ENV2101C01:

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND INSTRUMENTATION

(Unit 3)
Application of Biostatistics

By
Shrey Pandya
Topics in unit 3
01 02 03
Measures Forecasting Probability
charatertistics Estimating Values Possibilities

04 05 06
Hypothesis Fuzzi Technology AHP
Generalization Decision making Solving complex
problems
 01
Measures
Different charaters that help one to understand the
data in a better way.
Different Measures
Measure of Central Tendency Single Value representation

Measure of Dispersion Scatterness

Skewness Deviation from symmetricity

Kurtosis Amount of peakness

 Measure of Central Tendency

Mathematical Average Positional Measure

Arithmetic Geometric Harmonic

Mode Quartiles Percentiles
Mean Mean Mean

Simple Mean
Median Deciles

Weighted Mean
 Arithmetic Mean (A.M) Geometric mean (G.M) Harmonic Mean (H.M)

Definition Sum of observations divided by nth root of product of n non zero Reciprocal of A.M
no. of observations. Abbreviated observations
as A.M. and is denoted by 𝑥ҧ

Use General purpose 1)The concept of G.M. is used in the The harmonic mean is
construction of Index number. particularly useful for
2) Since G.M. ≤ A.M., therefore G.M. is computation of average rates
useful in those cases where smaller and ratios. Such rates and ratios
observations are to be given importance. are generally used to express
Such cases usually occur in social and relations between two different
economic areas of study. types of measuring units that
3) The G.M. of a data set is useful in can be expressed reciprocally
estimating the average rate of growth in
the initial value of an observation per unit
period. For example, it is useful in finding
the percentage increase in sales, profit,
production, population, and so on.

Formula
(Raw Data)
 Arithmetic Mean
Ungroupe
d Data ; where f = Frequency
Grouped
Data ; where f = Frequency and
mi =mid value of
class
Merits 1) It is rigidly defined. 2) It is easy to
calculate. 3) It is based upon all the
observations. 4) It is capable of further
algebraic treatment. (i.e. possible to
find combined mean). 5. It is least
affected of sampling fluctuations.
Demerits 1) It is very much affected by extreme
values.. 2) It can’t be calculated for
open-end classes. 3) It can’t be
located graphically. 4) The mean
cannot be calculated for qualitative
characteristics such as intelligence,
honesty, beauty, or loyalty.
Geometric mean
1) It is rigidly defined. 2) It is
based on all the observations. 3)
It is capable of further algebraic
treatment
1) It is difficult to understand and
compute. 2) It cannot be
determined; if there are negative
values or any of the values is
zero. 3) Not possible to locate
graphically.
Harmonic Mean
1) It is rigidly defined. 2) It is based
on all observations. 3) It is suitable
for further mathematical treatment.
4) It is not affected much by
sampling fluctuations.
1) Useful when small values are to
be given very high weightage. 2)
difficult to compute and understand.
3) Can’t be computed if positive and
negative values are present or one
or more zeros are present.
Application 1. The concept of G.M. is used in the construction
of Index number. 2. Since G.M. ≤ A.M., therefore
G.M. is useful in those cases where smaller
observations are to be given importance. Such
cases usually occur in social and economic areas of
study. 3. The G.M. of a data set is useful in
estimating the average rate of growth in the initial
value of an observation per unit period. For
example, it is useful in finding the percentage
increase in sales, profit, production, population, and
so on.
Note 1) If any one of the observation is zero then G.M
is zero. 2) If any one of the observation is
negative then G.M is imaginary
Relation ship between Positional averages
1) A.M ≥ G.M ≥ H.M
2) G.M = Sqrt(A.M * H.M)
The harmonic mean is particularly
useful for computation of average rates
and ratios. Such rates and ratios are
generally used to express relations
between two different types of
measuring units that can be expressed
reciprocally.
1) If any observation is Zero then
H.M is not defined. 2) Harmonic
mean is especially useful in
averaging rates and ratios where
time factor is variable and the act
being performed e.g., for finding
average speed of vehicles, typist
etc.
Properties of A.M

1) The sum of the deviations of all observations from their arithmetic mean is always zero.

2) The sum of squared deviations of all the observations is minimum when deviation is taken from actual
arithmetic mean.

3) If we replace each individual observation in the data by the constant then mean is the constant itself.

4) The arithmetic mean of first n natural numbers = (n+1)/2

5) If 𝑿𝟏 and 𝑿𝟐 be arithmetic mean of two groups of observations N1 and N2 then the combined mean of
these two groups can be computed by

Generalized formula
 Positional Measures
Mode (A.M) Median (G.M)

Definition Mode is the value which occurs most frequently in a The median is that value of variable which divides the
set of observation and around which the other items distribution into two equal parts, one part comprising all
of the set cluster densely the values greater and the other, all values less than median

Use Mode is especially useful in finding the most

popular size in studies relating to marketing, trade,
business and industry. It is the appropriate average
to be used to find the ideal size e.g., in business
forecasting, in the manufacture of shoes or
readymade garments, in sales, in production, etc

Formula M0 = that value of variable which occur more First arrange the observation in ascending
(Raw Data) frequently in data set. (increasing) order.

Me = ((n+1)/2)th Obs. ; If n is odd

(n/2)th Obs. and ((n+1)/2)th Obs. ; If n is even
Ungrouped M0 = that value of variable which corresponds to highest
Data frequency.
Grouped Data
Where L: lower limit or boundary of modal class 𝑓0: Frequency
of class above modal class 𝑓1: Frequency of modal class 𝑓2:
Frequency of class below modal class 𝑐: Class width of modal
class
Merits 1) It is easy to calculate, easy to understand. 2) It is not
affected by extreme values. 3) It can be determined in
open-end classes, at least modal class should be closed
one 4) It can be represented graphically (Histogram).
Demerits 1. It is not based on all the observations. 2. It is not capable
of further algebraic treatment. 3. As compared to mean and
median, it is affected to a greater extent by sampling
fluctuations.
First find the cumulative frequency (C.F) less than
type. 𝑀𝑒 : that value of variable which corresponds to
C.F. just greater than or equal to (N/2)
Cf = cumulative frequency of previous class
1. It is easy to understand. 2. It is easy to calculate. 3.
It is not affected by extreme value. 4. It can be
computed in case of open end classes. 5. It is most
suitable average in a study of qualitative data. 6. It can
be located graphically (Ogive Curve).
1. It is not capable for further algebraic treatment. 2. It
is not based on all observations. 3. It is affected more
by sampling fluctuations than the arithmetic mean. 4. It
requires arranging the data before it can be found,
which tedious work is.