# Grammar Lesson 文法レッスン Grammar Meaning

1 ageku あげく to end up; in the end; finally; after all ~

2 aruiwa あるいは or; either; maybe; perhaps; possibly ~
3 bakari ばかり about, approximately ~
4 bakari da ばかりだ continue to (go in negative direction)
5 bakari ka ばかりか not only... but also; as well as ~
6 bakari ni ばかりに simply because; on account of~
(negative result)
7 chinamini ちなみに by the way; in this connection;
incidentally; (conjunction)
8 chitto mo~nai ちっとも～ない (not) at all; (not) in the least ~
9 dake atte だけあって being the case; precisely because;
as expected from ~
10 dake mashi da だけましだ it’s better than; one should feel grateful
for ~
11 dake ni だけに being the case; precisely because;
as one would expect
12 dake no koto wa aru だけのことはある no wonder; as expected of; not ...
for nothing; not ... with nothing to show
for it
13 dake wa だけは to do all that one can
14 datte だって because; but; after all; even; too
15 de shika nai でしかない merely; nothing but; no more than;
there is only ~
16 dokoro dewa nai どころではない not the time for; not the place for;
far from; anything but ~
17 dokoro ka どころか far from; anything but; let alone;
not to mention; much less ~
18 dou yara どうやら possibly; apparently; seems like;
somehow; barely ~
19 douse どうせ anyhow; in any case; at any rate;
after all; no matter what
20 enai 得ない（えない） unable to; cannot; it is not possible to ~
21 eru / uru 得る（える / うる） can; to be able to; is possible to~
22 futatabi 再び（ふたたび） again; once more
23 fuu ni ふうに this way; that way; in such a way; how
24 ga kikkake de / o がきっかけで / をきっかけ with… as a start; as a result of;
kikkake ni に taking advantage of ~
25 ge げ looks like; seems like; appears to ~
26 gyaku ni 逆に（ぎゃくに） conversely; on the contrary ~
27 hanmen 反面（はんめん） while, although; on the other hand~
28 hatashite 果たして（はたして） as was expected; sure enough; really;
29 ichiou 一応（いちおう） more or less; pretty much; roughly;
tentatively ~
30 igai 以外（いがい） with the exception of; excepting ~
 # Grammar Lesson 文法レッスン Grammar Meaning
31 ijou ni 以上に（いじょうに） more than; not less than; beyond ~
32 ijou wa 以上は（いじょうは） because; since; seeing that ~
33 ikinari いきなり abruptly; suddenly; all of a sudden;
without warning
34 ikki ni 一気に（いっきに） in one go; without stopping; all at once; immed
instantly; right away ~
35 ippou de 一方で（いっぽうで） on one hand, on the other hand;
although ~
36 iwayuru いわゆる what is called; as it is called;
the so-called; so to speak
37 iyoiyo いよいよ at last; finally; beyond doubt
38 jou 上（じょう） for the sake of; from the standpoint of;
as a matter of; in terms of ~
39 ka no you ni かのように as if; just like ~
40 ka to omottara かと思ったら（かとおもっ just when; no sooner than ~
たら）
41 ka~nai ka no uchi ni か～ないかのうちに just as; right after; as soon as ~
42 kaette かえって on the contrary; rather; all the more;
surprisingly ~
43 kagiri 限り（かぎり） as long as; while… is the case; as far as;
while ~
44 kai ga aru 甲斐がある（かいがある） it’s worth one’s efforts to do something
45 kanenai かねない (someone) might do something;
something might happen
46 kaneru かねる unable to do something; can’t do
something
47 kara iu to から言うと（からいうと） in terms of; from the point of view of ~
48 kara koso からこそ precisely because ~
49 kara miru to から見ると（からみると） from the point of view of; by the look of;
judging from ~
50 kara niwa からには now that; since; so long as; because ~
51 kara shite からして judging from; based on; since; from;
even ~
52 kara suru to / kara からすると / からすれば judging from; considering; by the look of ~
sureba
53 kara to itte からと言って（からといっ just because; even if; even though ~
て）
54 kkonai っこない no chance of; … is definitely not possible
55 koto da ことだ should do~ (used for suggestions or
giving advice)
56 koto dakara ことだから because; since ~
57 koto ka ことか how…!; what…!
58 koto naku ことなく without doing something even once
59 koto ni ことに emphasize speaker's feelings;
to my (surprise/etc)
 # Grammar Lesson 文法レッスン Grammar Meaning
60 koto niwa naranai ことにはならない just because… doesn’t mean ~
61 kuse shite くせして although; despite the fact that;
even though ~
62 madashimo まだしも rather; better ~
63 mai まい will not; will probably not; intend not to;
must not ~
64 mama ni ままに as, to do as ~
65 mattaku~nai 全く～ない（まったく～な not at all ~
い）
66 mo kamawazu もかまわず without caring; without worrying about
67 mo touzen da も当然だ（もとうぜんだ） it’s only natural; no wonder;
might as well ~
68 mono / mon もの / もん because; indicates reason/ excuse/
dissatisfaction
69 mono da ものだ describe feeling; express memories;
state fact
70 mono dakara ものだから so; therefore; the reason for something
71 mono dewa nai ものではない shouldn’t do something;
it’s impossible to ~
72 mono ga aru ものがある there is such a thing; to be the case that;
feels like ~
73 mono ka / mon ka ものか / もんか as if (something untrue were actually
true); there's no way ~
74 mono nara ものなら if I/we could; if [A] is possible, then [B];
if one can do something, then ~
75 monono ものの but; although; even though ~
76 motto mo もっとも but then; although; though ~
77 mou sukoshi de もう少しで（もうすこし almost; nearly, close to ~
で）
78 nai dewa irarenai ないではいられない can’t help but feel; can’t help but do ~
79 nai koto niwa~nai ないことには～ない unless you ~
80 naka o / naka dewa 中を / 中では（なかを / なか in; on; in the midst of; when; while ~
では）
81 naku wa nai / naku mo なくはない / なくもない it’s not that; I may (double negative)
nai
82 nakute sumu なくて済む（なくてすむ） get by without doing ~
83 nani mo~nai 何も～ない（なにも～な nothing; (not) ~ at all; there’s no need to
い）
84 nao なお still; yet; furthermore; in addition ~
85 neba naranai ねばならない have to do; must; should ~
86 ni atatte にあたって at the time; on the occasion of ~
87 ni hoka naranai にほかならない nothing but; none other than ~
88 ni kagirazu に限らず（にかぎらず） not just; not only... but also ~
89 ni kagiru に限る（にかぎる） is best; nothing is better than ~
90 ni kagitte に限って（にかぎって） only; in particular ~
 # Grammar Lesson 文法レッスン Grammar Meaning
91 ni kakawarazu に関わらず（にかかわら in spite of; regardless of ~
ず）
92 ni kakawaru に関わる（にかかわる） to relate to; to have to do with;
relating to ~
93 ni kimatte iru に決まっている（にきまっ certainly; I’m sure/certain that;
ている） it must be the case that ~
94 ni koshita koto wa nai に越したことはない（にこ it’s best that, there’s nothing better than ~
したことはない）
95 ni kotaete に応えて（にこたえて） in response to ~
96 ni kuwaete に加えて（にくわえて） in addition ~
97 ni motozuite に基づいて（にもとづい based on; on the basis of ~
て）
98 ni mukatte に向かって（にむかって） to face; to go towards; to head to ~
99 ni oujite に応じて（におうじて） depending on; in accordance with ~
100 ni saishite に際して（にさいして） on the occasion of; at the time of ~
101 ni sakidachi に先立ち（にさきだち） before; prior to ~
102 ni seyo/ ni shiro にせよ/ にしろ even if; regardless; whether... or ~
103 ni shiro~ni shiro にしろ～にしろ whether… or ~
104 ni shitara / ni sureba にしたら / にすれば from one’s perspective;
from the point of view of ~
105 ni shitemo~ni shitemo にしても～にしても regardless of whether ~
106 ni sotte に沿って（にそって） along with; in accordance with ~
107 ni soui nai に相違ない（にそういな without a doubt; certain; sure
い）
108 ni suginai に過ぎない（にすぎない） no more than; just; merely; only ~
109 ni tomonatte に伴って（にともなって） as; due to; with; along with; following;
accordingly ~
110 ni tsuke につけ every time; whenever; as; whether;
in (either case)
111 ni tsuki につき due to; because of; per; each
112 ni watatte にわたって throughout; over a period of ~
113 nimo kakawarazu にも関わらず（にもかかわ despite; in spite of; nevertheless;
らず） although ~
114 nite にて in, at, with, by (formal particle)
115 no mo motto mo da のももっともだ no wonder; …is only natural
116 no moto de の下で（のもとで） under; with ~
117 no ue de wa の上では（のうえでは） according to; from the viewpoint of ~
118 nomi のみ only; nothing but
119 nominarazu のみならず not only; besides; as well as ~
120 nu ぬ negative verb conjugation;
traditional version of ない
121 nuki ni shite / nuki de 抜きにして / 抜きで（ぬき without; leaving out; cutting out ~
にして/ ぬきで）
122 nuku 抜く（ぬく） to do something from beginning to end; comple
extremely ~
 # Grammar Lesson 文法レッスン Grammar Meaning
123 o keiki ni を契機に（をけいきに） as a good opportunity/chance to;
as a result of; make the best of ~
124 o megutte をめぐって concerning; in regard to ~
125 o moto ni をもとに based on; derived from; building on;
beginning with ~
126 o nozoite を除いて（をのぞいて） except; with the exception of;
excluding ~
127 o towazu を問わず（をとわず） regardless of; irrespective of; no matter
128 o~negau お～願う（お～ねがう） please do; could you please…;
I ask of you to ~
129 omake ni おまけに to make matters worse; besides;
what's more; in addition; on top of that
130 osoraku 恐らく（おそらく） perhaps; likely; probably; I dare say ~
131 osore ga aru 恐れがある（おそれがあ it is feared that; to be in danger of;
る） to be liable to ~
132 oyobi 及び（および） and; as well as ~
133 roku ni~nai ろくに～ない not well; not enough; improperly;
insufficiently; unsatisfactorily ~
134 saiwai na koto ni 幸いなことに（さいわいな fortunately; luckily; thankfully ~
ことに）
135 sei ka せいか perhaps because ~
136 sekkaku せっかく especially; (thank you for) troubling to,
going to great pains for ~
137 semete せめて at least; at most ~
138 shidai 次第（しだい） as soon as, dependent upon
139 shidai de 次第で（しだいで） depending on; so ~
140 shidai ni 次第に（しだいに） gradually (progress into a state);
in sequence; in order
141 shikamo しかも moreover; furthermore; and yet;
what’s more ~
142 sono ue その上（そのうえ） besides; in addition; furthermore ~
143 sore na noni それなのに and yet; despite this; but even so ~
144 sore nara それなら if that’s the case; if so ~
145 sore ni shitemo それにしても nevertheless; at any rate; even so;
be that as it may ~
146 sou ieba そう言えば（そういえば） come to think of it;
now that you mention it ~
147 sou suru to そうすると having done that; if that is done;
if it is done in that way
148 sue ni 末に（すえに） finally; after; following; at the end/
conclusion of ~
149 sukoshi mo~nai 少しも～ない（すこしも～ not one bit; not even a little ~
ない）
150 sukunaku tomo 少なくとも（すくなくと at least ~
も）
 # Grammar Lesson 文法レッスン Grammar Meaning
151 tadachi ni 直ちに（ただちに） at once; immediately; directly; in person; autom
152 tamae たまえ do~; order somebody to do something
153 te bakari wa irarenai てばかりはいられない can’t keep doing ~
154 te demo てでも even if I have to; by all means ~
155 te irai て以来（ていらい） since; henceforth ~
156 te ite wa ていては if one keeps doing ~
157 te koso てこそ now that; since (something happened)
158 te made てまで even; will go far so as to ~
159 te naranai てならない can't help but; dying to; extremely ~
160 te tamaranai てたまらない can't help but; dying to; extremely ~
161 te touzen da て当然だ（てとうぜんだ） natural; as a matter of course
162 tewa / dewa ては / では whenever; if; when~; repetitive action
163 tewa irarenai てはいられない can’t afford to; unable to ~
164 tewa naranai てはならない must not; cannot; should not ~
165 tewa~tewa ては～ては repetitive situations/actions
166 to douji ni と同時に（とどうじに） at the same time as; while; simultaneously ~
167 to itta といった like; such as ~
168 to iu fuu ni というふうに in such a way that ~
169 to iu koto wa ということは that is to say; so that means;
in other words ~
170 to iu mono da というものだ something like; something called ~
171 to iu mono dewa nai というものではない there is no guarantee that…;
not necessarily ~
172 to kangaerareru と考えられる（とかんがえ one can think that; it is conceivable that; consid
られる）
173 toka (de) とか（で） I heard that ~
174 tokku ni とっくに long ago; already; a long time ago
175 tokoro datta ところだった was just about to do something;
something almost happened
176 tokoro ni ところに at the time; just as I was ~
177 tokoro o miru to ところを見ると（ところを judging from; seeing that ~
みると）
178 tomo とも even if; no matter (who, what, when,
where, why, how); though ~
179 toshite~nai として～ない not at all; there is not even one
180 toshitemo としても assuming; even if ~
181 tsutsu つつ while; even though; despite ~
182 tsutsu aru つつある to be doing; to be in the process of doing ~
183 ue wa 上は（うえは） now that; since; as long as ~
184 wa moto yori はもとより also; let alone; from the beginning
185 wa tomokaku はともかく anyhow; anyway; regardless; in any case;
whether or not ~
186 wazuka ni わずかに slightly; only; barely; narrowly ~
187 yagate やがて before long; soon; almost; eventually ~
 # Grammar Lesson 文法レッスン Grammar Meaning
188 yara~yara やら～やら such things as A and B; A and B and
so on ~
189 yohodo / yoppodo よほど / よっぽど very; greatly; much; to a large extent
190 yori より [2] from~ (a time, place, or person)
191 yori hoka nai よりほかない to have no choice but ~
192 you dewa ようでは if ~ (bad result)
193 you dewa nai ka ようではないか let’s do (something); why don’t we ~
194 you ka~mai ka ようか～まいか whether or not; considering options
195 you suru ni 要するに（ようするに） in short; in a word; to sum up; to put it
simply ~
196 zaru o enai ざるを得ない（ざるをえな cannot help (doing); have no choice but
い） to ~
197 zu ni sumu ずに済む （ずにすむ） get by without doing ~