Group:

1. Ahmad Rosikh Al Muttaqy (M0121005)

2. Aura Yasmin Ariyanto (M0121017)
3. Awanda Miswega Zebina (M0121019)

Tugas 3. Pengantar Fungsi Khusus

1. Rodrigues Formula
a. Using Rodrigues formula, find the Hermite polynomials 𝐻0(𝑥), 𝐻1(𝑥), and
𝐻2(𝑥).
Rodrigues formula for 𝐻𝑛(𝑥)
Jawab
𝑛
𝑛
𝐻𝑛(𝑥) = (− 1) exp 𝑒𝑥𝑝 𝑥 ( 2) 𝑑
𝑑𝑥
𝑛 {exp 𝑒𝑥𝑝 (− 𝑥2) }
Atau
2 𝑛 2
𝑛 𝑥 𝑑 𝑥
𝐻𝑛(𝑥) = (− 1) 𝑒 𝑛 (𝑒 )
𝑑𝑥

Maka
2 0 2
0 𝑥 𝑑 𝑥
𝐻0(𝑥) = (− 1) . 𝑒 0 (𝑒 )
𝑑𝑥
2 2
𝑥 𝑥
= 1 . 𝑒 . 1 . (𝑒 )
2 2
𝑥 −𝑥
=𝑒 . 𝑒 =1

2 1 2
1 𝑥 𝑑 𝑥
𝐻1(𝑥) = (− 1) . 𝑒 1 (𝑒 )
𝑑𝑥
2 2
𝑥 𝑑 𝑥
=− 1 . 𝑒 . 𝑑𝑥
. (𝑒 )
2 2
𝑥 −𝑥
= −𝑒 . 𝑒 (− 2𝑥)
2 2
𝑥 −𝑥
= −𝑒 (− 2𝑥)
0
=− 𝑒 (− 2𝑥)
=− 1 (− 2𝑥) = 2𝑥

2 2 2
2 𝑥 𝑑 𝑥
𝐻2(𝑥) = (− 1) . 𝑒 2 (𝑒 )
𝑑𝑥
2 2
𝑥 𝑑 −𝑥
= 1. 𝑒 . 𝑑𝑥
. (𝑒 (− 2𝑥))
 2 2 2

=𝑒
𝑥
{ − 2𝑥 . 𝑒
−𝑥
(− 2𝑥) − 2𝑒
−𝑥
}
2 2
𝑥 −𝑥
=𝑒 . − 2𝑥 (− 2𝑥) − 2
2
= 4𝑥 − 2

b. Use 𝐻𝑛+1(𝑥) = 2𝑥𝐻𝑛(𝑥) − 2𝑛𝐻𝑛−1(𝑥) to find 𝐻3(𝑥) and 𝐻4(𝑥).

Jawab:
𝐻3(𝑥)

𝐻2+1(𝑥) = 2𝑥𝐻2(𝑥) − 2(2)𝐻1(𝑥)

2
(
= 2𝑥 4𝑥 − 2 − 4(2𝑥) )
3
= 8𝑥 − 4𝑥 − 8𝑥
3
= 8𝑥 − 12𝑥

𝐻4(𝑥)

𝐻3+1(𝑥) = 2𝑥𝐻3(𝑥) − 2(3)𝐻2(𝑥)

3 2
(
= 2𝑥 8𝑥 − 12𝑥 − 6 4𝑥 − 2 ) ( )
4 2 2
= 16𝑥 − 24𝑥 − 24𝑥 + 12
4 2
= 16𝑥 − 48𝑥 + 12
2. Laguerre Polynomials
𝑛 𝑚
𝑚 𝑥
a. Use 𝐿𝑛(𝑥) = ∑ (− 1) (𝑛 𝑚 ) 𝑚! , find the Laguerre polynomials 𝐿0(𝑥), 𝐿1(𝑥),
𝑚=0
and 𝐿2(𝑥).
Jawab:
𝑛 𝑚 𝑛 𝑚 𝑚
𝑚 𝑥 (−1) 𝑛! 𝑥
𝐿𝑛(𝑥) = ∑ (− 1) (𝑛 𝑚 ) 𝑚!
= ∑ (𝑛−𝑚)! 𝑚! 𝑚!
𝑚=0 𝑚=0

● 𝐿0(𝑥)
0 𝑚 𝑚
(−1) 0! 𝑥
𝐿0(𝑥) = ∑ (0−𝑚)! 𝑚! 𝑚!
𝑚=0
0 0
(−1) 0! 𝑥
= (0−0)! 0! 0!
 1. 1.1
= 1. 1.1
𝐿0(𝑥) = 1

● 𝐿1(𝑥)
1 𝑚 𝑚
(−1) 1! 𝑥
𝐿1(𝑥) = ∑ (1−𝑚)! 𝑚! 𝑚!
𝑚=0
0 0 1 1
(−1) 1! 𝑥 (−1) 1! 𝑥
= (1−0)! 0! 0!
+ (1−1)! 1! 1!
1.1.1 (−1).1. 𝑥
= 1.1.1
+ 1.1.1
𝐿1(𝑥) = 1 − 𝑥

● 𝐿2(𝑥)
2 𝑚 𝑚
(−1) 2! 𝑥
𝐿2(𝑥) = ∑ (2−𝑚)! 𝑚! 𝑚!
𝑚=0
0 0 1 1 2 2
(−1) 2! 𝑥 (−1) 2! 𝑥 (−1) 2! 𝑥
= (2−0)! 0! 0!
+ (2−1)! 1! 1!
+ (2−2)! 2! 2!
2
𝑥
𝐿2(𝑥) = 1 − 2𝑥 + 2
1 2
𝐿2(𝑥) = 2
(𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 2)
b. Use (𝑛 + 1)𝐿𝑛+1(𝑥) − (2𝑛 + 1 − 𝑥)𝐿𝑛(𝑥) + 𝑛𝐿𝑛−1(𝑥) = 0 to find 𝐿3(𝑥) and
𝐿4(𝑥)
Jawab:
(𝑛 + 1)𝐿𝑛+1(𝑥) − (2𝑛 + 1 − 𝑥)𝐿𝑛(𝑥) + 𝑛𝐿𝑛−1(𝑥) = 0

(2𝑛+1−𝑥)𝐿𝑛(𝑥)−𝑛𝐿𝑛−1(𝑥)
𝐿𝑛+1(𝑥) = (𝑛+1)
● 𝐿3(𝑥)
(2.2+1−𝑥)𝐿2(𝑥)−2𝐿2−1(𝑥)
𝐿2+1(𝑥) = (2+1)
(4+1−𝑥)𝐿2(𝑥)−2𝐿1(𝑥)
𝐿3(𝑥) = 3

=
(5−𝑥) ( (𝑥 −4𝑥+2))−2(1−𝑥)
1
2
2

=
( 5
2
1
)
− 2 𝑥 (𝑥 −4𝑥+2)−2+2𝑥
2

=
( 5
2
2
𝑥 −10𝑥+5− 2 𝑥 −2𝑥 −𝑥 −2+2𝑥
1 3 2
)
3
9 2 1 3
2
𝑥 −11𝑥+5− 2 𝑥 −2+2𝑥
= 3
9 2 1 3
2
𝑥 −9𝑥+3− 2 𝑥
= 3
2 3
9𝑥 −18𝑥+6−𝑥
= 6
 1 3 2
𝐿3(𝑥) = 6
(− 𝑥 + 9𝑥 − 18𝑥 + 6)

● 𝐿4(𝑥)
(2.3+1−𝑥)𝐿3(𝑥)−3𝐿3−1(𝑥)
𝐿3+1(𝑥) = (3+1)
(6+1−𝑥)𝐿3(𝑥)−3𝐿2(𝑥)
𝐿4(𝑥) = 4

=
(7−𝑥) ( 1
6
3 2
(−𝑥 +9𝑥 −18𝑥+6) −3 ) ( 1
2
2
(𝑥 −4𝑥+2) )
4

=
( 7
6
1
)( 3
− 6 𝑥 −𝑥 +9𝑥 −18𝑥+6 − 2 𝑥 −4𝑥+2
2
) 3
( 2
)
4

=
( −6𝑥 +
7 3 21
2
2 1 4 3
𝑥 −21𝑥+7+ 6 𝑥 − 2 𝑥 +3𝑥 −𝑥 + − 2 𝑥 +6𝑥−3
3 2
)( 3 2
)
4

=
−3𝑥 +
8 3 27
2
2 1
𝑥 −22𝑥+7+ 6 𝑥 + − 2 𝑥 +6𝑥−3
4
( 3 2
)
4
8 3 2 1 4
− 3 𝑥 +12𝑥 −16𝑥+4+ 6 𝑥
= 4
4 3
𝑥 −16𝑥 +72−96𝑥+24
= 24
4 3 2
𝐿4(𝑥) =
1
24 (
𝑥 − 16𝑥 + 72𝑥 − 96𝑥 + 42 )
3. By evaluating the generating function for special values of 𝑥, verify the special values
𝑛 𝑛
𝑇𝑛(1) = 1, 𝑇𝑛(− 1) = (− 1) , 𝑇2𝑛(0) = (− 1) , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇2𝑛+1(0) = 0
Jawab:
● Verifikasi 𝑇𝑛(1) = 1
𝑇𝑛(𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥))

𝑇𝑛(1) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑠 (1))

𝑇𝑛(1) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑛 × 0°)

𝑇𝑛(1) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (0°)

𝑇𝑛(1) = 1

𝑛
● Verifikasi 𝑇𝑛(− 1) = (− 1)
𝑛
𝑇𝑛(𝑥) = (− 1) 𝑇𝑛(− 𝑥)

𝑛
𝑇𝑛(− 1) = (− 1) 𝑇𝑛(− (− 1))

𝑛
𝑇𝑛(− 1) = (− 1) 𝑇𝑛(1)
 𝑛
𝑇𝑛(− 1) = (− 1) × 1

𝑛
𝑇𝑛(− 1) = (− 1)

𝑛
● Verifikasi 𝑇2𝑛(0) = (− 1)
𝑇2𝑛(0) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑠(0))

𝑇2𝑛(0) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑛 × 90°)

𝑇2𝑛(0) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑛 × 180°)

𝑇2𝑛(0) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑠(− 1))

𝑇2𝑛(0) = 𝑇𝑛(− 1)

𝑛
𝑇2𝑛(0) = (− 1)

● Verifikasi 𝑇2𝑛+1 + 1(0) = 0

𝑇2𝑛+1(0) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠((2𝑛 + 1) 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑠(0))
𝑇2𝑛+1(0) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠((2𝑛 + 1) × 90°)
𝑇2𝑛+1(0) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(180𝑛° + 90°)
𝑇2𝑛+1(0) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(180𝑛°)𝑐𝑜𝑠(90°) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛(180𝑛°)𝑠𝑖𝑛(90°)
𝑇2𝑛+1(0) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(180𝑛°)(0) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛(180𝑛°)(1)
𝑇2𝑛+1(0) = − 𝑠𝑖𝑛(180𝑛°)

Fungsi 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥) setiap periodik 180° bernilai 0, maka untuk sembarang

𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛(180𝑛°) = 0. Jadi:
𝑇2𝑛+1(0) = 0

5
4. Express 𝑥 as a sum of Chebyshev polynomials.
Jawab:
Chebyshev Polynomials of the First Kind
5 3
𝑇5(𝑥) = 16𝑥 − 20𝑥 + 5𝑥
3
𝑇3(𝑥) = 4𝑥 − 3𝑥
𝑇1(𝑥) = 𝑥

3
5 𝑇5(𝑥)+20𝑥 −5𝑥
𝑥 = 16
 3
5 𝑇5(𝑥)+20𝑥 −15𝑥+10𝑥
𝑥 = 16
3
5 (
𝑇5(𝑥)+5 4𝑥 −3𝑥 +10𝑥 )
𝑥 = 16

5 𝑇5(𝑥)+5𝑇3(𝑥)+10𝑇1(𝑥)
𝑥 = 16

1 𝑥)
5. Tunjukkan bahwa 𝐹(1, 𝑏; 𝑏; 𝑥) = 1−𝑥
dan 𝐹(1, 1; 2; 𝑥) =− 𝑥
and
1
𝐹(1, 𝑏; 𝑏; 𝑥) = 1−𝑥
Jawab:
∞ 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 ∞ 𝑛 𝑛 ∞
𝑎 𝑏 𝑧 𝑛!𝑏 𝑥 𝑛 1
𝐹(𝑎, 𝑏; 𝑐; 𝑧) = ∑ 𝑛 𝑛!
𝐹(1, 𝑏; 𝑏; 𝑥) = ∑ 𝑛 𝑛!
= ∑ 𝑥 = 1−𝑥
𝑛=0 𝑐 𝑛=0 𝑏 𝑛=0

Terbukti.

𝑥)
𝐹(1, 1; 2; 𝑥) =− 𝑥

Jawab:
∞ 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 ∞ 𝑛 ∞ 𝑛 ∞ 𝑛+1 𝑛
𝑎 𝑏 𝑧 𝑛!𝑛! 𝑥 𝑥 1 −1 (−𝑥) 𝑥)
𝐹(𝑎, 𝑏; 𝑐; 𝑧) = ∑ 𝑛 𝑛!
𝐹(1, 1; 2; 𝑥) = ∑ (𝑛+1)! 𝑛!
= ∑ 𝑛+1
= −𝑥
∑ 𝑛
=− 𝑥
𝑛=0 𝑐 𝑛=0 𝑛=0 𝑛=1

Terbukti.