Chemistry

The alkali metals (Group 1)

Lithium, Sodium, and Potassium.

Element Atomic Mass Number Melting Point Boiling Point

Number

Lithium, Li 3 7 180 1360

Sodium, Na 11 23 98 900

Potassium K 19 39 63 777

The atomic number increases as you go down group 1 metals

The mass number increases as you go down group 1 metals
The melting and boiling point goes down as you go down group 1 metals
Rubidium is the next element
You can find them on the left side of the periodic table

The halogens (group 7)

Fluorine, Chlorine, and Bromine
Fluorine and Chlorine are gases at room temperature
Bromine is a liquid
The most reactive is fluorine then chlorine then Bromine is the least reactive

Element Atomic Electronic Mass Color Melting Boiling

Number structure Number point Point

Fluorine, F 9 2,7 19 Pale -220 -188

yellow

Chlorine, Cl 17 2,8,7 35 Yellowish -101 -34

green

Bromine, Br 35 80 Brown -7 59

The melting points and boiling points increase as we go down group 7 elements
The Noble Gases (group 8)
Helium, Argon, and Neon
They are all gases
They are inert gases so they are unreactive and they do not form compounds

Element Atomic Electronic Mass num Boiling Melting

Numbe structure point point
r

Helium, He 2 2 4 -270 -269

Neon, Ne 10 2,8 20 -249 -246

Argon, Ar 18 2,8,8 40 -189 -186

The melting points and boiling points increase as we go down group 8 gases.

2.3
Why do elements react together?
Atoms are stable when the outermost electron shell is full of electrons
In group 8 elements, they have their outermost electron full so they do not react to
form compounds, but other groups do not have full outer shells of electrons so they
can react to form compounds, and by doing so they fill the outermost electron shells
with electrons. Elements in compounds are held together by chemical bonds.

● The atoms can lose or gain electrons (ionic compound)

● Atoms can share electrons (covalent compound)

Losing electrons
When an element loses an electron in its outermost shell, it is to make the element
more stable and they become ions eg, the Sodium ion is more stable than a sodium
atom. The symbol for sodium ion is Na+

Gaining electrons
When an element gains an electron in its outermost shell, it is makes the element
more stable and they become ions eg, the Chlorine ion is more stable than a Chlorine
atom. The symbol for chlorine ion is Cl-
 Other Ionic compounds
Ionic compounds are those that are made from ions, They form when a metal reacts
with a non-metal

Sharing electrons
When non-metals form compounds they do so by sharing electrons to fill their
outermost electron shells.

2.4
Giant structures in an ionic compound
Sodium chloride is an ionic compound. The ions of sodium, Na+, and chlorine, Cl -
have equal and opposite electrical charges so they are strongly attracted to one
another, these forces are called electrostatic forces, act in all directions, and form
ionic bonds.

Giant covalent structures

Many substances that have covalent bonds are formed of simple molecules for
example oxygen, carbon dioxide, and methane. This is because the forces holding
the molecules together are very strong but the forces between the molecules are
weak.
The forces between the molecules are called intermolecular forces.

Giant Structures Of carbon

The carbon atoms in the diamond form a giant structure. Each carbon atom forms
four strong covalent bonds.

Diamond is the hardest material on Earth. It is not just used for jewelry but it is used
for cutting and drilling tools. It is so hard because of the strong, rigid,
three-dimensional structure of the lattice

Large structures are called macromolecules

Carbon also forms a giant structure for a very soft material, graphite
Graphite is used for lead in pencils and for lubricating moving parts in machine
In graphite, the carbon atoms can make bonds with three other atoms. This forms
layers that can easily slide over one another (the covalent bonds between the carbon
atoms in the layers are strong. The bonds between the layers are weak so the layers
slide over each other very easily). This makes the surface very soft and it easily
comes away this is what happens when u make a pencil mark on paper

Covalent and Ionic substances have different properties

Melting and boiling points
Ionic substances have very high melting points and boiling points. This is because
there are very strong electrostatic forces holding ions together.

Covalent substances made from simple molecules have low melting points and
boiling points because although the forces holding the molecules together are
strong, the forces between the molecules, and intermolecular forces are weak. This
means that only a small amount of energy is needed to overcome these forces in
order to melt or boil them.

The reactivity series

Potassium
Sodium
Calcium
Magnesium
Aluminium
Zinc
Iron
Lead
Copper
Silver
Gold

Metal + oxygen = metal oxide

Metal + water = metal hydroxide + hydrogen
Metal+ steam = metal oxide+hydrogen
Metal + dilute acid = salt+hydrogen

Displacement reaction
A more reactive metal can replace a less reactive one in a salt. The more reactive
metal pushes out a less reactive metal and this is called displacement