6 3.08 PN16
1 4 5 5 E
BGJM 0.3 1522.79 132.10 147.02 HDP
125 2.709 5.44 3.57 PN16
1 3 1 5 1 E
BGJM 0.5 1751.52 147.02 181.53 HDP
110 2.709 6.84 3.91 PN25
1 4 9 1 6 E
BGJM 0.6 1002.87 181.53 120.05 HDP
90 2.709 5.82 5.8 PN16
1 4 1 6 4 E
BGJM 0.7 120.05 HDP
90 2.709 118.777 1.17 9.85 69.712 PN10
1 9 4 E
BGJM 0.6 HDP
90 1.624 136.295 1.22 8.95 69.712 69.795 PN10
1 7 E

HaJM 0.5 1023.98 HDP

75 2.016 5.84 5.7 42.607 70.374 PN10
1 9 3 E
HaJM 0.3 HDP
75 0.598 305.183 1.32 4.33 70.374 69.93 PN10
1 9 E
0.8 HDP
JeM1 125 7.912 838.006 5.13 6.12 40.21 40.385 PN10
3 E
0.8 HDP
JeM1 75 4.08 15.114 0.13 8.6 40.385 40.995 PN10
3 E
1405.76 HDP
JeM1 75 2.04 0.6 8.75 6.22 40.995 40.948 PN10
4 E
DGM 0.4 HDP
110 3.577 721.85 3.31 4.59 51.074 75.801 PN10
1 9 E
DGM 0.5 HDP
75 1.792 227.958 1.28 5.62 75.801 82.861 PN10
1 2 E
0.7
GrM1 350 74.67 2425 4.82 1.99 0 30 Steel Class B
8
0.7
GrM1 350 71.49 377 0.57 1.51 30 34 Steel Class B
4
0.7 HDP
GrM1 280 37.33 940 1.88 2 34 30 PN10
8 E
HDP
GrM1 250 34.15 0.9 880 2.64 3 30 50 PN10
E
0.4
GrM1 350 14.55 3297 4.94 1.5 50 0 Steel Class B
6
0.6
GrM1 350 20.62 220 0.55 2.5 0 9 Steel Class B
6
0.6 HDP
GrM1 180 12.38 7013 17.52 2.5 9 9 PN10
3 E
0.4 HDP
GrM1 125 4.13 220 0.44 2 9 8 PN10
3 E
0.5 HDP
GrM1 75 1.9 380 1.9 5 8 7 PN10
6 E
0.6 HDP
ChM1 90 3.18 914 5.03 30 71 PN10
5 E
0.7 HDP
ChM1 63 1.72 20 0.2 71 73 PN10
1 E
Ch2M 0.6 HDP
90 3.18 940 5.17 5.5 30 52 PN10
1 5 E
Ch2M HDP
75 1.72 0.5 20 0.09 4.5 52 50 PN10
1 E
0.6 HDP
HhM1 140 8.24 1412 5.18 3.669 9 34 PN10
9 E
0.5 HDP
HhM1 110 3.81 7 0.02 2.857 34 34 PN10
2 E
0.5 HDP
HrM1 160 8.24 2902 5.54 1.909 9 17 PN10
3 E
0.4 HDP
HrM1 125 4.44 22 0.04 1.818 17 17 PN10
7 E

WdM
250 34.16 0.7 328 0.71 2.165 34 90 Steel Class B
1
WdM
250 34.16 0.7 100 0.21 2.1 90 111 Steel Class B
1
WdM
250 34.16 0.7 6 0.01 1.667 111 0 Steel Class B
1
WdM 0.7
250 38.75 430 1.16 2.698 0 87 Steel Class B
1 9
WdM 0.7
250 38.75 11 0.03 2.727 87 162 Steel Class B
1 9
WdM 0.7
250 38.75 101 0.27 2.673 162 95 Steel Class B
1 9
WdM 0.7
250 38.75 45 0.12 2.667 95 165 Steel Class B
1 9
WdM 0.7
250 38.75 1064 2.86 2.688 165 159 Steel Class B
1 9
WdM 0.7
250 38.75 800 2.15 2.688 159 198 Steel Class B
1 9
WdM 0.7
250 36.73 2538 6.19 2.439 198 177 Steel Class B
1 5
WdM 0.8 HDP
280 30.79 241 0.65 2.697 177 177 PN25
1 3 E
WdM 0.7 HDP
280 28.76 280 0.67 2.393 177 181 PN25
1 7 E
WdM 0.7 HDP
280 27.4 2440 5.27 2.16 181 190 PN25
1 4 E
WdM 0.7 HDP
280 25.7 787 2.3 2.922 190 188 PN25
1 9 E
WdM 0.6 HDP
280 25.7 1346 2.58 1.917 188 166 PN25
1 9 E
WdM 0.6 HDP
280 24 1308 2.21 1.69 166 182 PN25
1 5 E
WdM 0.7 HDP
280 24 1028 2.42 2.354 182 183 PN25
1 4 E
WdM 0.6 HDP
280 24 568 0.96 1.69 183 171 PN25
1 5 E
WdM 0.6 HDP
280 22.66 1039 1.56 1.501 171 163 PN25
1 1 E
WdM 0.5 HDP
280 21.1 2319 3.06 1.32 163 160 PN25
1 7 E
WdM 0.4 HDP
280 17.22 721 0.93 1.29 160 154 PN16
1 6 E
WdM 0.5
200 17.2 11 0.02 1.818 154 1 Steel Class B
1 5
WdM 0.3
200 12.14 4485 4.19 0.934 1 101 Steel Class B
1 9
WdM 0.3
200 12.14 8124 7.55 0.929 101 0 Steel Class B
1 9

WdM 0.4 HDP

160 7.04 3068 4.41 1.437 0 85 PN10
1 5 E
WdM 0.5 HDP
110 3.4 487 3.56 7.31 85 75 PN16
1 3 E
0.5
AnM1 200 17.2 11 0.02 1.818 0 1 DCI PN10
5
1.0 HDP
AnM1 125 10.17 6424 60.27 9.382 1 7 PN10
7 E
0.8 HDP
AnM1 125 7.82 1024 5.89 5.752 7 13 PN10
2 E
0.5 HDP
AnM1 125 5.58 259 0.8 3.089 13 16 PN10
8 E
0.3 HDP
AnM1 90 1.94 2456 5.35 2.178 16 46 PN10
9 E
0.2 HDP
AnM1 90 0.9 498 4.71 9.458 46 47 PN20
4 E
0.5 HDP
AnM1 50 0.9 28 0.25 8.929 47 46 PN10
9 E
0.6 HDP
SmM1 140 5.94 31 0.12 3.871 177 0 PN20
4 E
HDP
SmM1 140 8.42 0.7 3395 13.01 3.832 0 22 PN10
E
0.5 HDP
SmM1 90 2.81 5657 24.53 4.336 22 18 PN10
7 E
HDP
SmM1 75 1.36 0.4 116 0.32 2.759 18 17 PN10
E
0.4 HDP
KrM1 160 7.19 5357 8 1.493 5 5 PN10
6 E
0.4 HDP
KrM1 140 5.53 1878 3.27 1.741 5 5 PN10
6 E
0.5 HDP
KrM1 110 3.86 380 1.11 2.921 5 5 PN10
2 E
0.3 HDP
KrM1 160 5.08 93 0.11 1.183 5 5 PN16
8 E
a) PROFILE OF THE TRANSMISSION MAIN

The transmission main has been profiled at an average trench depth of 1.2m. Washouts and
air valves will be provided where required along the pipeline.
b) AIR AND WASHOUT VALVES

Air valves are provided at selected high points. These valves are compatible in size, type
and pressure ratings to the system. To avoid the vacuum that may occur, double acting air
valves of 100 mm PN25 has been selected.
Washout Valves has been provided where the pipeline could deposit silt taking into account
draining the respective pipeline sections in 3 - 4 hours’ time. Washout valves of DN100
mm and PN25 pressure class has to be installed on the transmission main at points shown in
the profile drawings.

c) ISOLATING VALVES
No additional Isolating Valves are required along the pipe line to isolate a portion of the
system during repairs, because all Air Valves mentioned above are designed with Isolating
Valves as shown in the Figure. Fortunately, the Air Valves are spaced at reasonable intervals
which could also facilitate repair works.
7.2.2 CLEAR WATER GRAVITY MAIN
FROM TREATMENT PLANT TO NEW RESERVOIR
The clear water transmission system has been designed to convey 255.97 l/s from treatment
plant clear water tank to 2000m3 reservoir located 15m further downstream of the treatment
plant.
Figure 24.Filter Unit Arrangement
a) PROFILE OF THE TRANSMISSION MAIN

The transmission main has been profiled at an average trench depth of 1.2 m, Washouts
and air valves will be provided where required along the pipeline. Detail of the profile
drawing is presented in the drawing album.
b) AIR AND WASHOUT VALVES

Air valves are provided at selected high points. These valves are compatible in size, type
and pressure ratings to the system. To avoid the vacuum that may occur, double acting air
valves of 100 mm PN16 has been selected.

c) ISOLATING VALVES
No additional Isolating Valves are required along the pipe line to isolate a portion of the
system during repairs, because all Air Valves mentioned above are designed with Isolating
Valves as shown in the Figure. Fortunately, the Air Valves are spaced at reasonable intervals
which could also facilitate repair works.
Pipe
DN V L U/S P D/S P PN
Label Q (l/s) HL Gradient(m/Km) Matrl
(mm) (m/s) (m) (mH2O) (mH2O) (bars)
(m)
AdM1 600 190.8 0.67 859.6 0.43 0.5 0 11.66 DI PN10
AdM1 600 189.37 0.67 740 0.37 0.5 11.66 37.614 DI PN10
AdM1 600 187.94 0.66 1700 0.86 0.5 37.16 55 DI PN10
AdM1 600 185.98 0.66
AdM1 600 185.27 0.66
8.2.3 PROPOSED RESERVOIRS

1) Clear Water Reservoir
The treated water in excess of the required water demand from the treatment plant will
be temporarily stored in the proposed clear water reservoir when the treatment plant is
off service. It is sized to 2000m3 based on mass balance analysis shown in the
following table
2) Break Pressure Tanks
Break pressure tanks are designed to break the high pressure head developed in pipe
system which otherwise requires a high class of pipe. For this study, break pressure
tanks are proposed at 10 points along the Lot II & III distribution line.
3) Service Reservoir
Service reservoirs are storage reservoirs, which store the clear water for
supplying during emergencies and also to help in absorbing the hourly
fluctuations in the normal water demand. In this project a total of 15 service
reservoirs are made part of the system along the Lot II and III. Distribution Line

Figure 25. Reservoirs for eastern Part Distribution Line (Lot-II)

Reservoirs
Elevation Taken
ID Label X (m) Y (m) Service(l/s)
(m) volume
1 Cheffa-Main 715,903.92 875,093.42 1,776.09 15.5 1500
2 Bahima-service 736,893.65 876,789.39 1,634.39 19.27 500
3 Fiq-Service 762,088.59 888,105.27 1,446.37 2.29 50
4 Addelle-service 776,787.06 846,468.27 1,242.00 18 500
Gubisa- Service &
5 729,110.07 878,264.34 1,713.70 56.76 2000
Transfer
6 Fiq-break tank1 744,035.34 878,817.76 1,498.18 50
Goni-Addelle-
7 service and 739,819.90 872,783.83 1,578.24 17.1 800
Transfer
8 Derrebba Service 731,529.68 869,565.08 1,638.66 9.38 300
Hero Service &
10 737,240.55 880,669.87 1,620.34 9.21 300
Transfer
Harkiso Break
11 735,266.85 880,314.41 1,655.79 50
Tank
12 Fiq Break Tank-2 759,191.41 888,607.82 1,455.96 50
Yabelo
13 766,687.59 854,600.33 1,310.00 30.24 1000
Service&Transfer
Goni-Addelle
14 743,644.76 868,248.25 1,403.98 150
Break Tank
Figure 26. Reservoirs for Western Part Distribution Line (Lot-III)

Q Vol Take
Detenti Nodal
Q out Pass to um n
I on Deman
Reservoir Label X(m) Y(m) Elevat flow- down e Volu
D time(hr d(MDD
ion(m) MDD Stream Stor me(
) )
(MDD) ed m3 )
718,2 871,6 1,716. 19.6 564
1 Beltu town 1 19.61 500
95.83 70.99 46 1 .77
Hidha hunda 718,7 868,8 1,562. 14.5 14.5 419
2 1 14.55 500
Goro Line 15.33 62.87 40 5 5 .04
718,7 870,8 1,670. 14.5 14.5 26.
3 Goro Break tank 0.5 14.55 50
04.43 19.52 85 5 5 19
Luku-Sema- 549
717,1 873,0 1,668. 34.1 17.2
4 Daya Abu 1 16.94 .86 500
83.65 10.94 51 6 2
Reservoir 4
Luku-Sema-
675
Daya Abu - 717,1 873,0 1,668. 34.1 12.2
5 1 21.91 .10 800
Angoye 83.65 10.94 51 6 5
8
Reservoir
1 Dulacha Break 694,8 873,3 1,354.
4.83 0.5 4.83 4.83 9 50
2 tank1 53.87 34.26 34

1 Dulacha Break 692,8 873,6 1,307.

4.83 0.5 4.83 4.83 9 50
3 tank2 47.08 90.83 99
1 Dulacha Break 692,2 873,6 1,110.
4.83 0.5 4.83 4.83 9 50
4 tank3 48.68 63.21 89
714,2 869,6 1,471.
6 Sema Break tank 5.94 0.5 5.94 5.94 11 50
44.28 14.87 93
705,4 862,2 1,472.
7 Korba Reservoir 9.91 1 5.08 4.83 164 150
40.02 66.15 10
Korba-Dulacha 705,4 862,2 1,472. 14.7
8 1 9.91 9.66 320 300
Reservoir 40.02 66.15 10 4
Wadessa -
707,5 852,6 1,608. 12.1
9 Angoye- 1 12.14 0 350 400
67.87 90.10 84 4
Reservoir
1 Wadessa - 707,5 852,6 1,608.
4.97 1 4.97 0 143 150
0 Reservoir 67.87 90.10 84
1 Dulacha 695,5 872,7 1,436.
4.83 1 4.83 0 139 150
1 Reservoir 63.90 82.54 56

Table 32.Reservoirs Capacity for Eastern Part Distribution Line (Lot-II)

Volume-
I Elevation Servi Transfer(l/ Break Capacity(m Taken
Label X (m) Y (m)
D (m) ce(l/s) s) Tank 3)- volume
calculated
1 Cheffa-Main 715,903.92 875,093.42 1,776.09 15.5 166.5 1428.6096 1500
2 Bahima-service 736,893.65 876,789.39 1,634.39 19.27 555.0336 500
3 Fiq-Service 762,088.59 888,105.27 1,446.37 2.29 65.8656 50
4 Addelle-service 776,787.06 846,468.27 1,242.00 18 518.4 500
5 Gubisa- Service & Transfer 729,110.07 878,264.34 1,713.70 56.76 103.24 2006.2764 2000
6 Fiq-break tank1 744,035.34 878,817.76 1,498.18 7.93 14.274 50
Goni-Addelle-service and
7 739,819.90 872,783.83 1,578.24 17.1 74.52 760.8672 800
Transfer
8 Derrebba Service 731,529.68 869,565.08 1,638.66 9.38 270.2592 300
9 Wanjisa break tank 730,071.29 867,031.21 1,595.84 1.64 2.952 50
1
Hero Service & Transfer 737,240.55 880,669.87 1,620.34 9.21 7.93 293.814 300
0
1
Harkiso Break Tank 735,266.85 880,314.41 1,655.79 25.3 45.54 50
1
1
Fiq Break Tank-2 759,191.41 888,607.82 1,455.96 3.42 6.147 50
2
1
Yabelo Service&Transfer 766,687.59 854,600.33 1,310.00 30.24 21.48 948.24 1000
3
1
Goni-Addelle Break Tank 743,644.76 868,248.25 1,403.98 74.52 134.136 150
4

OWERDB LEGE HIDHA MULTI-VILLAGE CR-WASH WATER SUPPLY PROJECT FINAL DETAIL DESIGN
ENGINEERING REPORT-
116
9.0 ELECTROMECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEM DESIGN OF THE
PREVIOUS DESIGN
9.1 GENERAL
In the detail design phase of this project, a design of electro-mechanical and electrical system
which can safely convey the water to the target area will be made following identification of
design parameters from the source. In the course of the design, the following shall be
considered;
 Mechanical works Design,
 Electrical Works Design,
9.2 MECHANICAL SYSTEM
The electro - mechanical equipment (pumps, mechanical and electrical control fittings,
generating sets and electrical motors) shall be selected according to pipeline profile designed,
proposed flow quantity, site condition, borehole diameter, reservoir elevation, suction height,
static head, maximum temperature, pipe length, diameter and pipe material.
9.2.1 Wet well Pump and sludge pumps
9.2.1. a. Wet Well Pumps
As of the recommendation on the guidelines, pumps lifting water from sources are designed to
suit the maximum day demand. All electromechanical works will be thus designed to enable
extraction of the design yield from the bore hole. At this concept level of the study and design
work, attempt has been made to present the types of pumps to be selected, the capacity of the
pumps and the power requirement to run the pumps as well as related electromechanical
equipment.

ENGINEERING REPORT-
117
9.2.1. b. Sludge Pumps
Raw water from the intake is delivered to the pre-treatment plant by sludge pu
Table 33 .sludge pump design
Item Description Unit Quantity Material
1.1 Pumps and accessories

Electric submersible Sludge pumps at BPH,
Q=86l/s, H=30m, P=42KW with pump driving
motors with atleast three thermistors for
1.1.1 winding over temperature protection & Unit 4
including winding anticondensation heaters
U=380 Volt, f=50Hz, Effi>0.7,weight 100Kg,
working temperature (-10°- 30°) .
1.2 Pipes and Flanges
Double flanged steel pipe DN500,PN10,L=9m
1.2.1 Pcs 1 GS
with puddle flange
Double flanged stainless steel pipe DN300, Stainless
1.2.2 Pcs 4
PN10, L=5.5m Steel
Double flanged steel pipe DN300, PN10,
1.2.3 Pcs 1 GS
L=1m
1.2.4 Pcs 1 Steel
L=1.5m
1.2.5 Pcs 1 Steel
L=404m
1.3 Valves and Fittings
1.3.1 Double flanged Reducer dn/DN 150/300,PN10 Pcs 4 DCI
Preliminary Design of pumps

The main objective of water pumping is to lift the water from wet well to the consecutive
boosting tanks: BS-1, BS-2 and BS-3. The preliminary design of the pump system has been
made based on the well data, hydrology estimation results of the river as indicated in the
hydrology section of the report and water supply preliminary model. Accordingly, from the
water supply distribution model, the reservoir levels and locations has been taken as input data
for the design of the pumps.

ENGINEERING REPORT-
118
Pump Selection
Efficient operation of a pump can only be obtained by selecting the correct pump, as well as the
proper selection and installation of suction and discharge fittings. The pump should be evaluated
on a regular basis to ensure whether it is operating properly and is still sized correctly for the
system after any major system modifications of parameters. The most commonly used pumps
are sludge pumps centrifugal pumps, turbine and submersible pumps. The main and sub-main
types of these pumps are as described in Table 9-1.
Table 34.Most Commonly Used Pump Types.
Main Type Sub-Type Specific Types
Single Stage
Multi Stage Shaft
Centrifugal Driven
Roto-dynamic Multi Stage
Submersible
Axial Flow
Axial and Mixed
Mixed Flow
Suction (Shallow
Positive Reciprocating Well)
Displacement Lift (Deep Well)
Rotary Helical Rotor
The factors which are normally considered in selection of a pump include:

Depth to the water level and its seasonal variations,
Pressure ranges needed for adequate water supply,
Heights through which water has to be lifted, both below and above the pump,
Pump location and position,
Pump durability and efficiency.
The most commonly recommended pumps for lifting water from deep wells are Roto-
Dynamic type, which are Centrifugal Multi-Stage submersible pumps. Deep-well submersible
pumps lift clear water using impellers to displace water by momentum, rather than by positive
mechanical travel. When rotated at sufficient speeds, impellers convert the velocity energy of
the water leaving the impeller periphery into pressure energy. The capacity of the centrifugal
pump is greatly influenced by the pressure it works against, and also by the speed, form and
diameter of its impeller.
The well completion report of the completed wells in the project under consideration justify
that the wells are deep (in the order of 500m). Hence, from the acquired borehole data at this
level of the study, it is proposed that Roto-Dynamic type, which is Centrifugal Multi-Stage
submersible pumps, will be provided.
Pump Capacity
Capacity of a pump is the flow rate with which liquid is moved or pushed by the pump to the
desired point in the process. It is a function of total head and design discharge. Capacity is
measured in various units including liters per second, liters per minute and cubic meters per
hour. The capacity usually changes with the changes in operation of the process. The capacity
depends on a number of factors like:
Process liquid characteristics i.e. density, viscosity
Size of the pump and its inlet and outlet sections

ENGINEERING REPORT-
119
Impeller size
Impeller rotational speed RPM
Size and shape of cavities between the vanes
Pump suction and discharge temperature and pressure conditions
For a pump with a particular impeller running at a certain speed in a liquid, the only items on
the list above that can change the amount flowing through the pump are the pressures at the
pump inlet and outlet.
The capacity of the pumps has been determined based on the recommended yields of the
boreholes described in the hydrogeology section of this report and the total head calculated from
static head, major loss and minor frictional losses as detailed below:
Pump Head
The head of the pumps are calculated considering the Static Head (elevation difference), Major
loss (Pipe loss) and Minor Losses (Fitting loss) summing up these three outputs the total Pump
head is determined
Static Head (Elevation Difference): is the input data which is determined from the well test data
and structural designs of the elements.
Static Head=–Delivery Maximum Water Level – Dynamic Water level
Major loss (Pipe loss): is the friction or dynamic loss along the flow of the water inside the
pipe line, for this calculation we used Hazen Williams formula:
𝐿𝑄 1.85
𝐻𝑓𝑝 = 10.67 𝐶 1.85 𝐷4.87
Where: Hfp – Friction loss in pipe in meters
L – Length of transmission pipe in meters
Q – Discharge in m3/sec
C – Roughness coefficient for pipe
D – Diameter of pipe in meters
Minor losses (Fitting loss): is the minor dynamic friction loss along the flow of the water
passing through in the fittings, the formula used:
𝑉2
𝐻𝑓 = 𝐹𝑐
2𝑔
Where: Hf – Friction loss in fittings and valves in meters
Fc – Friction coefficient for fittings and valves (adopted from recommended tables)
V – Velocity of water in m/sec
g – Acceleration due to gravity in m/sec2
The total working pump head is:
𝑯 = 𝑯𝒔 + 𝑯𝒇𝒑 + 𝑯𝒇
Where: H – Total Working pump Head (m)

Hs – Static Head (m)

ENGINEERING REPORT-
120
The efficiency and Motor Power of each pump
The efficiency and motor power of the pump depend up on the operating point (discharge and
head) of the pump.
The power of the water is calculated by:
𝑃𝑤 = 𝜌𝑔𝐻𝑄
Where: Pw – Power of Water (watts)
 – Density of Water (kg/m3)
g – Acceleration due to gravity ( m/sec2)
H – Total Pumping Head (m)
Q – Discharge (Flow Rate) (m3/sec)
The power required to lift the water is somewhat higher than the power of the water due to
energy losses in the pump. This Power is calculated by:
𝜌𝑔𝐻𝑄
𝑃𝑝 =
𝜂𝑝
Where: Pp – Power of Pump (watts)
p – Efficiency of Pump
Finally, the power required to drive the pump or the motor power will be:
𝜌𝑔𝐻𝑄
𝑃𝑚 =
𝜂𝑝 𝜂𝑚
Where: Pm – Power of Motor (watts)
m – Efficiency of Motor
The power supply required to drive the pump is mostly delivered either from national grid
system of electric power or from locally installed diesel driven generators.
The Pipe Sizing
The pipe sizing of the borehole and well head fittings will depend up on the capacity and the
velocity of water. The following criteria have been developed for the inside pipe sizing of the
booster pump stations:
Delivery Branch pipe 1.5 - 3.0 m/s
Delivery Manifold Pipe 1.5 – 3.0 m/s
Depending up on the above criteria, the following formula is used to calculate the pipe
diameter:
1.274𝑄
𝐷=√
𝑉
Where: - V = Velocity of water in pipe in m/sec
Q = Design discharge in m3/sec
D = Diameter of Selected pipe in meters
The procedures and methodologies adopted to determine the pump head for the boreholes in
our water supply system is as described above. Thus, the total head has been worked out for
each boosting Station. Accordingly, the result of the analysis has been presented as in Table
8-2.
NPSH was not considered in the selection of pumps for pump stations.
Because the maximum water level of the reservoir is higher than the suction head of pumps, in
reality the installed surface pumps are not affected by NPSH like submersible pumps.
Intake Gate
Since the concrete channel of the intake is 500x500mm and its intake gate is 700x700mm and
is controlled by manual hoist, auxiliary electromechanical equipment is not needed here.

ENGINEERING REPORT-
121
*All pumps sizing selection is based on Caparari Pump Catalog
9.2.1.1 BOOSTER Pump station Mechanical Design.

9.2.1.1.1 Booster Pump Station (LBPH-01)
 Tank inlet level 1067.58masl
 Elevation of Pump Station 720masl
 Collector Pipe diameter DN 500
 Collector Pipe Length DN 500 2988.7m
 Discharge 256 l/s
 Static head 347.58m

OWERDB LEGE HIDHA MULTI-VILLAGE CR-WASH WATER SUPPLY PROJECT FINAL DETAIL DESIGN ENGINEERING REPORT-
122
Summary of the Pump Capacity for booster pump station-01

Discharge Velocity Friction Dynamic Loss
Description Unit Qty Type Diameter [m] Roughness Formula
[m3/s] [m/s] Coefficient [m]
900 elbows PCs 1 DCI 0.065 0.3 0.92 0.8 F * v2 / 2g 0.035
Butterfly
PCs 1 DCI 0.256 0.5 1.304 0.75 F * v2 / 2g 0.065
valve
Check
PCs 1 DCI 0.065 0.2 2.069 3.2 F * v2 / 2g 0.699
valve
Gate valve PCs 1 DCI 0.065 0.2 2.069 0.8 F * v2 / 2g 0.087
Reducer PCs 1 DCI 0.065 0.2 2.069 1.5 F * v2 / 2g 0.328
Suction 10.67*L* Q1.852 /(C1.852*
mts 5 GS 0.065 0.3 0.92 120 0.0496 0.017
Pipe D4.87)
Discharge 10.67*L* Q1.852 /(C1.852*

mts 2 GS 0.065 0.2 2.069 120 0.0496 0.048
pipe D4.87)
Manifold 10.67*L* Q1.852 /(C1.852*

mts 10 GS 0.256 0.5 1.304 120 0.0496 0.071
pipe D4.87)
Delivery 10.67*L* Q1.852 /(C1.852*

mts 2988.7 DCI 0.256 0.5 1.304 130 0.0029 9.097
pipe D4.87)
Total Head Loss 394.2

123
Discharge
Description Unit Qty Working Head [m] Selected Motor [KW]
[m3/s]
Surface Pump Set 5 (4/1) 0.065 395 355
Coefficient of Pump & Motor 0.76

ENGINEERING REPORT-
124
9.2.2 Booster Pump Station (LBPH-02)
 Elevation of Pump Station 1067.58masl


125
Discharge Diameter Velocity Friction Dynamic

Description Unit Qty Type Roughness Formula
[m3/s] [m] [m/s] Coefficient Loss [m]
Butterfly
PCs 1 DCI 0.256 0.5 1.304 0.75 F * v2 / 2g 0.065
valve
Check valve PCs 1 DCI 0.065 0.2 2.069 3.2 F * v2 / 2g 0.699
10.67*L*
Q1.852
Suction Pipe mts 5 GS 0.065 0.3 0.92 120 0.0496 0.017
/(C1.852*
D4.87)
10.67*L*
Discharge Q1.852
mts 2 GS 0.065 0.2 2.069 120 0.0496 0.048
pipe /(C1.852*
D4.87)

126
10.67*L*
Q1.852
Manifold pipe mts 10 GS 0.256 0.5 1.304 120 0.0496 0.071
/(C1.852*
D4.87)
10.67*L*
Q1.852
Delivery pipe mts 1811.2 DCI 0.256 0.5 1.304 130 0.0029 5.513
/(C1.852*
D4.87)
Discharge
[m3/s]
Surface Pump Set 5 (4/1) 0.065 348 355

ENGINEERING REPORT-
127
 Tank inlet level 1625masl
 Elevation of Pump Station 1376.72masl

128

Butterfly
PCs 1 DCI 0.256 0.5 1.304 0.75 F * v2 / 2g 0.065
valve
10.67*L*
Q1.852
/(C1.852*
D4.87)

129
10.67*L*
Discharge Q1.852
mts 2 GS 0.065 0.2 2.069 120 0.0496 0.048
pipe /(C1.852*
D4.87)
10.67*L*
Q1.852
/(C1.852*
D4.87)
10.67*L*
Q1.852
/(C1.852*
D4.87)
Discharge
[m3/s]
Surface Pump Set 5 (4/1) 0.065 287 315

ENGINEERING REPORT-
130
 Elevation of Pump Station 1625masl

131

Butterfly
PCs 1 DCI 0.256 0.5 1.304 0.75 F * v2 / 2g 0.065
valve
10.67*L*
Q1.852
/(C1.852*
D4.87)
10.67*L*
Discharge Q1.852
mts 2 GS 0.065 0.2 2.069 120 0.0496 0.048
pipe /(C1.852*
D4.87)

132
10.67*L*
Q1.852
/(C1.852*
D4.87)
10.67*L*
Q1.852
/(C1.852*
D4.87)
Discharge
[m3/s]
Surface Pump Set 5 (4/1) 0.065 179 200

ENGINEERING REPORT-
133
9.2.5 Capacity of EM-equipment of Booster Pump Station
Selected Diesel
Name of Pump No of pumps Transformer
No Motor Generator
Station (work/standby) (KVA)
(KW) (KVA)
Legehidha-
1 355 5 ( 4 / 1 ) 3150 1435*2
BPH01
Legehidha-
2 355 5 ( 4 / 1 ) 3150 1150*2
BPH02
Legehidha-
3 315 5 ( 4 / 1 ) 2500 1030*2
BPH03
Legehidha-
4 200 5 ( 4 / 1 ) 1600 1435
BPH04
Legehidha-BPH 42 KW
5 4(3/1) 315 350
Sludge Pump *4
9.2.6 Capacity of Generator

Dimension (mm) Fuel Fuel
Generator
Consumptio Tank
Item Power Lengt Widt Heigh n at Full Capacit
(KVA) h h t Load (L/h) y (Lt)
Legehidha-BPH01 1435*2 4950 2150 2300 261 20000
Legehidha-BPH02 1150*2 4300 1800 2350 217 20000
Legehidha-BPH03 1030*2 4380 1760 2200 187 15000
Legehidha-BPH04 1435 4950 2150 2300 261 15000
Legehidha-BPH-Sludge
350 4.85 1.85 2.58 54 3000
Pump

ENGINEERING REPORT-
134
9.3 TRANSIENT FLOW ANALYSIS
9.3.1 INTRODUCTION
Devices such as valves, pumps and surge protection equipment exist in a pipe network.
Power failure of pumps, sudden valve actions, and the operation of automatic control
systems are all capable of generating high pressure waves in domestic water supply
systems. These high pressures can cause pipe failures by damaging valves and fittings.
Study of pressure and velocity variations under such circumstances is significant for
placement of valves and other protection devices. In this study, the role of each of these
devices in triggering transient conditions is studied. Analysis is performed on single and
multiple pipe systems.
Transient analysis is a l s o important to draw guidelines for future pipeline design
standards. These will u s e t r u e maximum loads (pressure and velocity) to select
the appropriate components, rather than a notional factor of the mean operating pressure.
This will lead to safer designs with less over-design, guaranteeing better system control
and allowing unconventional solutions such as the omission of expensive protection
devices.
. It will also reveal potential problems in the operation of the system at the design stage, at a
much lower cost than during commissioning.
9.3.2 Water Hammer Description
Liquid hammer is the destructive force, pounding noises and vibration in a piping system
when liquid flowing through a pipeline is stopped abruptly. When sudden changes in flow
occur, the energy associated with the flowing liquid is suddenly transformed into pressure
at that location. This excess pressure is known as surge pressure and is greater with large
changes in velocity.
Water hammer is usually recognized by the banging or thumping Noise that is heard
when valves are shut off. Although this is easy way to recognize the problem, water
hammer doesn’t always make these telltale noises. Water hammer occurs when the flow
of moving water is suddenly stopped by a closing valve. This sudden stop causes the whole
column of water behind the valve to slam into the valve, and itself, like a freight train
crashing into a wall. The tremendous spike of pressure that is caused, is called water
hammer, and it not only acts like a tiny
Explosion inside pipes, it can be just as destructive.

ENGINEERING REPORT-
135
9.3.3 Causes of Transient Initiation
The cause of a hydraulic transient is any sudden change in the fluid itself or any
sudden change at the pressurized system's boundaries, including:
•Changes in fluid properties—such as depressurization due to the sudden opening of a
relief valve, a propagating pressure pulse, heating or cooling in cogeneration or industrial
systems, mixing with solids or other liquids (may affect fluid density, specific gravity, and
viscosity), formation and collapse of vapor bubbles (cavitation), and air entrainment or
release from the system (at air vents and/or due to pressure waves).
•Changes at system boundaries: such as rapidly opening or closing a valve, pipe burst
(due to high pressure) or pipe collapse (due to low pressure), pump start/shift/stop, air
intake at a vacuum breaker, water intake at a valve, mass outflow at a pressure-relief valve
or fire hose, breakage of a rupture disk, and hunting and/or resonance at a control valve.
Sudden changes such as these create a transient pressure pulse that rapidly propagates away
from the disturbance, in every possible direction, and throughout the entire pressurized
system. If no other transient event is triggered by the pressure wave fronts, unsteady-
flow conditions continue until the transient energy is completely damped and dissipated by
friction.
The majority of transients in water and wastewater systems are the result of changes
at system boundaries, typically at the upstream and downstream ends of the system or at
local high points. Consequently, you can reduce the risk of system damage or failure with
proper analysis to determine the system's default dynamic response, design protection
equipment to control transient energy, and specify operational procedures to
avoid transients. Analysis, design, and operational procedures all benefit from
computer simulations with Bentley HAMMER.
The three most common causes of transient initiation, or source devices, are all moving
system boundaries.

ENGINEERING REPORT-
136
Pumps—A pump's motor exerts a torque on a shaft that delivers energy to the pump's
impeller, forcing it to rotate and add energy to the fluid as it passes from the suction to
the discharge side of the pump volute. Pumps convey fluid to the downstream end of a
system whose profile can be either uphill or downhill, with irregularities such as local high
or low points. When the pump starts, pressure can increase rapidly. Whenever power sags
or fails, the pump slows or stops and a sudden drop in pressure propagates downstream (a
rise in pressure also propagates upstream in the suction system).
Valves—A valve can start, change, or stop flow very suddenly. Energy conversions
increase or decrease in proportion to a valve's closing or opening rate and position, or
stroke. Orifices can be used to throttle flow instead of a partially open valve. Valves can
also allow air into a pipeline and/or expel it, typically at local high points. Suddenly
closing a flow-control valve (with piping on both sides) generates transients on both
sides of the valve, as follows:
• Water initially coming towards the valve suddenly has nowhere to go. As water packs
into a finite space upstream of the valve, it generates a high- pressure pulse that propagates
upstream, away from the valve.
• Water initially going away from the valve cannot suddenly stop, due to its inertia and,
since no flow is coming through the valve to replace it, the area downstream of the valve
may "pull a vacuum," causing a low-pressure pulse to propagate downstream.
The similarity of the transient conditions caused by different source devices provides the
key to transient analysis in a wide range of different systems: understand the initial state
of the system and the ways in which energy and mass are added or removed from it. This
is best illustrated by an example for a typical pumping system
1. A pump (upstream source device) starts up from the static HGL and accelerates flow until
its input energy reaches a dynamic equilibrium with friction at the steady HGL.
2. A power failure occurs and the pump stops supplying hydraulic energy; therefore, the
HGL drops rapidly at the pump and a low-pressure pulse propagates downstream towards
the reservoir. Sub atmospheric pressures can occur at the high point (minimum transient
head), but the reservoir maintains downstream pressure at its liquid level by accepting or
supplying liquid as required, often several times during the transient event.

ENGINEERING REPORT-
137
3. The pressure pulse is reflected toward the pump, but it encounters a closed check valve
(designed to protect the pump against high pressures) that reflects the pulse as a high
pressure toward the reservoir again (maximum transient head).
4. Friction eventually attenuates the transient energy and the system reaches a final steady
state: static HGL, in this case, since pumping has stopped and flow at the reservoir is zero.
The foregoing discussion illustrates the typical concepts to consider when analyzing
hydraulic transients. Computer models are an ideal tool for tracking momentum, inertia,
and friction as the transient evolves, and for correctly accounting for changes in mass and
energy at boundaries. Note that transients propagate throughout the entire pressurized
system.
9.3.4 Bentley Water Hammer
Bentley HAMMER is a very efficient and powerful tool for simulating hydraulic transients
in pipelines and networks. The quick-start lessons give you hands-on experience with many
of Bentley HAMMER's features and capabilities. These detailed lessons will help you to
explore and understand the following topics:1. Pipeline Protection using Bentley
HAMMER:-by assembling a pipeline using the graphical editor and performing two
hydraulic transient analyses; without protection and with protection.
2. Network Risk Reduction using Bentley HAMMER: by opening a water distribution
network model created in Bentley Water GEMS and performing a hydraulic transient
analysis using advanced surge protection and presentation methods.
Bentley HAMMER is a very efficient and powerful tool for simulating hydraulic transients
in pipelines and networks. The quick-start lessons give you hands-on experience with many
of Bentley HAMMER's features and capabilities

ENGINEERING REPORT-
138
9.3.4.1 Pipeline Protection
9.3.4.1.1Analysis without Surge Protection Equipment
9.3.5 TRANSIENT ANALYSIS
The most severe water hammer conditions are caused by a sudden pumps trip or power failure
to the pump/motor sets. At the outset runs are carried out without any control devices installed
on the pipeline in order to determine the nature and extent of the transient. Determination of
appropriate surge control strategies, the recommendation for the suppression of peak pressures
and the elimination of column separation are then addresses. The analysis revolves over the
adequate water hammer control being required whether to mitigate the pressure rise or to
prevent negative pressures and vapor pockets from developing at apexes or over the entire
pipeline. Multiple verification runs were carried out with various control devices recommended
to limit extent of the transients simulating failure of the pumps.
There are four analyses:-
9.3.5.1 Transient Analysis in route between wet well and Booster station-1
Figure 27.Without Protection at Wet well

ENGINEERING REPORT-
139

ENGINEERING REPORT-
140
Figure 28.With Protection at Wet Well
Gas/Vapor Pressure grown in the system is reduced from about 20L to 0.05L When
Hydrapneumatic tank is provided.

ENGINEERING REPORT-
141
9.3.5.2 Transient Analysis in route between Booster station-1 and Booster station-2
Figure 29. Without Protection at booster 1

ENGINEERING REPORT-
142
Figure 30.With Protection at booster-1

ENGINEERING REPORT-
143
9.3.5.3 Transient Analysis in route between Booster station-2
And Booster station-3
Figure 31.Without Protection at booster2

ENGINEERING REPORT-
144
Figure 32. With Protection at booster2
Gas/Vapor Pressure grown in the system is reduced from about 1,010L to 0.055L When

ENGINEERING REPORT-
145
9.3.5.4 Transient Analysis in route between Booster station-3 and Cheffa reservoir
Figure 33. Without Protection at booster 3

ENGINEERING REPORT-
146
Figure 34. With Protection at booster3

Surge Vessels for booster stations (BS) to protect the pumping main from the adverse effects
of the water hammer when trip off the pumps due to the power failures or sudden stoppage of
the pump and to protect negative pressure of the main line pipe are summarized below The
Surge Vessel shall consist of a horizontal steel tank, enclosed bladder, compressor oil free,
connection valve, pipes and all necessary appurtenances to arrest surges in water pumping for
water supply.

ENGINEERING REPORT-
147
Table 35.Summary of Protection Devices
1. LBPH-01
Numbers Types of devices Size in
6000L, 300mm inlet
diameter and
Sealed Hydro pneumatic
1 Maximum and minimum
tank with bladder
pressure to be arrested 34 and
25 bars respectively.
2. LBPH-02
Numbers Types of devices: - size

 10,000L, 300mm inlet diameter
and
Sealed Hydro pneumatic
1  Maximum and minimum pressure
tank with bladder to be arrested 31 and 23 bars
respectively
3. LBPH-03
Numbers Types of devices size
Sealed Hydro  8,000L, 300mm inlet diameter and
1 pneumatic tank with  Maximum and minimum pressure to be
bladder arrested 25 and 18 bars respectively
Vacuum breaker air
2 Air inflow orifice 150mm
valve
4. Booster station 04 at treatment Plant

Numbers Types of devices size
 15,000L, 300mm inlet
diameter and
Sealed Hydro pneumatic tank with  Maximum and minimum
1
bladder pressure to be arrested 17
and 14 bars respectively or
pressure

ENGINEERING REPORT-
148
9.4 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM FOR PREVIOUS DESIGN0
9.4.1 General
The water supply system source Lege Hidha is from Wabe River.
The water from the river is collected to the wet well via an approach channel and then be
pumped to booster stations 1, 2, 3, respectively.
The electrical works shall include the following project sites:

 4-Boosting stations.
9.4.2 Scope of works
The electrical works shall include the following sites 4 boosting stations.
The main electrical items for the Intake, wet well (BS-1 ), BS-2,BS-3 sites are listed below: -
 Power supply (both main & standby)
 Pump drive motors
 Motor control cubicle (MCC) for pumping units where applicable;
 Instruments
 Auxiliary equipment
9.4.3 BOOSTER PUMP STATION1 (LBPH1)
GIVEN INFROMATIONS:
Five pumps, each has motor power of 355KW and when four pumps are running in parallel
one is used as stand by.
Length: motor + control board + control board TO power supply unit = 20+20m.
Motor power = 355KW
Motor Efficiency = 95%
Motor power factor = 0.85
Motor rated current = 668A
Motor LRA = 7.09 *Irated
NEMA CODE LETTER = H
Motor starting type = STAR-DELTA
Then determine appropriate cable size, appropriate transformer rating, and generator size.

ENGINEERING REPORT-
149
9.4.3.1 POWER CABLE SIZING (CONTROL BOARD TO MOTOR)
Pm
I = µ∗pf∗V∗√3
Where
I: absorbed current (A)
Pm: motor power (W)
Pf: power factor (0.85)
µ: efficiency of motor (95%)
V: voltage (this is constant value for Ethiopia 380V)

355000
I = 0.95∗0.85∗380∗√3
I= 668A
Based on allowable conductors current carrying capacity of SAER standard cable for three
phase motor of STAR-DELTA connection, copper conductor multicore Cu/XLPE/PVC rated
from 750 C to 950 C of size (3X185mm2+120mm2) can carry of 668A at length of 20m with
voltage drop of 0.52% from control board to motor pump (where Conductor impedances are
based on SAER standard from table 1, of page 267)
9.4.3.2 VOLTAGE DROP CALCULATION (MOTOR SIDE)

%VD = 0.116*I*L*(R*cosα + X*sinα)/380
Where: I = rated current in amperes (58% for star-delta starting method)
L = length of line in meter.
For 3X185mm2+120mm2 cable
R = 0.129
X = 0.0742
Cosα = 0.85, sinα = 0.526
%VD = 0.116*I*L*(R*cosα + X*sinα)/2*380
= 0.173*668*0.58*20*(0.129*0.85+0.0742*0.526)/380
= 0.52%
9.4.3.3 STAND-BY DIESEL GENERATOR SIZING.

For START-DELTA starting method, when two motors are running in parallel (50% of the
project)

ENGINEERING REPORT-
150
derate factor ∗ (LRA ∗ Irated ∗ KWmotor ∗ 33% + (N − 1)KWmotor)
KVAgen =
mot. efficiency ∗ motor power factor
Consider Derating due to temperature, altitude, humidity = 10%
1.10 ∗ (7.09 ∗ 0.33 ∗ 355 + 1 ∗ 355)

KVA generator =
0.95 ∗ 0.85
KVA generator = 1615KVA + some auxiliary loads (12KVA)
KVA generator = 1627
Choose the very next standard 1650KVA
MANUAL TRANSFER SWITCH (MTS) SIZE WILL BE
MTS amperage = KVA*1000/ (380*1.732)
MTS amperage = 1650*1000/ (380*1.732)
MTS amperage = 2506A
9.4.3.4 TRANSFORMER SIZING

(full capacity of the project)
KWmotor ∗ future expansion ∗ overload ∗ derate factor

KVAtransformer =
1.1 ∗ 1.15 ∗ 1.1 ∗ (KWm ∗ 4)

KVAtransformer = + some auxilairy loads(12KVA)
0.95 ∗ 0.85
KVAtransformer = 1.723*KWm*4+12KVA
KVAtransformer = 1.723*355*4+12KVA
KVAtransformer = 2458.66KVA.
Next standard transformer = 1250KVA+1250KVA
9.4.3.5 POWER CABLE SIZING FROM SUPPLY UNIT TO CONTROL BOARD.

9.4.3.5.1 from generator to manual transfer switch.
IL= 𝐼 Pm + I auxiliary
IL =668A*2+ 27A
IL = 1363A at length of 40m can be carried by cable size of what?
IL = 1363A, normally can be carried by 3*(3*185mm2) cable!
So selected cable size is 3X (3*185mm2+120mm2)

ENGINEERING REPORT-
151
8.4.3.5.2 from transformer to MTS
IL =668A*4+ 27A
9.4.3.5.3 POWER FACTOR CORRECTOR DESIGN

Correcting power factor from 0.8 to 0.95
KVAR=KW (tan⍺1 - tan⍺2)
cos−1 (0.8)= ⍺1
cos−1 (0.95)= ⍺2
⍺1=36.87
⍺2=18.19
KVAR=KW [tan (⍺1)-tan (⍺2)]
KVAR = 355*4KW [tan (36.87) - tan (18.19)]
KVAR = 355*4KW [0.74-0.328]
KVAR = 355*4KW [0.421]
KVAR = 600KVAR

ENGINEERING REPORT-
152
GIVEN INFROMATIONS:
Motor power = 355KW

Pm
I = µ∗pf∗V∗√3
Where
Pm: motor power (W)

355000
I=
0.95∗0.85∗380∗√3
I= 668A

ENGINEERING REPORT-
153
%VD = 0.116*I*L*(R*cosα + X*sinα)/380
R = 0.129
X = 0.0742
Cosα = 0.85, sinα = 0.526
%VD = 0.116*I*L*(R*cosα + X*sinα)/2*380
= 0.173*668*0.58*20*(0.129*0.85+0.0742*0.526)/380
= 0.52%

project)

KVAgen =
1.10 ∗ (7.09 ∗ 0.33 ∗ 355 + 1 ∗ 355)

KVA generator =
0.95 ∗ 0.85
KVA generator = 1627
MTS amperage = KVA*1000/ (380*1.732)
MTS amperage = 1650*1000/ (380*1.732)

ENGINEERING REPORT-
154
9.4.4.4TRANSFORMER SIZING
KWmotor ∗ future expansion ∗ overload ∗ derate factor

KVAtransformer =
1.1 ∗ 1.15 ∗ 1.1 ∗ (KWm ∗ 4)

0.95 ∗ 0.85
KVAtransformer = 2458.66KVA.

IL =668A*2+ 27A

IL =668A*4+ 27A

ENGINEERING REPORT-
155
9.4.4.5.3 POWER FACTOR CORRECTOR DESIGN
cos−1 (0.8)= ⍺1
cos−1 (0.95)= ⍺2
⍺1=36.87
⍺2=18.19
KVAR = 355*4KW [tan (36.87) - tan (18.19)]
KVAR = 355*4KW [0.74-0.328]
KVAR = 355*4KW [0.421]
KVAR = 600KVAR

GIVEN INFROMATIONS:
Motor power = 315KW

ENGINEERING REPORT-
156
Pm
I = µ∗pf∗V∗√3
Where
Pm: motor power (W)

315000
I = 0.95∗0.85∗380∗√3
I= 593A

%VD = 0.173*I*L*(R*cosα + X*sinα)/380
R = 0.153
X = 0.0745
Cosα = 0.85, sinα = 0.526
%VD = 0.173*I*L*(R*cosα + X*sinα)/2*380
= 0.173*593*0.58*20*(0.153*0.85+0.0745*0.526)/380
= 0.53%

ENGINEERING REPORT-
157
For START-DELTA starting method, when two motors are running in parallel(50% of the
project)

KVAgen =
1.10 ∗ (7.09 ∗ 0.33 ∗ 315 + 1 ∗ 315)

KVA generator =
0.95 ∗ 0.85
KVA generator = 1445KVA
MTS amperage = KVA*1000/ (380*1.732)
MTS amperage = 1496*1000/ (380*1.732)

KWmotor ∗ future expansion ∗ derate factor ∗ overload

KVAtransformer =
1.1 ∗ 1.15 ∗ 1.1(KWm ∗ 4)

0.95 ∗ 0.85
KVAtransformer = 2183KVA.

ENGINEERING REPORT-
158
IL =593A*2+ 27A

IL =593A*4+ 27A
9.4.5.6 POWER FACTOR CORRECTOR DESIGN

cos−1 (0.8)= ⍺1
cos−1 (0.95)= ⍺2
⍺1=36.87
⍺2=18.19
KVAR = 315*4KW [tan (36.87) - tan (18.19)]
KVAR = 315*4KW [0.74-0.328]
KVAR = 315*4KW [0.421]
KVAR = 530KVAR

ENGINEERING REPORT-
159
GIVEN INFROMATIONS:
Motor power = 200KW

Pm
I = µ∗pf∗V∗√3
Where
Pm: motor power (W)

200000
I=
0.95∗0.85∗380∗√3
I= 374A

ENGINEERING REPORT-
160
%VD = 0.173*I*L*(R*cosα + X*sinα)/380
R = 0.331
X = 0.0751
Cosα = 0.85, sinα = 0.526
%VD = 0.173*I*L*(R*cosα + X*sinα)/2*380
= 0.173*374*0.58*20*(0.331*0.85+0.0751*0.526)/380
= 0.633%

project)

KVAgen =
1.07 ∗ (7.09 ∗ 0.33 ∗ 200 + 1 ∗ 200)

KVA generator =
0.95 ∗ 0.85
KVA generator = 897KVA
MTS amperage = KVA*1000/ (380*1.732)
MTS amperage = 900*1000/ (380*1.732)

ENGINEERING REPORT-
161
KWmotor ∗ future expansion ∗ derate factor ∗ overload

KVAtransformer =
1.1 ∗ 1.15 ∗ 1.1(KWm ∗ 4)

0.95 ∗ 0.85
KVAtransformer = 1402KVA.

IL =374A*2+ 27A

IL =374A*4+ 27A

ENGINEERING REPORT-
162
9.4.6.6 POWER FACTOR CORRECTOR DESIGN
cos−1 (0.8)= ⍺1
cos−1 (0.95)= ⍺2
⍺1=36.87
⍺2=18.19
KVAR = 200*4KW [tan (36.87) - tan (18.19)]
KVAR = 200*4KW [0.74-0.328]
KVAR = 200*4KW [0.421]
KVAR = 337KVAR
10.0 ELECTROMECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEM DESIGN FOR THE

REVISED DESIGN (KATA DIBE DAM AS WATER SOURCE)
10.1 GENERAL
In the detail design phase of this project, a design of mechanical and electrical system, which
can safely convey the water to the target area will be made following identification of design
parameters. In this design, the following is considered:-
 Mechanical works Design,

 Electrical Works Design,
The booster pumps are surface pumping stations designed for Soft starter connection electrical
design. The borehole pumps are submersible pumping stations designed for star delta
connection electrical design Similarly, the hydraulic analysis for booster pump stations is done
assuming duty + standby pumping arrangement and soft starter connection for electrical sizing.
The design calculations are done by pipe sizing, pump head determination, power calculations,
power cable sizing. The basic drawings include pump arrangement, elevation, and discharge,
list of accessories, size, and materials.

ENGINEERING REPORT-
163
Finally, preparation of Priced Bill of Quantity, Selected pump curve, power cables sizing,
standby diesel generator sizing, transformer sizing is accomplished and the selected pump sets,
power cables ,standby diesel generator sets, EEU Transformers ,pipes and fittings will be
compared and analyzed with respect to the original differences.
10.2. DESIGN CRITERIA

1. Design life time of 15-25years for EM Equipment
2. Pumping(running) cost optimization by reducing frictional losses using larger diameter

pipes, design pump units with high efficiency, accurately calculating the system
operation point;
3. Simplicity of operation &maintenance, standardization
4. Hydraulic analysis using Hazen-William’s equation
10.3. MECHANICAL SYSTEM

10.3.1 PUMPING UNIT
This part covers the design and selection of mechanical equipment and items in the booster pump
station. The data used in this preliminary design report to calculate and select appropriate mechanical
equipment have been obtained from the hydraulic design and revised and updated preliminary
design report of the project, which is done by assuming based on the site condition.
The capacity of the pumps for water supply system has been determined based on the recommended
yield and the total head calculated from static head, major loss and minor frictional losses are as
detailed below:
10.3.2. Pump Head
The head of the pumps is calculated considering the Static Head (elevation difference), Major loss
(Pipe loss) and Minor Losses (Fitting loss) summing up these three outputs the total Pump head is
determined.

ENGINEERING REPORT-
164
Static Head (Elevation Difference): is the input data, which is determined from the well test
data and structural designs of the elements.
Static Head = Delivery Maximum Water Level – Dynamic Water level (for boreholes)
Static Head = Delivery Maximum Water Level – Intake Minimum Water level (for Surface
water)
Major loss (Pipe loss): is the friction or dynamic loss along the flow of the water inside the
pipe line, for this calculation we used Hazen Williams formula:
𝐋𝐐𝟏.𝟖𝟓
𝐇𝐟𝐩 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟔𝟕 𝐂𝟏.𝟖𝟓 𝐃𝟒.𝟖𝟕
Where: Hfp – Friction loss in pipe in meters
L – Length of transmission pipe in meters
Q – Discharge in m3/sec
C – Roughness coefficient for pipe
D – Diameter of pipe in meters
Figure 35. Roughness Coefficient for Pipes.
Material HazenWilliam C
Asbestos cement 140
Brass 135
Brick 100
Cast-iron, new 130
Steel forms 140
Wooden forms 120
Centrifugally 135
spun
Copper 135
Corrugated metal ---
Galvanized iron 120
Glass 140
Lead 135
Plastic and uPVC 150
Ductile Steel 130
Coal-tar enamel 148
New unlined 145
Riveted 110
Wood stave 120
Source: 1995-2002HaestadMethods. 1/14/02(5.00032)

ENGINEERING REPORT-
165
Minor losses (Fitting loss): is the minor dynamic friction loss along the flow of the water
passing through in the fittings, the formula used:
𝑽𝟐
𝑯 𝒇 = 𝑭𝒄
𝟐𝒈
Where: Hf– Friction loss in fittings and valves in meters
Fc – Friction coefficient for fittings and valves
V – Velocity of water in m/sec
g – Acceleration due to gravity in m/sec2
The total working pump head is:
𝑯 = 𝑯𝒔 + 𝑯𝒇𝒑 + 𝑯𝒇
Where: H– Total working Pump Head (m)

Hs– Static Head (m)
Hf– Friction loss in fittings and valves in meters
Hfp– Friction loss in pipes in meters
10.3.3. P UMP P OWER
The efficiency and motor power of the pump depend up on the operating point (discharge and
head) of the pump.
The power of the water is calculated by:
𝐏𝐰 = 𝛒𝐠𝐇𝐐
Where: Pw – Power of Water (watts)
– Density of Water (kg/m3)
g – Acceleration due to gravity (m/sec2)
H – Total Pumping Head (m)
Q – Discharge (Flow Rate) (m3/sec)
The power required to lift the water is somewhat higher than the power of the water due to
energy losses in the pump.
This Power is calculated by:
𝛒𝐠𝐇𝐐
𝐏𝐩 =
𝛈𝐩
Where: Pp– Power of Pump (watts)
p – Efficiency of Pump

ENGINEERING REPORT-
166
Finally, the power required to drive the pump or the motor power will be:
𝛒𝐠𝐇𝐐
𝐏𝐦 =
𝛈𝐩 𝛈𝐦
Where: Pm – Power of Motor (watts)
m – Efficiency of Motor
The power supply required to drive the pump is mostly delivered either from national grid
system of electric power or from locally installed diesel driven generators.
10.3.4. P IPE S IZING
The pipe sizing of the borehole and well head fittings will depend up on the capacity and the velocity
of water. The following criteria have been developed for the inside pipe sizing of the booster pump
stations:
Suction Branch pipe 0.5 – 1.5 m/s
Suction Manifold Pipe 0.5 – 1.5 m/s
Delivery Branch pipe 1.5 - 3.0 m/s
Delivery Manifold Pipe 1.5 – 3.0 m/s
Depending up on the above criteria, the following formula is used to calculate the pipe diameter:
D=√((1.274Q)/V)
Where: V = Velocity of water in pipe in m/sec
Q = Design discharge in m3/sec
D = Diameter of Selected pipe in meters
The procedures and methodologies adopted to determine the pump head for the boreholes and
surface pumps in sprinkler system are as described above. Thus, the total head has been worked out
for each boreholes and pumping stations based on the estimated yield of the wells. Accordingly, the
result of the detail analysis has been presented below.

ENGINEERING REPORT-
167
10.4. SUBMERSIBLE PUMP MECHANICAL DESIGN
10.4.1. HEAD LOSS CALCULATION FO HEAD LOSS CALCULATION FOR SUBMERSIBLE PUMP (KAKALCHA)
ELECTRO-MECHNICAL DESIGN REPORT

Design input data Symbol Value Unit
Reservoir inlet elevation at pump station 1439 masl
Well head elevation 1,393 masl
Assumed static Water Level elevation 0 m
Assumed draw down Water Level elevation 0 m
Assumed Dynamic Water Level 8 m
Assumed pump position 10 m
Assumed design discharge 6 l/s
Casing diameter 10 in
Diameter of riser pipe 0.08 m
Fitting diameter 0.08 m
pipe diameter of transmition 0.08 m
Data of fed pipeline
Riser Pipe 10 m
Head work pipe 5 m
Determination of Total Submersible Pump Head

The total pumping head can be calculated from:
Total pumping head HT 113.47 m
Where
Static head HS 54 m
Dynamic head loss HD 59.47 m
Accordingly, total pump head is 113 m

ENGINEERING REPORT-
168
Determination of Total Submersible Pump Power
Pump Power PP 10 KW
Where
Discharge Q 6 l/s
Total pump head HT 113 m
Pump efficiency h 0.7
Determination of Total Submersible Motor Power
motor efficiency h 0.95
Pump motor power 10 KW
by Assuming 10 - 20% electric motor overload
the pump motor will be
Motor Power Pm 12 KW
10.4.2. HEAD LOSS CALCULATION FOR S UBMERSIBLE P UMP 2 ( BODITI )
ELECTRO-MECHNICAL DESIGN REPORT

Design input data Symbol Value Unit
Reservoir inlet elevation at pump station 1429 masl
Well head elevation 1,393 masl
Assumed static Water Level elevation 0 m
Assumed draw down Water Level elevation 0 m
Assumed Dynamic Water Level 8 m
Assumed pump position 10 m
Assumed design discharge 5 l/s
Casing diameter 10 in
Diameter of riser pipe 0.08 m
Fitting diameter 0.08 m
pipe diameter of transmission 0.08 m
Data of fed pipeline
Riser Pipe 10 m
Head work pipe 5 m

ENGINEERING REPORT-
169
Determination of Total Submersible Pump Head
Total pumping head HT 89.3 m
Where
Static head HS 44 m
Dynamic head loss HD 45.3 m
Accordingly, total pump head is 89 m
Determination of Total Submersible Pump Power
Pump Power PP 6 KW
Where
Discharge Q 5 l/s
Total pump head HT 89 m
Pump efficiency h 0.7
Determination of Total Submersible Motor Power
motor efficiency h 0.95
Pump motor power 7 KW
by Assuming 10 - 20% electric motor overload the pump motor
will be
Motor Power Pm 8 KW
10.5. MECHANICAL DESIGN OF BOOSTER PUMP STATION
10.5.1. TO TAL HEAD CALCULATION FOR BPS#1
Static Head (Hs) in meters (m)

Static Head (Hs) = Elevation level at Reservoir inlet (ERI) - Elevation level at Pump Suction
(EPS)
EPD
ERI(m) Hs
(m)
Hs 1412 1260.38 151.62 m
Head loss along main transmission pipe line (hTL )
Q C L D hDis
i 10.7 0.267 140 20500 0.5 59.68 m
hTL1 59.68 m
hTL =74.74m

ENGINEERING REPORT-
170
Determination of Total Booster Pump Head (HT)

HT = HS + hB&T
Where HT :total head
HT = HS + hB&T 230 m
Determination of Booster Pump and Motor Power
Determination of Booster Pump Power
Taking the above calculated duty point of the pump:
Known & assumed values: -
Density of Water (kg/m3) = 998 g – Acceleration due to gravity ( m/sec2) = 9.81
Power of Pump (watts)
PP = pw /ηP
ηP. Overall efficiency (assumed 70%) 0.7
The required pump power can be calculated from:
power
Density gravity head flow rate
water
pw 998 9.81 230 0.0668 150 Kw
pump power Pp 215 KW

Determination of motor Power for booster station
efficiency of motor 0.9

motor power 262 kw

ENGINEERING REPORT-
171
10.5.2. TOTAL HEAD CALCULATION FOR BPS#2

(EPS)
EPD
ERI(m) Hs
(m)
Hs 1600 1393 207 m
L = Transmission pipe length
Q C L D hDis
i 10.7 0.267 140 21600 0.5 62.89 m
hTL1 62.89 m

HT = HS + hB&T
Density of Water (kg/m3) = 998g – Acceleration due to gravity ( m/sec2) = 9.81
PP = pw /ηP
flow power
Density gravity head
rate water
pw 998 9.81 288 0.0668 189 Kw
Pump power Pp 269 KW

ENGINEERING REPORT-
172
Efficiency of motor 0.9
Motor power 329 kw
10.5.3. TOTAL HEAD CALCULATION FOR BPS#3
(EPS)
EPD
ERI(m) Hs
(m)
Hs 1800 1600 200 m
L = Transmission pipe length
Q C L D hDis
i 10.7 0.244 140 9000 0.5 22.18 m
hTL1 22.18 m
Total Head Losses of booster station and transmission line ( hB&T )
Total Dynamic head loss consists fitting losses + pipe friction losses
hB&T = hSuc + hd +hTL
hB&T = 39.13 m

HT = HS + hB&T

ENGINEERING REPORT-
173
Density of Water (kg/m3) = 998g – Acceleration due to gravity (m/sec2) = 9.81
PP = pw /ηP
flow power
Density gravity head
rate water
pw 998 9.81 240 0.061 143 Kw
Efficiency of motor=0.9
Motor power=250kw
10.6. ELECTRICAL DESIGN OF BOOSTER PUMP STATION

10.6.1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION
In this, design and selection of major Electro-mechanical equipment considered in this project
are; Power Cable design and Selection, Generator Sizing and transformer sizing, are some to
mention.
Power and control cables for outdoor use shall be XLPE insulated copper conductor with
voltage rating of 0.6/1kV and maximum conductor operating temperature of 90ᵒC. Identifying
the nominal current, by considering V-380v/400v & P.F-0.85.
The result of the cable size is Ax B+C mm2 with a maximum voltage drop of 3% .Considering
the voltage drops, rated current and the length of the power cables, the cable cross-section can
be obtained from catalogues. The selection of power cables is based on the rated current of the
pumps and cable length to consider the resistance of the cable.
Diesel generators are the power source of pumps at all sites and It’s important as getting a
generator that can handle all our power source generation needs is one of the most critical
aspects of purchasing decision. Generators are designed as a standby power option as to
Ethiopian Electric Power Utility Transformer electric power which is used a main power source
to provide an alternate source of electrical power for the submersible pump and some lighting
system for buildings in the event of normal electrical power source failure.

ENGINEERING REPORT-
174
Therefore, It is important to note here that the lightning power is very small and can be included
in the calculated KVA by assuming starting torque of the pump as three (3) by assuming types
connection.
To satisfy part of the water demand, in some of the well field compounds, a trail mounted
standby diesel generator sets shall be erected. At the time of mains failure, Standby diesel
generator sets shall replace the main power supply in order to supply the power requirement of
the chosen borehole and booster pump stations.
Ethiopian Electric Power Utility Transformer sizing depends on pump power multiplied by
1.732 for the three-phase pump and in this case its considers the future expansion factor, derate
factor, power factor and efficiency of motors. The details design and formulas that used in our
design is listed in each design categories.
The electrical works shall include the following new project sites:
 Booster Station
10.7. ELECTRICAL DESIGN FOR BOOSTER STATRION SITE

Pumps are designed each have motor power of in KW, and when five pumps is duty
and one is used as standby. Pump set to control board =20m and the distance between
power supply unit and control board is 20m the total length become 40m.
For three-phase motor copper conductor multicore Cu/XLPE/PVC rated from 〖75〗
^0 C to 〖95〗^0 C can carry a current of in A.
Power cable sized and selected from supply unit to control board and to Motors
including auxiliary current is (cable size is A×Bmm2 + Cmm2)
a) Transformer sizing
A) Sizing of the Electrical Service (power transformer)
The Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation (EEPCO) shall provide the power transformers and
associated medium voltage (MV) and low voltage (LV) equipment including meter units for
this Project. The items shall be installed at the borehole sites, collector reservoir and service
reservoirs. All the medium voltage works (transmission line from the nearest substation in the
power grid and the work in the transformer house up to the meter board) shall be liaison with
EEPCO.
For the pump, station main power requirement shall be calculated as follows:-
Motor loads:
Motor Voltage =400/380V; 3ph; 50Hz
Pump drive motor power = P; p.f. = 0.85; Pe=0.9
Total number of pumps on duty = n

ENGINEERING REPORT-
175
Type of motor starter: Soft starter type reduced voltage starter
Starting KW = 1.73 x P; Power is directly proportional to Current.
= 1.73 x P / 0.9 kVA
Lighting loads:
Take auxiliary power = 12.5kVA
Adding 10% allowance, the minimum rating of the power transformer
KVA transformer = n*KW + KW motor*1.73 + 12.5KVA auxiliary power demand =T KVA
b) Standby generator sizing

Most of the time the gen. set Starting KVA varies from (1.54 to 3) times motor KVA for starting
methods. In addition, 20% to 25% of power for extra future demand is also considered.
KW of generator= 2.5 x KW motor + 12.5KVA auxiliary power demand
KVA stand-by gen. set = KW*2.5/0.8 + n*KW/0.8
KVA stand-by gen. set = KVA+ 12.5KVA = T KVA
c) Power cable sizing from supply unit to control board (MCC)

I auxiliary = 27A
length of 40m
d) Power cable sizing from supply unit to Motors

IL= 𝐼 Pm
Length of 40m
e) Power factor correction design
This design Consider to determine the amount of power factor correction required to maintain
cos−1 (0.8) = ⍺1
cos−1 (0.95) = ⍺2

ENGINEERING REPORT-
176
10.7.1. SUMMARY OF TRANSFORMER SIZING FOR SURFACE PUMP STATIONS
Transformer Sizing
Booster Motor Total Number of Selected

Total
Pump capacity of motor pumps transformer
No station
Station single loads working /on capacity
loads[KVA]
Name pump[kw] [kw] duty [KVA]
1 BPS 1 262 1048 4+1 1405 1500

2 BPS 2 329 1316 4+1 1765 2000
3 BPS 3 250 1000 4+1 1340 1500
10.7.2. SUMMARY OF STANDBY GENERATOR SIZING FOR SURFACE PUMP

STATIONS
10.7.3. S TANDBY G ENERATOR S IZING
Selected
Pump Motor capacity Number of Gen set
Total station
No Station of single pumps working
loads[kvA] capacity
Name pump[kw] /on duty
[KVA]
1 BPS 1 262 2+3 1175 1250
2 BPS 2 329 2+3 1475 1500
3 BPS 3 250 2+3 1122 1250
10.7.4. SUMMERY OF BOOSTER POWER CABLES
Pump Station Motor capacity of Power cables b/n Power cables b/n boards
No single pump motor and and power supply
Name currents[A] boards(mm2) unit(mm2)
1 BPS 1 510 2X(3x120+1x70) 2X(3x300+1x150)
2 BPS 2 640 2X(3x185+1x95) 2X(3x300+1x150)
3 BPS 3 485 2X(3x120+1x70) 2X(3x300+1x150)
Submersible P 1 (To
Kalkalcha 100m3
4 17 4X4 4X4
elevated reservoir
Before bps2)
Submersible P 1 (To
Boditi 50m3 existing
5 21 4X4 4X4
masonry reservoir
After bps2)

ENGINEERING REPORT-
177
10.8. WATER HAMMER ANALYSIS OF BOOSTER STATION
Water hammer occurs when the flowrate of fluid in the pipe changes rapidly. It is also known
as “surge flow”. It can cause very high pressures in pipes, very high forces on pipe supports,
and even sudden reversals of flow. It can cause burst pipes, damaged supports and pipe racks,
and leakage at joints.
Water hammer can occur for any fluid, in any pipe, but the severity varies depending on the
detailed conditions of the fluid and the pipe. It usually occurs in liquids. It can cause pipes to
burst and structures to collapse.
This article will describe the solution of water hammer by hammer analysis conditions most
likely to lead to water hammer problems and the issues that pump and pipe designers and
operators can face. It also outlines some of the ways to resolve the problems.
In this part, the solution that overcome the water hammer is analyzed. below shows before and
after hammer analysis by Bentley in graphs.
10.9. Hammer Analysis result.

10.9.1. Results booster pump station #1
Hydraulic grade level_ without protection
Pressure grade level _ without protection

ENGINEERING REPORT-
178
Hydraulic grade level_ with protection
Pressure grade level _ with protection

ENGINEERING REPORT-
179
10.9.2. RESULTS BOOSTER PUMP STATION #2

ENGINEERING REPORT-
180

ENGINEERING REPORT-
181
10.9.3. RESULTS BOOSTER PUMP STATION #3

ENGINEERING REPORT-
182

ENGINEERING REPORT-
183
10.10. SUMMARY OF TRANSFORMER SIZING FOR SURFACE PUMP STATIONS

FOR REVISED TRANSMISSION LINE DESIGN
As per the analysis, the required surge protection is surge vessel with its capacity having
bladder and proper inlet orifice, which shall be installed at Booster Pump Station is
recommended as below.
Minimum required
Capacity of surge Diameter of Inlet
No Pump Station Name recommended additional double
vessels orifice and branch
air valve along pressure line
1 BPS 1 5,000 L 250 mm 6
2 BPS 2 10,000 L 300 mm 7
3 BPS 3 5,000 L 250 mm 3

ENGINEERING REPORT-
184
11. ENGINEERING COST ESTIMATE OF THE FORMER DESIGN
11.1 INTRODUCTION
The estimated costs required to implement the water supply project takes into account a
number of factors such as implementation time, availability of infrastructures,
availability and costs of labour and materials, all the necessary contingencies and
Government Taxes. In addition, factors like topographic conditions distances from
where water is abstracted, collected, conveyed, stored and distributed have been
considered.
11.2 SUMMARY OF COSTS OF WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
The total estimated cost required to implement all phases of Water Supply System project is
964,120,968 Ethiopian Birr (ETB), for the former design during Wabe river was the Water
supply water source. In this case, the estimated cost only includes pressure line that could
deliver 25% (65l/s) of total demand (256l/s) by pipe with DN200mm depending on the behalf
of the .client for budget limitation case excluding road and pressure line that would deliver
75% of total demand 256l/s with pipe DN300mm at different time with different pipe sizing
depending on the availability of budget as Client explained his will during finalizing the
former design.
11.3 IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY
While planning the best way the Lege Hidha CR WASH water project can be implemented,
the the whole project area can be strategically classified in to immediate, medium term and
long-term implementations periods. The area with critical water shortage at moment should
be intervened as soon as possible and those with moderate water scarcity can be addressed in
the middle term. Still there are kebeles those have water supply service for the time and these
areas can be delayed as long as the existing scheme is proving the intended purpose.

ENGINEERING REPORT-
185
Hence the total Woreda is divided in to three clustered area according to their prone and
identified water sources. In this manner, the head work, the transmission, the treatment plant
and the distribution to the Beltu Kebele in which the Woreda town is found was merged in to
one demand cluster.
Secondly, kebeles those found to the west and south of the woreda town are categorized as
western lot and are to be constructed during second phase of construction. This phase of
construction includes Elect mechanical supply and installation left during phase-1.
The third areas cluster is those kebeles found along the western part from the woreda town.
This cluster is vast relatively.
The corresponding water supply components and expected investment cost is estimated and
presented in the next sections.

186
Beneficiaries and Water Demand by Phases of former design.
YEAR 2022 YEAR 2032 YEAR 2042

Water
Demand Water Water Dema
Constructi Cost With VAT
Area Project Beneficiary Demand Beneficiary Demand Beneficiary nd
on Phase
Zone (Lit/Sec) (Lit/Sec) (Lit/Se
c)
People Cattle People Cattle People Cattle
Head Work
Phase-1 9048 32416 8.02 12638 32416 11.91 17600 32416 19.6 211,074,129
Beltu
Western
Phase-2 22696 217,054 45.5 26316 59,877 51 28171 71,173 55.4 285,490,588.79
Branch
Eastern
Phase-3 92712 486345 112.3 116980 486345 142.13 145855 486,345 186.7 467,556,251
Branch
Total for Previous 27
124,455.69 166 155934 205 191,626.20 262 964,120,968
Kebeles
Table 36. Implementation Strategy and Summary of Costs

ENGINEERING REPORT-
187
Phase-1
A) Over All Summary
S.No Item Cost(Birr)

1 General Item 12000000
2 Pipe and fitting Supply 13,332,677.50
3 Civil Work 128,397,187.37
4 Electromechanical 25,146,515.35
Sum 178,876,380.22
Supervision Cost (3%) 5,366,291.41
VAT (15%) 26,831,457.03
Total 211,074,128.66
B) Supply of Pipe and Fittings

LEGE HIDHA CR-WASH MULTI-VILLAGE
WATER SUPPLY PROJECT COST ESTIMATE
CONTRACT
BILL AMOUNT
DESCRIPTION
NO.
ETB
SUPPLY OF PIPES AND
2
FITTINGS
PRESSURE MAIN
2.1 FROM Intake To CHEFA 12,392,677.50
RESERVOIR(1500m3)
Pressure line from
2.1 Cheffa(1500m3 ) to Beltu 940,000.00
town
total 13,332,677.50
15% VAT 1,999,901.63
GRAND TOTAL
15,332,579.13
PROJECT COST

ENGINEERING REPORT-
188
LEGE HIDHA CR-WASH MULTI-VILLAGE WATER SUPPLY
PROJECT COST ESTIMATE
CONTRACT
BILL AMOUNT
DESCRIPTION
NO.
ETB
2 SUPPLY OF PIPES AND FITTINGS
3 PIPE AND FITTING INSTALLATION
SUB TOTAL OF PIPE INSTALATION 2,677,348.97
4 CONSTRUCTION OF RESERVOIRS
BOOSTER STATION1(BS1)- RCC AT WABE
4.1 4,652,491.13
RIVER (#1)
CONSTRUCTION OF 1,000 m3 - RCC AT
4.2 7,148,382.92
BOOSTER STATION 2 (#1)
CONSTRUCTION OF 1,000 m3 - RCC AT
4.3 5,749,858.17
BOOSTER STATION 3 (#1)
CONSTRUCTION OF 500 m3 - RCC AT
4.4 2,725,048.38
BOOSTER STATION 4(#1)
CONSTRUCTION OF 2,000 m3 CLEAR
4.5 5,736,633.32
WATER TANK - RCC (#1)
CONSTRUCTION OF 1500 m3 SERVICE
4.6 6,080,059.49
RESERVOIR AT Chefa (#1)
SUB TOTAL 32,092,473.40
CONSTRUCTION OF AUXILIARY
5
STRUCTURES
CONSTRUCTION OF PUMP HOUSES AT
5.1 13,758,802.27
BS2,BS3&BS4((#5)
CONSTRUCTION OF GENERATOR
5.2 8,284,403.29
HOUSES AT BS (#5)
CONSTRUCTION OF OPERATORS
5.3 3,450,777.00
DWELLING AT BS (#5)
CONSTRUCTION OF GUARD HOUSES AT
5.4 112,593.98
BS & RESERVOIR (#1)
CONSTRUCTION OF TOILETS ,SEPTIC
5.5 1,311,315.56
TANK &SOAKAWAYPIT AT BS (#5)
CONSTRUCTION OF VIP AT RESERVOIR
5.6
(#14)
SUB TOTAL 26,917,892.10
CONSTRUCTION OF CENTRAL
6 ADMINSTRATION OFFICE, ACCESS ROAD
,COMPOUND WORK, AND CROSSINGS
6.1
ADMINSTRATION OFFICE (#1)
CONSTRUCTION OF COMPOUND
6.3 15,070,318.90
WORK(#16)
CONSTRUCTION OF
6.4 RIVER,STEAM/GULLY AND ROAD
CROSSINGS

ENGINEERING REPORT-
189
SUB TOTAL 15,070,318.90
CONSTRUCTION OF INTAKE AND
7
TREATMENT PLANT
CONSTRUCTION OF INTAKE
7.1 15459165.58
STRUCTURE(#1)
CONSTRUCTION OF HORIZONTAL
7.3 20,781,293.01
ROUGHING FILTER(#1)
CONSTRUCTION OF SLOW SAND
7.4 13,719,956.30
FILTER(#1)
SUB TOTAL 49,960,414.89
CONSTRUCTION OF PUBLIC FOUNTAIN
8
AND CATTLE TROUGH
8.1 909,885.62
(#3 FOR PHASE I OF THE PROJECT)
CONSTRUCTION OF SHOWER ROOM(#3
8.3 351,237.48
FOR PHASE I OF THE PROJECT)
CONSTRUCTION OF WASHING BASIN(#3
8.4 417,616.01
SUB TOTAL 1,678,739.11
TOTAL 128,397,187.37
SUPERVISION COST (3%) 3,851,915.62
15% VAT 19,259,578.11
GRAND TOTAL PROJECT COST 151,508,681.10
C) Civil Works
Electromechanical to deliver 25% of total discharge 256l/s
LEGE HIDHA CR-WASH MULTI-VILLAGE WATER SUPPLY PROJECT

COST ESTIMATE
CONTRACT
BILL AMOUNT
DESCRIPTION
NO.
ETB
SUPPLY AND INSTALLATION OF
9
ELECTROMECHANICAL EQUIPMENTS
SUPPLY AND INSTALLATIION OF
9.1 25,146,515.35
ELECTROMECHANICAL WORKS
SUB-TOTAL FOR ELECTRO MECHANICAL 25,146,515.35
TOTAL 25,146,515.35
SUPERVISION COST (3%) 754,395.46
15% VAT 3,771,977.30

ENGINEERING REPORT-
190
Phase-2
A) Over All Summary

1 General Item 12000000
Pipe and fitting
2 85,115,592.52
Supply
3 Civil Work 99,325,584.42
4 Electromechanical 45,500,000.00
Sum 241,941,176.94
VAT (15%) 36,291,176.54
Total 285,490,588.79
B) Supply of Pipe and Fittings
LEGE HIDHA CR-WASH MULTI-VILLAGE WATER SUPPLY

PROJECT COST ESTIMATE OF WESTERN PART(LOT III)
BILL CONTRACT AMOUNT
DESCRIPTION
NO. ETB
2.1 DISTRIBUTION MAIN 85,115,592.52

TOTAL 85,115,592.52
15% VAT 12,767,338.88
C) Civil Work
LEGE HIDHA CR-WASH MULTI-VILLAGE WATER SUPPLY PROJECT COST
ESTIMATE OF WESTERN PART
CONTRACT
BILL AMOUNT
DESCRIPTION
NO.
ETB
1 GENERAL ITEMS 24,480,153
CONSTRUCTION OF 800m3 LUKU-SEMA-DOYA
4.13 3,817,936.64
ABU-ANGOYE RESERVOIR (#1)

ENGINEERING REPORT-
191
CONSTRUCTION OF 50 m3 PRESSURE BREAK
4.14 741,380.42
TANK - RCC AT SEMA (#1)
CONSTRUCTION OF 150 m3 SERVICE RESERVOIR
4.15 3,403,945.89
AT WADESA & KORBA(#2)
CONSTRUCTION OF 500 m3 RESERVOIR - RCC AT
4.16 3,169,616.89
BELTU TOWN(#1)
4.17 655,496.12
TANK - RCC AT GORO LINE (#1)
4.18 3,292,266.04
HIDHA HUNDA(#1)
4.19 1,623,312.15
DULACHA(#1)
4.2 1,863,528.99
TANK - RCC ALONG DULACHA PIPE LINE (#3)
SUB TOTAL 18,567,483.13
5 CONSTRUCTION OF AUXILIARY STRUCTURES
CONSTRUCTION OF GUARD HOUSES AT

5.1 696,683.88
RESERVOIRS (#6)
5.2 CONSTRUCTION OF VIP AT RESERVOIR (#6) 443,584.20
SUB TOTAL 1,140,268.08
6 ADMINSTRATION OFFICE ,COMPOUND WORK
,AND CROSSINGS
CONSTRUCTION OF CENTRAL ADMINSTRATION
6.1 1,983,730.70
OFFICE (#1)
CONSTRUCTION OF COMPOUND WORK AT
6.3 4,531,500.00
RESERVOIRS(#6)
CONSTRUCTION OF RIVER,STEAM/GULLY AND
6.4 6,625,000.00
ROAD CROSSINGS
SUB TOTAL 13,140,230.70
CONSTRUCTION OF PUBLIC FOUNTAIN AND
8
CATTLE TROUGH
CONSTRUCTION OF PUBLIC FOUNTAIN (#48 FOR
8.1 15,600,348.17
PHASE I OF THE PROJECT)
8.2 CONSTRUCTION OF CATTLE TROUGH (#146) 20,859,282.80
CONSTRUCTION OF SHOWER ROOM(#48 FOR
8.3 5,841,350.40
CONSTRUCTION OF WASHING BASIN(#48 FOR
8.4 6,743,615.86
SUB TOTAL 49,044,597.23
TOTAL 123,805,737.62
ENGINEERING REPORT-
192
15% VAT 18,570,860.64
Phase-3
A) Over All Summary

1 General Item 24480153.2
Pipe and fitting
2 137,605,966.72
Supply
3 Civil Work 234,147,990.79
4 Electromechanical -
Sum 396,234,110.71
VAT (15%) 59,435,116.61
Total 467,556,250.64
B) Supply of Pipe and Fitting

COST ESTIMATE
CONTRACT AMOUNT
BILL NO. DESCRIPTION
ETB
1 GENERAL ITEMS

SUB TOTAL OF SUPPLY 137,605,966.72
TOTAL 137,605,966.72
15% VAT 20,640,895.01

ENGINEERING REPORT-
193
C) Civil Work
COST ESTIMATE
CONTRACT
BILL AMOUNT
DESCRIPTION
NO.
ETB
1 GENERAL ITEMS 24,480,153
CONSTRUCTION OF 2,000 m3 SERVICE
4.6 6,254,722.21
RESERVOIR AT GUBISA (#1)
4.7 2,794,741.82
RESERVOIR AT BAHIMA (#1)
4.8 3,771,910.91
RESERVOIR AT GONI (#1)
4.9 4,500,406.04
RESERVOIR AT YABELO (#1)
CONSTRUCTION OF TWO 250 m3
4.1 ELEVATED SERVICE RESERVOIR AT 3,118,128.50
ADELLE (#2)
4.11 3,724,088.66
RESERVOIR AT HERO AND DAREBA (#2)
CONSTRUCTION OF 50 m3 ELEVATED
4.12 889,284.05
SERVICE RESERVOIR AT FIK (#1)
CONSTRUCTION OF 50 m3 PRESSURE
4.18 1,300,524.24
BREAK TANK - RCC AT HARKISO A (#1)
4.2 588,029.56
BREAK TANK - RCC AT WANJISA (#1)
4.21 812,064.83
BREAK TANK - RCC AT GONI-ADELE (#1)
4.22 1,216,726.80
BREAK TANK - RCC AT FIK1,FIK1 (#1)
SUB TOTAL 28,970,627.62
CONSTRUCTION OF AUXILIARY
5
STRUCTURES
CONSTRUCTION OF VIP AT RESERVOIR
5.6 633,199.50
(#14)
SUB TOTAL 633,199.50
ADMINSTRATION OFFICE, ACCESS
6
ROAD ,COMPOUND WORK, AND
CROSSINGS
CONSTRUCTION OF RIVER,STEAM/GULLY
6.4 11,750,000.00
AND ROAD CROSSINGS
SUB TOTAL 11,750,000.00

ENGINEERING REPORT-
194
8
AND CATTLE TROUGH
8.1 62,200,031.55
(#204 FOR PHASE I OF THE PROJECT)
CONSTRUCTION OF CATTLE TROUGH
8.2 46,073,818.00
(#343)
CONSTRUCTION OF SHOWER ROOM(#204
8.3 24,533,358.24
CONSTRUCTION OF WASHING BASIN(#204
8.4 28,397,888.98
SUB TOTAL 161,205,096.78
TOTAL 258,628,143.99
15% VAT 38,794,221.60

ENGINEERING REPORT-
195
12. ENGINEERING COST ESTIMATE OF THE REVISED DESIGN
12.1 INTRODUCTION
The revised design of Transmission pipe line is executed at full capacity of delivering
maximum day demand of 277l/s (including 27kebeles of Laga Hidha Wereda and additionally
added 5 kebeles of Sawena Wereda along revised transmission line) from Kata Dibe Dam as
Water source for limitation of budget for access road construction and power supply problem
as explained in this document earlier.
Hence, the phase-I implementation of the former design will be only replaced by the revised
transmission line and former Phase-II after subtracting the 2nd round electromechanical cost
from it, while Phase-III remain the same as usual.
Table 37.Summary of former and revised project cost
Summary of the Currently Revised

Summary of the previous Design Project Cost
Design Project Cost
Total Summary Deliverance Total Summary in
Deliverance Capacity in Ethiopian Capacity from Ethiopian
S.No. Phase
from total Maximum Birr(ETB) with total Maximum Birr(ETB) with
Day Demand(l/s) VAT Day Demand(l/s) VAT
25% of transmission
line capacity and
distribution line for 100%
1 I 211,074,128.66 1,321,678,092.74
Beltu town and one rural
Kebele. Access road
Cost is not included.
Distribution
2 II Distribution line for 285,490,588.79 network for 231,800,588.79
Western part network Western part
Distribution
3 III Distribution network for 467,556,250.6 network for 467,556,250.64
Eastern part Eastern part
Grand Total 964,120,968.05 2,021,034,932.17

196
Table 38.Total beneficiary of the revised design
YEAR 2022 YEAR 2032 YEAR 2042
Construct Demand Area Water Water Water Cost With VAT

ion Phase Project Zone Beneficiary Demand Beneficiary Demand Beneficiary Demand
(Lit/Sec) (Lit/Sec) (Lit/Sec)
People Cattle People Cattle People Cattle

Transmission
line
,excluding
Phase-1 Beltu and but 25,604 70,087 26.39 33,295 70,087 33.64 43,604 70,087 42.56 1,321,678,092.74
Kebeles along
transmission
line
Western
Phase-2 22696 217,054 45.5 26316 59,877 51 28171 71,173 55.4 231,800,588.79
Branch
Eastern
Phase-3 92712 486345 112.3 116980 486345 142.13 145855 486,345 186.7 467,556,251
Branch
Total for Previous 27
Kebeles and Cost included
137,525 184.19 176,591 226.77 217,149 284.66 2,021,034,932.53
for 3 Sawena Wereda
newly added kebeles
N.B. Project cost for Micha town and Kata Dibe Kebele is not incorporated for the reason illustrated in the discussion part of this
document. However, the 5 kebele newly added water demand is considered during abstracting the Water from the Dam.

ENGINEERING REPORT-
197
12. ANNEXES
WABE RIVER WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS OF FORMER DESIGN

ENGINEERING REPORT-
198
11. REFERENCES
1. Bentley System Company, Inc. “WaterCAD V8i SELECTseries 5.”
www.bentley.com, 2013.
2. Commission, National Planning. “Growth and Transformation Plan-II(GTP-2).” 2015.
3. Enterprise, Oromia Water Works Design and Supervision. “Design Guide Line for
Water Supply Projects.” 2010.
4. —. “Humera and Nearby Towns Water Supply Project Detail Design Report of
Treatment Plant.” 2014.
5. factory, Oromia Steel. “Steel pipe catalogue.” n.d.
6. Factory, Tana Drilling and Plastic. “ HDPE pipe catalogue.” n.d.
7. House, National Drinking Water Clearing. “Slow Sand Filtration.”
www.ndwc.wvu.edu., 2000.
8. L.Davis, Mackenzie. “Water and Waste Water Engineering.” Design Principles and
Practice. McGraw Hills, 2010.
9. MOWIER. “CR-WSP for Rural Guide Lines.” 2015.
10. —. “Development of Sustainable Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene Program in
Drought.” 2018.
11. —. “Urban Water Supply Criteria.” 2006.
12. UNICEF. “WaSH Climate Resilient,.” 2014.
13. Wagelin, Martin. “Saurface Water Treatment by Roughing Filters.”
Duebendory/Switzerland: Swiss CEnter for Development Cooperation in Technology
and Management(SKAT, 1996.

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OWEB LEGE HIDHA MULTI-VILLAGE CR-WASH WATER SUPPLY PROJECT DRAFT DETAIL DESIGN REVIEW

ENGINEERING CORPORATION OF OROMIA MARCH 2022

2.9 WATER DEMAND (water demand, variation) ............................................................. 41

ENGINEERING CORPORATION OF OROMIA MARCH 2022

5.4.1 Guide Wall .................................................................................................................. 76

ENGINEERING CORPORATION OF OROMIA MARCH 2022

9.3.4 Bentley Water Hammer ............................................................................................. 137

ENGINEERING CORPORATION OF OROMIA MARCH 2022

10.0 ELECTROMECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL SYSTEM DESIGN FOR THE REVISED

ENGINEERING CORPORATION OF OROMIA MARCH 2022

FIGURE 25. RESERVOIRS FOR EASTERN PART DISTRIBUTION LINE (LOT-II).........................................113

ENGINEERING CORPORATION OF OROMIA MARCH 2022

ENGINEERING CORPORATION OF OROMIA MARCH 2022

ENGINEERING CORPORATION OF OROMIA MARCH 2022

ENGINEERING CORPORATION OF OROMIA MARCH 2022

Summary of the Currently Revised

ENGINEERING CORPORATION OF OROMIA MARCH 2022

1.1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON LAGA HIDHA WATER SUPPLY

ENGINEERING CORPORATION OF OROMIA MARCH 2022

1.1.1 MAJOR IMPACTS OF UNSAFE WATER

ENGINEERING CORPORATION OF OROMIA MARCH 2022

1.1.2 CLIMATE CHANGE AND WASH

ENGINEERING CORPORATION OF OROMIA MARCH 2022

1.1.3 WASH CLIMATE RESILIENT DEVELOPMENT

Climate variability and change (Previous study around the World)

ENGINEERING CORPORATION OF OROMIA MARCH 2022

1.1.3.1 LAGA HIDHA CURRENT WASH CONDITION

1.1.3.1.1 BACK GROUND OF THE WOREDA

1.1.3.1.2 HEALTH INFRA-STRUCTURE-

1.1.3.1.3 SCHOOL INFRA-STRUCTURE

1.1.3.1.4 ANIMAL POPULATION FOR FORMER DESIGN

1.1.3.1.4 WATER SUPPLY INFRASTRUCTURE

ENGINEERING CORPORATION OF OROMIA MARCH 2022

1.1.3.1.5 CATCHMENT MANAGEMENT

1.2.1 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES OF THE ASSIGNMENT

ENGINEERING CORPORATION OF OROMIA MARCH 2022

ENGINEERING CORPORATION OF OROMIA MARCH 2022

1.4 APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY

1.4.1 LITERATURE REVIEW AND DESK STUDY

1.4.2 DISCUSSION WITH THE BENEFICIARIES /STAKE HOLDERS OF THE

1.4.3 FIELD VISIT

ENGINEERING CORPORATION OF OROMIA MARCH 2022

Figure 1. Location Map

ENGINEERING CORPORATION OF OROMIA MARCH 2022

1.6 PHYSIOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PROJECT AREA

Figure 2.Physiographic Characteristics

ENGINEERING CORPORATION OF OROMIA MARCH 2022

1.7 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS

Figure 3.Soil Characteristics

ENGINEERING CORPORATION OF OROMIA MARCH 2022

1.8 LAND USE PATTERN

Table 1.Land Use Land Cover

ENGINEERING CORPORATION OF OROMIA MARCH 2022

Figure 4. Land Use Land Cover

ENGINEERING CORPORATION OF OROMIA MARCH 2022

1.9 EXISTING WATER SUPPLY SCHEME

ENGINEERING CORPORATION OF OROMIA MARCH 2022

1.10 EXITING WATER SHORTAGE, FETCHING QUEUE, DANGEROUS WELLS

Figure 5.Existing Water Sources

ENGINEERING CORPORATION OF OROMIA MARCH 2022

ENGINEERING CORPORATION OF OROMIA MARCH 2022

ENGINEERING CORPORATION OF OROMIA MARCH 2022

ENGINEERING CORPORATION OF OROMIA MARCH 2022

2. DESIGN CRITERIA AND METHODOLOY