Structural Design

1 – BRIDGE:

Type of over head bridge depends on the

vent span:
Slab type S < 3.0 m
Slab & Girder 3<S<5
Slab, M. Girder & C. Girder 5<S <8
Design of Bridge elements are out of this scope.
SLAB TYPE

SLAB, M. GIRDER & C. GIRDER 2

SLAB & GIRDER

Structural Design
2 – Piers:

Hp = H.W.L.U.S.+1.0-FLOOR L.
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 Design of Piers
Empirical Dimensions
• Thickness of pier is empirically assumed as:
Tp = (1/4 → 1/3) S ≥ 1.0 m for (Plain Concrete)
(1/6) S ≥ 0.60 m for (RFT. Concrete)

• The shape of pier nose has a hydraulic effect on the flowing discharge. Different
pier- nose shapes are used as :
Semi – Circular nose
Sharp nose
Elliptic nose
rounded-nosed pier

pointed-nosed pier
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Design of Piers
Empirical Dimensions
• For old barrages on the Nile River, a thick pier were constructed every 10- pier of
the standard thin piers. Thickness of thick pier is nearly twice thickness of the thin
pier.

• Thick pier is useful during construction stages to carry dead load thrust force of
arches and earth pressure from the temporary embankment.

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 Design of Piers
Empirical Dimensions
• The length of the pier is determined from:

 Road way “Bridge” width,

 Space for lifting apparatus
 Main and emergency grooves dimensions
 Type of Pier nose

Design of Piers
Types of Grooves
I- Main Grooves;
Single Gate :
Sliding gate width of groove varies from 0.20 to 0.30m
Roller gate width of groove varies from 0.50 to 0.60m

Double gate:
For sliding gate width of groove varies from 0.40 to 0.60m
For roller gates width of groove varies from 0.60 to1.00m
II-Emergency grooves in up-stream and down stream for repair (width of groove is 0.30m)

Single Gate Double Gate

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Design of Piers
Types of Grooves
Single Gate :

• In Case that the area of one vent is less than 16m2, single gate per vent is used .

Design of Piers
Types of Grooves
Double gate:

• In Case that the area of one vent is greater than 16m2, double gates per vent are used

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Structural Design
Double Gate arrangment

• Pb >> Pt

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Structural Design
Pier Empirical Dimensions

Lp = Wbr + (6:7)m

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Structural Design
Pier Critical Section
For simplicity, length of pier from the U.S stream emergency groove to the D.S stream
emergency groove is considered in calculation of stability

Leff = Wbr + (b+a+1.5)m

Y

ex
X

A = Tp * Leff x = Leff / 2 Leff W 

Ix= Leff * Tp3 / 12 y = Tp / 2 e   br  a 
Iy= Tp* L3ef /12 2  2 
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Design of Piers
Stability of Piers
Stability of the pier:

Forces acting on the pier are:

1) Vertical load from bridge due to dead and live loads.
2) Own weight of pier
3) Water pressure.
4) Weight of lifting apparatus (if any).

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Stability of Piers
 Cases of loading of the pier:

I- Case of maximum Normal stresses or (max. vertical loading)

II- Case of maximum Moment about central axis (x) - MX.

III- Case of maximum Moment about the Transversal direction - My.

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Cases of loading of the pier:

 I- Case of maximum vertical stresses or (max. vertical loading)

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 Cases of loading of the pier:
 I- Case of maximum vertical stresses or (max. vertical loading)
Leff W 
e   br  a 
2  2 
O.W   m  H p  T p  Leff

 S  Tp 
R  D.L.  L.L.     Wbr
 2 
N  (2R  O.W .)

M y  2 R  e

N My
 1, 2    X
A Iy
Leff
X 
2

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Cases of loading of the pier:

 III- Case of maximum Moment about the transverse direction - My.

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 Cases of loading of the pier:
 III- Case of maximum Moment about the transverse direction - My.
Leff W 
e   br  a 
2  2 
O.W   m  H p  T p  Leff

RD.L. L.L.  D.L.  L.L.  S  T p  br 

W 
 2 

RD.L.  D.L.  S  T p  br 
W 
 2 

EW   W  H u .s.  S  Tp 
1 2

N  ( RD.L. L.L.  RD.L.  O.W .)

W  W  H
M y   RD. L. L. L.  br  e   RD. L..  br  e   EW  u .s
 4   4  3

N My
 1, 2    X Leff
A Iy X 
2 18

Cases of loading of the pier:

 II- Case of maximum Moment about central axis (x) - MX.

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Cases of loading of the pier:
 II- Case of maximum Moment about central axis (x) - MX.
Leff W 
e   br  a 
2  2 
O.W   m  H p  T p  Leff

RD.L. L.L.  D.L.  L.L. 

S  T   W 
p
br
2

 S  Tp 
RD.L.  D.L.     Wbr 
 2 

1
EW   W  H d .s.  Leff
2

1 S 
Eu .s   W  H u .s.    Tp 
2

2 2 
1 S 
Ed . s   W  H d . s .    T p 
2

2 2 

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Cases of loading of the pier:

 II- Case of maximum Moment about central axis (x) - MX.

N  ( RD.L. L.L.  RD.L.  O.W .)

T  T  H
M x  RD.L. L.L.  p   RD.L..  p   EW  d .s
4 4 3
H u .s H
M y  ( RD.L. L.L.  RD.L.. )  e  Eu.s   Eds  d .s
3 3

N Mx My
 1,2    Y  X
A Ix Iy

Leff Tp
X Y
2 2

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