Std.

– IX
TISSUES
1. Tissue is a group of cells having similar origin, structure& function. Study of Tissue is called Histology.
2. In unicellular organisms (Amoeba) single cell performs all basic functions, whereas in multicellular organisms (Plants
and Animals) shows division of labor as plant tissue & Animal tissues.
3. Differences between:
Plant Tissues Animal Tissues
(i) Tissue organization is towards stationary or fixed habit. (i) Tissue organization is towards active
(ii) Dead supportive tissues are more abundant. locomotion.
(iii) Plants need less maintenance energy. (ii) Living tissues are more common.
(iv) There is differentiation of meristematic and permanent (iii) Animals need more maintenance energy.
tissues. (iv) Such a differentiation is absent.
(v) Organization is simple. (v) Organization is complex.
(vi) Growth is limited to certain regions. (vi) Growth is not limited to a region in animals.

4. Classification of Plant Tissues: Based on the dividing capacity of the tissues, various plant tissues can be classified as
follows:

5. Plant tissues are of two types: Meristems & Permanent tissues.

Differences between:
Meristematic Tissues Permanent Tissues
(i) Cells divide repeatedly. (i) Cells are divided from the meristematic tissue and
normally do not divide.
(ii) Cells are undifferentiated. (ii) Cells are fully differentiated.
(iii) Cells are small or isodiametric. (iii) Cells are large with definite shape and size.
(iv) Intercellular spaces are absent. (iv) Intercellular spaces are often present.
(v) Vacuoles are absent. (v) Large vacuoles are present.
a. Meristems: The Meristems are the tissues having the power of cell division. It is found on those regions of the plant
which grows.
i. Types of Meristems:

TISSUES S. S. CLASSES
 (a) The Apical meristems: It is present at the growing tip of the stem and roots
and increases the length.
(b) The Lateral meristems: present at the internodes or base of the leaves and
increases the length between the nodes.
(c) Intercalary meristems: They lie at the base of the leave or internodes on
twigs and help in longitudinal growth of plants by adding primary tissues.
b. Permanent Tissues: These tissues are derived from the meristematic tissues.
Different types of permanent tissues are formed by the differentiation of the cells
of meristematic tissue.
Characteristics of Permanent Tissues:
• Permanent tissues do not divide as they have lost the power of division.
• They have a definite form and size.
• They are differentiated cells and carry out specific functions.
• They may be living or dead cells.
• They may have thin or thick cell walls.
• The cells are large with vacuolated cytoplasm.
II. Types of Permanent Tissues:
i. Simple permanent tissues: These tissues are composed of one type of cells only. The cells are structurally and
functionally similar.
Based on nature of cells, they are of three types: Parenchyma, Collenchyma and Sclerenchyma.
Sclerenchyma cells are of two types:
Fibers: These consist of very long, narrow, thick, and lignified cells. Fibers are usually pointed at both ends and are
clustered into strands.
Sclereids: These are also called grit cells or stone cells and are irregular-shaped. They are also dead ad develop into
various parts of the plants such as cortex, pith, phloem, hard seeds, etc. Sclereids are broad and highly thick-walled
Sclerenchyma cells which occur singly or in small groups.
(a) Parenchyma: Tissues provide the support to plants. They are loosely packed and has large intracellular space.
Parenchyma with chlorophyll which performs photosynthesis is called as chlorenchyma. The parenchyma with
large air spaces to give buoyancy is called as aerenchyma. Parenchyma also stores food and water.
(b) Collenchyma: Tissue provides mechanical support, thickened at the corners, have very little intercellular space.
It allows easy bending of various parts of a plant without breaking.
(c) Sclerenchyma: Tissue makes the plant hard and stuff, thickened due to lignin and no intercellular space. Cells
of this tissue are dead and commonly seen in the husk of coconut.
(d) Guard cells & Epidermal tissue: the tissue aids in protection and exchange of gases. Guard cells kidney shaped
in dicots; dumb bell shaped in monocots to guard the stomata. The epidermal tissues of roots aid in absorption
of water and minerals. The epidermal tissues in desert plants have a thick waxy coating of Cutin with waterproof
quality. The epidermal tissues form the several layer thick Cork or the Bark of the tree.
Differences between:
Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma
(i) Living cells and isodiametric in (i) Living cells, with thick corners.
(i) Dead cells, long and
shape. (ii) Cell walls are thickened at narrow with tapered
(ii) Cell walls are thin and made up corners with extra deposition of
ends.
of cellulose. cellulose ad pectin. (ii) Cell walls are thick due
(iii) Cells have distinct nucleus ad a (iii) Cells have distinct nucleus and
to heavy deposition of
large central vacuole. dense cytoplasm. lignin.
(iv) It stores food, waste products and (iv) It gives mechanical support and
(iii) Cells do not have
forms packing tissue. carry out photosynthesis. nucleus and cytoplasm.
(v) It is present in all soft parts of (v) It is present below the epidermis
(iv) It gives rigidity and
plant, i.e., in stems, roots, leaves, in stems and leaves. mechanical strength to
flowers and fruits. the plant.
(v) It is present in xylem and
phloem, in shells of nuts,
in hard seeds, pulp of
pear, etc.
ii. Complex permanent tissues: The complex tissues are made of more than one type of cells. All these cells
coordinate to perform a common function.
They are subdivided as:
(a) Xylem: Xylem is also called wood. It is a vascular and mechanical tissue, i.e., it is a conducting tissue and is
responsible for transport of water, mineral & salts. It consists of tracheids, vessels, xylem parenchyma and xylem
fibers.

TISSUES S. S. CLASSES
 Function: aids in conduction of water and
minerals throughout the plant body and the
xylem parenchyma helps in sideways
conduction of water.
(b) Phloem: It is also called bast and is a living
conducting tissue and is responsible for
translocation of food. It consists of sieve
tubes, companion cells, phloem
parenchyma, and phloem fibers. The cells
have thick perforated walls.
Function: Phloem transports food material
dissolved in water to other parts of the
plants.
6. Animal tissues: Based on the functions they perform,
animal tissues have been classified into four different types as follows: epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscular
tissue, and nervous tissue.
(a) Epithelial tissue: It is a protective covering forming a continuous sheet. Simple epithelium is the one which is
extremely thin in one layer, whereas stratified epithelium is arranged in pattern of layers.
Depending on shape and function they are classified as:
i. Squamous epithelium:
Simple squamous
epithelium consists of
extremely thin and flat
cells forming a delicate
lining, e.g., the
oesophagus and the lining
of the mouth.
Skin epithelial cells are
arranged in many layers to
prevent the wear and tear.
Since they are arranged in
a pattern of layers, the
epithelium is called
Stratified Squamous
Epithelium.
ii. Cuboidal epithelium: It
consists of cube-like cells
with rounded nuclei and
forms the lining of kidney
tubules and ducts of
salivary glands, where it provides mechanical support.
iii. Columnar Epithelium: It consists of tall cells which are pillar-like having elongated nuclei. It is found in the
inner lining of the stomach and intestine where absorption ad secretion occurs.
iv. Ciliated Epithelium: In the respiratory tract, the columnar epithelial tissue also has cilia, which are hair-like
projections on the outer surfaces of epithelial cells. These cilia can move, and their movement pushes the mucus
forward to clear it. This type of epithelium is thus ciliated columnar epithelium.
v. Glandular Epithelium: Sometimes epithelial cells acquire additional specialization as gland cells, which can
secrete substances at the epithelial surface. Example: gastric glands or intestinal glands.
(b) Connective Tissue: The connective tissue is specialized to connect the various body organs. It can connect bones
to each other, muscles to bones, bind tissues and give support to various parts of body by forming packing around
organs.
i. Skeletal Tissue: The skeletal or supporting tissue includes cartilage and bone which forms the endoskeleton of
vertebrate body and protects the vital organs of the body.
Bone: The bone is a connective tissue with hard matrix, composed of calcium and phosphorus. Due to the
presence of these minerals, bones are hard. It provides shape and skeletal support to the body. It also anchors the
muscles and supports the main organs of the body.
Cartilage: The cartilage is a connective tissue with the solid matrix composed of proteins and sugars. It is
commonly seen in nose, ear, trachea, and larynx. They are made up of collagen fibres and chondrocytes. It
provides support and flexibility to the body parts and smoothens bone surface at joints. Cartilage has widely
spaced cells.

TISSUES S. S. CLASSES
 ii. Areolar Connective Tissue: It is found between the skin and muscles, around the blood vessels. It supports
internal organs and aids in repair of tissues.
iii. Dense Regular Connective Tissue: It is a fibrous connective tissue having densely packed collection of fibres
and cells. It is the principal components are tendons and ligaments.
(a) Ligaments: They are elastic structures with considerable strength which connect bones to bones and are
composed of yellow elastin tissues. They strengthen the joints and permit normal movement but prevent
over extension. Sprain is caused by excessive pulling of ligaments.
(b) Tendons: They are strong and inelastic structures that join skeletal muscles to bones and are composed
of white fibrous tissues.
Differences between:
Tendon Ligament
(i) It is strong and non-flexible. (i) It is elastic and flexible.
(ii) It joins muscles to bones. (ii) It joins bones to bones.
(iii) It is formed of white fibrous connective (iii) It is formed of yellow fibrous connective tissue.
tissue.

Bone Cartilage
(i) Bones are hard and non-flexible. (i) Cartilage are flexible.
(ii) Blood vessels present. (ii) Blood vessels absent.
(iii) Matrix is made up of protein and mineral (iii) Matrix is made up of protein.
salts. (iv) Narrow cavity is always absent.
(iv) A narrow cavity is often present in the (v) Matrix is uniform, not in concentric circles.
interior. (vi) Canalculi are absent.
(v) Matrix is arranged in concentric circles. (vii) It is non-porous.
(vi) Bone cells make connection through fine
canaliculi.
(vii) It is porous.

iv. Adipose Connective Tissue: It is filled with fat globules for the storage of fat. It acts as insulator. It serves as a
fat reservoir and keeps visceral organs in position forming shock-absorbing cushions around kidneys and
eyeballs. Fat storing adipose tissue is found below the skin and between internal organs.
v. Fluid / Vascular Tissue: This tissue links the different parts of the body and maintains continuity in the body.
It includes blood and lymph.
(a) Blood: It is a fluid (liquid) connective tissue.
In the tissue, the cells move in
a fluid matrix or medium called
blood plasma. The blood
plasma contains cells called
blood corpuscles which
include red blood corpuscles
(RBCs), white blood
corpuscles (WBCs) and
platelets. RBCs and WBCs are
living while plasma and
platelets are non-living. The
plasma contains proteins, salts
and hormones and its main
function is transportation of Areolar Tissues
materials.
The RBCs or Erythrocytes are the red cells which are circular disc-shaped cells having no nucleus and
contain a pigment called hemoglobin.
The WBCs or leucocytes are larger than RBCs and are colorless due to the absence of hemoglobin, but
they have a nucleus.
WBCs protects the body against the foreign pathogens and forms a defense/immune system of the body.
(b) Lymph: It is a colorless fluid having plasma and WBCs. Lymph escapes out from blood capillaries into
body tissues. It helps in exchange of materials between tissues and blood. It acts as an intermediary.
Due to the presence of WBCs such as lymphocytes, lymph protects the body against infections. It forms
the defense or immune system of the body.
Function of Blood:
(i) Blood transports nutrients, hormones and vitamins to the tissues and carries excretory products from the
tissues to the excretory organs.
(ii) RBCs of blood help in the transport of respiratory gases, oxygen and carbon dioxide.
(iii) WBCs of blood fight with diseases by producing antibodies and engulfing the germs.

TISSUES S. S. CLASSES
 (iv) Blood platelets help in the clotting of blood.
(v) Blood conducts heat and regulates body temperature.
Differences between:
Blood Lymph
(i) It is red vascular tissue. (i) It is white vascular tissue.
(ii) It occurs in blood vessels. (ii) It occurs in lymph vessels and
(iii) It is formed of plasma, erythrocytes, leucocytes, and around the body tissues.
platelets. (iii) It is formed of plasma and only
(iv) Haemoglobin is present in RBCs. leucocytes.
(v) Its functions include transportation of materials, (iv) Haemoglobin is absent.
defence, blood clotting, etc. (v) It acts as an intermediary between
blood and tissue.

(b) Muscular Tissues: They have special contractile proteins responsible for movements. Three types, such as:
i. Striated Muscles:
➢ It is present in limbs, tongue, etc.
➢ The cells of this tissue are multinucleate.
➢ It contracts rapidly but soon undergoes fatigue.
➢ It is striated.
➢ It is voluntary.
➢ It is also called skeletal or voluntary muscle.
➢ Alternate light and dark bands or striations.
➢ Cells are long, cylindrical, and unbranched.

ii. Smooth Muscles:

➢ It is present in visceral organs.
➢ The cells of this tissue are uninucleate.
➢ It contracts slowly and does not get
fatigued. ➢ The cells of this tissue are uninucleate.
➢ It is non-striated. ➢ It contracts rapidly but does not get
➢ It is involuntary. fatigued.
➢ It is also called Unstriated or involuntary ➢ It is striated.
muscle. ➢ It is involuntary.
➢ No striations. ➢ It is also called involuntary or heart
➢ Cells are long, pointed and spindle shaped. muscle.
➢ Faint regular striation.
iii. Cardiac Muscles: ➢ Cells are cylindrical and branched.
➢ It is present in myocardium of heart.

(c) Nervous Tissue: The tissue responds to stimuli. The brain, spinal
cord and nerves are composed of nervous tissue or neurons. A
neuron consists of Cell body, cytoplasm, Nucleus, Dendrite, Axon,
Nerve ending. The neuron impulse allows us to move our muscles
when we want to respond to stimuli.
Cyton: It is the cell body of a nerve cell that has a large central
nucleus and cytoplasm, from which long thin hair-like parts arise.
Dendrite: The short-branched fibre of neuron which receives nerve
impulses.
Axon: A single long conducing fibre extending from a neuron that transmits impulses away from the cell body.
Synapse: It is the junction or region of union of axon of one neuron with dendrite of another through which nerve
impulses are transferred.
Functions of Nervous Tissue:
(i) Nervous tissue controls all the body activities.
(ii) It coordinates among various body parts during any body function.
(iii) Dendrons carry nerve impulses towards the cyton whereas axon carries impulses away from the cyton.

TISSUES S. S. CLASSES