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Application of Biostatistics
Application of Biostatistics
Application of Biostatistics
(Unit 3)
Application of Biostatistics
By
Shrey Pandya
Topics in unit 3
01 02 03
Measures Forecasting Probability
charatertistics Estimating Values Possibilities
04 05 06
Hypothesis Fuzzi Technology AHP
Generalization Decision making Solving complex
problems
01
Measures
Different charaters that help one to understand the
data in a better way.
Different Measures
Measure of Central Tendency Single Value representation
Simple Mean
Median Deciles
Weighted Mean
Arithmetic Mean (A.M) Geometric mean (G.M) Harmonic Mean (H.M)
Definition Sum of observations divided by nth root of product of n non zero Reciprocal of A.M
no. of observations. Abbreviated observations
as A.M. and is denoted by 𝑥ҧ
Use General purpose 1)The concept of G.M. is used in the The harmonic mean is
construction of Index number. particularly useful for
2) Since G.M. ≤ A.M., therefore G.M. is computation of average rates
useful in those cases where smaller and ratios. Such rates and ratios
observations are to be given importance. are generally used to express
Such cases usually occur in social and relations between two different
economic areas of study. types of measuring units that
3) The G.M. of a data set is useful in can be expressed reciprocally
estimating the average rate of growth in
the initial value of an observation per unit
period. For example, it is useful in finding
the percentage increase in sales, profit,
production, population, and so on.
Formula
(Raw Data)
Arithmetic Mean Geometric mean Harmonic Mean
Ungroupe
d Data ; where f = Frequency
Grouped
Data ; where f = Frequency and
mi =mid value of
class
Demerits 1) It is very much affected by extreme 1) It is difficult to understand and 1) Useful when small values are to
values.. 2) It can’t be calculated for compute. 2) It cannot be be given very high weightage. 2)
open-end classes. 3) It can’t be determined; if there are negative difficult to compute and understand.
located graphically. 4) The mean values or any of the values is 3) Can’t be computed if positive and
cannot be calculated for qualitative zero. 3) Not possible to locate negative values are present or one
characteristics such as intelligence, graphically. or more zeros are present.
honesty, beauty, or loyalty.
Application 1. The concept of G.M. is used in the construction The harmonic mean is particularly
of Index number. 2. Since G.M. ≤ A.M., therefore useful for computation of average rates
G.M. is useful in those cases where smaller and ratios. Such rates and ratios are
observations are to be given importance. Such generally used to express relations
cases usually occur in social and economic areas of between two different types of
study. 3. The G.M. of a data set is useful in measuring units that can be expressed
estimating the average rate of growth in the initial reciprocally.
value of an observation per unit period. For
example, it is useful in finding the percentage
increase in sales, profit, production, population, and
so on.
Note 1) If any one of the observation is zero then G.M 1) If any observation is Zero then
is zero. 2) If any one of the observation is H.M is not defined. 2) Harmonic
negative then G.M is imaginary mean is especially useful in
averaging rates and ratios where
time factor is variable and the act
being performed e.g., for finding
average speed of vehicles, typist
etc.
1) The sum of the deviations of all observations from their arithmetic mean is always zero.
2) The sum of squared deviations of all the observations is minimum when deviation is taken from actual
arithmetic mean.
3) If we replace each individual observation in the data by the constant then mean is the constant itself.
5) If 𝑿𝟏 and 𝑿𝟐 be arithmetic mean of two groups of observations N1 and N2 then the combined mean of
these two groups can be computed by
Generalized formula
Positional Measures
Mode (A.M) Median (G.M)
Definition Mode is the value which occurs most frequently in a The median is that value of variable which divides the
set of observation and around which the other items distribution into two equal parts, one part comprising all
of the set cluster densely the values greater and the other, all values less than median
Formula M0 = that value of variable which occur more First arrange the observation in ascending
(Raw Data) frequently in data set. (increasing) order.
Grouped Data
Merits 1) It is easy to calculate, easy to understand. 2) It is not 1. It is easy to understand. 2. It is easy to calculate. 3.
affected by extreme values. 3) It can be determined in It is not affected by extreme value. 4. It can be
open-end classes, at least modal class should be closed computed in case of open end classes. 5. It is most
one 4) It can be represented graphically (Histogram). suitable average in a study of qualitative data. 6. It can
be located graphically (Ogive Curve).
Demerits 1. It is not based on all the observations. 2. It is not capable 1. It is not capable for further algebraic treatment. 2. It
of further algebraic treatment. 3. As compared to mean and is not based on all observations. 3. It is affected more
median, it is affected to a greater extent by sampling by sampling fluctuations than the arithmetic mean. 4. It
fluctuations. requires arranging the data before it can be found,
which tedious work is.