Nature of Inquiry and Research

I. What is Research?
1. Research is defined as the scientific investigation of phenomena which includes collection,
presentation, analysis and interpretation of facts that lines an individual‘s speculation with
reality.
2. Solutions to problems must be based on knowledge not on mere beliefs, guesses or theories.
3. In research a systematic and well-planned procedure is required to meet the need in order that
information is acquired and evaluate its accuracy and effectiveness.
4. It is a process of inquiring1.

II. Nature of Inquiry. (Lichman,G.,2013)

1. Inquiry is defined as “a seeking for truth, information or knowledge”.
It is a problem solving technique.
2. The information and data pursued through questioning begins with gathering by applying the
different human senses.
3. Individuals carry on the process of inquiry from birth till death.
4. Inquiry is synonymous with the word investigation.

III. Investigation and Immersion

Investigation has a deeper meaning compared to “inquiry”.
It is a systematic examination of a certain event or phenomenon.
Immersion is a process whereby a researcher immerses (deeply involves) himself in the data
gathering activities and the data he has gathered is carefully read or examined by him in detail.
Combining the idea of “inquiry”, “investigation” and “immersion”, the concept of “research”
comes in.

IV. Differentiate Inquiry from Research

Inquiry is a term that is synonymous with the word ‘investigation’. When you inquire or
investigate, you tend to ask questions to probe or examine something to request for truth,
information, or knowledge.
Research is systematic and objective creation of knowledge systematic (with a system or method,
the scientific method), objective (no bias, all angles presented), knowledge creation (a creative
process)

V. Purpose of Research
1. To inform action.
2. To prove or generate a theory.
3. To augment knowledge in a field or study.

VI. Importance of Research in Daily Life

1. Research directs us to inquire about the right information by conducting further investigation
of the actual condition. It leads us to be cautious in giving results and findings by proving lies
and supporting the truth.
2. Research empowers us with knowledge and discovers new things and issues in life. It helps us
solve problems in health, crimes, business, technology and environment.
3. Research facilitates learning as an opportunity to share valuable information to others as a way
of recognizing various concerns for public awareness.

VII. Characteristics of Research

1. Empirical. Research is based on direct experience or observation by the researcher.
2. Logical. Research is based on valid procedures and principles.
3. Cyclical.Research is a cyclical process because it starts with a problem and ends with a
problem.
4. Analytical. Research utilizes proven analytical procedures in gathering the data, whether
historical, descriptive, and experimental and case study.
5. Critical. Research exhibits careful and precise judgment.
6. Methodical. Research is conducted in a methodical manner without bias using systematic
method and procedures.
7. Replicability. The research design and procedures are replicated or repeated to enable the
researcher to arrive at valid and conclusive results

VIII. The Seven Steps of the Research Process

Step 1. Define and develop your topic (Research Problem).
 Factors to Consider in Selecting a Research Problem
1. Researcher‘s area of interest
2. Availability of funds
3. Investigator‘s ability and training
Step 2. Find background information about your chosen topic (Review of Related Literature).
Step 3. Plan your research design including your sample (Methodology).
Step 4. Gather necessary data using open ended questions (for qualitative research) and closed-
ended questionnaire or paper pencil test questionnaire (for quantitative research) (Data Gathering
Activities).
Step 5. Process and analyse data using thematic analysis (for qualitative research) and statistical
tools (for quantitative research).
Step 6. Formulate new insights gained (for qualitative research) conclusions (for quantitative
research) and recommendations.
Step 7. Define new problem.

What are these ethics in research1?

1. Informed Consent.This is required to secure in order protect the rights of the participants in
your study. Inform your participants about the criteria set for choosing them as informants and
the schedule of one-on-one interview at the convenient time they are available. Participation to
the study will be completely voluntary.
2. Honesty.It report data, results, methods and procedures, and publication status. Do not
fabricate, falsify and misrepresent the data.
3. Objectivity.Avoid bias in experimental design, data analysis, data interpretation, peer review,
personnel decisions, grant writing, expert testimony, and other aspects of research.
4. Integrity.Keep your promises and agreements; act with sincerity; strive for consistency of
thought and action.
5. Carefulness.Avoid careless errors and negligence; carefully and critically examine your work
and the work of peers. Keep good records of research activities.
6. Openness. Share data, results, ideas, tools and resources. Be open to criticism and new ideas.
7. Respect for Intellectual Property. Honour patents, copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets and
other forms of intellectual property. Do not use published or unpublished data, methods, or
results without permission. Give credit where credit is due. Never plagiarize, fabricate and
falsify.
8. Confidentiality. Protect confidential communications, such as papers or grants submitted for
publication, personnel records, trade or military secrets, and patient records.
9. Responsible Mentoring. Help to educate, mentor, and advise others. Promote their welfare and
allow them to make their own decisions.
10. Responsible Publication. Publish in order to advance research and scholarship, not to
advance your own career. Avoid wasteful and duplicative publication.
11. Respect for Colleagues. Respect your colleagues’ opinion, treat them fairly and do not
outsmart others.
12. Social responsibility. Strive to promote social acceptance and prevent or mitigate social
harms through research, public education, and advocacy.
13. Non-discrimination. Avoid discrimination against colleagues or students on the basis of sex,
race, ethnicity, or other factors that are not related to their scientific competence and integrity.
14. Competence. Maintain and improve your own professional competence and expertise through
lifelong education and learning; take steps to promote competence in science as a whole.
15. Legality. Know and obey relevant laws and institutional and government policies.
16. Animal Care. Show proper respect and care for animals when using them in research. Do not
conduct unnecessary or poorly designed animal experiments.
17. Human Subjects protection. When conducting a research on human subjects, minimize harms
and risks and maximize benefits; respect human dignity, privacy, and anonymity.
I. When to use Qualitative vs. Quantitative Research
Quantitative data can help you see the big picture.
Qualitative data adds the details and can also give a human voice to your survey results.
II. Difference: Qualitative Research versus Quantitative
Quantitative Research2 Qualitative
Objective It aims to create new theory
based on the gathered data.
A fact-finding research used
to gain understanding of
individual differences in
terms of feelings and
experiences.
Data Description -natural setting
-making stories out of a
certain phenomenon.
-Uses pictures, words,
sentences, paragraphs,
compositions, narrations and
short stories
Sample (size) Small judgment (by
decision) sampling
Data Gathering Unstructured or semi
structured (flexible
processes)
Uses interviews, participant
observation, group
discussions.
Ex: Case Study, field
research
Uses open ended questions.
It is a freeform survey
questions allow a participant
to answer in open-text
format, responses are
unlimited to a set of options.
Example:
Guide questions for the
interviews
1. What was your
experiences during
quarantine period on the
COVID-19 pandemic? How
did you handle the situation
The purpose is to test a
hypothesis or theory.
Measures problem using
rating scale and other
research parameters of group
similarities.
-measurement setting
-performs measures out of a
certain phenomenon.
- Uses numbers, scales,
hypotheses, calculations,
computations and statistics
tools.
Large sample representatives
of population
Standardized /Structured
Uses census, survey
questionnaire, checklist,
paper-pencil test and
experimentation.
Uses closed ended questions.
This questions can only be
answered by selecting from a
limited number of options,
usually “multiple-choice”,
“yes or no”, or a rating scale
Example:
Strongly agree to strongly
disagree
In quantitative research
closed ended questions are
the basis of all statistical
analysis techniques applied
on questionnaires and
surveys.
Sample Question:
Do you agree on online
 caused by the pandemic?
2. Was the support of the
National and Local
Government enough for your
basic needs? Did they
conduct evaluation for those
who were affected?
III. Similarities: Qualitative Research and Quantitative Research
1. Both have the process of inquiry and investigation.
2. Both improve life and help us in understanding various issues of life and in giving solutions to
our problems
3. Both start with a problem and end with a new problem.
4. Both use textual forms in analyzing and interpretation of data.
7. Both use inductive and deductive methods of presenting data.
I. Kinds of Research across Description
Fields Areas of Interest
Arts-Based Research Personal expression in
various art forms is use as a
primary mode of inquiry
Research in Humanities Deals with human culture
such as philosophy, religion,
literature, linguistics and
history
It includes ancient and
modern languages, human
geography, laws, politics and
other social sciences.
Sports Research Intended for athletes to
endure their health and
wellness goals through
proven high quality
products.
It helps the coaches and
athletes to access
information and apply it to
develop programs and
techniques in sports.
Science Research Discover laws, postulates
theories that can explain
natural or social phenomena.
modality class in
transitioning the new normal
of education?
a. Strongly agree
b. Agree
c. Disagree
d. Strongly disagree
Example of Studies
1.The Role of Arts in
Student Achievement in
Reading
2.How Classroom Artistic
Structure Motivates
Learning
1 Values Education in the
Public Schools: Practices
and Challenges
2. Children In-Conflict with
the Law: A Resolution and
Intervention
1. Student Involvement in
Athletics and their Academic
Performance
2.Sports and Fitness Support
on Students in Public
Schools
1.Utilization of Garbage and
other Waste Resources as
Cleaning Materials

Mathematics Research
Applies systematic and 2.Making of COVID -19
constructed scientific Cure out of Heat Transfer
method to obtain, analyze
and interpret data.
A strong and testable
hypothesis is the
fundamental part of the
scientific research.
Provides mathematics 1.Student Difficulties in
mastery topics and helps General Mathematics:
develops confidence and Remediation and
interest to solve more Interventions
mathematical problems.

I. Definition of Qualitative Research

Qualitative Research is a scientific method of observation to gather non-numerical data. It refers
to the meanings, concepts, characteristics, metaphors, symbols and description of phenomena,
and not to their counts or measures.
II.Purpose of Qualitative Research
Qualitative Research promotes a deep, holistic understanding of a particular phenomenon.

III.Characteristics of Qualitative Research

1. Human understanding and interpretation in data analysis
2. Active, powerful and forceful in data gathering and rephrasing interview questions
3. Multiple research approaches and methods that allows you to plan your study and
being multi-method research
4. Specificity to generalization on specific ideas will lead to generalizations or
conclusions.
5. Contextualization - context or situation of individual’s life
6. Diversified data in real-life situations on collecting data in a natural setting
7. Abounds with words and visuals that presents people’s view in a picture, video,
drawing or graphs.
8. Internal analysis on examining the data yielded by the internal traits of the subject
persons.

IV.Strengths of Qualitative Research

1. It adopts a naturalistic approach to its subject matter.
2. Promotes a full understanding of human behavior/personality traits in their natural
setting.
3. It is instrumental for positive societal changes.
4. It engenders respect for people’s individuality.
5. it’s a way of understanding & interpreting social interactions.
6. Increases researcher’s interests in the study.
7. Offers multiple ways of acquiring and examining knowledge about something. 6
V.Weaknesses of Qualitative Research
1. It involves a lot of researcher’s subjectivity in data analysis.
2. It is hard to know the validity/reliability of the data.
3. It is open-ended questions yield “data overload” that requires long-time analysis.
4. It is time-consuming.
5. It involves several processes, whose results greatly depend on the researcher’s
views or interpretations.

VI. Kinds of Qualitative Research2

1. Case Study - Long time study of a person, group, organization or situation and an empirical
inquiry that investigates current phenomenon.

Example: “Teenage Pregnancy in the Public High Schools”

2. Ethnography- a study of a particular cultural group.

Example: “Cultural Awareness and Integration of Peace Education in the Indigenous Peoples
(IP) Communities”
.
3. Phenomenology- “live-experienced” of a phenomenon.

Example: “Life without Gadget”

4. Content and Discourse Analysis-
 Content Analysis- is a research technique that analyzes the modes of communication such as
letters, e-mails etc.

 Discourse Analysis- is the study of social life, understood through analysis of language it
includes face-to-face talk, non-verbal interaction, images and symbols.

Materials for Discourse Analysis include books, newspapers, periodicals, brochures and
advertisements.
Example: “A Discourse Analysis on the Impact of Modern Technologies on Communication”
5. Historical Analysis- is a qualitative method where there is an examining of past events to draw
conclusions and make predictions about the future.

Example: “The Impact of Ferdinand Marcos’ Speech” 7

6. Grounded Theory- takes place when there is a discovery of new theory which underlies your
study at the time of data collection and analysis.

Example: “The Story Behind the Migration of Christians from Visayas and Luzon to Mindanao”
7. Narrative Report - designed to present things or events that have happened in the past through
a logical progression of the relevant information. The main purpose of a narrative report is to
present a factual depiction of what has occurred.

Example: “Vocabulary Building of Students through Proper Solid Waste Management”

8. Biography- is the study of an individual’s life and struggles and how they reflect cultural
themes of the society. It deals with an interesting story found in documents and archival
materials. It is concerned with the reconstruction of life histories and the constitution of meaning
based on biographical narratives and documents.

 Five common types of biography are

(1) Scholarly Chronicles -focus on the historical portrayal of an individual life.

e.g. “Biography of Gloria M. Arroyo, the First Woman President of the Philippines”
(2) Intellectual Biography- narrative of a life through the conceptual analysis of the subject’s
motives and beliefs within the world of ideas.

e.g. “Life and Works of Dr. Jose Rizal”

(3) Life History Writing- recording of life memories, experiences, whether one’s or another’s.
e.g. “The Hardships of Overseas Filipino Workers (OFW’s)”.
(4) Memoir Biography- stylistic presentation of the biographer’s reflections and insights in
relation to the factual account of life.
e.g. “The Experiences of Stranded Students in the COVID-19 Pandemic”
(5) Narrative Biography-a nonfiction account of life experiences of a person.
9. Action Research- is a classroom-based or school-based research seeks transformative change
through the process of taking action and doing research, which are linked together by critical
reflection. This type of research is commonly conducted by the teachers to give solutions to the
existing problems to improve students’ academic performance and positive attitudes.
Research in Different Areas of Knowledge
Research studies happen in any field of knowledge: Anthropology, Business, Communication,
Education, Engineering, Law and Nursing.
A. Basic Research Approaches in a Specific Area of Discipline
1. Scientific or Positive Approach

deals with empirical data instead of personal views, feelings or attitudes.

control of variables or factors affecting the study (Laursen 2010).
records findings quantitatively.
resents structured interviews, questionnaires and observational checklists.

2. Naturalistic Approach
 A people-oriented approach focusing on discovering the real concept or meaning behind
people’s lifestyles and social relations.
 Present things qualitatively through verbal language. Using words as unit of analysis.
 Bases determining universal social values to define ethical and unethical that society ought to
know, not only for the benefit of individual and community but also for the satisfaction of man’s
quest for knowledge.” (Sarandakos 2013; Ransome 2013)
Example: Talking to ethnic groups or people with other culture in a natural setting. In this case,
the researcher uses unstructured interviews and the participants’ answer/response is not scripted.
3. Triangulation/ Mixed Method
 Allows a combination or a mixture of research designs, data collection and data analysis
techniques.
 Enhance the validity and reliability of qualitative research design.
 Enhances accuracy of interpretation.
 Has an opportunity to view every angle of the research from different perspectives.

(3) Main Methods of Data Collection

a. Interactive interviewing- people asked to verbally described their experiences of phenomenon.
b. Written descriptions by participant- people asked to write descriptions of their experiences of
phenomenon.
c. Observation- descriptive observations of verbal and non-verbal behavior.
In the field of Humanities, researchers ought to focus not to man’s social life but instead studies
it’s meanings, significance and visualizations of man’s experiences in the field of Fine Arts,
Literature, Music, Drama, Dance and other artistically inclined subjects.
Humanistic Categories
1. Literature and Art Criticism

Focus on language depends on interpretative and reflective thinking.

2. Philosophical Research
The focus of inquiry is on knowledge and principles of being and on the manner human beings
conduct themselves on Earth.
3. Historical Research
 Investigation centers on events and ideas that took place in man’s life at a particular period.
II.Hard Sciences versus Soft Qualitative Research
Sciences 3 Quantitative Research
Hard Sciences Soft Sciences
Studies natural data driven Studies human behavior in a
phenomenon. scientific manner.
Objective Subjective
Tests Theory Develops Theory
Numbers Words
Cause and Effect Relationship Knowing meaning & discovery
Statistical Analysis and Researcher’s interpretation
Generalizations
Examples: Examples:
Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Sociology, Psychology, Political
Astronomy, Earth Science Science, Economics, Anthropology,
History

I. What is a Research Title1?

1. The most important element that defines the research problem.
2. It is usually read first and the most read part of the research.
3. It contains the least words enough to describe the contents and the purpose of your research
paper.
4. It can be revised any and many times as the research develops and reach its final phase. It
becomes final on its final defence before the panel of judges.

Elements of a Research Title

The research title does not need to be entertaining but informative.
A part of a research title has the following information:
1. The subject matter or topic to be investigated. (“What?”)
2. The place or locale where the research is to be conducted. (“Where?”)
3. The population like the respondents’ interviewees. (“Who”?)
4. The time period of the study during which the data are to be collected. (“When”?)

Example:
Subject matter: The teaching of English
Place or locale: in the high schools of Province A
Time period: during the school year 1989-1990
Population: as perceived by teachers and students
Subject matter: The effects of the use of cell phones on the academic performance
Population to senior high school students
Place or locale: at Department of Education
Time period: during the first semester, school year 2018-2019

II. Rules in Choosing a Research Topic1

1. Interest in the subject matter. Interest in a subject drives you to research, investigate, or
inquire about it with full motivation, enthusiasm, and energy.
2. Availability of information. Information will serve as evidence to support your claims about
your subject matter from varied forms of literature like books, journals, and newspapers, among
others, is a part and parcel of any research work.
What to include in the investigation of the available materials?
a. Update and authority of the materials.
b. Copyright dates of the materials? Are they new or old?
c. Expert or qualification of the writers of reading materials about your topic
3. Timeliness and relevance of the topic.
How relevant is the topic?
a. It yields results that are useful in society
b. Related to the present. (Except for pure or historical research)
4. Limitations on the subject. Connect your choice with course requirements. You need to decide
on one topic to
finish your course.
5. Personal resources. Do an assessment on your research abilities in terms of your financial
standing, health condition, mental capacity, needed facilities, and time schedule to enable you to
complete your research. You have to raise an amount of money needed to spend on questionnaire
printing and interview trips.
III. Research Topics to be avoided1
1. Controversial topics.
It depends more on the writer’s opinion leading to biases. Facts cannot support
this topic.
2. Highly technical subjects.
Not advisable for beginners as these topics require an advanced study, technical knowledge, and
skills.
3. Hard-to-investigate subjects.
Happens if there are no available reading materials about it and if such materials are not up-to-
date.
4. Too broad subjects.
It prevents you from to focus on the subject matter of the paper.
Narrow down or limit the subject to eliminate the problem.
5. Too narrow subjects.
Subjects that are so limited where an extensive searching is necessary.
6. Vague subjects.
Titles beginning with indefinite adjectives such as several, many, some, etc., as in “Some
Remarkable Traits of a Filipino” or “Several People’s Comments on the RH Law,” are vague
enough to decrease the readers’ interests and curiosity.

IV. Sources of Research Topics1

1. Mass media communication – press (newspapers, ads, TV, radio, films, etc.)
2. Books, Internet, peer-reviewed journals, government publications
3. Professional periodicals like College English Language Teaching Forum, English
Forum, the Economist, Academia, Business Circle, Law Review, etc.
4. General periodicals such as Readers’ Digest, Women’s Magazine, Panorama
Magazine, Time Magazine, World Mission Magazine, etc.
5. Previous reading assignments in your other subjects
6. Work experience – clues to a researchable topic from full-time or part-time jobs, OJT (on-the-
job training) experience, fieldwork, etc.

I.An Overview of the Research Problem and Research Question

Chapter I of the research paper is called The Problem and Its Background (sometimes also
called The Introduction)
 It is composed of the following sections:

1) Background of the Study,

2) Statement of the Problem,
3) Scope and Delimitation, and
4) Significance of the Study.
Others have sections such as Objectives of the Study, Hypotheses but these will not be
considered in this lesson

What is a research problem?

 The Research Problem (According to Calderon & Gonzales,1993)

A problem is “any significant, perplexing, and challenging situation, real or artificial, the
solution of which requires reflexive thinking”. In research, it is known as the research topic or
research title.

Topic: Distance Learning

Research Problem:
Lack of learners knowledge about distance in distance education .
Purpose Statement:
To study why learners do not attend distance education classes in a community college
Research Questions:
Does the use of website technology in the classroom deter learners from enrolling in a distant
education class?

A. Background of the Study

 Purpose of background of the study

a. The general definition of the topic/problem area

b. Historical basis for the existence of the problem
c. Efforts made towards addressing similar challenges
d. How the efforts failed to be realized hence the need for your study

 Contents of the background of the study:

a. Presentation of the problem. Describe the existence of an unsatisfactory condition or a
problem that needs a solution.
b. Historical background of the problem - Give the historical background of the
problem, if applicable.
c. Geographical conditions of the study locale - If applicable, describe the
geographical location of the study.
d. Rationale of the study - Give the reason(s) why the study should be conducted.
B.Statement of the Problem
(Purpose Statement and Research Questions)
A series of questions used in researching the topic.
It is composed of
1. The general statement of the problem (the purpose statement) and
2. The specific sub-problems or sub-questions (or research questions).
 Guidelines in Writing the Statement of the Problem

(According to Calderon & Gonzales,1993)

1. The general statement of the problem and the research questions should be formulated first
before conducting the research.
2. Research questions should be stated in the interrogative and each should be clear to avoid
confusion.
3 Each research question should be researchable separately from the other questions and must be
based upon known facts and phenomena which is accessible to the researcher.
4. Answers to each research question can be interpreted apart from the answers to the other
specific questions and must contribute to the development of the whole research study.
8. The summary of the answers to all the specific questions will give a complete development of
the entire study.
9. The number of research questions should be enough to cover the development of the whole
research study.
C.Scope and Delimitation of the Study1
 Scope of a Study

It is the coverage of the research to be explored which includes the facts and theories about the
subject
Example:
A research study on the impact of social networking on the attitude of senior high school
learners.
It is not possible to cover all aspects of the selected subject. The scope will have to be restricted
to a specific section of the target population over a specified duration.
In the above-cited study, a group of 40 learners in senior high school at one particular school
would be an ideal coverage to study their attitude for five months.

 Delimitation of a Study
It limits the scope and outlines the boundaries of the study.
These limitations include the following:
1. Sample size.
a. The research design and method will determine whether if it is small or large sample size.
b. The sample size will determine the quality of data and the relationships that will be identified
among the variables.

2. Lack of available and/or reliable data.

This will limit the scope of analysis and the ability of the researcher to determine meaningful
trends and relationships among the data.
3. Lack of prior studies.

This will limit the effectiveness of the literature review and initial understanding of the research.
4. Chosen data collection method.

The quality of data collected must be clear to avoid erroneous answers from the respondents.
5. Nature of the information collected.

Researcher should not rely on pre-existing data.

6. Access.

The amount and quality of available data will depend on the ability of the researcher to access
people, organizations, libraries, and documents.
7. Time period.

It is advisable to select a research problem and design

8. Bias.

The researcher should be aware of his or her personal biases .

9. Language.

This may have an effect on data collection, especially if the researcher is involved with
respondents that speak a variety of languages.

D.Significance of the Study

 The significance of the study discuss the purpose that the research will serve to society, the
country, the government, the institution or agency concerned, the curriculum planners and
developers, and the research community.

 Describes the contribution of the study to the existing body of knowledge.

It could be the following:

a. A form of new knowledge in the field,
b. A validation of the major findings of other studies,
c. A verification of the validity of findings in a different population,
d. Analysis of trends over time, and validation of other findings using different methodologies.

 The researcher must identify specifically the beneficiaries who will directly gain from the
results of the study mentioning them in the paper according to the significance of the result. The
specific benefits must also be enumerated and explained if necessary.

I. Presenting Written Statement of the Problem

The following sections compose the presentation of the written statement of the problem
1. Introduction

States briefly the background of the study and identifies the rationale of the research problem.
It begins with a general statement of the problem, outlines the specific problem or issue within
the existing literature.
2. Statement of the Problem

States clearly the purposes or interest of the study, poses specific questions about research
problem.
3. Scope and Delimitation

Sets the boundaries and parameters of the study, narrows the scope of the inquiry.
4. Significance of the Study

Shows the benefits of the study to address issues and l problems, in improving economic and
health conditions or even finding solutions to problems encountered in daily life.
Print Sources
Book (one author) Example: Simban, J.H. (2012). Essentials of Hydroponics Farming. Cebu
City, Philippines: Digital Books.
Author’s First Middle (Publicati Book Place of Publisher
Last Initial Initial on Date) Title Publicati
Name on:
Book (two to more than three authors) – print source
Example of two authors: Roble, M. J., & Johnson, L. (2010). India (2nd ed.). New York, NY:
Marshall. Example of three authors: Carreon, A., Marcos, M., & Genobaten, D. (2009). Work
Under Pressure. Chicago, IL: Wilcon Press.
Example of more than six authors: Benson, B., Aller, C., Camelot, D., David, E., Ebiola, F.,
Flores, G., Harison, I. (1994). The World Beneath. Los Angeles, USA: Paramoud Era Press.

Scholarly Journal Article - Internet

Example Scholarly Journal: Godlowska, 2016. Plant growth biostimulants based on different
methods of seaweed extraction with water . Hindawi Publishing Corporation BioMed Research
International Volume 2016, Article ID 5973760, 11 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5973760
Author First Middle (Publicati Article Magazine DOI or
Last Initial Initial on date) Title / Article
Name Scholarly URL
Journal
Title

Encyclopedia Article - Internet

Example: Chulz, H. K. (2015). Phytoremediation. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved from
https://www.britannica.com/science/phytoremediation
Author First Initial (Publicatio Article Encyclope URL
Last Name n date) if Title dia Title
given