9th Class Science Notes

Chapter 1
Matter in Our Surroundings

What is matter?

Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass and volume. It is what
everything around us is made of, including solid objects, liquids, gases, and even
plasma. Matter is composed of very small particles, which are the basic building
blocks of all substances. These particle combine to form molecules, which then
arrange themselves into various structures to create the different forms of matter we
encounter in everyday life

Experiment: The solution of potassium permanganate is kept diluting with water,

color becomes lighter. One crystal of potassium permanganate has millions of tiny
particles that keep on dividing themselves into smaller and smaller particles. It
concludes that matter is made up of tiny particles.

Characteristics of a particle of Matter

1. Have interparticle space: Spaces between two adjacent particles in a matter

are known as interparticle spaces.

2. Are in Continuous Motion: Particles of matter are in continuous motion as they

have kinetic energy.

(NOTE: As the temperature rises or falls, the kinetic energy of particles also
increases or decreases which results in an increase or decrease in the motion of
particles).

3. Have the interparticle force of attraction: Particles of matter have a force

acting between them which keeps particles together. This force is known as
the interparticle force of attraction.

Diffusion:
The intermixing of particles of two different types of matter on their own is known as
diffusion, As the temperature increases, the rate of diffusion becomes faster due to
an increase in the kinetic energy of particles.
States Of Matter:

Solid state: Definite shape ● Definite volume ● Mostly incompressible ● Rigid ● Has
high interparticle force of attraction

Liquid state: Indefinite shape ● Definite volume ● Mostly incompressible ● Have

fluidity ● Has high interparticle force of attraction ● Has low interparticle force of
attraction than solid

Gaseous state:● Indefinite shape ● Indefinite volume ● Easily compressible ● Have

fluidity ● Has low interparticle force of attraction than Liquid

Interconversion of States of Matter:

Interconversion of states of matter can be done by either decreasing or increasing
the temperature or the pressure.

On increasing the temperature, the kinetic energy of the particles increases. Due to
the increase in kinetic energy, the particles start vibrating with greater speed. The
energy supplied by heat overcomes the forces of attraction between the particles
Which causes the change of state.

Latent heat:

Latent heat refers to the amount of heat energy absorbed or released by a

substance during a phase change, such as melting, freezing, vaporization, or
condensation, without a temperature change.

When a substance changes from one state to another (e.g., from solid to liquid or
liquid to gas), energy is either absorbed or released. This energy is called latent heat
because it's "hidden" in the sense that it doesn't cause a temperature change but
rather alters the arrangement of molecules within the substance.

There are two types of latent heat:

1. **Latent heat of fusion:** This is the heat absorbed or released when a substance
changes between solid and liquid states. For example, when ice melts into water or
when water freezes into ice.

2. **Latent heat of vaporization:** This is the heat absorbed or released when a

substance changes between liquid and gas states. For example, when water
evaporates into vapor or when vapor condenses into liquid water.

These concepts are important in understanding various natural phenomena, such as

the formation of clouds, the melting of ice, and the cooling effect of sweating.

Melting point: The minimum temperature at which a solid melts to become a liquid at
the atmospheric pressure is called its melting point.
The melting point of ice is 273.15 K*

Boiling point: At a certain temperature, a point is reached when the particles have
enough energy to break free from the forces of attraction of each other. At this
temperature, the liquid starts changing into gas. The temperature at which a liquid
starts boiling at the atmospheric pressure is known as its boiling point
For water, this temperature is 373 K (100oC = 273 + 100 = 373 K).

Sublimation: A change of state directly from solid to gas without changing into liquid
state is called sublimation

Deposition: The direct change of gas to solid without changing into liquid is called
deposition.

DRY ICE: Solid CO2 gets converted directly into the gaseous state on the decrease
of pressure to 1 atmosphere* without coming into a liquid state. This is the reason
that solid carbon dioxide is also known as

Evaporation: The process of converting a liquid into a gas at any temperature below
its boiling point is called evaporation. It is a surface phenomenon. Evaporation is a
surface phenomenon while boiling is a bulk phenomenon.

Factors affecting evaporation:

Temperature: An increase in temperature increases the rate of evaporation because

more liquid particles will gain sufficient kinetic energy to break free from the force of
attraction of the particles and evaporate.
Humidity: Increased humidity in the atmosphere would decrease the rate of
evaporation as there would be a lot of water content already present in the air
making the air around saturated.

Wind speed: If there is an increase in wind speed, the particles of water vapour will
move away from the air, which will increase the rate of evaporation.

Surface area: When we increase the surface area, i.e. if we spread the clothes to let
them dry, the evaporation is faster. This is because simply there is a greater surface
area for the liquid particles to escape from

Evaporation causes cooling:

Evaporation causes cooling because it is an endothermic process, meaning it

absorbs heat from its surroundings.

When a liquid evaporates, its molecules gain energy from the surroundings, typically
from the environment's heat. This energy is used to overcome the intermolecular
forces holding the liquid molecules together, allowing them to escape into the
surrounding air as vapor. As a result, the remaining molecules in the liquid have
lower average kinetic energy, which corresponds to a lower temperature.

This cooling effect is the reason why we feel cool when we sweat on a hot day. The
sweat on our skin evaporates, absorbing heat from our body and the surrounding
environment, thus cooling us down. Similarly, the cooling effect of evaporation plays
a significant role in processes like the formation of clouds, the cooling of lakes and
rivers, and the regulation of body temperature in living organisms.

Matter in Our Surroundings Question And Answer:

Page 3

Q1. Which of the following are matter? Chair, air, love, smell, hate, almonds, thought,
cold, lemon water, smell of perfume.

Ans: Matter includes substances that occupy space and have mass. From the list
provided:

- Chair: Matter (solid)

- Air: Matter (gas)
- Almonds: Matter (solid)
 - Cold: Not matter (temperature is a property, not a substance)
- Lemon water: Matter (liquid)
- Smell of perfume: Matter (gaseous particles that carry the scent)

Love, hate, thought, and smell (unless referring to the particles that carry the scent)
are not considered matter in the traditional sense as they are abstract concepts or
perceptions rather than tangible substances.
.

Q 2. Give reasons for the following observation: The smell of hot sizzling food
reaches you several metres away, but to get the smell from cold food you have to go
close.

Ans: The observation that the smell of hot sizzling food reaches you from several
meters away while the smell of cold food requires closer proximity is due to the
difference in the rates of diffusion. When food is hot, its molecules have higher
kinetic energy, leading to faster movement and higher rates of diffusion. This means
that the odor molecules disperse more quickly and travel farther distances.
Conversely, when food is cold, its molecules have lower kinetic energy and diffuse
more slowly, resulting in a weaker odor that requires closer proximity to detect.

Q 3. A diver can cut through water in a swimming pool. Which property of matter
does this observation show?

Ans.3 At the particle level, the observation of a diver cutting through water in a
swimming pool showcases the property of "interparticle space."

Water molecules in a liquid have relatively small interparticle spaces compared to

gases but still have enough space to allow movement. When the diver moves
through the water, they are essentially displacing water molecules by navigating
through these interparticle spaces. This ability to move through the water
demonstrates that the interparticle spaces in liquids allow for the flow and mobility
of molecules, enabling the diver to cut through the water.

Q4. What are the characteristics of the particles of matter?

Ans.4 The characteristics of particles of matter include:

- Particles are in constant motion: particles of matter are always moving, vibrating,
and colliding with each other.
 - Particles have space between them: There are empty spaces between particles,
even in solids, though these spaces are smaller compared to liquids and gases.
- Particles attract each other: Attractive forces exist between particles, which keep
them close together. These forces vary in strength depending on the state of matter.
- Particles have kinetic energy: The particles of matter possess kinetic energy due
to their motion. The amount of kinetic energy depends on the temperature of the
substance.
- Particles are in a state of random motion: The motion of particles is random,
leading to a distribution of velocities and directions.
- Particles have mass: Each particle of matter has a certain amount of mass,
contributing to the overall mass of the substance.

Page 6

Q1.The mass per unit volume of a substance is called density. (density =

mass/volume). Arrange the following in order of increasing density – air, exhaust
from chimneys, honey, water, chalk, cotton, and iron.

1. Increasing order of density:

- Air (lowest density)
- Exhaust from chimneys
- Cotton
- Water
- Chalk
- Honey
- Iron (highest density)

Q2. (a) Tabulate the differences in the characteristics of states of matter.

(b) Comment upon the following: rigidity, compressibility, fluidity, filling a gas
container, shape, kinetic energy, and density.
 (b) Comments:
- Rigidity: Solids have high rigidity, meaning they maintain their shape and resist
deformation.
- Compressibility: Solids have low compressibility, liquids have moderate
compressibility, and gases have high compressibility.
- Fluidity: Only liquids and gases exhibit fluidity, meaning they can flow and take
the shape of their container.
- Filling a gas container: Gases completely fill the volume of their container as they
have no definite shape or volume.
- Shape: Solids have a definite shape, while liquids and gases take the shape of
their container.

Q3. Give reasons (a) A gas fills the vessel in which it is kept. (b) A gas exerts
pressure on the walls of the container. (c) A wooden table should be called a solid.
(d) We can easily move our hand in the air but to do the same through a solid block
of wood we need a karate expert.

Ans 3. (a) A gas fills the vessel because gas particles have high kinetic energy and
are in constant motion. They spread out to fill all available space evenly.
(b) A gas exerts pressure on the walls of the container because gas particles are in
constant motion and collide with the walls, exerting a force per unit area.
(c) A wooden table should be called a solid because solids have a definite shape
and volume, and wood maintains its shape under normal conditions.
(d) Moving a hand through air is easier because air particles are widely spaced
and can move aside easily. In contrast, the particles in a solid block of wood are
closely packed, making it difficult to move through without breaking the bonds
between the particles.
Q4. Liquids generally have lower density as compared to solids. But you must have
observed that ice floats on water. Find out why

Ans 4. Ice floats on water because it is less dense than liquid water. When water
freezes into ice, its molecules arrange themselves in a crystalline structure with more
space between them, resulting in lower density. This lower density causes ice to float
on the denser liquid water.

Page 9

1. Convert the following temperature to celsius scale: a. 300 K b. 573 K

2. What is the physical state of water at: a. 250oC b. 100oC ?

a. At 250 C, water is in the liquid state.

b. At 100 C water is in the liquid state (at standard atmospheric pressure) As well
as in the vapor state due to the latent heat of vaporization.

3. For any substance, why does the temperature remain constant during the change
of state?

Due to Latent heat, refers to the amount of heat energy absorbed or released by a
substance during a phase change, such as melting, freezing, vaporization, or
condensation, without a temperature change.

When a substance changes from one state to another (e.g., from solid to liquid or
liquid to gas), energy is either absorbed or released. This energy is called latent heat
because it's "hidden" in the sense that it doesn't cause a temperature change but
rather alters the arrangement of molecules within the substance.

There are two types of latent heat:

1. **Latent heat of fusion:** This is the heat absorbed or released when a substance
changes between solid and liquid states. For example, when ice melts into water or
when water freezes into ice.

2. **Latent heat of vaporization:** This is the heat absorbed or released when a

substance changes between liquid and gas states. For example, when water
evaporates into vapor or when vapor condenses into liquid water.

These concepts are important in understanding various natural phenomena, such as

the formation of clouds, the melting of ice, and the cooling effect of sweating
4. Suggest a method to liquefy atmospheric gases.

4. One method to liquefy atmospheric gases is through the process of liquefaction.

This involves compressing the gas to increase its pressure and then cooling it to
reduce its temperature below its critical temperature, where it undergoes a phase
transition from gas to liquid. This method is commonly used in industrial settings to
produce liquefied gases for various applications.

Page 10

1. Why does a desert cooler cool better on a hot dry day?

1. A desert cooler cools better on a hot dry day because it relies on the principle of
evaporative cooling. In hot and dry conditions, the air has low humidity (DRY and
HOT), meaning it can absorb more moisture. When water is pumped into the cooler's
pads and air is blown through them, the water evaporates rapidly, absorbing heat
from the surrounding air. This process cools down the air before it is circulated into
the room, resulting in a more significant cooling effect.

2. How does the water kept in an earthen pot (matka) become cool during summer?

2. Water kept in an earthen pot (matka) becomes cool during summer due to
evaporative cooling. The porous nature of the earthenware allows water to seep
through its walls, and as this water evaporates from the surface of the pot, it absorbs
heat from the remaining water inside. This causes the temperature of the water
inside the pot to decrease, making it cooler than the surrounding air.

3. Why does our palm feel cold when we put some acetone or petrol or perfume on
it?

3. When we put acetone, petrol, or perfume on our palm, we feel cold because these
substances evaporate quickly, drawing heat from our skin in the process. This rapid
evaporation causes a cooling effect on the skin's surface, making it feel cold.

4. Why are we able to sip hot tea or milk faster from a saucer rather than a cup?

4. We are able to sip hot tea or milk faster from a saucer rather than a cup because
the saucer has a larger surface area, allowing the liquid to spread out and cool down
more quickly. Additionally, blowing on the liquid while it's in the saucer increases the
rate of evaporation, further cooling it down.

5. What type of clothes should we wear in summer?

5. In summer, it's advisable to wear lightweight, loose-fitting clothes made from

breathable fabrics such as cotton or linen. These fabrics allow air to circulate freely
around the body, promoting evaporation of sweat and heat loss from the skin.
Light-colored clothing is also preferable as it reflects sunlight rather than absorbing it,
helping to keep you cooler.

Page no.12

1. Convert the following temperatures to the Celsius scale. (a) 293 K (b) 470 K

2. Convert the following temperatures to the kelvin scale. (a) 25o °C (b) 373o °C

3. Give reason for the following observations. (a) Naphthalene balls disappear with
time without leaving any solid. (b) We can get the smell of perfume sitting several
metres away.

Ans 3 a. Naphthalene balls disappear with time without leaving any solid because
of sublimation. Sublimation is the process in which a solid directly converts into
vapor without passing through the liquid state. So, the naphthalene balls gradually
sublimate into vapor over time.

b. We can smell perfume sitting several meters away because perfume contains
volatile( that can easily change into gas) compounds that evaporate easily at room
temperature. These volatile molecules disperse into the air and travel through the air
to reach our nose, allowing us to smell the perfume from a distance.
4. Arrange the following substances in increasing order of forces of attraction
between the particles— water, sugar, and oxygen.

Ans 4. Increasing order of forces of attraction between particles:

- Oxygen (weakest forces of attraction) as it is a gas < Water < Sugar (strongest
forces of attraction) as it is a solid

6. Give two reasons to justify— (a) water at room temperature is a liquid. (b) an iron
almirah is a solid at room temperature.

a. Water at room temperature is a liquid because its molecules have enough

kinetic energy to overcome the forces of attraction between them but not enough to
break completely free from each other, resulting in a liquid state.
b. An iron almirah is a solid at room temperature because the particles of iron are
closely packed together due to strong intermolecular forces, which prevent them
from moving freely past each other.

7. Why is ice at 273 K more effective in cooling than water at the same temperature?

7. Ice at 273 K is more effective at cooling than water at the same

temperature because ice absorbs more heat energy from its surroundings.
Ice absorbs both thermal energy and latent heat to reach room
temperature, while water only absorbs thermal energy

8. What produces more severe burns, boiling water or steam?

8. Steam produces more severe burns than boiling water because it contains more
heat energy per unit volume due to its higher temperature. When steam comes into
contact with the skin, it transfers a larger amount of heat energy to the skin, causing
more severe burns compared to boiling water at the same temperature.