Biomolecules

Sub-topics

1. Carbohydrates
2. Proteins
3. Lipids
4. Comparing biomolecules
5.also called biological
Constructing glucosemolecule,
moleculesrefers to any
numerous substances that are produced by
cells and living organisms
CARBOHYDRATES
Carbohydrates also known as…

Sugar

Starch
Carbs
Molecular Structure of
Monosaccharides

Sugar
One

Monosaccharides
Molecular Structure of
Disaccharides

Sugar
Two

Di saccharides
Molecular Structure of
Polysaccharides

Sugar
Many

Polysaccharides
Function of Carbohydrates
•Provide QUICK energy to the body!
How does our body break down
this bread?
Carbohydrates breaks down
into microscopic molecules.

Loaf of bread Bread crumbs

Polysaccharide

Monosaccharide Disaccharide
 How are complex
carbohydrates formed and
broken down?
Dehydration Synthesis
• Combining single compounds into a complex one by removing water

monosaccharide + monosaccharide ----> disaccharide + water

C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 ----> C12H22O11 + H2O

(Process forms disaccharides & polysaccharides)

Hydrolysis
• Addition of WATER to a compound SPLITS it
disaccharide + H2O ---> monosaccharide + monosaccharide
C12H22O11 + H2O ---> C6H12O6 + C6H12O6
Biomolecules
LIPIDS
Lipids
Biomolecules that
contain
Hydrocarbons
They make up the
building blocks of
the structure and
function of living
cells
Lipids
 LIPIDS
“Lipids are organic compounds that contain
hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen atoms, which forms
the framework for the structure and function of living
cells.”
LIPIDS
➢ These organic compounds are nonpolar
molecules, which are soluble only in nonpolar
solvents and insoluble in water because water is a
polar molecule.

➢ These molecules can be synthesized in the liver

and are found in oil, butter, whole milk, cheese, fried
foods and also in some red meats
Lipids
Lipids
Major Types of Lipids
Major Types of Lipids

+
Major Types of Lipids

+
Major Types of Lipids
Major Types of Lipids
FATTY ACIDS
Fatty acids are carboxylic acids (or organic acid), usually with long
aliphatic tails (long chains), either unsaturated or saturated.

•Saturated fatty acids

Lacks carbon-carbon double bonds indicate that the fatty acid. It has
higher melting points compared to unsaturated acids of the
corresponding size due to their ability to pack their molecules
together thus leading to a straight rod-like shape.

•Unsaturated fatty acids

It has more than one double bond.
It contains a cis-double bond(s) which create a structural kink that
disables them to group their molecules in straight rod-like shape.
 Major Types of Lipids

Most unsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature and are called oils
Common Examples of Saturated
and Unsaturated Fatty Acids
Common Examples of Saturated
Fats

palm oil
Common Examples of
Unsaturated Fats
Common Examples of
Unsaturated Fats
Major Types of Lipids
Major Types of Lipids
Major Types of Lipids
Major Types of Lipids
Major Types of Lipids
Lipids are essential for all life on Earth. They
play many important roles in maintaining the
health of an organism. Arguably the most
important function lipids perform is as
the building blocks of cellular
membranes. Other functions include energy
storage, insulation, cellular communication
and protection.
Proteins
 PROTEINS
Proteins are very large molecules composed
of basic units called amino acids. In addition to
containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen amino
acids contain nitrogen.

Protein molecules are large, complex

molecules formed by one or more twisted and
folded strands of amino acids. Proteins are highly
complex molecules that are actively involved in the
most basic and important aspects of life. These
include metabolism, movement, defense, cellular
communication, and molecular recognition.
FUNCTIONS of PROTEINS

• Collagen, a protein with a fiber shape, holds

most of the body tissues together.
• Keratin, another structural protein forms a
network of waterproof fibers in the outer
layer of the skin.
• Functional proteins have shapes that enable
them to participate in chemical processes
of the body. Functional proteins include
some of the hormones, growth factors cell
membranes channels wand receptors and
enzymes.
 CLASSIFICATION of PROTEINS
1. Primary (first level) – Protein structure is a
sequence of amino acids in a chain.
2. Secondary (secondary level) – Protein
structure is formed by folding and twisting of
the amino acid chain.
3. Tertiary (third level) – Protein structure is
formed when the twists and folds of the
secondary structure fold again to form a larger
three dimensional structure.
4. Quaternary (fourth level) – Protein structure is
a protein consisting of more than one folded
amino acid chain.
 NUCLEIC ACID
The two forms of nucleic acid are deoxyribonucleic
acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). The basic building
blocks of nucleic acids are called nucleotides. Each
nucleotide consists of a phosphate unit, a sugar and a
nitrogen base. DNA nucleotide bases include adenine,
thymine, guanine and cytosine. RNA uses the same set of
bases, except for the substitution of unit cells for thymine.
Nucleotides bind to one another to form strands or other
structures. In the DNA molecule, nucleotides are arranged
and twisted, a double strand called a double helix. The
sequence of different nucleotides along the DNA double
helix is the “master code” for assembling proteins and
other nucleic acids.