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GENERAL
MATHEMATICS
Quarter II – Week 7
Truth Tables

CONTEXTUALIZED LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEETS

SCHOOLS DIVISION OF PUERTO PRINCESA CITY
Mathematics – Grade 11
Contextualized Learning Activity Sheets (CLAS)
Quarter II - Week 7: Truth Tables
First Edition, 2020

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Name: Grade & Section:

Lesson 1
Truth Tables

MELC: Determines the truth values of propositions. (M11GM_11h_1)

Illustrates the different forms of conditional propositions. (M11GM_11h_2)

Objectives: 1. Construct a truth table.

2. Determine the truth values of propositions.
3. Illustrate the different forms of conditional propositions.

Let’s Explore and Discover

In logic, variables are also use to present proportions in the

Unlocking
same way that we use variables to represent numbers in
of Difficulties Algebra. A value in logic has only TRUE or FALSE for its value.
In fact, true and false are the “numerical constansts” in logic.
a. The Truth Table
shows all possible
truth values of a Steps in Constructing Truth Tables:
proposition
Step 1: Recall dominant connectives and the use of
b. Tautology: a
parenthesis then determine if the results is a conjunction,
proposition that is disjunction, or negation.
always true Step 2: Complete the columns under
c. Contradiction: a a) The simple statements (p, q…)
proposition that is b) The connectives negations inside
always false parentheses.
c) Any remaining statements and their
negations
d) Any remaining connectives

Step 3: The truth table of compound proportion of n

component statements, each represented by a different
letter, has 2n number of rows. Example
➢ A compound proposition with two different
simple statement has 22 or 4 rows
➢ A compound proposition with three
different simple statement has 23 or 8 rows

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Recall: Types of Statements and their Connective Symbol
Connective Symbol Type of Meaning
Statement
not ~ Negation “not p”
and ^ Conjunction “p and q”
or ˅ Disjunction “p or q”
if p, then q Conditional “if p the q”
if and only if (iff) Biconditional “p if and only if q”

Example: Let p and q be propositions. Construct the truth table for the compound
propositions (p q) ^ (q p).
p q
T T
T F
F T
F F

Using the truth table for the definition of the conditional statements p q and
q p, we add two more columns to indicate the truth values of p q and
q p:
p q p q q p
T T T T
T F F T
F T T F
F F T T

In the final column, we add the truth value of (p q) ^ (q p), in which is a

conjunction involving p q and q p as disjuncts.
p q p q q p (p q) ^ (q p) s
T T T T T T
T F F T F T
F T T F F T
F F T T T T

Note:
Regardless of the truth values of p, q, and r, proposition is always true. Such propositions
are called tautologies.

Definition: A proposition that is always true is called a tautology ( ), while a proposition

that is always false is called a contradiction (o).

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Example:
Let p and q be propositions. Construct the truth table for the compound propositions
p (p ˅q) is a Tautology.

p q p ˅q p (p ˅ q)
T T T T
T F T T
F T T T
F F F T

Note:
Regardless of the truth vaues of p and q, p (p ˅ q) is always true, so it is a tautology.

Let p and q be propositions. Construct the truth table for the compound propositions
(p ^ (~q)) ^ (p ^ q) is a Contradiction.

p q ~q p ^(~q) p ^q (p ^ (~q)) ^ (p ^ q)
T T F F T F
T F T T F F
F T F F F F
F F T F F F

Note:
We note that (p ^ (~q)) ^ (p ^ q) is false for any combination of truth values of p and q.
Therefore, (p ^ (~q)) ^ (p ^ q) is a Contradiction.

The conditional propositions are compound statements. We denoted them as

p q that means that “if p then q”. These are sometimes called implications, where p is
called the hypothesis and q is called the conclusion.

The converse of the conditional statement p q and q p.

Biconditional Statement is the combination of a conditional statement and its converse if

both are true. The parts of a biconditional statement are connected by the phrase if and
only if.

Conditional Statement: If p, then q p q

Converse: If q, then p q p
Biconditional Statement: p if and only if q p q

Inverse and its Contrapositive

Conditional Statement: If p, then q p q

Inverse: If not p, then not q ~p ~q
Contrapositive : If not q, then not p ~q ~p

Note: A conditional and the corresponding contrapositive are logically equivalent. Likewise
for a given conditional statement, its converse and inverse are logically equivalent

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Example: Consider the following true conditional
p q: “If Geebee is in Grade 11, then she is a senior high school True/False
student.”
State its:

a.)Hypothesis Geebee is in Grade 11

b.)Conclusion She is a senior high student

False.This is not
If Geebee is a senior high school student, necessary True
c.)Converse (q p)
then she is in Grade 11
If Geebee is not a senior high school True
d.)Contrapositive
student, then she is not in Grade 11
((~q) (~p))

False.This is not
e.)Inverse If Geebee is not in Grade 11, then she is necessary True
((~p) (~q)) not a senior high school student

Example:

p q: “If a figure is square, then it is a quadrilateral.” True/False

State its:

a.)Hypothesis A figure is square

b.)Conclusion It is quadrilateral

c.)Converse (q p) If it is quadrilateral, then it is a square False

d.)Contrapositive If it is not quadrilateral, then it is not a

((~q) (~p)) square
False
e.)Inverse If a figure is not square, then it is not a
((~p) (~q)) quadrilateral

Example:
Let p and q be propositions. Construct the truth tables for each of the following
conditionals: p q, q p, (~p ) (~q), (~q ) (~p)

p q ~p ~q p q q p (~p) (~q) (~q) (~p)

T T F F T T T T
T F F T F T T F
F T T F T F F T
F F T T T T T T

Same

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Same
Note that the fifth and eighth columns are the same.
So we have shown that (p q) [(~q ) (~p)]. Likewise, since the sixth and
seventh columns are identical, it follows that (q p) [(~p ) (~q)].

Definition. Two propositions p and q are logically equivalent, denoted by p q, if they have
the same truth values for all possible truth values of their simple components.

Logical equivalence can also be expressed in terms of biconditional statement. Two

propositions p and q are logically equivalent if the proposition p q is always true (or is
a tautology).

Example: Show that (p q) [(~p)˅q ]. We shall call this logical equivalence the Switcheroo
law19.

Solution: We need to show that p q and (~p) ˅q have the same truth values using a truth
table.
p q p q ~p (~p) ˅ q
T T T F T
T F F F F
F T T T T
F F T T T

Notice that the third and fifth columns of the truth table above contains the same truth
values in the same sequence. Thus (p q) [(~p)˅q)]

The table below shows the different logical equivalences that are used when manipulating
compound propositions.

Let p, q and r be the propositions. One can verify using truth

tables that the following are indeed logical equivalences.

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Example: Show that ~(p q) (p ^ (~q)) using logical equivalences.

Solution: One way to do this is to construct a truth table for each logical expression then
show that they have the same truth values. Another method is to use the logical
equivalences to transform ~(p q) into p ^ (~q )

Reason

~(p q)

~((~p) ˅q) Switcheeroo

~(~p) ^(~q) De Morgan’s Laws

p ^ (~q) Double Negation

(Refer to the sample source: General Mathematics: Learner’s Material, Pasig City,
Department of Education, 2016, 257-269)

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 Let’s Practice

Directions: Consider the following true conditional. Write the appropriate words that satisfy
the conditions
p q: “If it rains, then class will be cancelled.” True/False
State its:
a.)Hypothesis

b.)Conclusion
c.)Converse (q p)
d.)Contrapositive ((~q) (~p))
e.)Inverse ((~p) (~q))

Directions: Determine the converse, contrapositive, and the inverse of the following
conditional propositions.
p q: “If two angles are congruent, then they have the same measure”

Converse (q p)
Contrapositive ((~q) (~p))
Inverse ((~p) (~q))

p q: “At least one student slept in class, the Lyn gave a difficult quiz to wake the
students.”

Inverse ((~p) (~q))

Converse (q p)

Contrapositive ((~q) (~p))

Process Question: Which is easier to understand? By symbol or by sentence?

_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

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 Let’s Do More

Let’s try another one!

Directions: Let p and q be propositions, contruct the truth table for the compound
proposition: (p ^ q) (~p q)

p q ~p p^q ~p q (p ^ q) (~p q)

Directions: Show that ∼ (p → (∼ q)) ⇔ (p ∧ q) by completing the table below.

Reason

∼ (p → (∼ q))

⇔ ~(~p ˅ ~q)

⇔ ~(~p) ^ ~(~q)

⇔ p^ q

Process Question: What do you prefer in showing logical equivalences? Is it using truth
table or using the known logical equivalences?
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________

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 Let’s Sum It Up
Activity 1

Directions: Choose from the box the correct symbol corresponding to the type of statement
below. Draw the symbol that represents your answer under the column “symbol” below.

^ ~~ ˅

Type of Statement Symbol

Negation
Conjunction
Disjunction
Conditional
Biconditional

Activity 2
Directions: Read the statement below carefully and fill in the blanks(s) with the correct
answer.

It is a chart that shows the truth-value of one or more compound propositions for every
possible combination of truth-values of the propositions making up the compound ones

____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ___ ____ ____

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 Let’s Assess
Directions: Circle the letter of the correct answer.

1. What is the logical operator that is interpreted as being true when it is false,
and false when it is true?
A. Negation B. Conjunction C. Disjunction D. Conditional

2. What is the logical operator that proposition p and q are the components of
this operator?
A. Negation B. Biconditional C. Disjunction D. Conditional

3. What is the logical operator where the value of two proposition is true only
when both of its operands are true?
A. Negation B. Conjunction C. Disjunction D. Conditional

4. What is the logical operator where proposition p is called the hypothesis,

while the proposition q is called the conclusion?
A. Negation B. Conjunction C. Disjunction D. Conditional

5. What is the logical operator where the value of two propositions is false only
when both of its operands are false?
A. Negation B. Conjunction C. Disjunction D. Conditional

6. What is the compound proposition that is always true?

A. Truth Table B. Tautology C. Proposition D. Contradiction

7. What is the compound proposition that is always false?

A. Truth Table B. Tautology C. Proposition D. Contradiction

8. What is the logical equivalent of conditional?

A. Tautology B. Contrapositive C. Converse D. Inverse

9. What is the logical equivalent of coverse?

A. Tautology B. Contrapositive C. Converse D. Inverse

10. Miley is in Grade 12 if and only if she is a lawyer.

A. T B. F C. 0 D. 1

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 Answer Key

Let’s Practice

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 Let’s Do More

Let’s Sum It Up
Activity 1: Activity 2:

Let’s Assess
1. A
2. B
3. B
4. D
5. C
6. B
7. D
8. B
9. D
10. B

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 References
Book
Dr. Debbie Marie B. Verzosa, Paolo Luis Apolinario, Regina M. Tresvalles, Francis Nelson
M. Infante, Jose Lorenzo M. Sin, Len Patrick Dominic M. Garces et al., General
Mathematics Teacher’s Guide. Pasig City: Department of Education, First Edition
2016.

General Mathematics Grade 11, Quarter 2, Module 10, Logic, Version 2, 2020. Pasig City:
Department of Education

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