Department of Nutrition and Food Engineering

Assignment

Course Code: 0542-2109 Course Title: Biostatistics

Title/Topic: In a sample of 300 corporations, 183 of CEOs were male. Test the claim that most
CEOs are male using a significance level of 0.05

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1 Idea with Focus (1)

2 Organization (1)
3 Content (2)
4 Time Management (1)
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Date of Submission: 04/05/2024 ………………………

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Semester: Spring Year: 2024 Level-Term: 2,1 Section: 231(B)

Submitted By- Submitted to-

Name: Nafisa Tabassum Meem Ms. Fouzia Akter

ID: 0242310007121003 Assistant professor
Department of NFE
Daffodil International University
Topic name: In a sample of 300 corporations, 183 of CEOs were male.
Test the claim that most CEOs are male using a significance level of 0.05

Hypothesis
Hypothesis testing is a systematic procedure for deciding whether the results of a research study support
a particular theory which applies to a population. Hypothesis testing uses sample data to evaluate a
hypothesis about a population.A hypothesis test assesses how unusual the result is, whether it is
reasonable chance variation or whether the result is too extreme to be considered chance variation.

Null hypothesis
A null hypothesis is a hypothesis that says there is no statistical significance between the two variables.
It is usually the hypothesis a researcher or experimenter will try to disprove or discredit. We expressed
null hypothesis by H sub zero(H0)
Example: On the average, the dosage sold under this brand is 50 mg (population mean dosage = 50
mg).We can never accept or prove null hypothesis either we reject it or fail to reject.

Alternative Hypothesis
Alternative hypothesis is the hypothesis that we are trying to prove and which is accepted if we have
sufficient evidence to reject the null hypothesis.We expressed alternative hypothesis by H sub a(H a) or H
sub 1(H1)
Example: On the average, the dosage sold under this brand is not 50 mg (population mean dosage ≠ 50
mg).

Claim
In hypothesis testing, a claim is a statement about a population parameter that we want to investigate.
Let's define the original claim (null hypothesis) and the opposite claim (alternative hypothesis) with an
example.
Example: Suppose a company claims that their new energy drink provides, on average, 50 milligrams of
caffeine per serving.
1. Original Claim (Null Hypothesis, H0): The null hypothesis would state that the mean amount of
caffeine per serving in the new energy drink is equal to 50 milligrams.
H0 : μ = 50
2. Opposite Claim (Alternative Hypothesis, Ha): The alternative hypothesis would suggest that the
mean amount of caffeine per serving in the new energy drink is different from 50 milligrams. This could
mean it's either greater or lesser than 50 milligrams.
Ha : μ ≠ 50
In this example, the original claim (H0) assumes that the energy drink provides 50 milligrams of caffeine
per serving, while the opposite claim (Ha) suggests that it doesn't necessarily provide exactly 50
milligrams per serving.

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How to identify null and alternative hypotheses?
Identifying the null and alternative hypotheses is a crucial step in hypothesis testing. Here's how to do it
with an example:
1. Define the Research Question: Let's say a researcher wants to investigate whether a new teaching
method improves students' test scores.
2. Formulate the Hypothesis –
Null Hypothesis (H0): This represents the default assumption, usually stating no effect or no difference.
Example: The new teaching method has no effect on students' test scores.
Symbolically: H0: μ1 = μ2 (where μ1 is the mean test score with the new method and μ2 is the mean test
score without the new method)
Alternative Hypothesis (Ha): This represents the researcher's claim or the opposite of the null
hypothesis, suggesting there is an effect or difference.
Example: The new teaching method improves students test scores.
Symbolically: Ha : μ1 > μ2 (where μ1 is expected to be greater than μ2)
3. Determine the Directionality (for one-tailed tests): In some cases, the alternative hypothesis may be
one-tailed, specifying a direction of the effect (e.g., greater than, less than). If the researcher has a
specific expectation about the direction of the effect, they should specify it in the alternative hypothesis.
Example: If the researcher believes the new teaching method will increase test scores but not decrease
them, the alternative hypothesis would be:- H a : μ1 > μ2 (one-tailed, indicating an increase)
4. Check for Equivalence (for two-tailed tests): If the researcher is interested in detecting any
difference, regardless of direction, they use a two-tailed test. In this case, the alternative hypothesis will
specify that the means are not equal.
Example: If the researcher wants to determine whether the new teaching method leads to any change in
test scores, the alternative hypothesis would be:- H a : μ1 ≠ μ2 (two-tailed, indicating any difference)
By identifying the null and alternative hypotheses clearly, researchers can design their studies to test
specific research questions.

Test statistics
For testing the mean –
Z-test: Compares the difference between the sample mean and the population mean to the variability in
the data, scaled by the standard deviation of the population. This test is appropriate when the population
standard deviation is known.
T-test: Similar to the Z-test but uses the sample standard deviation instead of the population standard
deviation. This test is used when the population standard deviation is unknown and must be estimated
from the sample.
For testing the proportion –
Z-statistic: Measures the number of standard deviations a sample proportion is from the population
proportion. It's calculated as the difference between the sample proportion and the population proportion,
divided by the standard error of the sample proportion.
In both cases, the larger the test statistic, the more evidence there is against the null hypothesis,
suggesting that the observed data is unlikely to have occurred by chance alone.

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How to make decisions based on evidence?
Significance Level (α): The significance level, denoted by α (alpha), is the probability of rejecting the
null hypothesis when it is actually true. It represents the maximum acceptable probability of making a
Type I error, which is the error of incorrectly rejecting a true null hypothesis. Commonly used
significance levels include 0.05 (5%) and 0.01 (1%).
Critical Value: The critical value is a boundary value used to determine whether to reject the null
hypothesis. It depends on the chosen significance level and the distribution of the test statistic (e.g.,
normal distribution for Z-test, t-distribution for T-test). Critical values are found from statistical tables .
Rejection Region: The rejection region is the set of values of the test statistic for which the null
hypothesis is rejected. It is determined by comparing the calculated test statistic to the critical value(s). If
the test statistic falls within the rejection region, the null hypothesis is rejected in favor of the alternative
hypothesis.

Types of tailed in hypothesis testing

1. Two-tailed test:
● Also known as a two-sided test.
● The critical region is divided into two equal parts, with each tail representing extreme values of
the test statistic.
● This test is used when the alternative hypothesis suggests that the parameter may differ from the
null hypothesis in either direction.
● Example: Testing if a new drug has a different effect compared to a placebo, without specifying
whether it's better or worse.
2. One-tailed test (right-tailed):
● Also known as a one-sided test.
● In a one-tailed test, we are interested in determining if the sample statistic is significantly greater
than (or less than) the population parameter in one specific direction.
● The critical region is located entirely on one side of the distribution, either to the right (for a
right-tailed test) or to the left (for a left-tailed test).
● This test is used when the alternative hypothesis specifies the direction of the difference from the
null hypothesis.
● Example: Testing if a new product increases sales compared to the old product, without
considering the possibility of decreased sales.
3. One-tailed test (left-tailed):
● Similar to the right-tailed test but focused on determining if the sample statistic is significantly
less than the population parameter in one specific direction.
● The critical region is located entirely on the left side of the distribution.
● This test is used when the alternative hypothesis specifies that the parameter is significantly less
than the null hypothesis.
● Example:Testing if a new manufacturing process reduces defects compared to the current
process.

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Problem name: In a sample of 300 corporations, 183 of CEOs were male. Test the claim
that most CEOs are male using a significance level of 0.05

183×100
Proportion, P =
300
= 60%
Original Claim ⟶ P ＞0.50
Original Claim ⟶ P ≤ 0.50
H0 : P = 0.5
H0 : P＞0.5

Here,
60
𝑃= = 0.60
100
P = 0.50
q = 1 - P = 1 - 0.50
= 0.50
n = 300

𝑃−𝑃
For Z test, Z =
𝑝𝑞
𝑛
0.60 − 0.50
=
0.50×0.50
300

= 3.46

As significance level 0.05, so the critical value is 1.645, The test is a right tail test.

The reject region will form 1.645 and

above. As my Z score is 3.45, It falls in
the rejection region.
So, H0 is rejected.
Ha is accepted and my claim is proved.