CERTC-EE Review Guide Series Review Guide Series ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DC Circuits 1

21. Two resistors R1 and R2 in parallel has an DC CIRCUITS (Part 1) V. THE IDEAL INDEPENDENT CURRENT
13. Two 30-ohm resistors are connected in series. equivalent resistance of 10/3Ω. When a
When a resistor R is connected across one of
SOURCE:
current enters the parallel circuit, it divides I. VOLTAGE:
them, the total circuit resistance is 40Ω. Find between the resistors in the ratio 2 to 1. This is a circuit element that
the ohmic value of R. Energy per unit charge.
Determine the R1 and R2. maintains a prescribed current in its
A. 30 Ω C. 15 Ω A. 3 and 1.5 C. 20 and 10 terminals regardless of the voltage
B. 45 Ω D. 10 Ω B. 10 and 5 D. 15 and 7.5
14. Determine the resistance of an alloy wire at V= across it.
22. A 12-V battery has a 50 ampere-hours
900°C if its resistance is 18W at 40°C and the capacity. The internal resistance is 0.1
temperature coefficient is 6.8 x 10-3 at 100°C. ohm. A 5-ohm load is connected for 5
A. 343.7 W C.196.0Ω hours. How many ampere-hours are still V = the voltage in volts I
B. 473.5 Ω D. 234.5 Ω left?
W = the energy in joules
15. Three resistors with resistances 10, 20 and 50 A. 28.51 C. 41.24
B. 38.23 D. 35.29
Q =the charge in coulombs
ohms are connected in parallel across a 120-V
Figure
source. What is the total power? 23. Four equal resistances are connected in II. THE IDEAL INDEPENDENT VOLTAGE SOURCE
A. 9,600W C. 360 W parallel across a certain supply producing
B. 180W D. 83.3 W P power. How much power will be This is a circuit element that maintains a VI. THE IDEAL DEPENDENT CURRENT SOURCE:
produced if the resistors are connected in prescribed voltage across its terminals
16. Three resistors with resistances 10, 20 and 50
ohms are connected in parallel across a 120-V series? regardless of the current through it. This is a current source in which
source. Find the power dissipated by the 10- A. 16P C. 1/16 P either a voltage or a current at some
ohm resistor. B. 4P D. 1/4 P other part of the circuit determines
+
A. 720 W C. 1,440 W 24. A 12-V battery with a 0.3Ω internal V - the current in its terminals.
B. 288 W D. 180 W resistance is to be charged from a 15-V
17. A storage battery which gives 32.5 amperes source. If the charging current should not
on short circuit will supply a current of 7.5 exceed 2A, what is the minimum Figure
amperes to a resistance of 1.2 ohms resistance of a series resistor that will limit I
connected across its terminals. What is the the current to this safe value? III. THE IDEAL DEPENDENT VOLTAGE SOURCE
emf of the battery? A. 1 Ω C. 2.4 Ω
A. 8.75 V C.11.68 V B. 1.8 Ω D. 1.2 Ω This is a voltage source in which
either a voltage or a current at some Figure
B. 12.24 V D. 6.5 V 25. A person wants to move a 20-watt FM
radio from a junked car with a 6-volt other part of the circuit determines the
18. A no.0000 Copper feeder, 0.46 inch in
diameter is to be replaced by aluminum one of battery to a new car with a 12-volt battery. voltage across its terminals.
VII. POWER AND ENERGY:
the same length and resistance. If the What is the resistance of the resistor that
conductivity of Aluminum is 62 percent that of should be connected in series with the Power is the time rate of expending
copper, what will be the circular milage of the radio to limit the current? + or absorbing energy.
aluminum feeder. A. 2.4 Ω C. 1.2 Ω V -
A. 362,330 C C. 575,000 CM B. 1.8 Ω D. 2 Ω
B. 325,785 CM D. 330,625 CM 26. A lead wire and an iron wire are connected P= = VI
19. A 10-ohm resistor is in series with a parallel in parallel. Their respective specific Figure
combination of two resistors of 15 and 5 Ω. If resistances are in the ratio of 49:24. The
the constant current in the 5-ohm resistor is 6 former carries 80 percent more current IV. CURRENT: P =the power in watts
amperes, what total power is dissipated in the than the latter and the latter is 47 percent The rate of charge flow. W = the energy in joules
three resistors? longer than the former. Determine the ratio t =the time in seconds
A. 880watts C. 620watts of their cross-sectional areas.
B. 320watts D. 150watts A. 2.4 C. 2.5 VIII. HEAT:
B. 2.6 D. 2.7 I=
20. The current in a conductor varies as follows: Energy in transit.
during the first 8 sec there is a linear change
GOD BLESS J
from zero to 4 amp; during the next 15 sec the
current is constant at 4 amp; during a third
I = the current in amperes Q – heat Q = mCΔT
q = the charge in coulombs m – mass
period of 20 sec the current decreases linearly
to 3 amp. Determine the average current. t = the time in seconds] C –specific heat
A. 2.2 C. 3.3 ΔT – change in temperature
B. 2.3 D. 3.4 The electron has a charge of −1.602 10−19 C.

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 CERTC-EE Review Guide Series Review Guide Series ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DC Circuits 1

resistor and a 100-ohm 1-watt

Practice Problems:
XI. CYLINDRICAL CONDUCTOR: resistor without exceeding the power
1 kcal is the amount of heat required to 1. If a 12-V car battery has a 0.1-Ω rating of either resistor?
raise the temperature of 1-kg of water by resistance, what terminal voltage A. 24 V C. 18 V
10C. d causes a 4-amp current to flow into B. 50 V D. 25 V
the positive terminal? 8. A string of Christmas tree lights
Figure A. 13.6 V C. 12.4 V consists of eight 6-W bulbs
IX. RESISTANCE: B. 14.2 V D. 10.2 V connected in series is plugged into a
The opposition to the flow of current.
120-V outlet. What is the hot
Area = p/4[d2] sq. unit 2. Two resistors R1 = 3000ohms and R2
resistance of each bulb?
= 4000ohms are joined in series and
A. 2.4 kΩ C. 2.5 kΩ
R=ρ =ρ =ρ connected to a 120-volt supply. The
B. 37.5 Ω D. 42.8 Ω
ifd is expressed in mils voltage drop across R1 and R2 are
measured successively by a 9. Two resistors A and B are connected
where: 2 voltmeter having a resistance of in series across a 120-V source.
Area = d (CM)
50,000 ohms. What is the sum of the When a 30,000Ω voltmeter is
R – the resistance in ohms, W two readings? connected across A and then across
ρ– the resistivity or specific resistance of A. 116.02 V C. 132.5 V B, the instrument deflection is 48V in
CM = circular-mils each case. What are the ohmic
the conductor B. 98.5 V D. 125.2 V
3. The resistance of the copper wire at values of the resistors?
L –the length of the conductor
1 inch = 1000 mils 100ºC is 126.48 ohms and 100 ohms A. 24 kΩ C. 15 kΩ
A – the area of the conductor B. 14 kΩ D. 18 KΩ
at 30ºC. Determine the temperature
V – the volume of the conductor coefficient of resistance of copper at 10. Two resistors Ra=1.95Ω and
Resistivity of Some 0ºC. Rb=0.05Ω are connected in parallel
Common Materials A. 0.00427/ºC C. 0.00256/ºC and take a total of 50amp. What is
G= = B. 0.06615/ºC D. 0.00356/ºC
Resistivity ρ the current through each resistor?
Material 4. A heater draws 3 amperes at 12 V A. 1.25A, 48.75A C. 2.75A, 47.25A
W-m W-CM/ft
G – the conductance of the conductor, dc. How many joules does it B. 1.75A, 48.25A D. 2A, 48A
Aluminum 2.83ּ10-8 17.02
Siemens consume in 10 minutes?
Copper 1.724ּ10-8 10.371 11. A 50hp, 230-V motor operates at full
σ– the conductivity of the conductor A. 12,000 C. 720
Gold 2.44ּ10-8 14.676 load at an efficiency of 90 percent. It
B. 21,600 D. 10,800
Iron 98ּ10-8 589.4 is 560 feet from a generator and the
Resistivity Length Area Silver 1.629ּ10-8 9.805 5. The 60-W, 100-W and 200-W light wires connecting the motor and
ρ L A bulbs are connected in parallel generator are AWG#0000 wires.
W-m m sq.m across a 120-V line. Obtain the What current does the motor take?
XII. EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON RESISTANCE
equivalent hot resistance of the (AWG#0000 has 0.049 Ω/1000ft at
W-cm cm sq.cm OF CONDUCTORS: combination from the individual hot 20ºC)
W-CM/ft ft CM resistances of the bulbs. A. 210 A C. 94 A
A. 80 Ω C. 40 Ω B. 180 A D. 125 A
B. 22 Ω D. 38 Ω
12. A telegraph circuit consists of a 250-
X. RECTANGULAR CONDUCTOR: 6. A 90-V source is in series with five Ω relay in series with the fine wires
resistors having resistances of 4, 5, having a resistance of 50Ω. If it takes
a 6, 7, and 8 ohms. Find the voltage 72mA to operate the relay, what
b across the 6-ohm resistor. voltage must be impressed at the
A. 18 V C. 20 V sending end of the circuit?
Figure B. 14.5 V D. 22 V A. 36.2 V C. 24.2 V
7. What is the maximum voltage that B. 21.6 V D. 12.8 V
Area = a b (sq unit) can be applied across the series
combination of a 150-ohm 2-watt

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 CERTC-EE Review Guide Series Review Guide Series ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DC Circuits 1

Equations: XIV.KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW (KVL)

Example 10:An energy of 20 Joules is Example 20: To what ohmic value will
The algebraic sum of all voltages in a
required in moving a charge of the variable resistor be set when the
circuit taken around a closed path is
2Coulombs from point X to Y. What is the power in the 5-ohm resistor is 20 watts?
zero.
potential difference between X and Y?
Example 20: • Based on the law of conservation
Example 13: A resistor R in series with an 8-Ω resistor of energy.
An electric heater draws 25 kcal in 10 and absorbs 100W when the two are Convention:
minutes at 220 volts. Calculate the connected across a 60-V line. Find the
current. unknown resistance? R2 = R1 [1 + a1 (t2 - t1)] a Path b-a:
Example 14:
Example 21: Potential Rise = +V
An electric heater rated 110-volts, takes V Path a-b:
1000-watts to boil 1 liter of water. Two lamps are connected in series
across a voltage source of 220-volts. Potential Drop = -V
Calculate the time in minutes required to b
raise the temperature of the water from Lamp A has a rating 100-watts, 110-
volts, while lamp B has a rating of 50-W, Figure
20oC to boiling. The heater has an over-
all efficiency of 95%. 110-volts. If the resistances of the lamps
are taken as constants, determine the a
Example 15: Path b-a:
voltage drop across lamp A.
If a resistor rated at 2-watts and 6-volts is R2– resistance at temperature t2 R Potential Rise = +Vr
connected across a battery with an open Example 22: + Path a-b:
R1– resistance at temperature t1 Vr
circuit voltage of 6-volts, what is the A resistor having a rating of 220-volts, Potential Drop = -Vr
T – inferred absolute zero temperature
internal resistance of the battery if the 75-watts is to be connected to a 110- I
a1- temperature coefficient of
resulting current is 0.3 ampere? volts source. Calculate the power it will b
draw if this resistor is connected to a resistance at temperature t1
Example 16: Figure
voltage source of 110-volts.
A storage battery has an open-circuit Inferred Absolute Zero Temperature
voltage E of 12 volts and has an internal Example 23:
resistance RB of 0.1Ω. Calculate the Material T (oC)
Two batteries in parallel supply a XV. KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT LAW (KCL)
terminal voltage VT if the load current IL is common load of 2 Ω. Batteries A and B Aluminum 228
20 A. (Ans. _______ ) Annealed Copper 234.5 The algebraic sum of all currents
have open-circuit voltages and internal
Hard-Drawn Copper 241.5 entering and leaving a node is zero.
resistances of 10 V, 2 Ω; and 8 V, 2 Ω
Example 17: Iron 180 • Based on the law of conservation
A 12-Ω resistor is connected in parallel respectively. Determine the load current.
Silver 243 of charge.
with a series combination of resistors of 8 Example 24:
and 16 Ω. If the drop across the 8-Ω A 30 ohms resistor is connected in series Convention:
resistor is 48V, determine the total with the parallel combination of 150 ohms XIII. OHM’S LAW:
impressed emf. resistor and a load resistor RL. The In an electrical circuit, the current is Current entering a
combination is connected across a directly proportional to voltage and is I2 node: + sign
Example 18: I3
voltage source of 120-volts. Calculate the inversely proportional to resistance.
When two resistors are connected in value of RL that will result in maximum Current leaving a
series, the total resistance is 108Ω; when node
power transferred to it. Also determine node: - sign
connected in parallel, the equivalent I =VG I1
the maximum power transferred. I= I4
resistance is 24Ω. What is the value of
Example 25:
each unit? Figure
A series combination of two resistors 1kΩ
and 4 kΩ is connected to a voltage
I – current in amperes
Example 19: source of 100 volts. A voltmeter having V – voltage in volts
A parallel combination of 5-ohm and 20- R – resistance in ohms,W I1 - I2 - I3 + I4 = 0
an internal resistance of 12 kΩ is placed
ohm resistors is connected in series with across the 4 kΩ resistor. What is the G – conductance in Siemens
a variable resistor and to a 50volt source. reading of the voltmeter?

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 CERTC-EE Review Guide Series Review Guide Series ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DC Circuits 1

Example 3:
XVI. ELECTRICAL POWER: XVIII. RESISTANCES IN PARALLEL: XXI. PARALLEL-SERIES CIRCUIT: How much voltage is required to cause a
current of 500mA to flow for 2 minutes if
P = I2 R (watts)
IT the work done to move the electron is
Rn R2 RT= 3kJ?
R1 R2 R1
V R3 Example 4:
P = VI (watts) I1 I2 In The resistivity of a certain conductor in SI
is 0.46µΩ-m. Determine its resistivity in
Figure Figure Ω·c-mil/ft.
P= (watts)
Example 5:
Calculate the resistance of 1km long
I1 = ; I2= ; In = XXII. CURRENT DIVIDER:
cable composed of 19 strands of similar
XVII. RESISTANCES IN SERIES:
IT copper conductors each strand being
I1 = 1.32mm in diameter. Allow 5% increase
V1 V2 Vn The same voltage V exists across in length of the twist of each strand in
each resistor. R1 R2 complete cable. Resistivity of copper may
R1 R2 Rn I1 I2 be taken as 1.72x10-8W-m.
V IT = I1 + I2+ .. In I2 =
I Figure Example 6:
A 2 meter wire of has a diameter of 3 cm
Figure The total current IT is the sum of is stretched until its resistance is 50
individual current passing through XXIII. VOLTAGE DIVIDER: times the initial resistance. Calculate the
each resistor. new resistance
I= = = R1 V2 = Example 7:
GT = = + +… The resistance of 120 meters of wire is
V
R2 V2 20-W. What is its conductance?

The same current I exist on each XIX. TWO RESISTANCES IN PARALLEL: Example 8:
resistor. Figure A 100-m conductor has a cross-sectional
area of 2 mm2 and having a resistance of
------------------------------------------------------- 15-Ω. Calculate its conductivity.
V = V1 + V2 + … Vn
R1 R2 SAMPLE PROBLEMS: Example 9:
RT = The resistance of a wire is 126.46 ohms
-------------------------------------------------------
The source voltage V is the at 100°C and 100 ohms at 30°C.
summation of the voltages across Figure Example 1:
Determine the coefficient of the wire at
each resistor. How much current flows through a wire if
0°C.
XX. SERIES-PARALLEL CIRCUIT: 7.488x1019 electrons pass a given point
every minute? Example 11:
RT = R1 + R2+ ..Rn Calculate the energy in joules converted
R1 RT = R1 + Example 2: in 24 hours by a 100-W lamp.
R2 R3 The current in a conductor varies as
The total resistance RT is the sum follows: during the first 8 sec there is a
of the individual resistances. Example 12:
Figure
linear change from zero to 4 amp; during The average electric-flat-iron is rated
the next 15 sec the current is constant at 550W at 220V. How many disk
4 amp; during a third period of 20 sec the revolutions will a watt-hour meter make
RT = = + +..
current decreases linearly to 3 amp. after using it for 90 minutes assuming the
Determine the average current. disk makes 12rev/kWh?

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