Wavelet

A wavelet is a wave-like oscillation with an amplitude that begins at zero, increases or decreases,
and then returns to zero one or more times. Wavelets are termed a "brief oscillation". A taxonomy
of wavelets has been established, based on the number and direction of its pulses. Wavelets are
imbued with specific properties that make them useful for signal processing.

For example, a wavelet could be created to have a frequency of

Middle C and a short duration of roughly one tenth of a second.
If this wavelet were to be convolved with a signal created from
the recording of a melody, then the resulting signal would be
useful for determining when the Middle C note appeared in the
song. Mathematically, a wavelet correlates with a signal if a
portion of the signal is similar. Correlation is at the core of
many practical wavelet applications.

As a mathematical tool, wavelets can be used to extract

information from many kinds of data, including audio signals
and images. Sets of wavelets are needed to analyze data fully.
"Complementary" wavelets decompose a signal without gaps or
overlaps so that the decomposition process is mathematically
reversible. Thus, sets of complementary wavelets are useful in
wavelet-based compression/decompression algorithms, where
it is desirable to recover the original information with minimal
loss.
Seismic wavelet
In formal terms, this representation is a wavelet series
representation of a square-integrable function with respect to
either a complete, orthonormal set of basis functions, or an overcomplete set or frame of a vector
space, for the Hilbert space of square-integrable functions. This is accomplished through coherent
states.

In classical physics, the diffraction phenomenon is described by the Huygens–Fresnel principle

that treats each point in a propagating wavefront as a collection of individual spherical wavelets.[1]
The characteristic bending pattern is most pronounced when a wave from a coherent source (such
as a laser) encounters a slit/aperture that is comparable in size to its wavelength. This is due to the
addition, or interference, of different points on the wavefront (or, equivalently, each wavelet) that
travel by paths of different lengths to the registering surface. Multiple, closely spaced openings
(e.g., a diffraction grating), can result in a complex pattern of varying intensity.

Etymology
The word wavelet has been used for decades in digital signal processing and exploration
geophysics.[2] The equivalent French word ondelette meaning "small wave" was used by Morlet
and Grossmann in the early 1980s.

Wavelet theory
Wavelet theory is applicable to several subjects. All wavelet transforms may be considered forms of
time-frequency representation for continuous-time (analog) signals and so are related to harmonic
analysis. Discrete wavelet transform (continuous in time) of a discrete-time (sampled) signal by
using discrete-time filterbanks of dyadic (octave band) configuration is a wavelet approximation to
that signal. The coefficients of such a filter bank are called the shift and scaling coefficients in
wavelets nomenclature. These filterbanks may contain either finite impulse response (FIR) or
infinite impulse response (IIR) filters. The wavelets forming a continuous wavelet transform
(CWT) are subject to the uncertainty principle of Fourier analysis respective sampling theory:
Given a signal with some event in it, one cannot assign simultaneously an exact time and frequency
response scale to that event. The product of the uncertainties of time and frequency response scale
has a lower bound. Thus, in the scaleogram of a continuous wavelet transform of this signal, such
an event marks an entire region in the time-scale plane, instead of just one point. Also, discrete
wavelet bases may be considered in the context of other forms of the uncertainty
principle.[3][4][5][6]

Wavelet transforms are broadly divided into three classes: continuous, discrete and
multiresolution-based.

Continuous wavelet transforms (continuous shift and scale parameters)

In continuous wavelet transforms, a given signal of finite energy is projected on a continuous
family of frequency bands (or similar subspaces of the Lp function space L2(R) ). For instance the
signal may be represented on every frequency band of the form [f, 2f] for all positive frequencies f
> 0. Then, the original signal can be reconstructed by a suitable integration over all the resulting
frequency components.

The frequency bands or subspaces (sub-bands) are scaled versions of a subspace at scale 1. This
subspace in turn is in most situations generated by the shifts of one generating function ψ in
L2(R), the mother wavelet. For the example of the scale one frequency band [1, 2] this function is

with the (normalized) sinc function. That, Meyer's, and two other examples of mother wavelets are:

Meyer
 Morlet

Mexican hat

The subspace of scale a or frequency band [1/a, 2/a] is generated by the functions (sometimes
called child wavelets)

where a is positive and defines the scale and b is any real number and defines the shift. The pair (a,
b) defines a point in the right halfplane R+ × R.

The projection of a function x onto the subspace of scale a then has the form

with wavelet coefficients

For the analysis of the signal x, one can assemble the wavelet coefficients into a scaleogram of the
signal.
See a list of some Continuous wavelets.

Discrete wavelet transforms (discrete shift and scale parameters, continuous

in time)
It is computationally impossible to analyze a signal using all wavelet coefficients, so one may
wonder if it is sufficient to pick a discrete subset of the upper halfplane to be able to reconstruct a
signal from the corresponding wavelet coefficients. One such system is the affine system for some
real parameters a > 1, b > 0. The corresponding discrete subset of the halfplane consists of all the
points (am, nb am) with m, n in Z. The corresponding child wavelets are now given as

A sufficient condition for the reconstruction of any signal x of finite energy by the formula

is that the functions form an orthonormal basis of L2(R).

Multiresolution based discrete wavelet transforms (continuous in time)

In any discretised wavelet transform, there are only a finite
number of wavelet coefficients for each bounded rectangular
region in the upper halfplane. Still, each coefficient requires the
evaluation of an integral. In special situations this numerical
complexity can be avoided if the scaled and shifted wavelets
form a multiresolution analysis. This means that there has to
exist an auxiliary function, the father wavelet φ in L2(R), and
that a is an integer. A typical choice is a = 2 and b = 1. The most
famous pair of father and mother wavelets is the Daubechies 4- D4 wavelet
tap wavelet. Note that not every orthonormal discrete wavelet
basis can be associated to a multiresolution analysis; for
example, the Journe wavelet admits no multiresolution analysis.[7]

From the mother and father wavelets one constructs the subspaces

The father wavelet keeps the time domain properties, while the mother wavelets keeps the
frequency domain properties.

From these it is required that the sequence



forms a multiresolution analysis of L2 and that the subspaces are the
orthogonal "differences" of the above sequence, that is, Wm is the orthogonal complement of Vm
inside the subspace Vm−1,

In analogy to the sampling theorem one may conclude that the space Vm with sampling distance
2m more or less covers the frequency baseband from 0 to 1/2m-1. As orthogonal complement, Wm
roughly covers the band [1/2m−1, 1/2m].

From those inclusions and orthogonality relations, especially , follows the

existence of sequences and that satisfy the identities

so that and

so that The second identity of the first pair is a refinement

equation for the father wavelet φ. Both pairs of identities form the basis for the algorithm of the
fast wavelet transform.

From the multiresolution analysis derives the orthogonal decomposition of the space L2 as

For any signal or function this gives a representation in basis functions of the
corresponding subspaces as

where the coefficients are

and

Time-causal wavelets
For processing temporal signals in real time, it is essential that the wavelet filters do not access
signal values from the future as well as that minimal temporal latencies can be obtained. Time-
causal wavelets representations have been developed by Szu et al [8] and Lindeberg,[9] with the
latter method also involving a memory-efficient time-recursive implementation.

Mother wavelet
For practical applications, and for efficiency reasons, one prefers continuously differentiable
functions with compact support as mother (prototype) wavelet (functions). However, to satisfy
analytical requirements (in the continuous WT) and in general for theoretical reasons, one chooses
the wavelet functions from a subspace of the space This is the space of Lebesgue
measurable functions that are both absolutely integrable and square integrable in the sense that

and

Being in this space ensures that one can formulate the conditions of zero mean and square norm
one:

is the condition for zero mean, and

is the condition for square norm one.

For ψ to be a wavelet for the continuous wavelet transform (see there for exact statement), the
mother wavelet must satisfy an admissibility criterion (loosely speaking, a kind of half-
differentiability) in order to get a stably invertible transform.

For the discrete wavelet transform, one needs at least the condition that the wavelet series is a
representation of the identity in the space L2(R). Most constructions of discrete WT make use of
the multiresolution analysis, which defines the wavelet by a scaling function. This scaling function
itself is a solution to a functional equation.

In most situations it is useful to restrict ψ to be a continuous function with a higher number M of

vanishing moments, i.e. for all integer m < M

The mother wavelet is scaled (or dilated) by a factor of a and translated (or shifted) by a factor of b
to give (under Morlet's original formulation):
For the continuous WT, the pair (a,b) varies over the full half-plane R+ × R; for the discrete WT
this pair varies over a discrete subset of it, which is also called affine group.

These functions are often incorrectly referred to as the basis functions of the (continuous)
transform. In fact, as in the continuous Fourier transform, there is no basis in the continuous
wavelet transform. Time-frequency interpretation uses a subtly different formulation (after
Delprat).

Restriction：

1. when a1 = a and b1 = b,

2. has a finite time interval

Comparisons with Fourier transform (continuous-time)

The wavelet transform is often compared with the Fourier transform, in which signals are
represented as a sum of sinusoids. In fact, the Fourier transform can be viewed as a special case of
the continuous wavelet transform with the choice of the mother wavelet . The main
difference in general is that wavelets are localized in both time and frequency whereas the standard
Fourier transform is only localized in frequency. The Short-time Fourier transform (STFT) is
similar to the wavelet transform, in that it is also time and frequency localized, but there are issues
with the frequency/time resolution trade-off.

In particular, assuming a rectangular window region, one may think of the STFT as a transform
with a slightly different kernel

where can often be written as , where and u respectively denote the length
and temporal offset of the windowing function. Using Parseval's theorem, one may define the
wavelet's energy as

From this, the square of the temporal support of the window offset by time u is given by

and the square of the spectral support of the window acting on a frequency

Multiplication with a rectangular window in the time domain corresponds to convolution with a
function in the frequency domain, resulting in spurious ringing artifacts for
short/localized temporal windows. With the continuous-time Fourier Transform, and
this convolution is with a delta function in Fourier space, resulting in the true Fourier transform of
the signal . The window function may be some other apodizing filter, such as a Gaussian. The
choice of windowing function will affect the approximation error relative to the true Fourier
transform.

A given resolution cell's time-bandwidth product may not be exceeded with the STFT. All STFT
basis elements maintain a uniform spectral and temporal support for all temporal shifts or offsets,
thereby attaining an equal resolution in time for lower and higher frequencies. The resolution is
purely determined by the sampling width.

In contrast, the wavelet transform's multiresolutional properties enables large temporal supports
for lower frequencies while maintaining short temporal widths for higher frequencies by the
scaling properties of the wavelet transform. This property extends conventional time-frequency
analysis into time-scale analysis.[10]

The discrete wavelet transform is less computationally

complex, taking O(N) time as compared to O(N log N) for the
fast Fourier transform. This computational advantage is not
inherent to the transform, but reflects the choice of a
logarithmic division of frequency, in contrast to the equally
spaced frequency divisions of the FFT (fast Fourier transform)
which uses the same basis functions as DFT (Discrete Fourier STFT time-frequency atoms (left)
Transform).[11] It is also important to note that this complexity and DWT time-scale atoms (right).
only applies when the filter size has no relation to the signal The time-frequency atoms are four
different basis functions used for the
size. A wavelet without compact support such as the Shannon
STFT (i.e. four separate Fourier
wavelet would require O(N2). (For instance, a logarithmic transforms required). The time-
Fourier Transform also exists with O(N) complexity, but the scale atoms of the DWT achieve
original signal must be sampled logarithmically in time, which small temporal widths for high
is only useful for certain types of signals.[12]) frequencies and good temporal
widths for low frequencies with a
single transform basis set.
Definition of a wavelet
A wavelet (or a wavelet family) can be defined in various ways:

Scaling filter
An orthogonal wavelet is entirely defined by the scaling filter – a low-pass finite impulse response
(FIR) filter of length 2N and sum 1. In biorthogonal wavelets, separate decomposition and
reconstruction filters are defined.

For analysis with orthogonal wavelets the high pass filter is calculated as the quadrature mirror
filter of the low pass, and reconstruction filters are the time reverse of the decomposition filters.

Daubechies and Symlet wavelets can be defined by the scaling filter.

Scaling function
Wavelets are defined by the wavelet function ψ(t) (i.e. the mother wavelet) and scaling function
φ(t) (also called father wavelet) in the time domain.
The wavelet function is in effect a band-pass filter and scaling that for each level halves its
bandwidth. This creates the problem that in order to cover the entire spectrum, an infinite number
of levels would be required. The scaling function filters the lowest level of the transform and
ensures all the spectrum is covered. See[13] for a detailed explanation.

For a wavelet with compact support, φ(t) can be considered finite in length and is equivalent to the
scaling filter g.

Meyer wavelets can be defined by scaling functions

Wavelet function
The wavelet only has a time domain representation as the wavelet function ψ(t).

For instance, Mexican hat wavelets can be defined by a wavelet function. See a list of a few
Continuous wavelets.

History
The development of wavelets can be linked to several separate trains of thought, starting with
Haar's work in the early 20th century. Later work by Dennis Gabor yielded Gabor atoms (1946),
which are constructed similarly to wavelets, and applied to similar purposes.

Notable contributions to wavelet theory since then can be attributed to Zweig’s discovery of the
continuous wavelet transform (CWT) in 1975 (originally called the cochlear transform and
discovered while studying the reaction of the ear to sound),[14] Pierre Goupillaud, Grossmann and
Morlet's formulation of what is now known as the CWT (1982), Jan-Olov Strömberg's early work
on discrete wavelets (1983), the Le Gall–Tabatabai (LGT) 5/3-taps non-orthogonal filter bank with
linear phase (1988),[15][16][17] Ingrid Daubechies' orthogonal wavelets with compact support
(1988), Mallat's non-orthogonal multiresolution framework (1989), Ali Akansu's Binomial QMF
(1990), Nathalie Delprat's time-frequency interpretation of the CWT (1991), Newland's harmonic
wavelet transform (1993), and set partitioning in hierarchical trees (SPIHT) developed by Amir
Said with William A. Pearlman in 1996.[18]

The JPEG 2000 standard was developed from 1997 to 2000 by a Joint Photographic Experts
Group (JPEG) committee chaired by Touradj Ebrahimi (later the JPEG president).[19] In contrast
to the DCT algorithm used by the original JPEG format, JPEG 2000 instead uses discrete wavelet
transform (DWT) algorithms. It uses the CDF 9/7 wavelet transform (developed by Ingrid
Daubechies in 1992) for its lossy compression algorithm, and the Le Gall–Tabatabai (LGT) 5/3
discrete-time filter bank (developed by Didier Le Gall and Ali J. Tabatabai in 1988) for its lossless
compression algorithm.[20] JPEG 2000 technology, which includes the Motion JPEG 2000
extension, was selected as the video coding standard for digital cinema in 2004.[21]

Timeline
First wavelet (Haar Wavelet) by Alfréd Haar (1909)
Since the 1970s: George Zweig, Jean Morlet, Alex Grossmann
Since the 1980s: Yves Meyer, Didier Le Gall, Ali J. Tabatabai, Stéphane Mallat, Ingrid
Daubechies, Ronald Coifman, Ali Akansu, Victor Wickerhauser
 Since the 1990s: Nathalie Delprat, Newland, Amir Said, William A. Pearlman, Touradj Ebrahimi,
JPEG 2000

Wavelet transforms
A wavelet is a mathematical function used to divide a given function or continuous-time signal into
different scale components. Usually one can assign a frequency range to each scale component.
Each scale component can then be studied with a resolution that matches its scale. A wavelet
transform is the representation of a function by wavelets. The wavelets are scaled and translated
copies (known as "daughter wavelets") of a finite-length or fast-decaying oscillating waveform
(known as the "mother wavelet"). Wavelet transforms have advantages over traditional Fourier
transforms for representing functions that have discontinuities and sharp peaks, and for accurately
deconstructing and reconstructing finite, non-periodic and/or non-stationary signals.

Wavelet transforms are classified into discrete wavelet transforms (DWTs) and continuous wavelet
transforms (CWTs). Note that both DWT and CWT are continuous-time (analog) transforms. They
can be used to represent continuous-time (analog) signals. CWTs operate over every possible scale
and translation whereas DWTs use a specific subset of scale and translation values or
representation grid.

There are a large number of wavelet transforms each suitable for different applications. For a full
list see list of wavelet-related transforms but the common ones are listed below:

Continuous wavelet transform (CWT)

Discrete wavelet transform (DWT)
Fast wavelet transform (FWT)
Lifting scheme and generalized lifting scheme
Wavelet packet decomposition (WPD)
Stationary wavelet transform (SWT)
Fractional Fourier transform (FRFT)
Fractional wavelet transform (FRWT)

Generalized transforms
There are a number of generalized transforms of which the wavelet transform is a special case. For
example, Yosef Joseph Segman introduced scale into the Heisenberg group, giving rise to a
continuous transform space that is a function of time, scale, and frequency. The CWT is a two-
dimensional slice through the resulting 3d time-scale-frequency volume.

Another example of a generalized transform is the chirplet transform in which the CWT is also a
two dimensional slice through the chirplet transform.

An important application area for generalized transforms involves systems in which high frequency
resolution is crucial. For example, darkfield electron optical transforms intermediate between
direct and reciprocal space have been widely used in the harmonic analysis of atom clustering, i.e.
in the study of crystals and crystal defects.[22] Now that transmission electron microscopes are
capable of providing digital images with picometer-scale information on atomic periodicity in
nanostructure of all sorts, the range of pattern recognition[23] and strain[24]/metrology[25]
applications for intermediate transforms with high frequency resolution (like brushlets[26] and
ridgelets[27]) is growing rapidly.
Fractional wavelet transform (FRWT) is a generalization of the classical wavelet transform in the
fractional Fourier transform domains. This transform is capable of providing the time- and
fractional-domain information simultaneously and representing signals in the time-fractional-
frequency plane.[28]

Applications
Generally, an approximation to DWT is used for data compression if a signal is already sampled,
and the CWT for signal analysis.[29] Thus, DWT approximation is commonly used in engineering
and computer science,[30] and the CWT in scientific research.[31]

Like some other transforms, wavelet transforms can be used to transform data, then encode the
transformed data, resulting in effective compression. For example, JPEG 2000 is an image
compression standard that uses biorthogonal wavelets. This means that although the frame is
overcomplete, it is a tight frame (see types of frames of a vector space), and the same frame
functions (except for conjugation in the case of complex wavelets) are used for both analysis and
synthesis, i.e., in both the forward and inverse transform. For details see wavelet compression.

A related use is for smoothing/denoising data based on wavelet coefficient thresholding, also called
wavelet shrinkage. By adaptively thresholding the wavelet coefficients that correspond to
undesired frequency components smoothing and/or denoising operations can be performed.

Wavelet transforms are also starting to be used for communication applications. Wavelet OFDM is
the basic modulation scheme used in HD-PLC (a power line communications technology
developed by Panasonic), and in one of the optional modes included in the IEEE 1901 standard.
Wavelet OFDM can achieve deeper notches than traditional FFT OFDM, and wavelet OFDM does
not require a guard interval (which usually represents significant overhead in FFT OFDM
systems).[32]

As a representation of a signal
Often, signals can be represented well as a sum of sinusoids. However, consider a non-continuous
signal with an abrupt discontinuity; this signal can still be represented as a sum of sinusoids, but
requires an infinite number, which is an observation known as Gibbs phenomenon. This, then,
requires an infinite number of Fourier coefficients, which is not practical for many applications,
such as compression. Wavelets are more useful for describing these signals with discontinuities
because of their time-localized behavior (both Fourier and wavelet transforms are frequency-
localized, but wavelets have an additional time-localization property). Because of this, many types
of signals in practice may be non-sparse in the Fourier domain, but very sparse in the wavelet
domain. This is particularly useful in signal reconstruction, especially in the recently popular field
of compressed sensing. (Note that the short-time Fourier transform (STFT) is also localized in time
and frequency, but there are often problems with the frequency-time resolution trade-off. Wavelets
are better signal representations because of multiresolution analysis.)

This motivates why wavelet transforms are now being adopted for a vast number of applications,
often replacing the conventional Fourier transform. Many areas of physics have seen this paradigm
shift, including molecular dynamics, chaos theory,[33] ab initio calculations, astrophysics,
gravitational wave transient data analysis,[34][35] density-matrix localisation, seismology, optics,
turbulence and quantum mechanics. This change has also occurred in image processing, EEG,
EMG,[36] ECG analyses, brain rhythms, DNA analysis, protein analysis, climatology, human sexual
response analysis,[37] general signal processing, speech recognition, acoustics, vibration
signals,[38] computer graphics, multifractal analysis, and sparse coding. In computer vision and
image processing, the notion of scale space representation and Gaussian derivative operators is
regarded as a canonical multi-scale representation.

Wavelet denoising
Suppose we measure a noisy signal , where
represents the signal and represents the noise. Assume has
a sparse representation in a certain wavelet basis, and

Let the wavelet transform of be

, where is the
wavelet transform of the signal component and is
the wavelet transform of the noise component. Signal denoising by wavelet
transform thresholding
Most elements in are 0 or close to 0, and

Since is orthogonal, the estimation problem amounts to recovery of a signal in iid Gaussian
noise. As is sparse, one method is to apply a Gaussian mixture model for .

Assume a prior , where is the variance of "significant"

coefficients and is the variance of "insignificant" coefficients.

Then , is called the shrinkage factor, which depends on the prior

variances and . By setting coefficients that fall below a shrinkage threshold to zero, once the
inverse transform is applied, an expectedly small amount of signal is lost due to the sparsity
assumption. The larger coefficients are expected to primarily represent signal due to sparsity, and
statistically very little of the signal, albeit the majority of the noise, is expected to be represented in
such lower magnitude coefficients... therefore the zeroing-out operation is expected to remove
most of the noise and not much signal. Typically, the above-threshold coefficients are not modified
during this process. Some algorithms for wavelet-based denoising may attenuate larger coefficients
as well, based on a statistical estimate of the amount of noise expected to be removed by such an
attenuation.

At last, apply the inverse wavelet transform to obtain

Multiscale climate network

Agarwal et al. proposed wavelet based advanced linear [39] and nonlinear [40] methods to construct
and investigate Climate as complex networks at different timescales. Climate networks constructed
using SST datasets at different timescale averred that wavelet based multi-scale analysis of climatic
processes holds the promise of better understanding the system dynamics that may be missed
when processes are analyzed at one timescale only [41]

List of wavelets

Discrete wavelets
Beylkin (18)
Moore Wavelet
Biorthogonal nearly coiflet (BNC) wavelets
Coiflet (6, 12, 18, 24, 30)
Cohen-Daubechies-Feauveau wavelet (Sometimes referred to as CDF N/P or Daubechies
biorthogonal wavelets)
Daubechies wavelet (2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, etc.)
Binomial QMF (Also referred to as Daubechies wavelet)
Haar wavelet
Mathieu wavelet
Legendre wavelet
Villasenor wavelet
Symlet[42]

Continuous wavelets

Real-valued
Beta wavelet
Hermitian wavelet
Meyer wavelet
Mexican hat wavelet
Poisson wavelet
Shannon wavelet
Spline wavelet
Strömberg wavelet

Complex-valued
Complex Mexican hat wavelet
fbsp wavelet
Morlet wavelet
Shannon wavelet
 Modified Morlet wavelet

See also
Chirplet transform
Curvelet
Digital cinema
Dimension reduction
Filter banks
Fourier-related transforms
Fractal compression
Fractional Fourier transform
Gabor wavelet § Wavelet space[43]
Huygens–Fresnel principle (physical wavelets)
JPEG 2000
Least-squares spectral analysis for computing periodicity in any including unevenly spaced
data
Multiresolution analysis
Noiselet
Non-separable wavelet
Scale space
Scaled correlation
Shearlet
Short-time Fourier transform
Spectrogram
Ultra wideband radio – transmits wavelets

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Further reading
Haar A., Zur Theorie der orthogonalen Funktionensysteme, Mathematische Annalen, 69,
pp. 331–371, 1910.
Ingrid Daubechies, Ten Lectures on Wavelets, Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics,
1992, ISBN 0-89871-274-2.
Ali Akansu and Richard Haddad, Multiresolution Signal Decomposition: Transforms, Subbands,
Wavelets, Academic Press, 1992, ISBN 0-12-047140-X.
P. P. Vaidyanathan, Multirate Systems and Filter Banks, Prentice Hall, 1993, ISBN 0-13-
605718-7.
Gerald Kaiser, A Friendly Guide to Wavelets, Birkhauser, 1994, ISBN 0-8176-3711-7.
Mladen Victor Wickerhauser, Adapted Wavelet Analysis From Theory to Software, A K Peters
Ltd, 1994, ISBN 1-56881-041-5.
Martin Vetterli and Jelena Kovačević, "Wavelets and Subband Coding", Prentice Hall, 1995,
ISBN 0-13-097080-8.
Barbara Burke Hubbard, "The World According to Wavelets: The Story of a Mathematical
Technique in the Making", A K Peters Ltd, 1998, ISBN 1-56881-072-5, ISBN 978-1-56881-072-
 0.
Stéphane Mallat, "A wavelet tour of signal processing", 2nd edition, Academic Press, 1999,
ISBN 0-12-466606-X.
Donald B. Percival and Andrew T. Walden, Wavelet Methods for Time Series Analysis,
Cambridge University Press, 2000, ISBN 0-521-68508-7.
Ramazan Gençay, Faruk Selçuk and Brandon Whitcher, An Introduction to Wavelets and Other
Filtering Methods in Finance and Economics, Academic Press, 2001, ISBN 0-12-279670-5.
Paul S. Addison, The Illustrated Wavelet Transform Handbook, Institute of Physics, 2002,
ISBN 0-7503-0692-0.
B. Boashash, editor, "Time-Frequency Signal Analysis and Processing – A Comprehensive
Reference", Elsevier Science, Oxford, 2003, ISBN 0-08-044335-4.
Tony F. Chan and Jackie (Jianhong) Shen (https://sites.google.com/view/jackieshen/), Image
Processing and Analysis – Variational, PDE, Wavelet, and Stochastic Methods, Society of
Applied Mathematics, ISBN 0-89871-589-X (2005).
Press, W. H.; Teukolsky, S. A.; Vetterling, W. T.; Flannery, B. P. (2007), "Section 13.10. Wavelet
Transforms" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110811154417/http://apps.nrbook.com/empanel/in
dex.html#pg=699), Numerical Recipes: The Art of Scientific Computing (3rd ed.), New York:
Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-88068-8, archived from the original (http://apps.n
rbook.com/empanel/index.html#pg=699) on 2011-08-11, retrieved 2011-08-13.
"How Wavelets Allow Researchers to Transform — and Understand — Data" (https://www.quan
tamagazine.org/how-wavelets-allow-researchers-to-transform-and-understand-data-2021101
3/). Quanta Magazine. 2021-10-13. Retrieved 2021-10-20.

External links
"Wavelet analysis" (https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=Wavelet_analysis),
Encyclopedia of Mathematics, EMS Press, 2001 [1994]
1st NJIT Symposium on Wavelets (April 30, 1990) (First Wavelets Conference in USA) (http://w
eb.njit.edu/~ali/s1.htm)
Binomial-QMF Daubechies Wavelets (http://web.njit.edu/~ali/NJITSYMP1990/AkansuNJIT1ST
WAVELETSSYMPAPRIL301990.pdf)
Wavelets (http://www-math.mit.edu/~gs/papers/amsci.pdf) by Gilbert Strang, American
Scientist 82 (1994) 250–255. (A very short and excellent introduction)
Course on Wavelets given at UC Santa Barbara, 2004 (http://wavelets.ens.fr/ENSEIGNEMEN
T/COURS/UCSB/index.html)
Wavelets for Kids (PDF file) (http://www.isye.gatech.edu/~brani/wp/kidsA.pdf) (Introductory (for
very smart kids!))
WITS: Where Is The Starlet? (http://www.laurent-duval.eu/siva-wits-where-is-the-starlet.html) A
dictionary of tens of wavelets and wavelet-related terms ending in -let, from activelets to x-lets
through bandlets, contourlets, curvelets, noiselets, wedgelets.
The Fractional Spline Wavelet Transform (http://bigwww.epfl.ch/publications/blu0001.pdf)
describes a fractional wavelet transform based on fractional b-Splines.
A Panorama on Multiscale Geometric Representations, Intertwining Spatial, Directional and
Frequency Selectivity (https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sigpro.2011.04.025) provides a tutorial on
two-dimensional oriented wavelets and related geometric multiscale transforms.
Concise Introduction to Wavelets (https://www.scribd.com/document/436856865/Concise-Intro
duction-to-Wavelets) by René Puschinger
A Really Friendly Guide To Wavelets (http://www.polyvalens.com/blog/wavelets/theory/) by
Clemens Valens
"How Wavelets Allow Researchers to Transform — and Understand — Data" (https://www.quan
tamagazine.org/how-wavelets-allow-researchers-to-transform-and-understand-data-2021101
3/). Quanta Magazine. 2021-10-13. Retrieved 2021-10-20.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wavelet&oldid=1190080607"