StepUP 2023 GS1 FLT Synopsis

Q1. How does Early Buddhist stupa art effectively convey Buddhist ideals through the incorporation of folk motifs and
narratives? (10M)

Introduction
Early Buddhist stupa art serves as a remarkable testament to the ingenious fusion of cultural elements, including folk motifs
and narratives, to effectively convey Buddhist ideals. These stupas, characterized by their unique architectural design and
intricate embellishments, offer profound insights into the core teachings of Buddhism.

Body:

Early Buddhist Stupa-art effectively conveyed Buddhist ideals

● Symbolism of Stupa Architecture: The stupa's domed shape represents a meditating figure, akin to the Buddha at the
moment of Enlightenment. This architectural symbolism conveys the importance of meditation and inner
transformation in the pursuit of Buddhist ideals.
○ Example: The Great Stupa at Sanchi, one of the most iconic stupas, features this distinctive dome shape,
underscoring the significance of meditation in Buddhist practice.
● Jataka Narratives as Teaching Tools: The incorporation of Jataka narratives into stupa art is a pivotal method for
conveying Buddhist ideals. These stories, which depict the Buddha's past lives and moral lessons, are portrayed
through intricate sculptural reliefs or paintings on stupas.
○ Example: The Bharhut Stupa showcases sculpted panels narrating Jataka tales, effectively illustrating virtues
like compassion and selflessness.
● The lotus flower: The lotus flower is a common motif in Buddhist art, and it is often used to represent the Buddha's
enlightenment.
○ The lotus flower grows in muddy water, but it emerges pure and unsullied. This symbolizes the Buddha's ability
to rise above the suffering of the world and achieve enlightenment.
● Ritual Devotion and Walking Meditation: Early Buddhist Stupa art encourages ritual devotion and meditative practices,
seamlessly weaving folk elements into religious expression. Devotees circumambulate stupas, a practice that fosters
mindfulness and reverence for the Buddha's teachings.
○ Example: At the Dhamek Stupa in Sarnath, pilgrims practice walking meditation, symbolizing their spiritual
journey from ignorance to enlightenment.
● Axis Symbolism and Cosmic Significance: The yasti or spire atop a stupa symbolizes the axis mundi, the central point
around which the universe revolves. This cosmic symbolism elucidates the Buddhist concept of interconnectedness and
the pursuit of enlightenment as a transformative journey.
○ Example: The Borobudur in Indonesia exemplifies this cosmic symbolism, emphasizing the interplay between
earthly existence and spiritual awakening.
● The Unchanging Function of Stupas: to serve as enduring reminders of the Buddha and his teachings. This unchanging
role emphasizes the timeless nature of Buddhist ideals.
○ Example: The stupa at Nagarjunakonda continues to inspire practitioners, illustrating the enduring relevance
of Buddhist principles.
Conclusion

Early Buddhist Stupa-art through their architectural symbolism, Jataka narratives, meditative practices, cosmic
representations, and enduring function, these stupas serve as living embodiments of the Buddha's teachings. They not only
transmit the core principles of Buddhism but also inspire generations to embark on their own transformative journeys towards
spiritual enlightenment.

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Q2. India boasts an invaluable repository of historical texts, inscriptions and manuscripts. Discuss their significance and
challenges in preserving them. (10M)

Introduction
India is home to a vast and varied collection of historical texts, inscriptions, and manuscripts, which collectively represent a
priceless treasure trove of knowledge and cultural heritage. These materials document the history, art, literature, religion,
science, and technology of the Indian subcontinent from ancient times to the present day.

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Significance of an invaluable repository of historical texts, inscriptions and manuscripts in India:

• Preserving cultural identity: Historical texts and manuscripts serve as windows into India's ancient civilizations, allowing
us to understand the socio-cultural, economic, and political aspects of different eras.
• Academic and research value: These artefacts are essential for academic research and scholarship. Scholars use them to
reconstruct historical narratives, study linguistic evolution, and analyze the development of various disciplines.
o E.g. rock inscriptions of Emperor Ashoka
• Traditional Knowledge Systems: Many texts contain traditional knowledge systems, such as Ayurveda, Yoga, and Vedic
sciences. Preserving these manuscripts is crucial for ensuring the continuity of ancient wisdom and practices that
continue to influence modern society.
o E.g. Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita
• Architectural and artistic Insights: Inscriptions on monuments and manuscripts provide insights into architectural and
artistic techniques of their respective periods.
o They help in understanding aesthetics, craftsmanship, and technological advancements of bygone eras.
• Cultural continuity: Historical artefacts are integral to India's cultural identity and heritage.
o They foster a sense of national pride and connect the present generation with its roots, fostering a strong
cultural continuity.
o According to the National Mission for Manuscripts (NMM), India possesses an estimated 10 million
manuscripts in 80 ancient scripts like Brahmi, Kushan, Gaudi, Lepcha, and Maithili.

Challenges in preserving historical texts, inscriptions and manuscripts in India:

• Deterioration: Many historical texts, inscriptions, and manuscripts are fragile and susceptible to deterioration due to
factors like humidity, temperature, pests, and improper handling.
• Lack of infrastructure: Many repositories lack the necessary infrastructure for proper storage, cataloguing, and
conservation of these artefacts. Proper climate control, pest management, and secure storage are essential but often
lacking.
• Language barriers: A significant portion of these historical texts are written in languages that are no longer widely spoken.
o Deciphering and translating these texts require specialized linguistic skills, which can be a barrier to their
preservation and interpretation.
• Funding constraints: Adequate funding is essential for preservation efforts, including digitization, restoration, and
training of personnel.
• Digitization and accessibility: While digitization can enhance accessibility and reduce wear and tear on physical artefacts,
the process requires investment in technology and expertise.
• Cultural sensitivity: Some texts and manuscripts may contain sensitive content or sacred knowledge. Striking a balance
between preserving these materials while respecting cultural sensitivities can be complex.

The government is proposing the National Manuscripts Bill, 2023, to protect and preserve these manuscripts. The primary goals
include documentation, cataloguing, maintaining accurate information, and regulating access to manuscripts.

Conclusion
Overcoming challenges through digitization, proper conservation practices, and funding will ensure that these invaluable treasures
continue to enrich India's cultural, historical, and intellectual legacy for generations to come.

Q3. How did the challenges posed by the Great Depression (1930) encourage a re-evaluation of traditional economic policies
and political ideologies? (10M)

Introduction

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The Great Depression was a major economic downturn that lasted from 1929 to 1939. It was the worst economic crisis in the
history of the industrialized world and had devastating effects on both rich and poor countries.

Body:

The challenges posed by the Great Depression in the 1930s had a profound impact on traditional economic policies and
political ideologies, leading to a re-evaluation and transformation of both.

● Global Economic Collapse: The Great Depression was a worldwide economic crisis. It wasn't limited to the United
States; it affected economies across the globe. This demonstrated the interconnectedness of economies and
highlighted the vulnerability of the international economic system.
● Trade and Protectionism: In response to the Depression, many countries adopted protectionist measures, such as
tariffs and trade restrictions, in an attempt to safeguard their own industries and jobs. This led to a significant decline in
international trade and worsened the global economic downturn.
● Monetary Policy: The failure of the gold standard and the lack of coordinated action among central banks contributed
to the severity of the Depression. In response, countries moved toward more flexible exchange rate systems and
adopted policies to better manage their money supplies.
● Fiscal Policy: The ideas of economists like John Maynard Keynes, who advocated government intervention through
increased spending during recessions, gained prominence. This paved the way for modern fiscal policies aimed at
stabilizing economies.

● Social Safety Nets: The suffering caused by the Great Depression led to the establishment and expansion of social
safety net programs in many countries. Unemployment benefits, social security, and other forms of social assistance
became integral components of welfare states, providing economic security to citizens during times of crisis.
● Role of Government: Governments realized the need for regulatory measures to prevent financial speculation and
protect consumers and investors. This shift in thinking influenced economic policy for decades to come.
● International Cooperation: The Great Depression highlighted the importance of international cooperation in managing
economic crises. Efforts like the Bretton Woods Conference in 1944 and the establishment of the International
Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank were influenced by the lessons learned from the Depression. These
institutions aimed to promote economic stability and cooperation on a global scale.
● Political Ideological Shifts: Socialist and communist movements gained traction as they promised more equitable
distribution of wealth.
○ FDR's New Deal and similar policies in Europe blurred the lines between capitalism and socialism, leading to a
hybrid system known as the welfare state.
● Global Impact: In many countries, the Depression challenged existing political ideologies and contributed to social and
political upheaval.
○ In Germany, for example, economic hardship played a role in the rise of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party.
● Long-Term Effects: The memories of economic hardship and financial collapse influenced decision-makers for
generations, leading to a commitment to avoiding similar economic catastrophes. This contributed to the stability and
growth experienced in many Western economies after World War II.

Conclusion

The challenges posed by the Great Depression forced a re-evaluation of traditional economic policies rooted in laissez-faire
capitalism and led to the emergence of Keynesian economics and increased government intervention in the economy. These
changes also influenced political ideologies and contributed to the development of the modern welfare state in many
democracies.

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Q4. British colonial interests in India extended beyond commerce and territory. Elucidate. (10M)

Introduction
The British colonial presence in India is often associated with its economic and territorial aspirations. However, a deeper
examination reveals that their interests extended far beyond these conventional spheres.

Body:

British colonial interests beyond commerce and territory:

• Cultural Imperialism: British colonial interests in India included an agenda of cultural imperialism. The British sought to
impose their language, education system, and values on the Indian population.
o The establishment of English-medium schools and universities aimed at producing a class of Indians who would
serve as intermediaries between the British rulers and the local population.
• Civilizing Mission: The British justified their rule by framing it as a "civilizing mission." They believed that they were
bringing modernity and progress to a supposedly backward Indian society.
o This perspective allowed them to intervene in various aspects of Indian life, from social customs to religious
practices.
o It also provided them with a moral justification for their rule.
• Christian Missionary Activities: Colonial interests went beyond politics and economics to religious conversion. British
missionaries actively propagated Christianity in India.
o They aimed to convert Indians to Christianity, viewing it as a way to "save" their souls and align them with
British values.
• Resource Extraction: While commerce was a significant motive, resource extraction played a crucial role. India was a
source of raw materials such as cotton, indigo, and spices.
o The British exploited these resources to fuel their industries back home. This not only enriched the British
economy but also led to severe economic exploitation of India.
• Strategic Military Interests: The British used India as a strategic military outpost in Asia. India's geographical location
provided them with a base from which they could safeguard their interests in the region and counter potential threats
from other colonial powers.
o The Indian soldiers, known as Sepoys, played a crucial role in maintaining British imperial control across various
parts of Asia.
• Political Control: Beyond territorial expansion, the British aimed to establish political control over various princely states
and regions in India.
o They used a policy of divide and rule, exploiting existing fault lines and communal tensions to ensure that
resistance to British rule remained fragmented. This approach facilitated their overall dominance.
• Administrative Efficiencies: The British introduced administrative reforms aimed at streamlining governance and
revenue collection. While these reforms often served British interests, they also inadvertently laid the groundwork for
modern administrative systems in India.
o This administrative legacy continues to influence Indian governance today.

Conclusion
The British colonial rule in India had a profound impact on the country. It left a legacy of economic exploitation, political control,
social and cultural transformation, and military suppression. The legacy of British colonialism is still debated today.

Q5. How do traditional Indian family values intersect with the fundamental rights and principles enshrined in the
Constitution? Illustrate instances of coexistence and contradictions. (10M)

Introduction

Traditional Indian family values have long been the bedrock of the country's social fabric, shaping the way individuals interact
within the family unit. These values are deeply intertwined with the fundamental rights and principles enshrined in the
Constitution of India. This intersection reveals instances of coexistence where these values reinforce constitutional ideals, as
well as contradictions that arise when traditional norms clash with the constitutional framework.

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Coexistence

● Respect for Elders and Constitutional Rights: Traditional Indian families place immense importance on respecting
elders. This aligns with the constitutional principles of equality and non-discrimination (Article 15) and protection of
the rights of minorities (Article 29).
○ Elders' wisdom and experience are acknowledged, fostering a harmonious family environment that values
diverse perspectives.
● Collectivism and Right to Equality: The emphasis on collective family well-being mirrors the constitutional
commitment to equality (Article 14). Families often make decisions in the best interest of all members, reflecting the
idea that no one should be treated unfairly or unequally.
● Value of Education and Right to Education: Indian families traditionally prioritize education, which complements the
constitutional directive to provide free and compulsory education to all children up to the age of 14 (Article 21-A).

Contradictions

● Gender Roles and Gender Equality: Traditional gender roles, where men are often seen as breadwinners and women as
homemakers, can conflict with constitutional principles of gender equality (Article 15) and women's rights (Article
15(3)). Such roles can restrict women's access to opportunities outside the home.
● Arranged Marriages and Freedom to Choose: While arranged marriages are a part of Indian culture, they sometimes
challenge the constitutional right to choose one's life partner (Article 21 - Right to Life and Personal Liberty).
○ Forced marriages or opposition to inter-caste or inter-religious marriages can infringe upon individual
freedom.
● Hierarchy and Right to Equality: Hierarchical structures within families may contradict the constitutional commitment
to equality (Article 17 - Abolition of Untouchability).
○ Discrimination based on caste or social status within the family can perpetuate social inequalities.

Illustration of Intersection of Fundamentals rights and Family values

Aspect Coexistence Contradictions

Right to Families often emphasize treating all members equally, Discrimination based on factors like gender, caste, or
Equality regardless of gender, caste, or religion. religion can persist within families, contradicting the
constitutional right to equality.

Right to Families usually prioritize education and invest in the In some cases, families may discourage education,
Education academic development of their children. particularly for girls, which goes against the right to

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 education guaranteed by the Constitution.

Right to Families often value privacy within the household and There can be instances of intrusion into an
Privacy respect personal boundaries. individual's privacy within the family, such as in
arranged marriages or expectations regarding
personal choices.

Right to Family discussions and debates are common and Some families may discourage dissenting opinions,
Freedom of encouraged, allowing members to express their suppressing the right to freedom of speech and
Speech and opinions. expression.
Expression

Right to Families play a significant role in arranging marriages, Forced marriages, child marriages, and inter-caste
Marriage which can align with the right to marry a person of or inter-religious marriage opposition can conflict
one's choice. with individual rights to choose a life partner.

Right to Life Families often prioritize the safety and well-being of Cases of honour killings or extreme restrictions on
and Liberty their members. personal freedom within families can violate these
fundamental rights.

Conclusion

It is important to note that while these contradictions and conflicts exist, many Indian families also evolve and adapt to align
more closely with constitutional principles as society progresses and becomes more aware of individual rights and freedoms.

Q6. Reflect on the continued lack of acceptance for LGBTQ+ individuals in Indian society, despite the decriminalization of
same-sex relationships. (10M)

Introduction

The decriminalization of same-sex relationships in India was undoubtedly a landmark moment for LGBTQ+ rights in the country.
However, despite this legal victory, the lack of acceptance for LGBTQ+ individuals in Indian society continues to persist. This
deeply ingrained issue is rooted in a complex web of social, economic, cultural, religious, ethical, and constitutional factors.

Body:
Reasons for continued lack of acceptance for LGBTQ+ individuals in Indian society

● Social aspect: Social Stigma and Stereotyping: One of the primary reasons for the lack of acceptance is the enduring
social stigma and stereotypes surrounding LGBTQ+ individuals. Despite legal progress, many people still view
homosexuality as unnatural or immoral. This attitude is fueled by ignorance and misconceptions about sexual
orientation.
○ Example: The widely popular Indian TV show "Satyamev Jayate" highlighted the experiences of LGBTQ+
individuals who faced discrimination and prejudice from their families, peers, and communities.
● Economic aspect: Economic marginalization further exacerbates the challenges faced by LGBTQ+ individuals. Many are
forced to hide their identities due to fear of discrimination at the workplace. The lack of legal protection against
workplace discrimination compounds this issue.
○ Example: A study conducted by the National Human Rights Commission found that a significant number of
transgender individuals in India are forced into begging or sex work due to limited employment
opportunities.
● Cultural and Religious Factors: Indian society is deeply influenced by cultural and religious beliefs, which often clash
with LGBTQ+ acceptance. Traditional notions of family and marriage are deeply ingrained, making it difficult for many
to accept non-heteronormative relationships.
○ Example: The resistance to same-sex marriage is evident in various religious communities, such as the
opposition to the decriminalization of homosexuality by some Hindu and Muslim religious leaders.
● Ethical and Moral Dilemmas : Many individuals grapple with ethical dilemmas regarding LGBTQ+ rights, often
stemming from conservative values and beliefs.

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 ○ The Indian film "Aligarh" (2015) based on the real-life story of Dr. Shrinivas Ramchandra Siras, a professor
who was suspended from Aligarh Muslim University for his sexual orientation. This film serves as a powerful
reminder of the ethical complexities surrounding LGBTQ+ acceptance in Indian society.
● Constitutional and Legal Framework : The lack of specific anti-discrimination laws leaves the community vulnerable to
various forms of bias.
○ Example: Despite the legal victory, LGBTQ+ individuals continue to face discrimination in housing, healthcare,
and education. The lack of legal remedies hampers their ability to seek justice.

Conclusion and Way forward

● Human Rights Perspective: Upholding LGBTQ+ rights align with the principles of justice, equality, and non-
discrimination, fundamental to human rights.
● While decriminalization marked a critical step forward, it is clear that legal reform alone is insufficient.
○ Addressing this issue requires a multi-pronged approach, including:
■ Education to dispel stereotypes,
■ economic empowerment,
■ Dialogue with religious communities,
■ Comprehensive anti-discrimination laws.
● Only through collective efforts can India hope to achieve true acceptance and inclusion for its LGBTQ+ citizens.

Q7. How commodification of natural resources affects ecosystems. Why is recognizing nature's rights important for the
harmonious existence of Human society? (10M)

Introduction

Commodification of natural resources refers to treating them as tradable commodities, often leading to their exploitation for
economic gain. The commodification of natural resources, driven by economic interests, has significantly reshaped the
relationship between human society and the environment.

Body:

Impact of commodification of natural resources on ecosystem:

• Market-Driven Exploitation: Here the primary goal is profit, and the value of these resources is primarily assessed in
economic terms.
• Economic Inequality: Those who control or have access to these resources can accumulate wealth, while marginalized
communities often bear the environmental and social costs of resource extraction.
• Deforestation: The demand for valuable timber species like teak and rosewood has led to the clearance of vast forest
areas, disrupting ecosystems and livelihood of traditional tribal communities dependent on them
o For example, the deforestation of Amazon Forest is driving out local indigenous population of the forest.
• Mining and mineral extraction: These large-scale operations come with severe environmental repercussions that range
from habitat destruction to pollution.
o E.g., The mining of Bauxite near Niyamgiri hills in Odisha (2011) led to protest by local tribal groups.
• Water commodification and dam construction: The commodification of water resources for irrigation, hydropower, and
urban water supply has led to the construction of dams and reservoirs. While these projects have provided benefits, they
have also caused ecological disruptions.
o For instance, Sardar Sarovar Dam on the Narmada River has led to the submergence of forests and habitats,
affecting local biodiversity.
• Agricultural expansion and land conversion: The conversion of wetlands, grasslands, and forests into agricultural land
has led to the loss of crucial ecosystems and habitats.
o For instance, the conversion of mangrove forests for shrimp farming along the coastlines has negatively
impacted coastal ecosystems and fishery resources.
• Commercial fishing: The commodification of fishery resources has led to overfishing and depletion of marine
ecosystems.

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 o E.g. The Gulf of Mannar in India has witnessed the decline of coral reefs and marine life due to destructive
fishing practices.

Need for recognizing nature's rights important for harmonious existence of Human society:
• Ecosystem services and human well-being: Recognizing nature's rights ensures the preservation of these services, which
directly contribute to human health, livelihoods, and overall well-being.
o E.g., several states in India and in other countries, rivers have been awarded legal rights
• Biodiversity conservation: This recognition motivates efforts to conserve biodiversity, which is crucial for maintaining
ecosystem stability, resilience, and adaptability to changing conditions.
• Sustainable resource management: Recognizing nature's rights promotes responsible resource management. It
discourages overexploitation, pollution, and habitat destruction, ensuring that resources are used in ways that allow
for their renewal and availability for future generations.
• Cultural and Ethical Considerations: Many cultures and indigenous communities have deep spiritual connections with
nature. Recognizing nature's rights respects these cultural beliefs and indigenous knowledge, contributing to cultural
diversity and social harmony.
• Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation: A rights-based approach to nature encourages policies that prioritize
ecosystem restoration and conservation.
• Interconnectedness of Life: Preserving ecosystems and species not only benefits those individual entities but also
supports the intricate web of relationships that sustain life on Earth.

Conclusion
By acknowledging the intrinsic value of nature and its rights, societies can work toward a more balanced and respectful
relationship with the environment, fostering a harmonious and sustainable future for all.

Q8. Briefly discuss the nature and relevance of quaternary and quinary sectors in the Indian economy. (10M)

Introduction
The quaternary and quinary sectors of the economy are considered the extensions of the tertiary sector of the
economy and both are knowledge-oriented.

Body
• Nature of the quaternary sector:
o Quaternary activities involve services like the collection, production and dissemination of information or even
the production of information.
o They centre around research, development and may be seen as an advanced form of services involving
specialized knowledge and technical skills.
o These services are not tied to resources, or affected by the environment, nor necessarily localized by market
and so, these can be outsourced.
▪ E.g., Statisticians, teachers, and financial planners come under the quaternary sector.
• Nature of the quinary sector:
o The quinary sector comprises the highest level of decision-makers or policymakers.
o Quinary activities are services that focus on the creation, re-arrangement and interpretation of new and existing
ideas; data interpretation and the use and evaluation of new technologies.
o Often referred to as ‘gold collar’ professions, they include highly paid skills of senior business executives,
government officials, research scientists, financial and legal consultants, etc.
▪ E.g., Non-profit organizations, mass media, public education, information systems, etc.

Relevance of quaternary and quinary sectors:

• Economic development:
o The service industry has come to take a large share in the economic activity, and hence, the quaternary and
quinary sectors are becoming highly relevant.
• Population context:

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 o Given the current population composition of India, the quaternary and quinary sectors will help realize the goal
of a demographic dividend, by offering new opportunities for the newly-educated large youth population.
o Also, the quaternary and quinary sectors can accommodate the workers who out-migrate from the primary and
secondary sectors.

New age developments:

• With the increasing popularity of artificial intelligence, the information services-based quaternary services and the
human services-based quinary sector have become highly relevant than ever before.
• With the development of the gig economy there is a largescale outsourcing of services and the quaternary sector gains
significance in this regard.

Conclusion
Given the trends with globalization and the rise of the tertiary sector, both the quaternary and quinary sectors are
gaining increased significance and holding potential for progress and contribution.

Q9. Why has the Moon's south pole become a focal point of interest for space exploration? (10M)

Introduction

India’s Moon mission Chandrayaan-3 scripted history by successfully landing on the lunar surface. With the Lander
accomplishing a ‘soft landing’ on the Moon’s south pole, India becomes the only country to have ever done so.

Body:

Reason for Moon’s south pole becoming a focal point of interest

● Lunar Water: More Than Just H2O
○ Water Ice Deposits: Significant evidence suggests the presence of water ice in permanently shadowed craters
near the south pole.
○ The significance of water goes beyond its life-sustaining properties. When in space, it translates to potential
fuel, breathable oxygen, and of course, a source of hydration for astronauts.
○ Lunar water’s presence on the Moon, not being bound by Earth’s gravitational force, can be more efficiently
utilized or transported to further locations in space.
● Resource Potential: Beyond water, the lunar south pole may contain valuable resources like helium-3, which could be
used for nuclear fusion energy on Earth.
● Scientific Value: The south pole offers a unique opportunity to study the Moon's history, geology, and cosmic
phenomena, such as the polar cold traps and the impact history of the region.
● Continuous Sunlight: Some areas near the south pole experience almost continuous sunlight, which can be harnessed
for solar power generation, making it an attractive location for lunar bases.
● Strategic location: The Moon's south pole is located near the lunar equator, which makes it a good place to launch
missions to other parts of the solar system.
● Accessibility: The Moon's south pole is relatively accessible from Earth, making it a viable target for both crewed and
uncrewed missions.
○ The shorter travel distance reduces mission costs.
● International Interest: Multiple countries and space agencies have expressed interest in lunar exploration, leading to
potential collaboration and resource sharing at the south pole.

Conclusion

As a result of these factors, the Moon's south pole is a highly contested region. Several space agencies, including NASA, the
European Space Agency, and the Chinese National Space Administration, are planning missions to the Moon's south pole in the
coming years. Several private companies are planning to mine water ice and rare minerals from the Moon, and some are even
considering building lunar bases at the south pole.

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Q10. Identify the factors exacerbating the issue of salinity ingress in India's coastal areas. Also, highlight its consequences.
(10M)

Introduction
Salinity ingress, a growing concern in India's coastal regions, stems from the intrusion of seawater into land and freshwater
systems. This phenomenon, triggered by a combination of natural and anthropogenic factors, has far-reaching implications for
ecosystems, agriculture, and livelihoods along the coastlines.

Body:

Factors Exacerbating Salinity Ingress:

• Sea Level Rise: As a result of climate change, rising sea levels lead to seawater encroachment into coastal areas, causing
saltwater intrusion into freshwater aquifers.
o In areas like the Sundarbans delta, increased salinity affects agriculture and freshwater sources.
• Over-extraction of Groundwater: Excessive groundwater extraction for agriculture and urban use lowers the water table,
facilitating the intrusion of saline water into freshwater zones.
o In parts of Vasai-Virar area of the Thane district, intensive groundwater extraction for agriculture and domestic
use
• Inadequate Drainage Systems: Poorly designed or maintained drainage systems in coastal regions can lead to the
accumulation of saline water in low-lying areas, further exacerbating salinity issues.
o In Mumbai's low-lying areas, inadequate drainage systems during monsoons lead to stagnant water, which,
combined with tidal ingress, increases salinity levels.
• Deforestation and Mangrove Destruction: The removal of mangroves and coastal vegetation reduces the natural barriers
that prevent saltwater intrusion, making coastal areas more vulnerable.
o E.g. loss of mangrove forests in the Godavari delta
• Agricultural Practices: Improper irrigation practices and excessive use of fertilizers can lead to soil salinization, reducing
agricultural productivity.

Consequences of Salinity Ingress:

• Agricultural Productivity Decline: Salinity affects soil fertility, reducing agricultural yields and affecting livelihoods of
coastal farmers.
o E.g. reduced rice yields in Sunderban region
• Drinking Water Shortages: Saline intrusion into freshwater aquifers can lead to drinking water shortages, particularly for
communities’ dependent on groundwater.
o E.g. specially in coastal villages of Gujarat.
• Ecosystem Degradation: Increased salinity in coastal ecosystems leads to loss of biodiversity, affecting marine life and
vegetation.
• Livelihood Disruption: Coastal communities relying on fishing and agriculture face economic losses due to reduced yields
and increased production costs.
o For instance, salinity-induced damage to cashew plantations in Konkan region
• Land Degradation: Soil salinization affects land quality, rendering it unsuitable for cultivation and reducing land value.
o Coastal lands in parts of Tamil Nadu's Nagapattinam district have become unsuitable for cultivation due to
salinity.
• Loss of Biodiversity: Marine and coastal ecosystems suffer due to changes in salinity levels, impacting fish species, coral
reefs, and mangroves.
• Health Impacts: Saline water intrusion can lead to increased salinity in drinking water, which may have health
implications for coastal communities.
o E.g. saline intrusion in drinking water sources Kerala's Kuttanad region.

Conclusion
Urgent measures are required to address this issue, including sustainable water management practices, restoration of coastal
ecosystems such as mangroves, and climate change adaptation strategies.

Q11. How did regional influences contribute to the evolution of Indo-Islamic architecture in different parts of India? Provide
examples to illustrate these features. (15M)

Introduction

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The establishment of the Muslim rule since the end of the 12th century brought together two great architectural traditions.
Eventually, this led to a greater synthesis and fusion of the best in both traditions which manifested in some of the most beautiful
Indo-Islamic monuments in the Indian sub-continent. Mosques and mausoleum were centers of Islamic architecture in India.

Body:

Contribution of regional influences to the evolution of Indo-Islamic architecture in different parts of India:
• North India - Delhi Sultanate and Mughal Period: The Delhi Sultanate and Mughal Empire integrated Persian
architectural elements such as intricate calligraphy, arches, and bulbous domes.
o The integration of Indian elements like chhatris (elevated pavilions), intricate stone carvings, and decorative
motifs.
o E.g. The tomb of Salim Chishti, Palace of Jodha Bai, Ibadat Khana, Birbal’s House etc.

• Central India - Malwa Sultanate: The Malwa Sultanate blended Islamic and
indigenous architectural styles, evident in structures like the Jahaz Mahal in
Mandu.
o The use of local materials and the incorporation of temple-style
architecture, like domes resembling shikharas.

• Western India - Gujarat: Gujarat's architecture fuses Persian, Indian, and Islamic
aesthetics, with structures like the Sidi Saiyyed Mosque in Ahmedabad showcasing
intricate stone lattice work.
o Gujarati mosques often feature distinctively shaped minarets and decorative
elements unique to the region.

• Southern India - Deccan Sultanates and Bahmani Sultanate: Deccan

architecture integrates Dravidian features like smaller domes,
perforated screens, and finials.
o E.g., The Jama Masjid at Gulbarga is quite well known. The
courtyard of this mosque is covered with a large number of
domes and is the only mosque in India which has a covered
courtyard.

• Eastern India - Bengal Sultanate: Indo-Islamic structures in Bengal exhibit influences

from local Bengal architecture.
o The Adina Mosque in Pandua features Bengali hut-style roofs, distinct from
traditional Islamic domes.

• Kashmir - Shah Hamdan's Influence: In the valley of Kashmir, timber was widely used
due to the absence of stone. This is evident in structures like the Shah Hamdan's
Shrine, reflecting local building practices.

Conclusion
The evolution of Indo-Islamic architecture in different parts of India demonstrates the rich tapestry of regional influences that
have shaped the nation's architectural heritage. This fusion of styles not only showcases the artistic ingenuity of the builders but
also signifies the harmonious coexistence of various cultural and architectural traditions.

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Q12. The events of 1857 showcased the resilience of India's resistance against British rule, yet revealed the limitations of a
fragmented and localized movement. Explain. (15M)

Introduction

The year 1857 marks a pivotal moment in the history of British India, often referred to as the Indian Rebellion of 1857 or the
Sepoy Mutiny. This tumultuous period demonstrated India's unwavering determination to resist British colonial rule, but it
also highlighted the challenges posed by a fragmented and localized movement.

Body:
Revolt showcased Resilience of India's Resistance:

● The Spark: The events of 1857 were ignited by the use of the new Enfield rifle cartridges, rumored to be greased with
cow and pig fat, which deeply offended both Hindu and Muslim sepoys (Indian soldiers) in the British East India
Company's army.
● Widespread Participation: The rebellion quickly spread across a vast geographical expanse, encompassing regions like
Delhi, Meerut, Kanpur, Lucknow, Jhansi, and many others.
○ This widespread participation demonstrated the unity of purpose among diverse communities.
● Leadership and Symbolism: Leaders like Bahadur Shah II, Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi, and Kunwar Singh emerged as
symbols of resistance.
○ Bahadur Shah II's coronation in Delhi symbolized an attempt to revive the Mughal Empire, presenting a
powerful anti-British sentiment.
● Civilian Involvement: It wasn't just the soldiers who rebelled; civilians also actively participated. This included peasants,
artisans, and common people who were often marginalized in the historical narrative but played a vital role in the
revolt.

Limitations of a Fragmented and Localized Movement

● Lack of Central Leadership: One of the most significant limitations of the 1857 revolt was the absence of a central,
coordinated leadership. The rebellion was often localized, with leaders primarily focused on their own regions and
objectives.
● Diverse Motivations: The rebels had diverse motivations, including concerns over religion, political power, and
economic grievances.
○ For instance, in Awadh, the peasants revolted against the oppressive land revenue policies, while in Delhi, the
focus was on restoring the Mughal rule. These differing motivations sometimes led to conflicting goals and
strategies.
● Suppression and Isolation: The British response was brutal and effective. They managed to isolate and suppress various
pockets of resistance, often through superior military force and divide-and-rule tactics.
○ In Lucknow, for example, the British managed to isolate and besiege the rebel forces led by Begum Hazrat
Mahal, ultimately suppressing the uprising. Similarly, in Jhansi, despite Rani Lakshmibai's valiant efforts, the
British managed to capture the city.
● Lack of Modern Weapons: The rebels were mostly armed with traditional weapons like swords and muskets, while the
British had access to modern artillery and firearms.
○ This technological disadvantage limited the rebels' ability to engage in sustained, large-scale warfare,
especially against well-equipped British forces.

1857 revolt led to a significant transformation

● End of the East India Company: The events of 1857 ultimately led to the dissolution of the British East India Company,
with control passing to the British Crown through the Government of India Act 1858. This marked a significant shift in
governance.
● Emergence of Nationalism: Although the revolt failed as a military campaign, it sowed the seeds of Indian nationalism.
The brutality of the British response galvanized many Indians to unite against colonial rule in the years to come.

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 ● Lessons Learned: Indians realized the importance of a more organized and united approach in their struggle for
independence. This understanding would shape future movements, such as the Indian National Congress.

Conclusion

While the rebellion showcased the indomitable spirit of Indians in their quest for freedom, it also underscored the need for
better coordination, leadership, and a unified vision to effectively challenge the might of the British Empire. Ultimately, the
lessons learned from 1857 would pave the way for a more organized and sustained struggle for India's independence in the
years to come, making it a crucial turning point in the nation's history.

Q13. Montague-Chelmsford reforms of 1919 fell short of devolving power to a representative, responsible government that
could truly satisfy Indians. Critically examine the act. (15M)

Introduction

In line with the government policy contained in Montagu’s statement (August 1917), the Government announced further
constitutional reforms in July 1918, known as Montagu- Chelmsford or Montford Reforms. The Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms
were reforms introduced by the British Government in India to introduce self-governing institutions gradually to India.

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Additional Points: Key features of Montague-Chelmsford reforms of 1919:

Feature Description
Dyarchy • Introduced the system of dyarchy, classifying government functions into "reserved" and
"transferred" subjects.
• Provided partial power transfer to the electorate to involve Indians in governance.
Provincial Autonomy • Established the framework for devolution of powers, contributing to the notion of Indian
federalism.
• Identified provinces as units of fiscal and general administration, enhancing their autonomy.
Classification of Provided for the classification of subjects as central and provincial, clarifying the scope of legislative
Subjects authority for each level of government.
Bicameral Central Introduced a bicameral central legislature comprising the Central Legislative Assembly and the Council
Legislature of States, fostering a more inclusive legislative process.
Public Service Established a Public Service Commission in India, marking the first instance of such a body in the country.
Commission
Emancipating Local Emphasized the need to free local governments and legislatures from central control, allowing them
Governments greater autonomy in decision-making.
Advancing Advocated progressing incrementally towards conferring responsible government on provinces, paving
Responsible the way for increased self-governance.
Government
Introduction of Introduced elections to legislatures, facilitating wider political participation and representation.
Elections
Accountable Established the principle of the Council of Ministers being responsible to the parliament, ensuring
Governance accountable governance by directing that the "Government of India must remain wholly responsible to
Parliament."

Montague-Chelmsford reforms trying to satisfy the demands of Indians

• Parliamentary system: introduced a parliamentary system in India, enabling Indians to participate in budget-making
and policy formulation through elected representatives.
• Decentralized Governance (Diarchy): The diarchy system granted decentralized governance by dividing government
functions into "reserved" and "transferred" subjects, enabling Indian ministers to manage certain areas of
administration.
• Transition to Responsible Government: It introduced ministerial responsibility and paved the way for accountable
governance.
• Election and Political Awareness: Introduction of elections to legislatures generated political consciousness among the
masses, as they gained the power to choose their representatives.

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 • Expansion of Franchise: it extended the right to franchise to several Indian women and aimed to facilitate direct
engagement with administration.

Montague-Chelmsford reforms failing to satisfy the demands of Indians:

• Limited Franchise: The franchise remained restricted due to property qualifications and other requirements, hindering
broad political participation.
• Centre's Lack of Control: The central legislature lacked control over the governor-general and his executive council,
curtailing the legislative's influence on vital matters.
• Unsatisfactory Division of Subjects: The division of subjects at the center was inadequate, leading to ambiguities and
challenges in governance.
• Allocation of Seats Based on Importance: Allocation of seats in the Central Legislature to provinces was based on varying
factors like Punjab's military significance and Bombay's commercial importance. This approach lacked equity.
• Unworkable Dyarchy at Provincial Level: The parallel administration of subjects under dyarchy at the provincial level was
irrational and impractical, leading to inefficiencies.
• Limited Ministerial Control: Provincial ministers had limited control over finances and bureaucrats, leading to conflicts
and a lack of autonomy. They could also be overruled by the governor.
• Rowlatt Act and Suppression: Despite the promise of constitutional reforms, the British government introduced the
Rowlatt Act in 1919, granting extraordinary powers to suppress dissent.
o The Act allowed imprisonment without trial and suspended the right of habeas corpus.

Conclusion
In essence, the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms were marred by a combination of limitations and actions that contradicted the spirit
of reform. These reforms were seen as a compromise that did not meet the demands of either side, and this led to further unrest
and eventually to the independence movement.

Q14. World War II's scientific and technological progress not only led to new applications and conflicts but also crucially
shaped the war's trajectory and its aftermath. Discuss (15M)

Introduction

World War II's profound impact extended beyond the battlefield, with scientific and technological advancements leaving a lasting
imprint on post-war life. These innovations, developed to secure victory, evolved into integral components of daily existence,
catalysing transformative changes that endured well beyond 1945.

Body:

Advancements of scientific and technological progress shaping the war:

• Nuclear Technology: The Manhattan Project's development of nuclear weapons changed the dynamics of warfare. The
atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki not only hastened Japan's surrender but also ushered in the nuclear age.
• Aircraft and Missile Technology: World War II saw the evolution of aircraft technology, with innovations like jet engines
and long-range bombers.
o The V-2 rocket by Germany marked the beginning of missile technology, shaping future space exploration.
• Radar and Encryption: The development of radar technology enabled more effective air defense and navigation, while
the advancement of encryption techniques facilitated secure communication, enabling better military coordination.
o E.g. Allied success in breaking Enigma.
• Medical and Healthcare Innovations: Wartime demands spurred medical advancements like antibiotics, blood
transfusion techniques, and prosthetics. E.g. Production of penicillin, blood plasma transfusion etc.
o These innovations extended to civilian healthcare, saving countless lives and shaping medical practices.

Advancements of scientific and technological progress on WWII trajectory:

• Turning Points: Technological breakthroughs like the development of long-range bombers and submarines shifted the
balance of power in the conflict.
o The Battle of Britain, the Atlantic convoys, and other pivotal moments hinged on technological superiority.
• War Strategy: Technological advances determined key strategic decisions. The success of D-Day relied on innovations
like amphibious vehicles, radar-guided landing craft, and precision bombing.

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 • Destruction and Demise: The destructive capacity of new weaponry intensified the brutality of the war. The mass
destruction wrought by air raids and bombings influenced post-war sentiments and discussions on international
relations.
• Warfare Evolution: Technological progress led to the evolution of warfare from traditional infantry battles to more
mechanized and aerial forms. Tanks, aircraft, and missiles changed the way battles were fought.

Post war impact of advancements of scientific and technological progress:

• Cold War and Arms Race: The atomic bomb and rocketry technology birthed the Cold War. The arms race between
superpowers defined global politics and fuelled the Space Race, leading to moon landings and satellite technologies.
• Science and Industry: The war accelerated scientific research and development, fostering closer ties between academia,
industry, and the military.
o Post-war, this collaboration catalysed the growth of industries and technological innovation.
• Globalization: Wartime advancements, from aviation to communication, laid the foundation for globalization.
Technologies developed during WWII facilitated global trade, communication, and cultural exchange.
• Medical Progress: War-driven medical research, including advancements in surgery and trauma care, shaped modern
medicine and healthcare systems.

Conclusion
The scientific and technological advances of World War II had a profound impact on the course of the war, and they also had a
lasting impact on the world after the war. These advances continue to shape our world today, and they will continue to do so for
many years to come.

Q15. How does the identity of being an "Indian citizen" coexist with the diversity of identities based on caste, language, creed
and profession? (15M)

Introduction

India is celebrated for its incredible diversity, but it is also a nation bound together by the idea of citizenship. This diversity is
deeply ingrained in the Indian social fabric and shapes the identities of its citizens in various ways.

● Unity in Diversity: "Unity in diversity" is a commonly used phrase in India, highlighting the coexistence of numerous
identities under the overarching identity of Indian citizenship. Indians take pride in their ability to maintain a sense of
unity despite the vast diversity in language, religion, culture, and more.

Body:

Identity of being an "Indian citizen" coexist with the diversity of identities:

Aspect of Identity Example Coexistence with Indian Citizenship

Caste Identity Belonging to a specific While caste identity is significant, individuals are also recognized as Indian
caste, e.g., Brahmin, Dalit citizens with equal legal status.

Language Proficiency in a regional While language is a crucial part of one's cultural identity, Indian citizenship
Identity language, e.g., speaking transcends linguistic boundaries. People from various language backgrounds
Bengali in West Bengal share the common identity of being Indian citizens.

Religious Identity Practicing a particular India is a secular country, and its constitution guarantees freedom of religion.
religion, e.g., Hinduism, People can freely practice their faith while being Indian citizens, adhering to
Islam common laws and principles.

Professional Occupation or profession, Professional identity is a significant aspect of an individual's life, but it doesn't
Identity e.g., doctor, farmer conflict with Indian citizenship. Citizens from various professions contribute to
the nation's development.

Regional Identity Strong affiliation with a Regional identity complements Indian citizenship. India is a federation of
particular state or region, states, and regional diversity is celebrated within the national framework.
e.g., being a proud

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 Maharashtrian

Intersectionality An individual belonging to Intersectionality enriches an individual's identity. They can simultaneously
multiple categories, e.g., a identify with their religion, region, and profession while being Indian citizens
Punjabi Sikh business with equal rights.
owner

Challenges and Tensions

● These diverse identities can sometimes lead to tensions, conflicts, or discrimination.

● Caste-based violence, linguistic disputes, and religious conflicts have been issues in Indian society.
● However, the idea of Indian citizenship, as enshrined in the constitution, aims to transcend these divisions and provide
equal rights and protections to all citizens.

Conclusion

Identity of being an "Indian citizen" is not in conflict with the diverse identities based on caste, language, creed, and
profession. Instead, it serves as a unifying force that binds together a remarkably diverse and pluralistic nation. While these
other identities are crucial aspects of an individual's self-perception, they coexist with and are often complemented by the
overarching identity of being an Indian citizen.

Q16. What underlies the concept of regionalism and its emergence within societies? Does an uneven allocation of
development benefits across regions contribute to the growth of regionalism? (15M)

Introduction

Regionalism can be defined as a phenomenon in which people’s political loyalties become focused upon a region. Regionalism in
India is rooted in India’s diversity of languages, cultures, tribes, economic interests etc.

Body:

Underlying factors of regionalism and its emergence within societies:

• Geographical proximity: People who live in close proximity to each other are more likely to interact with each other and
develop a sense of common identity.
o In India, this is accentuated by the linguistic distribution along geographical contours.
• Shared history: In India, historical and cultural factors hold immense sway in fanning the flames of regionalism. The
interplay of cultural heritage, folklore, myths, and historical traditions contribute to the regional identity.
o E.g. Demand for Dravida Nadu
• Common economic interests: Concentrated industrial development, robust educational and healthcare facilities,
advanced communication networks, and rapid agricultural growth in certain regions contrast starkly with the
underdevelopment witnessed in other areas.
o E.g. Punjab, Haryana and western U.P.
• Political factors: Regional political parties and local leaders are adept at harnessing regional sentiments for political gains.
They capitalize on the sense of regional deprivation and use it to solidify their support bases.
o E.g. regional parties in Telangana, Tamil nadu etc.
• Cultural factors: Linguistic aspirations and expression of ethnicity have long remained a formidable basis of regionalism.
o E.g. North east in India.

Uneven development and its role in fueling regionalism:

• Perceived Neglect: Regions that receive fewer development benefits may perceive themselves as neglected by the
central government. This perception can breed resentment and fuel demands for greater autonomy or more control
over local resources.
o E.g. North – South divide in India
• Identity Assertion: Uneven development can strengthen regional identities as people seek to protect and promote their
cultural and economic interests in the face of perceived neglect.
o E.g. Maharastra for Marathi, son of soil idea etc.

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 • Economic Asymmetry: Economic disparities can lead to competition for resources and opportunities. Regions left behind
may demand more equitable resource distribution and development policies.
o E.g. BIMARU state
• Fertile Ground for Parties: Uneven development can provide fertile ground for regional political parties to exploit
regional sentiments for electoral gains.
o Parties championing regional issues may attract substantial support, further solidifying regionalism. E.g.
Telangana Movement
• Identity and Pride: Regions with stronger economic development often take pride in their achievements, which can
amplify their regional identity. Conversely, underdeveloped regions may seek more control over resources to promote
their economic growth.

Ways to address the uneven allocation of development benefits across regions:

• Invest in all regions equally: This means ensuring that all regions have access to the same resources and opportunities.
• Inclusive governance: Ensure representation of all regions in policy-making bodies. This ensures that development
policies consider the needs of all regions, preventing concentration of benefits in certain areas.
• Decentralize power: This means giving more power to local and regional governments, so that they can make decisions
that are best for their own communities.
• Promote regional cooperation: This means encouraging regions to work together to address common problems. E.g.
Idea of cooperative federalism
• Introducing a system of national education that would help people to overcome regional feelings and develop an
attachment towards the nation can act as a long-term solution to the problem of sub-nationalism.
• Implement transparent mechanisms for resource allocation to avoid favoritism or bias. Transparent processes build
public trust and confidence.

Conclusion
Uneven allocation of development benefits across regions can indeed contribute to the growth of regionalism. In countries like
India, where diverse regions coexist, addressing regional disparities is crucial for maintaining national unity and promoting
equitable development.

Q17. What are hydrothermal mineral deposits? Analyse the environmental concerns and geopolitical challenges involved in
the extraction of hydrothermal mineral deposits in the Indian Ocean. (15M)

Introduction
Hydrothermal mineral deposits are accumulations of valuable minerals that formed from hot water circulating in the Earth's crust.
The hot water can dissolve minerals from the rocks it passes through, and then precipitate them when the water cools or the
pressure changes.

These deposits yield valuable minerals like gold, silver, copper, zinc, and even gemstones like diamonds and rubies.

Body:

Potential of Hydrothermal mineral deposits in Indian Ocean

• The Indian Ocean contains several hydrothermal mineral deposits, including massive sulfide deposits, cobalt-rich crusts,
and manganese nodules.
• These deposits offer opportunities for valuable mineral extraction, which could potentially benefit the economies of
countries in the region.

Environmental Concerns and Geopolitical Challenges in Hydrothermal Mineral Extraction in the Indian Ocean:

Environmental Concerns
• Ecosystem Disruption: Hydrothermal mineral extraction involves seabed mining, which can disrupt fragile deep-sea
ecosystems.
o This disruption can lead to habitat destruction, loss of biodiversity, and alteration of ecological processes.
• Chemical and Heavy Metal Release: The process of extracting hydrothermal minerals releases sediment plumes,
potentially containing toxic substances and heavy metals.
o These substances can affect marine life and travel long distances, impacting larger marine ecosystems.
• Unknown Consequences: Deep-sea ecosystems are poorly understood, and the impacts of mining on these ecosystems
are largely unknown.

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 o There is a risk of irreversible damage to unique species and habitats that have evolved in these extreme
environments.
• Sediment Resuspension: Mining activities can suspend sediments on the ocean floor, affecting water quality and
reducing light penetration. This can impact photosynthesis and primary productivity, ultimately affecting the entire food
chain.

Geopolitical Challenges:
• Resource Competition: Hydrothermal mineral deposits contain valuable metals like cobalt, nickel, and rare earth
elements.
o The demand for these resources in various industries can lead to international competition and potential
conflicts over access and control.
• Territorial Claims: The Indian Ocean region has multiple countries with overlapping claims and interests.
o Extraction activities can exacerbate existing geopolitical tensions and disputes over maritime boundaries.
o Several countries in the region, including India, China, and Japan, have expressed interest in exploring and
mining these deposits.
• Legal Frameworks: The absence of comprehensive legal frameworks for deep-sea mining in international waters poses
challenges. The development of regulations, environmental standards, and mechanisms for dispute resolution is essential
to prevent conflicts.
• Environmental Diplomacy: Balancing economic interests with environmental concerns requires diplomacy and
cooperation among countries.

Way forward:
• Collaborative efforts are needed to address the global impact of hydrothermal mineral extraction.
• Environmental Impact Assessment: Rigorous environmental impact assessments must be conducted before extraction
activities commence. This helps identify potential risks and develop mitigation strategies.
• Technological Innovation: Developing advanced technologies that minimize environmental damage during extraction
and sediment plume management can help mitigate negative impacts.
• Transparency and Accountability: Open and transparent information sharing among countries, stakeholders, and
companies can ensure responsible mining practices.

Conclusion
Samudrayaan mission (Deep Ocean Mission) is India's first manned ocean mission. India plans to mine polymetallic nodules
from the Central Indian Ocean Basin (CIOB) in 2025 through Deep Ocean Mission.

Q18. The Arctic's Northern Sea Route offers access to vast resources, trade opportunities, and global attention, driving India's
strategic involvement. Explore challenges and implications of India's Arctic engagement. (15M)

Introduction
The Northern Sea Route (NSR), the shortest shipping route for freight transportation between Europe and countries of the Asia-
Pacific region, straddles four seas of the Arctic Ocean. Running to 5,600 km, the Route begins at the boundary between the
Barents and the Kara seas (Kara Strait) and ends in the Bering Strait (Provideniya Bay).

Body:

Challenges of India's Arctic Engagement:

• Geopolitical Competition: The Arctic is witnessing growing interest from major powers, including Russia, China, and the
United States.
o India's involvement could potentially lead to increased geopolitical competition in the region.
• Limited Experience and Infrastructure: India lacks experience in operating in extreme Arctic conditions. Building the
necessary infrastructure for Arctic operations, such as icebreakers, poses technical and financial challenges.
• Environmental Concerns: Arctic ecosystems are delicate and vulnerable. Increased shipping and resource extraction
could lead to environmental degradation, risking irreversible damage to the region's unique ecosystems.
• Resource Exploitation and Sustainable Development: Balancing resource exploitation with sustainable development
principles is crucial.
o Mismanaged resource extraction could harm local communities and ecosystems.
• International Law and Governance: The Arctic lacks a comprehensive legal framework governing various activities,
leading to uncertainties about rights, regulations, and responsibilities among nations.

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 • Impact on Indigenous Communities: Any activities in the Arctic may have socio-cultural and economic impacts on
indigenous communities that rely on the region's resources for their livelihoods.
• Infrastructure and Connectivity: Developing efficient transport and logistics infrastructure to navigate the Northern Sea
Route is essential for realizing trade opportunities. However, this requires substantial investment.
Implications of India's Arctic Engagement:
• Geopolitical significance: Strong cooperation with the Arctic countries provides an opportunity to expand India’s ‘Act
East’ approach.
o For instance, linking the coastal city of Chennai to Vladivostok with a maritime route essentially means Russia’s
Far East would extend to India as well.
• Connectivity: India expects that ice free conditions in the Arctic would soon result in the “opening of new shipping routes
and thereby lowering costs and reshaping global trade.
o Traffic, especially through the Northern Sea route, is rising exponentially and is projected to quadruple by 2025.”
• Energy requirements: India aims to become carbon neutral by 2070 and thus is in dire need of cleaner fuel. Arctic region
has potential to supply Natural Gas and other cleaner fuel.
o It will align with India’s environmental stewardship in the international arena whilst diversifying its energy
imports.
• Manpower export: Given the increasing discovery of resources and the opening of shipping routes, the need for
infrastructural development is consequently increasing. India can help fulfil this need, using it as a basis for building trust.
o For instance, collaboration and involving skilled Indian labour in infrastructure development such as building
ports and other economic activities would act as a relations-building activity.
• Potential investment opportunities: India sees the Arctic as “the largest unexplored prospective area for hydrocarbons
remaining on earth” besides its vast reserves of mineral deposits. It also keeps in perspective India's investment in Russia
which amounts to $15 billion in oil and gas projects.
o Hence India seeks to explore “similar opportunities in other Arctic nations as well”
• Research promotion: Arctic countries are home to some of the top polar research institutions in the world.
Collaborations with them can benefit India, not only in its arctic endeavors but also in addressing domestic challenges.
o For instance, Study and research regarding warming of the arctic will help India to develop an understanding of
fast-melting glaciers in the Himalayas, which is referred to as the Third Pole.
• Increasing India’s Clout: India may extract out of its position at the Arctic Council and existing activities in the region the
ability to strengthen its international presence.

Conclusion
India’s burgeoning involvement in the Arctic, underscored by its significant role in the Northern Sea Route’s cargo traffic,
exemplifies its strategic pursuit of diversified energy resources and enhanced trade corridors.

Q19. Analyse the factors that position Tier 2 and 3 cities as potential engines of development as India undergoes
urbanization. Also, discuss the challenges these cities face and suggest measures. (15M)

Introduction
As India undergoes rapid urbanization, Tier 2 and 3 cities are emerging as potential engines of development. These cities offer
unique opportunities for economic growth, improved infrastructure, and balanced regional development.

Body:

Factors Positioning Tier 2 and 3 Cities as Engines of Development:

• Economic Diversification: Tier 2 and 3 cities provide a platform for diversification of industries and services beyond major
metropolitan areas.
o This can lead to a more balanced distribution of economic activities across the country.
• Cost Advantage: These cities often have lower land and labour costs compared to Tier 1 cities. This cost advantage
attracts businesses seeking to optimize their operations while maintaining affordability.
• Infrastructure Development: Urbanization in these cities presents an opportunity to plan and develop infrastructure in
a more organized and sustainable manner.
o This can lead to efficient transportation networks, modernized utilities, and smart city initiatives.
• Skilled Workforce: As education spreads and connectivity improves, these cities are building a skilled workforce that can
cater to various sectors, including IT, manufacturing, and services.
• Reduced Urban Congestion: The expansion of economic activities to Tier 2 and 3 cities can help alleviate congestion in
major cities, reducing strain on existing infrastructure.

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Challenges Faced by Tier 2 and 3 Cities:
• Limited Infrastructure: Many of these cities lack adequate infrastructure for transportation, sanitation, healthcare, and
education. This hampers their growth potential and quality of life.
o E.g., The power supply in Tier 2 and 3 cities is often unreliable, with frequent outages.
• Skilled Labour Shortage: While there is a growing workforce, there might be a shortage of skilled labour in certain sectors,
hindering the growth of industries that require specialized expertise.
• Access to Finance: Access to capital and finance for businesses and infrastructure projects can be limited in smaller cities,
posing challenges to their development.
o E.g., lower credit and financial service penetration in Tier 2 and 3 cities
• Rural-Urban Migration: The allure of Tier 1 cities often leads to rural-urban migration, which could drain Tier 2 and 3
cities of their potential workforce and limit their growth.
• Market Challenges: Developing a consumer base and attracting investors can be challenging due to the perception that
major cities offer better opportunities.

Measures to Harness the Potential and Overcome Challenges:

• Infrastructure Investment: Prioritize investments in transportation, energy, healthcare, and education infrastructure to
provide a conducive environment for development.
o E.g., Fund for infrastructure development under Smart Cities Mission.
• Skill Development: Establish skill development centres and vocational training programs to bridge the gap between
available skills and industry requirements. E.g., Skill India Mission.
• Ease of Doing Business: Streamline regulatory processes and provide incentives to attract businesses to set up
operations in Tier 2 and 3 cities.
• Local Governance Empowerment: Strengthen local governance institutions to enable efficient urban planning, resource
management, and citizen participation.
o For instance, initiatives like AMRUT scheme aims to strengthen urban local bodies' capacity to plan and
implement projects.
• Entrepreneurship Support: Foster an entrepreneurial ecosystem by providing financial support, mentorship, and
incubation facilities to encourage the growth of local businesses.
o E.g., Tier 2 & 3 cities account for nearly 50% of recognized startups In India.
• Digital Connectivity: Improve digital connectivity to enable e-commerce, online education, and remote work, thereby
connecting Tier 2 and 3 cities to global opportunities.
o E.g., Digital India Start-up Hub programme and Digital India Investment Fund.
• Sustainable Urbanization: Incorporate sustainable practices in urban planning to ensure resource efficiency, waste
management, and environmental conservation.
o E.g., Cities like Bhopal are focusing on technology-driven solutions for urban challenges.

Conclusion
Tier 2 and 3 cities possess the potential to drive India's urban development journey towards inclusive growth. Strategic efforts
addressing challenges and capitalizing on opportunities can create a network of thriving urban centers that contribute to economic
progress and improved quality of life.

Q20. “Climate change will disproportionately impact the Global South, particularly South Asia”. What are the key factors
contributing to South Asia's vulnerability? Mention the potential implications for disaster management and resilience in the
region. (15M)

Introduction
Climate change is the alteration of weather patterns over extended periods, from decades to millions of years. As the world
grapples with the consequences of shifting weather patterns, rising sea levels, and extreme events, it becomes evident that the
Global South, with a particular focus on the South Asian region, stands at the forefront of vulnerability.

Body:

Key factors contributing to South Asia's vulnerability:

• Geographical Diversity: South Asia exhibits remarkable geographical diversity, from coastal areas to mountainous
terrains.
o This diversity makes the region susceptible to a wide range of climate-related hazards, including sea-level rise,
cyclones, floods, and landslides.

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 • Population Density: The region is home to a significant portion of the world's population. High population density in
vulnerable areas amplifies the impact of climate-induced disasters, as witnessed during the 2022 floods in Pakistan and
the recurring cyclones in Bangladesh.
• Agricultural Dependence: Agriculture is a backbone of South Asian economies, employing a substantial portion of the
population.
o Erratic rainfall patterns, prolonged droughts, and extreme weather events pose a threat to food security and
livelihoods, with potential consequences for social stability.
• Water Scarcity: Many countries in South Asia heavily rely on glacier-fed rivers for their water supply.
o The rapid melting of glaciers due to rising temperatures endangers the availability of freshwater resources,
leading to water scarcity issues.
• Urbanization and Infrastructure: Rapid urbanization in the region has led to haphazard growth, inadequate
infrastructure, and increased vulnerability to disasters.
o Unplanned urban expansion often takes place in hazard-prone areas, exacerbating the impact of climate-related
events.
• Lack of Resources: Many countries in South Asia face resource constraints, limiting their capacity to adapt and mitigate
climate change.
o Insufficient financial resources, technological capabilities, and skilled manpower hinder effective disaster
response and preparedness.
• Poverty: High poverty rates limit the ability of communities in south asia to adapt to climate change impacts, making
them more susceptible to displacement and livelihood loss.

Potential implications for disaster management and resilience in the region:

• Increased disaster frequency and severity: As climate change intensifies, South Asia is likely to experience more frequent
and severe disasters, including floods, cyclones, and heatwaves.
• Health issues: Rising temperatures can exacerbate health issues such as heat stress, vector-borne diseases, and
waterborne illnesses, straining healthcare systems.
• Infrastructure damage: Frequent disasters can damage infrastructure, affecting energy supply, transportation, and
communication networks.
• Threat to food security: Erratic monsoons, floods, and droughts can disrupt agricultural productivity, leading to food
shortages and price volatility.

Measures for Disaster Management and Resilience:

• Safeguarding agriculture: Long-term savings from investment in resilience and coping mechanisms—such as better
irrigation, improved seed varieties, and adopting climate-smart agriculture is the way forward for the poor and
vulnerable countries.
• Cross-Border Cooperation: Transboundary disasters like floods in shared river basins require cooperation among
neighboring countries.
o Climate change emphasizes the need for regional collaboration in disaster management.
• Investment in R&D is needed to spur innovations in sustainable climate-friendly and climate-proof productivity, and the
private sector can help with this.
• Setting up of early warning system: A relatively low-hanging fruit, but a very effective one, is to set up early warning
systems that alert the populations about an impending disaster.
• Awareness: Improving community information and preparedness reduces vulnerability.
• Making infrastructure more resilient: to withstand or to adapt to the detrimental impacts of climate change.
• Community-centered approaches: Engaging local communities in decision-making processes ensures that adaptation
strategies are tailored to their needs and knowledge.
• Investing in climate resilience can be financially efficient for development partners because up-front investment in
protection can be less expensive than humanitarian relief and reconstruction after a disaster.

Conclusion
Collaborative action at local, national, and international levels is crucial to effectively address the complex challenges posed by
climate change in South Asia.

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