CHAPTER IV

WORK PROCEDURE

A. LEARNING OUTCOME OF THE TOPIC

Code Learning Outcome of the topic

L1 The students are able to mention some work procedures in their engineering area.
L2 the students are able to present the work procedure in their engineering area.
L3 The students are able to read and answer the questions regarding the
manual/instruction.
L4 The students are able to write an email.
L5 The students are able to apply some parts of speech especially the preposition,
conjunction, and interjection

B. DESCRIPTION
The chapter describes some work procedures in engineering area, describe the work
procedure in engineering area, read and answer the questions regarding the
manual/instruction, write an email, and apply some parts of speech especially the preposition,
conjunction, and interjection

C. TEACHING AND LEARNING MATERIAL

1. LISTENING & SPEAKING SECTION
Practice the following conversation!
Ameen : Evan, do you know how to clean the fan?
Evan : To clean your fan, first, you have to remove the outer cover (for box fans and
other handheld fans). Next, you apply a small amount of soap to a damp
cloth,
and wipe it thoroughly.
Ameen : Can I spray the fan cover with a hose once it’s removed?
Evan : Of course. You can spray the fan cover with a hose once it’s removed – but
not the blades unless you can remove them from the fan as well. You don’t
want to damage the fan motor. Ameen: Then, what should I do?
Evan : If you prefer a drier method, you can use a can of compressed air to remove

1
 the dust. You can also use a vacuum cleaner with a brush attachment for a
quick clean.

2. READING SECTION
Read the passages and answer the questions.
Passage 1
HOW TO CLEAN A FAN?
(Source: https://www.prolinerangehoods.com/blog/how-to-clean-a-fan/#What_You_Need)
To clean your fan, unplug it, remove the outer cover (for box fans and other handheld
fans). Apply a small amount of soap to a damp cloth, and wipe it thoroughly. You can also
spray the fan cover with a hose once it’s removed – but not the blades unless you can remove
them from the fan as well. You don’t want to damage the fan motor. Finally, if you prefer a
drier method, use a can of compressed air to remove the dust. You can also use a vacuum
cleaner with a brush attachment for a quick clean.
Cleaning your fan may not be high on your priority list, but chances are, it really
needs cleaning. Whether it is on or off, your fan will collect dust. Not to mention that ceiling
fans can be hard to reach. It’s not often that you’ll eagerly take out your ladder to clean your
ceiling fan. But, if you don’t clean your fan, it will continue to circulate dust throughout your
home – and you don’t want to be breathing in those harmful particles. Excess dust can also
overwork the motor, which will shorten its life span and may cause damage. It doesn’t take
much dust to have a measurable effect. You’ll greatly reduce the amount of dust on your
household appliances as well, if you clean your fan regularly.
What you need to clean the fan in 10 minutes or less are dish soap, warm water,
screwdriver (optional – for fans with a grate), and a couple of towels. The following is the
procedure of cleaning the fan in 10 minutes: 1) Turn your fan off and unplug it from the wall.
Before cleaning, turn the fan off and unplug it. With any electrical appliances, be sure to
unplug them before cleaning; 2) Remove the grate from your fan. If your fan has a steel grate,
you’ll want to remove this for the best clean; 3) Vacuum the grate. The best way to clean the
fan grate is to vacuum it using a handheld vacuum with a brush attachment to prevent
scratches; 4) Wipe down the grate. Wipe down the metal or plastic grate with a damp cloth;
5) Wipe down your fan blades. Now that your grate is removed and clean, wipe down your
fan blades with another towel. Use some soap or mild detergent when cleaning the fan blades
if needed. Also take this time to wipe down the entire outside of the fan, including the power
cord while it is unplugged as well; 6) Dry the fan blades and cover entirely. Before
2
reassembling your fan, it is very important to dry everything off thoroughly. You don’t want
water seeping into any electrical components of the fan, which could be dangerous; and 7)
Reattach the fan grate (if applicable). The final step is to reattach your fan grate back onto the
fan. That’s it. Now your fan is good as new.
For fans that are difficult to be removed,
compressed air is the best solution. Spray the air onto the grate and the blades to quickly
clean off the dust. The easiest way to clean fan blades is to use a towel and warm water. Most
multi-purpose cleaners work great for fans too if you want a more thorough clean. In general,
clean your fan every three to four weeks. This time frame isn’t ideal for everyone though; it
will depend on the type of fan, how many people live in your home, where your home is
located, and your cleaning habits. If you are using your fan for a single room, it can go four to
six weeks without cleaning. If you notice your room becoming dusty, it’s a good time to
clean your fan.
Ceiling fans will need to be cleaned more frequently than fans used in bedrooms or
other small spaces. More people will be going in and out of your living room and kitchen,
which means your ceiling fan will accumulate more dust over time. If it goes uncleaned, this
dust will circulate in your home and may irritate your lungs. You don’t want it to accumulate
on your household appliances either, so be sure to clean fans placed in kitchens or living
rooms more frequently.
How to Clean a Ceiling Fan? 1) Pull out a step ladder from your closet or purchase an
extendable pole and attach a duster to the end of it; 2) Turn your ceiling fan off; 3) Dust the
top of each fan blade individually; and 4) If you can reach the blades, apply an all-purpose
cleaner to a towel and wipe your fan blades.
Clean your oscillating fan every one to two months consistently to keep your
surrounding furniture and floor dust-free. If your ceiling fan goes too long without being
cleaned, it will continue to circulate dust through the air.
Box fans are a popular fan for your home. Here’s how to easily clean yours: 1) Use a
screwdriver or drill to remove the fan grate; 2) Soak the grate in your sink or bathtub for 5-10
minutes in warm soap and water and wipe it off with a towel. (You can also use a
degreaser to break down any difficult dirt or stains.); 3) Spray the degreaser on your towel or
just dip it in soapy water; 4) Ring the towel out and wipe your fan blades clean; 5) Wipe the
outside housing of your box fan; and 6) Use a screwdriver or drill to attach the fan grate back
to the main housing.
How do I stop my fan from getting dusty? Use a furniture polish or light waxing
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solution like this sweet-smelling Pledge from Amazon to keep your fan clean for longer
periods of time. These cleaners are great for any furniture in your home.
Is sleeping in front of a fan bad for you? When fans are on, they move
dust around in your home. If your fan blows air toward you while you’re sleeping, it will
send dust and other particles your way too. This can irritate the lungs and cause you to have
dry sinuses, a sore throat, or other related conditions. If you want a fan in your room, aim it
away from your bed. Place it a few feet away from you to reduce the risk of irritation.
Can I clean a fan with a hose? Yes, but you don’t want to get
the motor or motor housing wet. Be sure that the fan is turned off and unplugged. Then,
detach the fan cover or blades. But if this isn’t possible, use a vacuum cleaner with a brush
attachment. Also, after spraying the fan parts, let them air dry completely outside or wipe
them down thoroughly with a towel before further use.
Is it better to have a fan blowing in or out
of a window? If your room is warm, while the fan air may feel nice, resist the urge to point it
toward you. It’s best to point your fan outside your room since it will move the hot air
out. Note: This assumes that the air outside your room is colder than the air inside your room.
If that’s not true, point the fan toward you when it’s running.
Do fans make the room warmer?
Fans merely move air. They don’t make a room warmer or cooler. However, if you place
your fan near the AC or heating unit – or an open window when the weather is warmer or
cooler outside than your home environment – it will help circulate the air throughout your
home. Will a fan clean my air? Your fan
won’t remove unwanted contaminants from the air as a good range hood does. However, you
can clean the air in your home if you both run a fan and open your windows or run it through
a filter. Over time, the dirtier indoor air will travel out of your home, replaced by the cleaner
outdoor air (assuming the outdoor air is cleaner). Of course, it’s not always true that the
indoor air is dirtier than outdoor air. But indoor air can contain several pollutants including
carbon monoxide and asbestos, that are not common to outdoor air.
QUESTIONS
1. How do you clean your fan?
2. How do you clean the fan in 10 minutes or less?
3. What do you need to clean the fan in 10 minutes or less?
4. How do I clean a fan that doesn’t come apart?
5. What is the easiest way to clean fan blades?
4
6. How often should you clean a fan?
7. Why should we clean the ceiling fans more frequently than fans used in bedrooms or
other small spaces?
8. How do you clean a ceiling fan?
9. How often do you clean your oscillating fan?
10. How do you clean a box fan?
11. How do you stop your fan from getting dusty?
12. Is sleeping in front of a fan bad for you?
13. Can you clean a fan with a hose?
14. Is it better to have a fan blowing in or out of a window?
15. Do fans make the room warmer?
16. Will a fan clean your air?

Passage 2
MOTION SENSOR MANUFACTURING
The following is a general outline of how to use motion sensor manufacturing:
1. Understand the Motion Sensor Technology: Start by familiarizing yourself
with the principles and types of motion sensors available. The common types
include passive infrared (PIR), ultrasonic, microwave, and dual-technology
sensors. Each type has its own working principles and applications.
2. Design and Engineering: Determine the specific requirements for your motion
sensor, such as the range, sensitivity, power consumption, and output signals.
Work with engineers and designers to develop a detailed schematic and design
for your motion sensor.
3. Component Sourcing: Identify and procure the necessary components for
manufacturing the motion sensor. This may include sensor modules, integrated
circuits, microcontrollers, connectors, and other electronic components.
Ensure that the components meet your design specifications and quality
standards.
4. PCB Design and Fabrication: Create a printed circuit board (PCB) layout
based on the design specifications. This involves placing the components on
the PCB and designing the necessary electrical connections. Once the design is
finalized, get the PCBs fabricated from a reliable manufacturer.

5
 5. Assembly: Set up an assembly line or manufacturing process to populate the
PCBs with the components. This can involve manual or automated assembly
methods, depending on the scale and complexity of production. Follow proper
handling and anti-static precautions during assembly to prevent damage to the
components.
6. Quality Control and Testing: Implement quality control measures at various
stages of manufacturing to ensure the reliability and functionality of the
motion sensors. Test each sensor for accuracy, sensitivity, and responsiveness.
Develop test fixtures and procedures to streamline the testing process.
7. Enclosure and Packaging: Design and manufacture suitable enclosures for the
motion sensors. The enclosure should provide protection from external
elements and allow easy installation. Create product packaging that is visually
appealing, informative, and protective for shipping.
8. Calibration and Programming: If required, calibrate the motion sensors to
optimize their performance based on the specific application. Additionally,
program any firmware or software required for the operation of the motion
sensors.
9. Compliance and Certification: Ensure that your motion sensors comply with
relevant industry standards and regulations. This may involve testing for
electromagnetic compatibility (EMC), safety, and environmental
requirements. Obtain necessary certifications to meet legal and market
requirements.
10. Distribution and Support: Set up a distribution network to sell and distribute
your motion sensors. Provide technical support and documentation to assist
customers in installation and troubleshooting. Continuously monitor customer
feedback and improve the product based on user experiences.
Remember that this is a general overview, and the specific steps may vary depending
on the type of motion sensor you are manufacturing and the scale of production. It's advisable
to consult with experts in electronics manufacturing and follow best practices to ensure a
successful and high-quality manufacturing process.

CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWERS

1. What is the first step in motion sensor manufacturing?
A) Design and Engineering B) Component Sourcing
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 C) Understanding Motion Sensor Technology D) PCB Design and Fabrication
2. Which of the following is NOT a common type of motion sensor?
A) Passive infrared (PIR) B) Ultrasonic
C) Infrared D) Microwave
3. What is the purpose of designing a schematic and detailed design for a motion sensor?
A) To determine the range and sensitivity
B) To develop a manufacturing process
C) To understand the working principles
D) To specify requirements and visualize the final product
4. Which stage of manufacturing involves populating the PCB with components?
A) Assembly B) Quality Control and Testing
C) Enclosure and Packaging D) Calibration and Programming
5. Why is quality control important during motion sensor manufacturing?
A) To reduce power consumption B) To ensure reliability and functionality
C) To determine the range D) To optimize performance
6. What is the purpose of calibrating motion sensors?
A) To comply with regulations B) To optimize performance based on the
application
C) To reduce power consumption D) To develop test fixtures
7. Which step involves designing and manufacturing enclosures for motion sensors?
A) Design and Engineering B) PCB Design and Fabrication
C) Enclosure and Packaging D) Calibration and Programming
8. What should be considered when designing product packaging for motion sensors?
A) Visual appeal and protection for shipping B) Cost-effectiveness
C) Only protection from external elements D) Size and weight
9. How can motion sensor manufacturers improve their product based on user
experiences?
A) By reducing power consumption
B) By providing technical support
C) By continuously monitoring customer feedback
D) By complying with regulations
10. What is the final stage of motion sensor manufacturing?
A) Calibration and Programming B) Distribution and Support
C) Compliance and Certification D) Quality Control and Testing
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Passage 3
LIGHT SENSOR WITH LDR
Using a light sensor with a Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) involves connecting the
LDR to a circuit and interpreting its resistance variations based on the ambient light levels.
Here's a step-by-step guide on how to use a light sensor with an LDR:
1. Gather the Components: You'll need the following components:
 LDR (also known as a photocell or photo resistor)
 Resistor (optional, for voltage divider circuit)
 Microcontroller or analog-to-digital converter (ADC) module (optional, for
digital output)
 Breadboard or PCB for circuit prototyping
 Jumper wires
 Power supply (e.g., batteries or a regulated power source)
2. Circuit Setup:
 If you're using a simple analog output, set up a voltage divider circuit. Connect
the LDR in series with a fixed resistor. The value of the fixed resistor depends
on the resistance range of the LDR and the desired output voltage range.
 If you're using a microcontroller or ADC module, connect the LDR to an
analog input pin. Ensure you have the necessary power and ground
connections.
3. Wiring:
 Connect one terminal of the LDR to the positive supply voltage (Vcc).
 Connect the other terminal of the LDR to the input of the voltage divider
circuit or the analog input pin of the microcontroller/ADC module.
 Connect the common ground (GND) of the circuit to the ground of the power
supply.
4. Programming (if using a microcontroller or ADC module):
 Write a code to read the analog input value from the LDR.

8
  Depending on the microcontroller or ADC module you're using, there will be
specific libraries and functions to read the analog value. Consult the
documentation or resources for your specific hardware.
5. Calibration and Testing:
 Place the LDR in the environment where you want to measure the light levels.
 Power up the circuit and start reading the analog values.
 Observe the analog readings and map them to the corresponding light levels.
The LDR's resistance decreases with increasing light levels, so the analog
values will vary inversely.
6. Interpretation:
 Depending on your application, you can use the analog values directly or
perform further calculations or comparisons to determine the desired light
levels or trigger actions based on certain thresholds.
Remember that the specific implementation may vary depending on the hardware and
software you're using. It's always helpful to refer to the datasheets and documentation of your
components for detailed specifications and guidelines.

CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWERS

1. What is the first step in using a light sensor with an LDR?
A) Circuit Setup
B) Wiring
C) Programming
D) Gathering the Components
2. Which component is essential for creating a voltage divider circuit with an LDR?
A) Capacitor
B) Resistor
C) Transistor
D) Inductor
3. What is the purpose of using a microcontroller or ADC module with an LDR?
A) To regulate power supply
B) To convert analog signals to digital
C) To increase resistance
D) To provide illumination
4. How should the LDR be connected in a voltage divider circuit?
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 A) In parallel with the fixed resistor
B) In series with the fixed resistor
C) Directly to the power supply
D) None of the above
5. What should be connected to the common ground of the circuit?
A) Positive supply voltage (Vcc)
B) Negative supply voltage (Vcc)
C) Analog input pin
D) Ground of the power supply
6. What is the purpose of programming when using a microcontroller with an LDR?
A) To read the analog input value from the LDR
B) To increase the resistance of the LDR
C) To decrease the sensitivity of the LDR
D) None of the above
7. How can you determine the light levels using an LDR?
A) By observing the digital values
B) By mapping the analog values
C) By increasing the resistance
D) By decreasing the resistance
8. What does the resistance of an LDR depend on?
A) Ambient temperature
B) Ambient pressure
C) Ambient light levels
D) None of the above
9. What action should be taken after placing the LDR in the environment to measure
light levels?
A) Start reading the analog values
B) Connect the LDR to the power supply
C) Disconnect the power supply
D) None of the above
10. How should the analog readings be interpreted when using an LDR?
A) By directly using the analog values
B) By performing further calculations or comparisons
C) By ignoring the analog values
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 D) None of the above
Passage 4
MULTI-METER
A multi-meter is a versatile tool used to measure various electrical quantities such as voltage,
current, resistance, and continuity. Here's a general guide on how to use a multi-meter:
1. Familiarize Yourself with the Multi-meter:
 Read the instruction manual provided with your multi-meter to understand its
specific features, functions, and safety precautions.
 Identify the various components on the multi-meter, such as the display,
selection dial, input jacks, and probes.
2. Set the Multi-meter to the Appropriate Function:
 Turn on the multi-meter and set the selection dial to the desired function based
on what you want to measure (voltage, current, resistance, etc.).
 The selection dial may have different ranges for each function. Start with the
highest range and gradually decrease it to obtain accurate measurements.
3. Connect the Probes:
 Identify the appropriate input jacks on the multi-meter for the function you're
using (e.g., VΩmA for voltage, resistance, and current).
 Insert the red probe into the positive (+) jack and the black probe into the
negative (-) or common (COM) jack.
 Ensure the probes are securely connected and that they don't touch each other
when taking measurements.
4. Measuring Voltage:
 If measuring DC voltage, connect the red probe to the positive terminal of the
circuit/component and the black probe to the negative terminal.
 If measuring AC voltage, switch the multi-meter to the AC voltage function
and follow the same connection procedure.
 Read the voltage value displayed on the multi-meter's screen. Take note of the
unit (volts, millivolts, etc.) and decimal point position.
5. Measuring Current:
 Ensure the circuit is disconnected or turned off before measuring current.
 Set the multi-meter to the appropriate current range (based on the expected
current).

11
  Connect the multi-meter in series with the circuit/component by breaking the
circuit and inserting the multi-meter probes in line with the current flow.
 Make sure the current flows through the multi-meter from the higher current
range (A) to the lower range (mA or μA).
 Read the current value displayed on the multi-meter's screen, considering the
unit and decimal point position.
6. Measuring Resistance:
 Disconnect the circuit or component from any power source before measuring
resistance.
 Set the multi-meter to the resistance (Ω) function.
 Touch the probes across the component or circuit you want to measure.
 Read the resistance value displayed on the multi-meter's screen, considering
the unit and decimal point position.
7. Continuity Testing:
 Continuity testing is used to check if a circuit is complete or if there is a break
in the connection.
 Set the multi-meter to the continuity or diode test mode (usually indicated by a
sound wave or diode symbol).
 Touch the probes across the circuit or connection you want to test.
 If there is continuity (a complete circuit), the multi-meter will emit a beep or
show a low resistance reading. If there is no continuity, you will hear no sound
or observe a high resistance reading.
8. Additional Functions:
 Some multi-meters may have additional features like capacitance, frequency,
temperature, or transistor testing. Consult the manual to learn how to use these
functions.
Always follow proper safety precautions while using a multi-meter, such as using appropriate
personal protective equipment and ensuring the circuits you're measuring are not live when
measuring resistance or continuity. If you are unsure or dealing with complex electrical
systems, it is advisable to seek assistance from a qualified professional.

CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWERS!

1. What is a multi-meter primarily used for?
A) Measuring temperature
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 B) Measuring electrical quantities
C) Measuring length
D) Measuring weight
2. What should you do before using a multi-meter?
A) Connect the probes
B) Turn on the multi-meter
C) Read the instruction manual
D) Set the range to the lowest setting
3. Where should the red probe be inserted when using the multi-meter?
A) Positive jack
B) Negative jack
C) Common (COM) jack
D) Any jack
4. How should the range be set when starting to measure with a multi-meter?
A) To the highest range
B) To the lowest range
C) To a random range
D) It doesn't matter
5. How should the probes be connected when measuring DC voltage?
A) Red to positive, black to negative
B) Red to negative, black to positive
C) Both probes to the positive terminal
D) Both probes to the negative terminal
6. What is the purpose of continuity testing with a multi-meter?
A) To measure resistance
B) To check if a circuit is complete
C) To measure current
D) To measure voltage
7. What does it mean if a multi-meter emits a beep during continuity testing?
A) There is continuity
B) There is no continuity
C) The battery is low
D) The multi-meter is malfunctioning

13
 8. When measuring current with a multi-meter, in which direction should the current
flow through the multi-meter?
A) From the lower current range to the higher range
B) From the higher current range to the lower range
C) It doesn't matter
D) The multi-meter measures current in both directions
9. What precaution should be taken when measuring resistance with a multimeter?
A) Connect the circuit to a power source
B) Touch the probes together
C) Disconnect the circuit from any power source
D) Use the highest resistance range
10. What should you do if you are unsure about using a multi-meter?
A) Seek assistance from a qualified professional
B) Proceed with the measurement
C) Increase the voltage range
D) Disassemble the multi-meter

Passage 5
A MOTION SENSOR ALARM
Creating a motion sensor alarm involves combining a motion sensor, such as a passive
infrared (PIR) sensor, with an alarm circuit. Here's a general guide on how to make a motion
sensor alarm:
Required Components:
 PIR motion sensor module
 Alarm circuit (you can use a pre-made alarm module or build your own)
 Power supply (battery or DC power source)
 Buzzer or loudspeaker
 Resistors and capacitors (as required by the alarm circuit)
 Connecting wires
 Breadboard or PCB for circuit prototyping (if building your own alarm circuit)
 Optional: LED, switch, and other components for customization
Steps:

14
 1. Prepare the Motion Sensor: Connect the power supply terminals (Vcc and GND) of
the PIR motion sensor module to the appropriate voltage source (e.g., 5V) and
ground.
2. Connect the Motion Sensor Output to the Alarm Circuit: a) Identify the output pin of
the motion sensor module. This pin typically provides a logic high (e.g., 3.3V or 5V)
when motion is detected and a logic low when there is no motion; b) Connect the
output pin of the motion sensor module to the input pin of the alarm circuit. This
connection allows the alarm circuit to detect the motion sensor's output signal.
3. Set Up the Alarm Circuit: a) If you are using a pre-made alarm module, follow the
manufacturer's instructions to connect it to the power supply and configure any
required settings; b) If you are building your own alarm circuit, design and assemble
the circuit on a breadboard or PCB. This circuit typically involves a triggering
mechanism (such as a comparator or transistor circuit) and an audio output component
(buzzer or loudspeaker). Consult alarm circuit schematics and guides for reference.
4. Connect the Audio Output: a) Identify the audio output connection points on the
alarm circuit; b) Connect the positive and negative terminals of the buzzer or
loudspeaker to the respective audio output connections on the alarm circuit.
5. Power Up the Circuit: a) Connect the power supply to the appropriate terminals of the
motion sensor and the alarm circuit; b) Ensure that the voltage levels are compatible
with all components in the circuit.
6. Test the Motion Sensor Alarm: a) Adjust the sensitivity and other settings on the
motion sensor module, if available; b) Trigger the motion sensor by moving within its
detection range; c) The motion sensor will send a signal to the alarm circuit, which
will activate the audio output component (buzzer or loudspeaker) and produce an
alarm sound.
7. Customize and Enhance: If desired, you can add additional components to the circuit
for customization. For example, you could include an LED to indicate the alarm status
or a switch to control the alarm activation and deactivation.
It's important to note that the specifics of building a motion sensor alarm may vary depending
on the components and circuit design you use. Always refer to the datasheets, instructions,
and guides provided with your specific components, and ensure that you follow safety
precautions when working with electricity and electronics.

CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWERS!

15
1. What is the primary component used to detect motion in a motion sensor alarm?
A) LED
B) Buzzer
C) PIR motion sensor module
D) Resistor
2. What does the output pin of a PIR motion sensor module typically provide when
motion is detected?
A) Logic high
B) Logic low
C) Alternating current
D) Direct current
3. How should the power supply terminals of the PIR motion sensor module be
connected?
A) Vcc to Vcc and GND to GND
B) Vcc to GND and GND to Vcc
C) Vcc to a resistor and GND to a capacitor
D) Vcc to a capacitor and GND to a resistor
4. What is the purpose of connecting the output pin of the motion sensor module to the
input pin of the alarm circuit?
A) To power the alarm circuit
B) To detect the motion sensor's output signal
C) To connect the buzzer or loudspeaker
D) To adjust the sensitivity of the motion sensor
5. What components are typically involved in the alarm circuit of a motion sensor
alarm?
A) LED and switch
B) Transistor and capacitor
C) Triggering mechanism and audio output component
D) Resistor and power supply
6. How can you test the motion sensor alarm after setting up the circuit?
A) By touching the motion sensor
B) By moving within the sensor's detection range
C) By turning off the power supply
D) By adjusting the sensitivity of the alarm circuit
16
 7. What should you do if the alarm circuit does not produce an alarm sound when
motion is detected?
A) Increase the voltage levels
B) Check the connections and components
C) Disconnect the power supply
D) Change the alarm circuit
8. What is the purpose of adding an LED to a motion sensor alarm circuit?
A) To detect motion
B) To indicate the alarm status
C) To power the alarm circuit
D) To connect the buzzer or loudspeaker
9. Why is it important to follow safety precautions when working with a motion sensor
alarm circuit?
A) To prevent false alarms
B) To protect the components from damage
C) To ensure the alarm works properly
D) To avoid electrical hazards
10. What should you do if you are unsure about building a motion sensor alarm?
A) Seek assistance from a qualified professional
B) Proceed with the construction
C) Increase the sensitivity of the motion sensor
D) Disassemble the alarm circuit
Correct answers: 1) C, 2) A, 3) A, 4) B, 5) C, 6) B, 7) B, 8) B, 9) D, 10) A.

Passage 6
HOW TO DO THE SOLDERING
Soldering is a technique used to join electronic components together using molten metal alloy
called solder. Here's a step-by-step guide on how to do soldering:
1. Gather the Required Tools and Materials:
 Soldering iron: Choose a soldering iron with appropriate wattage for your
project. A soldering station with adjustable temperature is recommended.
 Solder: Use high-quality solder with a suitable diameter and flux core.
 Soldering stand or holder: This provides a safe place to rest the soldering iron
when not in use.
17
  Wet sponge or brass sponge: Used to clean the soldering iron tip.
 Helping hands or clamps: Useful for holding components and wires in place
during soldering.
 Flux (optional): Flux helps improve solder flow and wetting on the surfaces
being soldered.
 Wire cutters/strippers: For preparing wires and leads.
 Safety goggles and heat-resistant work surface: Ensure proper safety
precautions.
2. Prepare the Work Area:
 Select a well-ventilated area to solder in to avoid inhaling fumes.
 Ensure you have a heat-resistant work surface or a soldering mat to protect the
work area from heat damage.
 Keep your soldering tools organized and easily accessible.
3. Clean the Soldering Iron Tip:
 Heat up the soldering iron and allow it to reach the operating temperature.
 Clean the soldering iron tip by wiping it on a damp sponge or brass sponge.
This removes any oxidation or debris.
4. Tin the Soldering Iron Tip:
 Apply a small amount of fresh solder to the cleaned soldering iron tip.
 The solder should melt and coat the tip evenly. This process is called tinning.
 Wipe the excess solder on the sponge, leaving a thin, shiny coat on the tip.
5. Prepare the Components:
 Cut, strip, and twist the wires or leads of the components you need to solder
together.
 Trim any excess wire length to keep the connections neat.
6. Heat the Joint:
 Hold the soldering iron so that the tip touches both the component lead and the
pad or wire you want to join.
 Apply gentle pressure to ensure good contact between the surfaces.
 Heat the joint for a few seconds until the soldering surface is hot enough to
melt the solder.
7. Apply Solder:
 Touch the solder wire to the heated joint, not the soldering iron tip.
 The solder should melt and flow smoothly onto the joint.
18
  Apply just enough solder to cover the joint without creating excessive solder
blobs.
8. Allow the Joint to Cool:
 Once you have achieved a good solder joint, remove the solder wire while
keeping the soldering iron in place.
 Maintain the joint without disturbing it until the solder solidifies.
9. Inspect and Clean:
 Examine the solder joint for a shiny, smooth appearance, indicating a good
connection.
 Remove any excess solder or solder bridges using desoldering braid or a
solder sucker if necessary.
10. Practice and Refine:
 Soldering skills improve with practice. Take time to familiarize yourself with
the technique and experiment on scrap components or practice boards before
working on critical projects.
Remember to handle the soldering iron with care to avoid burns or damage to components.
Always follow the safety guidelines provided by the manufacturer.

CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWERS!

1. What is the primary purpose of soldering?
A) To join electronic components together
B) To cut wires
C) To strip wires
D) To clean components
2. What is the role of flux in soldering?
A) It helps improve solder flow and wetting on the surfaces being soldered.
B) It provides heat resistance.
C) It acts as a conductor.
D) It protects components from overheating.
3. Why is it important to tin the soldering iron tip?
A) To clean the tip
B) To prevent oxidation
C) To cool down the tip
19
 D) To remove excess solder
4. How should the soldering iron tip be cleaned?
A) By wiping it on a wet sponge or brass sponge
B) By blowing on it
C) By using a paper towel
D) By dipping it in water
5. What should be done before soldering wires or leads?
A) Cut, strip, and twist them
B) Apply flux
C) Tin them
D) Dip them in solder
6. How should the solder wire be applied during soldering?
A) Touch it to the joint, not the soldering iron tip
B) Touch it to the soldering iron tip, not the joint
C) Apply excessive solder to cover the joint
D) Apply very little solder
7. What should be done after applying solder to a joint?
A) Clean the joint with a wet sponge
B) Inspect the joint
C) Apply more solder
D) Increase the temperature of the soldering iron
8. How should excess solder or solder bridges be removed?
A) Using de-soldering braid or a solder sucker
B) By wiping with a dry cloth
C) By blowing on the joint
D) By heating the joint again
9. What should you do to improve your soldering skills?
A) Practice on scrap components or practice boards
B) Increase the temperature of the soldering iron
C) Avoid practicing
D) Use excessive solder
10. What precaution should be taken when handling the soldering iron?
A) Avoid touching the hot tip
B) Use it in a wet environment
20
 C) Keep it on for extended periods
D) Use it without proper ventilation
Correct answers: 1) A, 2) A, 3) B, 4) A, 5) A, 6) A, 7) B, 8) A, 9) A, 10) A.

Passage 7
HOW TO BUILD ULTRASONIC SENSOR
Building an ultrasonic sensor involves combining an ultrasonic transducer, such as an
ultrasonic transmitter and receiver module, with a microcontroller or other circuitry to
measure distance based on ultrasonic sound waves. Here's a general guide on how to make an
ultrasonic sensor:
Required Components:
 Ultrasonic transmitter module
 Ultrasonic receiver module
 Microcontroller or Arduino board (optional, for processing and interfacing)
 Power supply (battery or DC power source)
 Resistors and capacitors (as required by the circuit)
 Connecting wires
 Breadboard or PCB for circuit prototyping
 Optional: LCD display, buzzer, or other components for output or visualization
Steps:
1. Understand Ultrasonic Transducer Operation:
 Read the datasheets or documentation for the ultrasonic transmitter and
receiver modules to understand their specifications, pinouts, and operating
principles.
 The ultrasonic transmitter emits sound waves, while the receiver detects and
measures the time it takes for the sound waves to bounce back after hitting an
object.
2. Prepare the Circuit:
 Connect the power supply to the appropriate terminals of the ultrasonic
transmitter and receiver modules.

21
  Identify the trigger and echo pins of the modules. The trigger pin is used to
send a signal to the transmitter module, and the echo pin receives the reflected
signal from the receiver module.
3. Interfacing with a Microcontroller (optional):
 If you're using a microcontroller or Arduino board to process the ultrasonic
measurements, connect the trigger and echo pins of the ultrasonic modules to
suitable digital input/output (I/O) pins on the microcontroller board.
 Set up the necessary power and ground connections between the
microcontroller board, ultrasonic modules, and power supply.
 Refer to the documentation of your microcontroller or Arduino board to learn
how to program and interface with the ultrasonic sensor. This typically
involves configuring the I/O pins and using appropriate libraries or code for
ultrasonic distance measurement.
4. Power Up the Circuit:
 Connect the power supply to the appropriate terminals of the circuit.
 Ensure that the voltage levels are compatible with all components in the
circuit.
5. Distance Measurement:
 Trigger the ultrasonic transmitter module by sending a short pulse or signal to
its trigger pin.
 The transmitter emits ultrasonic sound waves, which propagate through the air
until they encounter an object.
 The receiver module detects the reflected sound waves and measures the time
it takes for them to return.
 The microcontroller or Arduino board processes the time measurement and
calculates the distance based on the speed of sound and the time of flight.
6. Output or Visualization (optional):
 If desired, you can add components such as an LCD display or buzzer to
provide visual or auditory feedback based on the distance measurements
obtained from the ultrasonic sensor.
 Connect these output components to suitable pins on the microcontroller or
Arduino board and program them accordingly.
It's important to note that the specific implementation may vary depending on the
ultrasonic modules, microcontroller board, and other components you use. Always refer to
22
the datasheets, instructions, and guides provided with your specific components, and ensure
that you follow safety precautions when working with electricity and electronics.

CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWERS!

1. What is the primary component used in building an ultrasonic sensor?
A) LCD display
B) Ultrasonic transducer
C) Microcontroller
D) Buzzer
2. What is the function of the ultrasonic transmitter module?
A) Emits ultrasonic sound waves
B) Receives ultrasonic sound waves
C) Processes distance measurements
D) Provides power to the circuit
3. Which pins of the ultrasonic modules are used for triggering and receiving signals?
A) Ground and power
B) Trigger and echo
C) Input and output
D) Positive and negative
4. What is the purpose of interfacing the ultrasonic sensor with a microcontroller?
A) To adjust the frequency of sound waves
B) To process distance measurements
C) To increase power supply
D) To reduce noise interference
5. How is the distance measured using the ultrasonic sensor?
A) By counting the number of sound waves emitted
B) By measuring the time it takes for sound waves to return
C) By analysing the frequency of sound waves
D) By calculating the amplitude of sound waves
6. What is the purpose of triggering the ultrasonic transmitter module?
A) To turn on the power supply
B) To emit ultrasonic sound waves
C) To receive ultrasonic sound waves
D) To measure distance
23
 7. How can the distance measurement obtained from the ultrasonic sensor be visualized?
A) Using a buzzer
B) Using a microcontroller
C) Using an LCD display
D) Using a breadboard
8. What should be done after powering up the circuit?
A) Measure the distance
B) Disconnect the power supply
C) Ensure voltage compatibility
D) Connect additional components
9. How does the receiver module measure the time for the sound waves to return?
A) By emitting ultrasonic waves
B) By analysing the sound frequency
C) By counting the number of waves
D) By detecting the echo of the waves
10. What should be consulted to learn how to program and interface with the ultrasonic
sensor?
A) Documentation of the microcontroller or Arduino board
B) Documentation of the power supply
C) Documentation of the ultrasonic modules
D) Documentation of the buzzer
Correct answers: 1) B, 2) A, 3) B, 4) B, 5) B, 6) B, 7) C, 8) C, 9) D, 10) A.

3. WRITING SECTION:
3.1 EMAIL
An email consists of several key components that serve different purposes. Here are
the main elements you will find in an email:
1. Sender and Recipient Information:
 From: This field indicates the sender's email address or name.
 To: This field contains the email address(es) or name(s) of the recipient(s).
Multiple recipients can be added, separated by commas.
 Cc (Carbon Copy): This field allows you to include additional recipients who
will receive a copy of the email. The other recipients can see who was copied.

24
  Bcc (Blind Carbon Copy): Similar to Cc, but the recipients added in Bcc will
receive a copy without the other recipients knowing. It is useful for
maintaining privacy or sending bulk emails.
2. Subject Line:
 The subject line is a brief summary or title that describes the content or
purpose of the email. It helps recipients quickly understand the email's topic.
3. Email Body:
 The email body contains the main content of the message. It can include text,
images, hyperlinks, and formatting options (e.g., bold, italics).
 You can write a formal or informal message, depending on the context and
recipient.
4. Attachments:
 Emails can include file attachments such as documents, images, or other files.
Attachments are used to share additional information or files related to the
email's content.
 Common attachment formats include PDF, Word documents, Excel
spreadsheets, image files, etc.
5. Signature:
 An email signature is a personalized block of text that is automatically
appended at the end of an email. It typically includes the sender's name,
contact information, job title, company details, and sometimes a disclaimer or
additional information.
6. Time and Date:
 Email clients usually display the date and time when the email was sent. This
information helps in tracking and organizing emails.
7. Email Headers:
 Email headers contain technical information about the email, such as the
sender's IP address, email server details, routing information, and other
metadata. These details are usually hidden from the email client's default view
but can be accessed for troubleshooting or advanced purposes.
Email clients or webmail interfaces may have additional features or options, such as
folders for organizing emails, search functionality, reply/forward buttons, and more. The
specific layout and design of emails can vary depending on the email client or webmail
service being used. It's important to note that the appearance and functionality of emails may
25
differ slightly based on the email client, webmail service, or the settings chosen by the sender
or recipient.

READ THE FOLLOWING EMAILS CAREFULLY!

Email 1

Subject: Invitation to Team Meeting

From: John Smith john.smith@example.com
To: Team Members team@example.com
Cc: Manager manager@example.com
Bcc: Confidential Recipient confidential@example.com

Dear Team Members,

I hope this email finds you well. I would like to invite you all to a team meeting scheduled
for next Monday, June 12th, at 10:00 AM in the conference room. The purpose of this
meeting is to discuss the progress of our current project and plan for the upcoming tasks.

Agenda:
1. Project status update
2. Task allocation and deadlines
3. Feedback and suggestions

Please come prepared with any relevant updates or concerns you may have. Your active
participation and input are crucial for the success of our project.

If you are unable to attend the meeting, please let me know as soon as possible, and I will
make alternative arrangements to ensure you are kept informed.

Looking forward to a productive meeting.

Best regards,
John Smith
Project Manager
XYZ Company
john.smith@example.com
+1-123-456-7890

Note: This is a fictional example email. The email content, formatting, and recipients can
vary depending on the specific context and purpose of the email.

26
Choose the Correct Answers!
1. Who is the sender of the email?
A) Team Members
B) John Smith
C) Manager
D) Confidential Recipient
2. What is the purpose of the team meeting?
A) To discuss the progress of the current project
B) To plan for the upcoming vacation
C) To schedule a company picnic
D) To discuss personal updates
3. When is the team meeting scheduled to take place?
A) June 12th
B) June 10th
C) June 15th
D) June 20th
4. At what time is the team meeting scheduled?
A) 9:00 AM
B) 10:00 AM
C) 11:00 AM
D) 12:00 PM
5. Where is the team meeting scheduled to take place?
A) Team Members' office
B) John Smith's office
C) Conference room
D) Manager's office
6. What is the first item on the meeting agenda?
A) Task allocation and deadlines
B) Feedback and suggestions
C) Project status update
D) Team introductions
7. What is the second item on the meeting agenda?
A) Task allocation and deadlines
B) Feedback and suggestions
27
 C) Project status update
D) Team introductions
8. What is the third item on the meeting agenda?
A) Task allocation and deadlines
B) Feedback and suggestions
C) Project status update
D) Team introductions
9. What should team members come prepared with for the meeting?
A) Personal updates
B) Relevant updates or concerns
C) Vacation plans
D) None of the above
10. What should team members do if they are unable to attend the meeting?
A) Attend via video conference
B) Inform John Smith as soon as possible
C) Send their updates by email
D) None of the above
Correct answers: 1) B, 2) A, 3) A, 4) B, 5) C, 6) C, 7) A, 8) B, 9) B, 10) B.

Email 2

Research in English Language Teaching <call@conscientiabeam.net>

To:sriendahkusmartini@yahoo.com
Thursday, 7 Jan (09.44)
Call for Papers, Vol.2, No.1, 2021
Research in English Language Teaching

Research in English Language Teaching is a peer-reviewed journal that publishes

research within the area of English Language teaching. The journal welcomes
contributions in such areas of current analysis in the context of English language
teaching covering:
 Applied Linguistics Teaching and Learning
 Curriculum Design and Development
 English Education
 English Language Teaching
 English Literature
 English Language Learning

28
  Language Planning, Language Testing
 Second Language Acquisition
 Translation

Article Processing Charges (APC): Free online publication after acceptance for
well-prepared manuscripts submitted in 2021.
First Review: The editor or editorial assistant decides whether the article fits within
the journal’s aims and scope. Next a checked for the similarity rate is completed using
CrossCheck, powered by iThenticate. Any manuscripts out of the journal’s scope or
having plagiarism, including self-plagiarism, are rejected without peer reviewed.
Publication: Articles are peer-reviewed and a first decision provided to authors
approximately 20 to 30 working days after submission; acceptance to publication is
undertaken in 10 to 15 days.
DOIs at the Article Level: Each paper published in Financial Risk and Management
Reviews is assigned a DOI number, Click HERE to know what is DOI (Digital Object
Identifier).
 Abstract Video: Abstract videos are available at YouTube channel .
 High Visibility: Financial Risk and Management Reviews is indexed by the
Google Scholar, PAS, CNKI Scholar and other databases.
Thank you for spending your time reading this email and I look forward to receiving
your submission. It is appreciated if you could share this information with your
colleagues and associates. We look forward to receiving your positive response.

Sincerely,
Sanele Phillip
Assistant Journal Manager

Conscientia Beam
2637 E Atlantic Blvd #43110
Pompano Beach, FL 33062
USA
E-mail: editor@conscientiabeam.com
URL: http://www.conscientiabeam.com

CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWERS!

1. What is the main focus of the journal "Research in English Language Teaching"?
A) Linguistics
B) Literature
C) English Language Teaching
D) Translation
29
2. What type of articles does the journal welcome?
A) Articles on science
B) Articles on history
C) Articles on English language teaching
D) Articles on mathematics
3. What are the Article Processing Charges (APC) for well-prepared manuscripts
submitted in 2021?
A) Free online publication after acceptance
B) $1000 per article
C) $500 per article
D) $0.50 per word
4. What is the first step in the publication process after submission?
A) Peer review
B) Plagiarism check
C) Editorial decision
D) DOI assignment
5. How long does it typically take for authors to receive a first decision after
submission?
A) 10 to 15 working days
B) 20 to 30 working days
C) 1 to 2 months
D) 3 to 6 months
6. What is assigned to each paper published in the journal?
A) ISBN
B) DOI (Digital Object Identifier)
C) ISSN
D) PMCID
7. Where can abstract videos of published articles be found?
A) Facebook
B) Instagram
C) YouTube
D) Twitter
8. In addition to Google Scholar, which other databases index the journal?
A) PubMed
30
 B) CNKI Scholar
C) Scopus
D) JSTOR
9. What is the role of the editor or editorial assistant in the publication process?
A) They decide whether the article fits within the journal’s aims and scope
B) They provide feedback on the article's content
C) They conduct a plagiarism check
D) They assign a DOI to the article
10. How can readers support the journal?
A) By submitting articles
B) By sharing the journal's information with colleagues and associates
C) By providing feedback on published articles
D) By paying Article Processing Charges (APC)
Correct answers: 1) C, 2) C, 3) A, 4) B, 5) B, 6) B, 7) C, 8) B, 9) A, 10) B.

4. STRUCTURE AND GRAMMAR SECTION

4.1 PREPOSITION
(https://www.gingersoftware.com/content/grammar-rules/preposition/)
A preposition is a word used to link nouns, pronouns, or phrases to other words within
a sentence. They act to connect the people, objects, time and locations of a
sentence. Prepositions are usually short words, and they are normally placed directly in front
of nouns. In some cases, you’ll find prepositions in front of gerund verbs. A nice way to think
about prepositions is as the words that help glue a sentence together. They do this by
expressing position and movement, possession, time and how an action is completed. Indeed,
several of the most frequently used words in all of English, such as of, to, for, with, on and at,
are prepositions. Explaining prepositions can seem complicated, but they are a common part
of language and most of us use them naturally without even thinking about it. In fact, it’s
interesting to note that prepositions are regarded as a ‘closed class’ of words in the English
language. This means, unlike verbs and nouns, no new words are added to this group over
time. In a way, it reflects their role as the functional workhorse of the sentence. They are
unassuming and subtle, yet vitally important to the meaning of language.
There are two very important rules to remember when using prepositions. Because
they are somewhat vague, learning about prepositions and using them correctly in sentences

31
takes practice. Because 1:1 translation is often impossible when dealing with prepositions,
even the most advanced English students have some difficulty at first.
 The first rule is that to make sentences clear, specific prepositions are needed. For
example, the preposition in means one thing and the preposition on cannot substitute
for it in all cases. Some prepositions are interchangeable but not always. The correct
preposition means one particular thing and using a different proposition will give the
sentence a very different meaning. I want to see you in the house now, Bill! means
something very different from I want to see you on the house now, Bill! In the
house means Bill should go through the door, walk inside, and stand in the hall or
living room. On the house means Bill would need to get a ladder and climb to the
roof where he would be on top of the house.
 The second rule for using prepositions is that prepositions are generally followed by
nouns or pronouns. There was a time in the past when teachers held strictly to this
rule, but it made for some clunky sentences. I am seeking someone I can depend
on ends with the preposition on, so people who insisted that sentences shouldn’t end
with a preposition would be forced to use convoluted and unnatural phrasing. To
avoid ending that sentence above with a preposition, you’d have to say, someone I
can depend on is whom I am seeking.
 There are more than 100 prepositions in the English language. In addition, there are
endless possibilities for creating prepositional phrases, phrases that begin with a
preposition and end with a noun or pronoun. In the following sections, you will find
examples of prepositions, types of prepositions, a comprehensive list of prepositions,
and some helpful preposition exercises. As you read the examples and study the list,
remember that prepositions usually convey concepts such as comparison, direction,
place, purpose, source possession, and time.

In the following sentences, examples of prepositions have been italicized. As you

read, consider how using different prepositions or even different types of prepositions in
place of the examples might change the relationship between the rest of the words in the
sentence.
 I prefer to read in the library.
 He climbed up the ladder to get onto the roof.
 Please sign your name on the dotted line after you read the contract.
 Go down the stairs and through the door.
32
  He swam across the pool.
 Take your brother with you.

Types of Prepositions
There are three types of prepositions, including time prepositions, place prepositions, and
direction prepositions.
Time prepositions are those such as before, after, during, and until;
place prepositions are those indicating position, such as around, between, and against;
and direction prepositions are those indicative of direction, such as across,
up, and down. Each type of preposition is important.

Prepositions of Time
Basic examples of time prepositions include: at, on, in, before and after. They are used
to help indicate when something happened, happens or will happen. It can get a little
confusing though, as many different prepositions can be used.
For example:
 I was born on July 4th, 1982.
 I was born in 1982.
 I was born at exactly 2am.
 I was born two minutes before my twin brother.
 I was born after the Great War ended.
The above makes it seem quite difficult, with five different prepositions used to indicate
when something happened. However, there is a set of guidelines that can help decide which
preposition to use:
For years, months, seasons, centuries and times of day, use the preposition in:
 I first met John in 1987.
 It’s always cold in January
 Easter falls in spring each year.
 The Second World War occurred in the 20th century.
 We eat breakfast in the morning.
For days, dates and specific holiday days, use the preposition on.
1. We go to school on Mondays, but not on Sunday
2. Christmas is on December 25th.
3. Buy me a present on my birthday.
33
For times, indicators of exception and festivals, use the preposition at:
 Families often argue at Christmas time.
 I work faster at night.
 Her shift finished at 7pm.
Before and after should be much easier to understand than the other examples of prepositions
of time. Both are used to explain when something happened, happens or will happen, but
specifically in relation to another thing.
 Before I discovered this bar, I used to go straight home after work.
 We will not leave before 3pm.
 David comes before Bryan in the line, but after Louise.
Other prepositions of time could include: During, about, around, until and throughout.
 The concert will be staged throughout the month of May.
 I learned how to ski during the holidays.
 He usually arrives around 3pm.
 It was about six in the morning when we made it to bed.
 The store is open until midnight.

Prepositions of Place
To confuse matters a bit, the most common prepositions to indicate time – on, at, in –
are also the most common prepositions to indicate position. However, the rules are a little
clearer as place prepositions are a more rigid concept than time prepositions.
Examples:
 The cat is on the table.
 The dogs are in the kennel.
 We can meet at the crossroads.
The guidelines can be broken down as follows:
On is used when referring to something with a surface:
 The sculpture hangs on the wall.
 The images are on the page.
 The specials are on the menu, which is on the table.
In is used when referring to something that is inside or within confined boundaries. This
could be anything, even a country:
1. Jim is in France, visiting his aunt in the hospital.
2. The whiskey is in the jar in the fridge.
34
 3. The girls play in the garden.
At is used when referring to something at a specific point:
1. The boys are at the entrance at the movie theatre.
2. He stood at the bus stop at the corner of Water and High streets.
3. We will meet at the airport.
Lots of other prepositions of place, such as under, over, inside, outside, above and
below are used in English. There is, however, a lot less confusion as they refer to rigid
positions rather than abstract ones.
Examples:
 The cat is under the table.
 Put the sandwich over there.
 The key is locked inside the car.
 They stepped outside the house.
 Major is ranked above corporal.
 He is waving at you from below the stairs.

Prepositions of Movement
Prepositions of movement are quite easy to understand as they are less abstract than
prepositions of place and time. Essentially, they describe how something or someone moves
from one place to another. The most commonly used preposition of movement is to, which
usually serves to highlight that there is movement towards a specific destination.
Examples:
 He has gone on vacation to France.
 She went to the bowling alley every Friday last summer.
 I will go to bed when I am tired.
 They will go to the zoo if they finish their errands.
Other more specific prepositions of movement include: through, across, off, down and into.
These prepositions can sometimes get mixed up with others. While they are similar, they
have individual meanings that add context to the movement.
Across refers to moving from one side to another.
 Mike travelled across America on his motorcycle.
 Rebecca and Judi are swimming across the lake.
Through refers to moving directly inside something and out the other end.
 The bullet Ben shot went through the window.
35
  The train passes through the tunnel.
Into refers to entering or looking inside something.
 James went into the room.
 They stare into the darkness.
Up, over, down, past and around indicate directions of movement:
1. Jack went up the hill.
2. Jill came tumbling down after.
3. We will travel over rough terrain on our way to Grandma’s house.
4. The horse runs around the track all morning.
5. A car zoomed past a truck on the highway

How to Recognize a Preposition?

Recognizing prepositions can be challenging as they do not always follow a consistent
pattern in terms of their position in a sentence, nor do they have a discernible structure or
spelling. We do know, however, that prepositions are almost always short words, with the
majority having less than six letters. One technique people use to identify a preposition is to
think of a preposition as anywhere a mouse can go. Above, below, next to, between, beyond,
through, by, with…It won’t cover them all, but it can be a useful question to ask when trying
to identify and recognize a preposition. While there are over 100 prepositions, there are
around 500,00-700,000 nouns in English! It is unlikely anyone will learn so many nouns, but
recognizing and then mastering prepositions might be a worthwhile and attainable goal.

Prepositions with Nouns

There are lots of different nouns that carry specific prepositions to consolidate their
meaning. These are called dependent prepositions. Again, there isn’t a set rule that says a
particular type of noun will take a dependent preposition, although they normally follow the
noun. Moreover, there are many possible combinations. Essentially, it’s case of familiarizing
yourself with the different possibilities of nouns and dependent prepositions.
Examples:
 He displayed cruelty towards his dog.
 She had knowledge of physics.
 The trouble with Jack.
 21 is the age at which you are allowed to drink.
 Bolt made another attempt at the world record.
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  The police held an inquiry into the murder.

Prepositions with Verbs

Prepositional verbs – the phrasal combinations of verbs and prepositions – are
important parts of speech. The prepositions again act as links between the verb and noun or
gerund, giving extra meaning to the sentence. The prepositions most commonly used with
verbs are: to, for, about, of, in, at and from. The good news is that these will always come
after the verb in the sentence. However, it should also be noted that the prepositional verbs
can have slightly different meaning compared to the original verb. For example, to relate a
story simply means to tell a story, to relate to a story means you identify with it, find some
personally meaning in that story.
Verb + to:
 He admitted to the charge.
 I go to Vancouver on vacation twice a year.
 William can relate to the character in the play.
Verb + for:
 He must apologize for his actions.
 We searched for ages before we found the perfect apartment.
 I provide for my family by working two jobs.
Verb + with:
 I don’t agree with your claim.
 The lawyer said he will meet with your representatives.
 They began with a quick warm-up.
Verb + of:
 I dream of a better life.
 Have you heard of Shakespeare?
 The bread consists of dough, raisins and a little honey.
Verb + in:
 Does Rick believe in miracles?
 Fallon lives in New York.
 The bus accident resulted in my being late to work.
Verb + at
1. We arrived at our destination.
2. Ilene excels at singing.
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 3. Will the baby smile at her mother?
Verb + on:
 We should really concentrate on our studies now.
 Helen insisted on Brenda’s company.
 Morris experimented on some canvas.
Verb + from:
 Since turning 80, she suffers from lapses in concentration.
 Dad retired from the navy in the 1970s.
 Billy Bob, please refrain from doing that.

Prepositions with Adjectives

Prepositions can form phrases with adjectives to give further context to the action,
emotion or thing the adjective is describing. Like verbs and nouns, adjectives can be followed
by: to, about, In, for, with, at and by.
 I am happily married to David.
 Ellie is crazy about this movie.
 Michelle is interested in politics.
 We are sorry for your loss.
 Jane will be delighted with her results.
 Is he still angry at the world?
 The entire room was astonished by the election results.
There can sometimes be a pattern in deciding which prepositions go with adjectives, for
example, when adjectives have the same or very similar meaning to each other, they might
take the same preposition:
 Frightened of, afraid of, scared of, terrified of
Indeed, when adjectives have opposite meaning they might also take the same preposition:
 Good at, great at, superb at, wonderful at
 Bad at, terrible at, woeful at, inept at
There are always many exceptions to the above, but it can help that there seems to be some
consistency when adjectives have the same meaning or opposite meaning. Nevertheless,
perhaps a more general rule is that English speakers simply need to learn which prepositions
go with which adjectives, as meaning can change significantly by using a different
preposition.
 I am good at sports means I have some athletic talent.
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  The nurse was good to my mother means she took care of her and was nice, kind, and
helpful.
 I am good with animals means I get along with them and handle them well.
 Swimming is good for your health.
 That was good of you to come means you were begin nice and good to visit.
 My little brother is good inside (his body) means even though you can’t see how he
thinks and feels, he is good. Even if his behavior is bad.
 The blueberry jam will be good on toast.

List of Prepositions
While there are only about 150 prepositions in the English language, these words are among
the most important. Without them, the sentences we speak, read, and write would be difficult
to understand. The following list of prepositions is not a complete one, however it is among
the most comprehensive lists of prepositions available anywhere.
Aboard About Above
Absent Across After
Against Along Alongside
Amid Among Amongst
Anti Around As
At Before Behind
Below Beneath Beside
Besides Between Beyond
But by Circa
Concerning Considering Despite
Down During Except
Excepting Excluding Failing
Following for From
Given in Inside
Into Like Minus
Near of Off
On onto Opposite
Outside Over Past
Per Plus Regarding
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Round Save Since
Than Through To
Toward Towards Under
Underneath Unlike Until
Up Upon Versus
Via With Within
Without Worth

EXERCISE
Choose the best answer to complete each sentence.
1. The bone was _______ the dog.
a. About b. For c. After d. Considering
2. We are going on vacation _______ August.
a. On b. At c. In d. Since
3. Please put the vase ________ the table.
a. In b. On c. For d. Over
4. I received a present ________ Janet.
a. From b. Of c. By d. About
5. School begins ________ Monday.
a. In b. On c. From d. Since

4.2 CONJUNCTION
(https://www.gingersoftware.com/content/grammar-rules/conjunctions/)
A conjunction is a part of speech that is used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or
sentences. Conjunctions are considered to be invariable grammar particle, and they may or
may not stand between items they conjoin.
Types of Conjunctions
There are several different types of conjunctions that do various jobs within sentence
structures. These include:
 Subordinating conjunctions – Also known as subordinators, these conjunctions join
dependent clauses to independent clauses.

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  Coordinating conjunction – Also known as coordinators, these conjunctions
coordinate or join two or more sentences, main clauses, words, or other parts of
speech which are of the same syntactic importance.
 Correlative conjunction – These conjunctions correlate, working in pairs to join
phrases or words that carry equal importance within a sentence.
 Conjunctive adverbs – While some instructors do not teach conjunctive adverbs
alongside conjunctions, these important parts of speech are worth a mention here.
These adverbs always connect one clause to another, and are used to show sequence,
contrast, cause and effect, and other relationships.
When people first learn to write, they usually begin with short, basic sentences like these:
“My name is Ted. I am a boy. I like dogs.” One of the most important jobs conjunctions do is
to connect these short sentences so they sound more like this: “I am a boy named Ted, and I
like dogs.”

Conjunction Rules
There are a few important rules for using conjunctions. Remember them and you will find
that your writing flows better:
 Conjunctions are for connecting thoughts, actions, and ideas as well as nouns,
clauses, and other parts of speech. For example: Mary went to the
supermarket and bought oranges.
 Conjunctions are useful for making lists. For example: We made pancakes,
eggs, and coffee for breakfast.
 When using conjunctions, make sure that all the parts of your sentences agree. For
example: “I work busily yet am careful” does not agree. “I work
busily yet carefully” shows agreement.

Conjunctions List
There are only a few common conjunctions, yet these words perform many functions:
They present explanations, ideas, exceptions, consequences, and contrasts. Here is a list of
conjunctions commonly used in American English:
And as Because But
For Just as or Neither
Nor Not only So Whether
Yet
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Examples of Conjunctions
In the following examples, the conjunctions are in bold for easy recognition:
 I tried to hit the nail but hit my thumb instead.
 I have two goldfish and a cat.
 I’d like a bike for commuting to work.
 You can have peach ice cream or a brownie sundae.
 Neither the black dress nor the grey one looks right on me.
 My dad always worked hard so we could afford the things we wanted.
 I try very hard in school yet I am not receiving good grades.

EXERCISE
Choose the best answer to complete each sentence.
1. My brother loves animals. He just brought a puppy __________ a kitten home with
him.
a. but b. or c. yet d. and
2. I’d like to thank you ______ the lovely gift.
a. or b. for c. and d. yet
3. I want to go for a hike _____ I have to go to work today.
a. but b. yet c. or d. for
4. They do not smoke, _____ do they play cards.
a. and b. or c.. nor d. yet
5. I’m getting good grades _________ I study every day.
a. or b. yet c. but d. because

4.3 INTERJECTIONS
Interjection is a big name for a little word. Interjections are short exclamations
like Oh, Um or Ah! They have no real grammatical value but we use them quite often,
usually more in speaking than in writing. When interjections are inserted into a sentence, they
have no grammatical connection to the sentence. An interjection is sometimes followed by an
exclamation mark (!) when written.
Interjections like er and um are also known as "hesitation devices". They are
extremely common in English. People use them when they don't know what to say, or to

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indicate that they are thinking about what to say. You should learn to recognize them when
you hear them and realize that they have no real meaning.
Interjection (noun): a part-of-speech that expresses emotion. It often stands alone,
unconnected to a sentence.
Typical interjections are:
 Ah! Er. Hey. Ouch! Umm.
 My God! Bloody hell!
And here are some interjections in context:
 Hey! Don't be so lazy!
 Well, let's think about it.
 Ouch! That hurts!
 Lima is the capital of...er...Peru.
Interjections are not normally used in formal writing, but they are common in speech
(and therefore informal and fiction writing), where they show emotions such as anger,
surprise and interest as well as convey hesitation. Interjections are frequently followed by an
exclamation mark (!), which itself is used to express emotion.
Here is a list of interjections with meanings and example sentences. This list does not
include all interjections but it does show the more common ones.

interjection meaning example

ah expressing pleasure Ah, that feels good.

expressing realization Ah, now I understand.

expressing resignation Ah well, it can't be helped.

expressing surprise Ah! I've won!

alas expressing grief or pity Alas, she's dead now.

dear expressing pity Oh dear! Does it hurt?

expressing surprise Dear me! That's a surprise!

eh asking for repetition It's hot today. / Eh? / I said it's hot today.

expressing enquiry What do you think of that, eh?

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 expressing surprise Eh! Really?

inviting agreement Let's go, eh?

er expressing hesitation Lima is the capital of...er...Peru.

God expressing anger, surprise, God, what a negative attitude you have.
worry [some people may
consider this offensive]

hello, expressing greeting Hello John. How are you today?

hullo
expressing surprise Hello! My car's gone!

hey calling attention Hey! look at that!

expressing surprise, joy etc Hey! What a good idea!

hi expressing greeting Hi! What's new?

hmm expressing hesitation, doubt Hmm. I'm not so sure.

or disagreement

oh, o expressing surprise Oh! You're here!

expressing pain Oh! I've got a toothache.

expressing pleading Oh, please say "yes"!

OK expressing agreement OK. I'll tell her.

ouch expressing pain Ouch! That hurts!

uh expressing hesitation Uh...I don't know the answer to that.

uh-huh expressing agreement Shall we go? / Uh-huh.

um, umm expressing hesitation 85 divided by 5 is...um...17.

well expressing surprise Well, I never!

introducing a remark Well, what did he say?

wow expressing amazement Wow! What a cool car you've got!

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D. SUMMARY
The chapter describes some work procedures in engineering area, describe the work
procedure in engineering area, read and answer the questions regarding the
manual/instruction, write an email, and apply some parts of speech especially the preposition,
conjunction, and interjection

E. ASSIGNMENT
Create a three-minute video regarding the work procedure and upload it to YouTube.

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