VGU 61ECE313 - Electric Circuits 16 April, 21 & 28 May, 4 June 2021

Graphics: © Alexandra Nolte, Gesine Marwedel, 2003

VIETNAMESE-GERMAN UNIVERSITY
Electrical and Computer Engineering Study Program

Electric Circuits

Udo Klein

Udo Klein Adapted from Nilsson/Riedel, Electric Circuits, 10 th Ed. ©2015, Prentice Hall 61ECE116 – 4.1
Spring 2021
16/04/2021

Graphics: © Alexandra Nolte, Gesine Marwedel, 2003

Lecture Topic 4

Linear Circuit Analysis

Electric Circuits
Udo Klein

Udo Klein Adapted from Nilsson/Riedel, Electric Circuits, 10 th Ed. ©2015, Prentice Hall 61ECE116 – 4.2
Spring 2021
16/04/2021

For personal use only! 1

VGU 61ECE313 - Electric Circuits 16 April, 21 & 28 May, 4 June 2021

Graphics: © Alexandra Nolte, Gesine Marwedel, 2003

Course Contents
• The electric circuit variables: voltage and current
• Linear circuit elements: resistors and sources
• Simple linear circuits
• Linear circuit analysis
• Simple nonlinear elements and circuits
• Alternating voltage and current
• Inductance and capacitance
• Power in ac circuits
• The Laplace transform in circuit analysis
• Three-phase electric circuits

Udo Klein Adapted from Nilsson/Riedel, Electric Circuits, 10 th Ed. ©2015, Prentice Hall 61ECE116 – 4.3
Spring 2021
16/04/2021

Graphics: © Alexandra Nolte, Gesine Marwedel, 2003

Objectives
After today’s class you will
• understand and be able to use the node-voltage method to
solve a circuit.
• understand and be able to use the mesh-current method to
solve a circuit.
• be able to decide whether the node-voltage method or the
mesh-current method is the preferred approach to solving a
particular circuit.
• understand source transformation and be able to use it to
solve a circuit.

Udo Klein Adapted from Nilsson/Riedel, Electric Circuits, 10 th Ed. ©2015, Prentice Hall 61ECE116 – 4.4
Spring 2021
16/04/2021

For personal use only! 2

VGU 61ECE313 - Electric Circuits 16 April, 21 & 28 May, 4 June 2021

Graphics: © Alexandra Nolte, Gesine Marwedel, 2003

Objectives (cont.)
• understand the concept of the Thévenin and Norton
equivalent circuits and be able to construct a Thévenin or
Norton equivalent for a circuit.
• know the condition for maximum power transfer to a resistive
load and be able to calculate the value of the load resistor that
satisfies this condition.

Udo Klein Adapted from Nilsson/Riedel, Electric Circuits, 10 th Ed. ©2015, Prentice Hall 61ECE116 – 4.5
Spring 2021
16/04/2021

Graphics: © Alexandra Nolte, Gesine Marwedel, 2003

Terminology
Name Definition Example
node a point where two or more circuit elements join a

essential node a node where three or more circuit elements join b

path a trace of adjoining basic elements with no v 1 ̶ R1 ̶ R5 ̶ R6

elements included more than once
branch a path that connects two nodes R1

essential branch a path which connects two essential nodes v 1 ̶ R1

without passing through an essential node
loop a path whose last node is the same as the v 1 ̶ R1 ̶ R5 ̶ R6 ̶ R4 ̶ v 2
starting node
mesh a loop that does not enclose any other loops v 1 ̶ R1 ̶ R5 ̶ R3 ̶ R2

planar circuit a circuit that can be drawn on a plane with no

crossing branches

Udo Klein Adapted from Nilsson/Riedel, Electric Circuits, 10 th Ed. ©2015, Prentice Hall 61ECE116 – 4.6
Spring 2021
16/04/2021

For personal use only! 3

VGU 61ECE313 - Electric Circuits 16 April, 21 & 28 May, 4 June 2021

Graphics: © Alexandra Nolte, Gesine Marwedel, 2003

Example 1

For the circuit shown, identify

a) all nodes.
b) all essential nodes.
c) all branches.
d) all essential branches.
e) all meshes.
f) two paths that are not
loops or essential
branches.
g) two loops that are not meshes.

Udo Klein Adapted from Nilsson/Riedel, Electric Circuits, 10 th Ed. ©2015, Prentice Hall 61ECE116 – 4.7
Spring 2021
16/04/2021

Graphics: © Alexandra Nolte, Gesine Marwedel, 2003

Simultaneous Equations
• number of unknown currents in a circuit = number of branches,
b, where the current is not known
• must have b independent equations to solve a circuit with b
unknown currents
• if n represents the number of nodes in the circuit, we can derive
(n-1) independent equations by applying KCL to any set of (n-1)
nodes
• apply KVL to loops or meshes to obtain the remaining b-(n-1)
equations
• also valid in terms of essential nodes and essential branches:
apply KCL at (ne-1) nodes and KVL around be-(ne-1) loops or
meshes

Udo Klein Adapted from Nilsson/Riedel, Electric Circuits, 10 th Ed. ©2015, Prentice Hall 61ECE116 – 4.8
Spring 2021
16/04/2021

For personal use only! 4

VGU 61ECE313 - Electric Circuits 16 April, 21 & 28 May, 4 June 2021

Graphics: © Alexandra Nolte, Gesine Marwedel, 2003

An Illustration

Udo Klein Adapted from Nilsson/Riedel, Electric Circuits, 10 th Ed. ©2015, Prentice Hall 61ECE116 – 4.9
Spring 2021
16/04/2021

Graphics: © Alexandra Nolte, Gesine Marwedel, 2003

The Node-Voltage Method

• (ne - 1) equations

Udo Klein Adapted from Nilsson/Riedel, Electric Circuits, 10 th Ed. ©2015, Prentice Hall 61ECE116 – 4.10
Spring 2021
16/04/2021

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VGU 61ECE313 - Electric Circuits 16 April, 21 & 28 May, 4 June 2021

Graphics: © Alexandra Nolte, Gesine Marwedel, 2003

The Node-Voltage Method and

Dependent Sources

Udo Klein Adapted from Nilsson/Riedel, Electric Circuits, 10 th Ed. ©2015, Prentice Hall 61ECE116 – 4.11
Spring 2021
16/04/2021

Graphics: © Alexandra Nolte, Gesine Marwedel, 2003

The Node-Voltage Method:

Some Special Cases

• When you use the node-voltage method to solve circuits

that have voltage sources connected directly between
essential nodes, the number of unknown node voltages is
reduced.

Udo Klein Adapted from Nilsson/Riedel, Electric Circuits, 10 th Ed. ©2015, Prentice Hall 61ECE116 – 4.12
Spring 2021
16/04/2021

For personal use only! 6

VGU 61ECE313 - Electric Circuits 16 April, 21 & 28 May, 4 June 2021

Graphics: © Alexandra Nolte, Gesine Marwedel, 2003

The Node-Voltage Method:

The Concept of a Supernode

• When a voltage source is

between two essential
nodes, we can combine
those nodes to form a
supernode. Kirchhoff’s
current law must hold for
the supernode.

Udo Klein Adapted from Nilsson/Riedel, Electric Circuits, 10 th Ed. ©2015, Prentice Hall 61ECE116 – 4.13
Spring 2021
16/04/2021

Graphics: © Alexandra Nolte, Gesine Marwedel, 2003

The Node-Voltage Method:

Amplifier Circuit

Udo Klein Adapted from Nilsson/Riedel, Electric Circuits, 10 th Ed. ©2015, Prentice Hall 61ECE116 – 4.14
Spring 2021
16/04/2021

For personal use only! 7

VGU 61ECE313 - Electric Circuits 16 April, 21 & 28 May, 4 June 2021

Graphics: © Alexandra Nolte, Gesine Marwedel, 2003

The Mesh-Current Method

• be - (ne - 1) equations
• The mesh-current method is applicable only to planar circuits.

Udo Klein Adapted from Nilsson/Riedel, Electric Circuits, 10 th Ed. ©2015, Prentice Hall 61ECE116 – 4.15
Spring 2021
16/04/2021

Graphics: © Alexandra Nolte, Gesine Marwedel, 2003

Example

a) Use the mesh-current method to determine the

power associated with each voltage source in the
circuit shown.
b) Calculate the voltage vo across the 8-Ω resistor.

Udo Klein Adapted from Nilsson/Riedel, Electric Circuits, 10 th Ed. ©2015, Prentice Hall 61ECE116 – 4.16
Spring 2021
16/04/2021

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VGU 61ECE313 - Electric Circuits 16 April, 21 & 28 May, 4 June 2021

Graphics: © Alexandra Nolte, Gesine Marwedel, 2003

The Mesh-Current Method and

Dependent Sources

Udo Klein Adapted from Nilsson/Riedel, Electric Circuits, 10 th Ed. ©2015, Prentice Hall 61ECE116 – 4.17
Spring 2021
16/04/2021

Graphics: © Alexandra Nolte, Gesine Marwedel, 2003

The Mesh-Current Method:

Some Special Cases

• When you use the mesh-current method to solve circuits

that have current sources in a branch, the number of
unknown mesh currents is reduced.

Udo Klein Adapted from Nilsson/Riedel, Electric Circuits, 10 th Ed. ©2015, Prentice Hall 61ECE116 – 4.18
Spring 2021
16/04/2021

For personal use only! 9

VGU 61ECE313 - Electric Circuits 16 April, 21 & 28 May, 4 June 2021

Graphics: © Alexandra Nolte, Gesine Marwedel, 2003

The Mesh-Current Method:

The Concept of a Supermesh
• When a current source is in a branch, we can remove the
current source to form a supermesh. Kirchhoff’s voltage law
must hold for the supermesh.

Udo Klein Adapted from Nilsson/Riedel, Electric Circuits, 10 th Ed. ©2015, Prentice Hall 61ECE116 – 4.19
Spring 2021
16/04/2021

Graphics: © Alexandra Nolte, Gesine Marwedel, 2003

The Mesh-Current Method:

Amplifier Circuit

Udo Klein Adapted from Nilsson/Riedel, Electric Circuits, 10 th Ed. ©2015, Prentice Hall 61ECE116 – 4.20
Spring 2021
16/04/2021

For personal use only! 10

VGU 61ECE313 - Electric Circuits 16 April, 21 & 28 May, 4 June 2021

Graphics: © Alexandra Nolte, Gesine Marwedel, 2003

Node-Voltage Method vs.

Mesh-Current Method
• Does one of the methods result in fewer simultaneous equations
to solve?
• Does the circuit contain supernodes? If so, using the node-
voltage method will permit you to reduce the number of
equations to be solved.
• Does the circuit contain supermeshes? If so, using the mesh-
current method will permit you to reduce the number of
equations to be solved.
• Will solving some portion of the circuit give the requested
solution? If so, which method is most efficient for solving just the
pertinent portion of the circuit?

Udo Klein Adapted from Nilsson/Riedel, Electric Circuits, 10 th Ed. ©2015, Prentice Hall 61ECE116 – 4.21
Spring 2021
16/04/2021

Graphics: © Alexandra Nolte, Gesine Marwedel, 2003

Example

Find the power dissipated in the 300-Ω resistor in the

circuit shown.

Udo Klein Adapted from Nilsson/Riedel, Electric Circuits, 10 th Ed. ©2015, Prentice Hall 61ECE116 – 4.22
Spring 2021
16/04/2021

For personal use only! 11

VGU 61ECE313 - Electric Circuits 16 April, 21 & 28 May, 4 June 2021

Graphics: © Alexandra Nolte, Gesine Marwedel, 2003

Example (cont.)

Udo Klein Adapted from Nilsson/Riedel, Electric Circuits, 10 th Ed. ©2015, Prentice Hall 61ECE116 – 4.23
Spring 2021
16/04/2021

Graphics: © Alexandra Nolte, Gesine Marwedel, 2003

Source Transformations

• A source transformation allows

a voltage source in series with a
resistor to be replaced by a
current source in parallel with
the same resistor or vice versa.

Udo Klein Adapted from Nilsson/Riedel, Electric Circuits, 10 th Ed. ©2015, Prentice Hall 61ECE116 – 4.24
Spring 2021
16/04/2021

For personal use only! 12

VGU 61ECE313 - Electric Circuits 16 April, 21 & 28 May, 4 June 2021

Graphics: © Alexandra Nolte, Gesine Marwedel, 2003

Example

a) For the circuit shown, find the power associated with

the 6-V source.
b) State whether the 6-V source is absorbing or
delivering the power calculated in (a).

Udo Klein Adapted from Nilsson/Riedel, Electric Circuits, 10 th Ed. ©2015, Prentice Hall 61ECE116 – 4.25
Spring 2021
16/04/2021

Graphics: © Alexandra Nolte, Gesine Marwedel, 2003

Example (cont.):
Step-by-Step Simplification

Udo Klein Adapted from Nilsson/Riedel, Electric Circuits, 10 th Ed. ©2015, Prentice Hall 61ECE116 – 4.26
Spring 2021
16/04/2021

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VGU 61ECE313 - Electric Circuits 16 April, 21 & 28 May, 4 June 2021

Graphics: © Alexandra Nolte, Gesine Marwedel, 2003

Source Transformations (cont.)

Equivalent circuits containing a

resistance in parallel with a
voltage source or in series with a
current source.

Udo Klein Adapted from Nilsson/Riedel, Electric Circuits, 10 th Ed. ©2015, Prentice Hall 61ECE116 – 4.27
Spring 2021
16/04/2021

Graphics: © Alexandra Nolte, Gesine Marwedel, 2003

Thévenin Equivalent Circuit

• A Thévenin equivalent circuit is an independent voltage

source VTh in series with a resistor RTh, which replaces an
interconnection of sources and resistors.
• This series combination of VTh and RTh is equivalent to the
original circuit in the sense that, if we connect the same
load across the terminals a,b of each circuit, we get the
same voltage and current at the terminals of the load.

Udo Klein Adapted from Nilsson/Riedel, Electric Circuits, 10 th Ed. ©2015, Prentice Hall 61ECE116 – 4.28
Spring 2021
16/04/2021

For personal use only! 14

VGU 61ECE313 - Electric Circuits 16 April, 21 & 28 May, 4 June 2021

Graphics: © Alexandra Nolte, Gesine Marwedel, 2003

Example

Find the Thévenin equivalent of the circuit shown.

single node-voltage equation:

Udo Klein Adapted from Nilsson/Riedel, Electric Circuits, 10 th Ed. ©2015, Prentice Hall 61ECE116 – 4.29
Spring 2021
16/04/2021

Graphics: © Alexandra Nolte, Gesine Marwedel, 2003

Example (cont.)

single node-voltage equation:

Udo Klein Adapted from Nilsson/Riedel, Electric Circuits, 10 th Ed. ©2015, Prentice Hall 61ECE116 – 4.30
Spring 2021
16/04/2021

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VGU 61ECE313 - Electric Circuits 16 April, 21 & 28 May, 4 June 2021

Graphics: © Alexandra Nolte, Gesine Marwedel, 2003

Norton Equivalent Circuit

• A Norton equivalent circuit consists of an independent

current source in parallel with the Norton equivalent
resistance.
• We can derive it from a Thévenin equivalent circuit by
making a source transformation.

Udo Klein Adapted from Nilsson/Riedel, Electric Circuits, 10 th Ed. ©2015, Prentice Hall 61ECE116 – 4.31
Spring 2021
16/04/2021

Graphics: © Alexandra Nolte, Gesine Marwedel, 2003

Deriving a Thévenin Equivalent

RTh for networks containing only independent sources
• first, deactivate all independent sources
• then, calculate the resistance seen looking into the network at
the designated terminal pair
• voltage sources are deactivated by replacing it with a short
circuit
• current sources are deactivated by replacing it with an open
circuit

Udo Klein Adapted from Nilsson/Riedel, Electric Circuits, 10 th Ed. ©2015, Prentice Hall 61ECE116 – 4.32
Spring 2021
16/04/2021

For personal use only! 16

VGU 61ECE313 - Electric Circuits 16 April, 21 & 28 May, 4 June 2021

Graphics: © Alexandra Nolte, Gesine Marwedel, 2003

Deriving a Thévenin Equivalent (cont.)

RTh for networks containing dependent sources
• first, deactivate all independent sources
• Then, apply either a test voltage source or a test current source
to the Thévenin terminals a,b
• RTh equals the ratio of the voltage across the test source to the
current delivered by the test source.

Udo Klein Adapted from Nilsson/Riedel, Electric Circuits, 10 th Ed. ©2015, Prentice Hall 61ECE116 – 4.33
Spring 2021
16/04/2021

Graphics: © Alexandra Nolte, Gesine Marwedel, 2003

Example

Find the Thévenin resistance RTh for the circuit shown.

Udo Klein Adapted from Nilsson/Riedel, Electric Circuits, 10 th Ed. ©2015, Prentice Hall 61ECE116 – 4.34
Spring 2021
16/04/2021

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VGU 61ECE313 - Electric Circuits 16 April, 21 & 28 May, 4 June 2021

Graphics: © Alexandra Nolte, Gesine Marwedel, 2003

Example

Using the Thévenin equivalent in the amplifier circuit.

Udo Klein Adapted from Nilsson/Riedel, Electric Circuits, 10 th Ed. ©2015, Prentice Hall 61ECE116 – 4.35
Spring 2021
16/04/2021

Graphics: © Alexandra Nolte, Gesine Marwedel, 2003

Maximum Power Transfer

Udo Klein Adapted from Nilsson/Riedel, Electric Circuits, 10 th Ed. ©2015, Prentice Hall 61ECE116 – 4.36
Spring 2021
16/04/2021

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VGU 61ECE313 - Electric Circuits 16 April, 21 & 28 May, 4 June 2021

Graphics: © Alexandra Nolte, Gesine Marwedel, 2003

Example
For the circuit shown,
a) find the value of RL that results in maximum power being
transferred to RL.
b) Calculate the maximum power that can be delivered to
RL.
c) When RL is adjusted for maximum power transfer, what
percentage of the power delivered by the 360-V source
reaches RL?

Udo Klein Adapted from Nilsson/Riedel, Electric Circuits, 10 th Ed. ©2015, Prentice Hall 61ECE116 – 4.37
Spring 2021
16/04/2021

Graphics: © Alexandra Nolte, Gesine Marwedel, 2003

Superposition

Linear systems obey the principle of superposition.

• Whenever a linear system is excited by more than one
independent source of energy, the total response is the
sum of the individual responses.
• An individual response is the result of an independent
source acting alone.

Udo Klein Adapted from Nilsson/Riedel, Electric Circuits, 10 th Ed. ©2015, Prentice Hall 61ECE116 – 4.38
Spring 2021
16/04/2021

For personal use only! 19

VGU 61ECE313 - Electric Circuits 16 April, 21 & 28 May, 4 June 2021

Graphics: © Alexandra Nolte, Gesine Marwedel, 2003

Example
Find the branch currents in the circuit shown.

Udo Klein Adapted from Nilsson/Riedel, Electric Circuits, 10 th Ed. ©2015, Prentice Hall 61ECE116 – 4.39
Spring 2021
16/04/2021

Graphics: © Alexandra Nolte, Gesine Marwedel, 2003

Example (cont.)

Udo Klein Adapted from Nilsson/Riedel, Electric Circuits, 10 th Ed. ©2015, Prentice Hall 61ECE116 – 4.40
Spring 2021
16/04/2021

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VGU 61ECE313 - Electric Circuits 16 April, 21 & 28 May, 4 June 2021

Graphics: © Alexandra Nolte, Gesine Marwedel, 2003

Circuits With Realistic Resistors

Udo Klein Adapted from Nilsson/Riedel, Electric Circuits, 10 th Ed. ©2015, Prentice Hall 61ECE116 – 4.41
Spring 2021
16/04/2021

Graphics: © Alexandra Nolte, Gesine Marwedel, 2003

Example

Assume the nominal values of the components in the circuit before

are: R1 = 25 Ω, R2 = 5 Ω, R3 = 50 Ω, R4 = 75 Ω, Ig1 = 12 A, and Ig2 =
16 A. Use sensitivity analysis to predict the values of v1 and v2 if the
value of R1 is different by 10% from its nominal value.

Udo Klein Adapted from Nilsson/Riedel, Electric Circuits, 10 th Ed. ©2015, Prentice Hall 61ECE116 – 4.42
Spring 2021
16/04/2021

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VGU 61ECE313 - Electric Circuits 16 April, 21 & 28 May, 4 June 2021

Graphics: © Alexandra Nolte, Gesine Marwedel, 2003

Example (cont.)

Assume that R1 is 10% less than its nominal value, that is, R1 =
22.5 Ω. Then ΔR1 = -2.5 Ω and Δv1 will be

difference between predicted and exact

values is small:
• 0.27% for v1
• 0.068% for v2

Exact values of v1 and v2 from

Udo Klein Adapted from Nilsson/Riedel, Electric Circuits, 10 th Ed. ©2015, Prentice Hall 61ECE116 – 4.43
Spring 2021
16/04/2021

Graphics: © Alexandra Nolte, Gesine Marwedel, 2003

Summary
• Some basic terms, and the concepts they represent, have been
introduced. Those terms are node, essential node, path,
branch, essential branch, mesh, and planar circuit.
• Two new circuit analysis techniques were introduced:
• The node-voltage method works with both planar and
nonplanar circuits. A reference node is chosen from among
the essential nodes. Voltage variables are assigned at the
remaining essential nodes, and Kirchhoff’s current law is
used to write one equation per voltage variable. The number
of equations is ne - 1, where ne is the number of essential
nodes.

Udo Klein Adapted from Nilsson/Riedel, Electric Circuits, 10 th Ed. ©2015, Prentice Hall 61ECE116 – 4.44
Spring 2021
16/04/2021

For personal use only! 22

VGU 61ECE313 - Electric Circuits 16 April, 21 & 28 May, 4 June 2021

Graphics: © Alexandra Nolte, Gesine Marwedel, 2003

Summary (cont.)
• The mesh-current method works only with planar circuits.
Mesh currents are assigned to each mesh, and Kirchhoff’s
voltage law is used to write one equation per mesh. The
number of equations is b - (n - 1), where b is the number of
branches in which the current is unknown, and n is the
number of nodes. The mesh currents are used to find the
branch currents.
• Source transformations allow us to exchange a voltage source
(vs) and a series resistor (R) for a current source (is) and a
parallel resistor (R) and vice versa. The combinations are
equivalent in terms of their terminal voltage and current provided
that

Udo Klein Adapted from Nilsson/Riedel, Electric Circuits, 10 th Ed. ©2015, Prentice Hall 61ECE116 – 4.45
Spring 2021
16/04/2021

Graphics: © Alexandra Nolte, Gesine Marwedel, 2003

Summary (cont.)
• Thévenin equivalents and Norton equivalents allow us to
simplify a circuit comprised of sources and resistors into an
equivalent circuit consisting of a voltage source and a series
resistor (Thévenin) or a current source and a parallel resistor
(Norton). The simplified circuit and the original circuit must be
equivalent in terms of their terminal voltage and current. Thus
keep in mind that
1) the Thévenin voltage (VTh) is the open-circuit voltage
across the terminals of the original circuit,
2) the Thévenin resistance (RTh) is the ratio of the Thévenin
voltage to the short-circuit current across the terminals of
the original circuit, and
3) the Norton equivalent is obtained by performing a source
transformation on a Thévenin equivalent.
Udo Klein Adapted from Nilsson/Riedel, Electric Circuits, 10 th Ed. ©2015, Prentice Hall 61ECE116 – 4.46
Spring 2021
16/04/2021

For personal use only! 23

VGU 61ECE313 - Electric Circuits 16 April, 21 & 28 May, 4 June 2021

Graphics: © Alexandra Nolte, Gesine Marwedel, 2003

Summary (cont.)
• Maximum power transfer is a technique for calculating the
maximum value of p that can be delivered to a load, RL.
Maximum power transfer occurs when RL = RTh, the Thévenin
resistance as seen from the resistor RL. The equation for the
maximum power transferred is

• In a circuit with multiple independent sources, superposition

allows us to activate one source at a time and sum the resulting
voltages and currents to determine the voltages and currents
that exist when all independent sources are active. Dependent
sources are never deactivated when applying superposition.

Udo Klein Adapted from Nilsson/Riedel, Electric Circuits, 10 th Ed. ©2015, Prentice Hall 61ECE116 – 4.47
Spring 2021
16/04/2021

Graphics: © Alexandra Nolte, Gesine Marwedel, 2003

Exercises
1. Use the node-voltage method to find v1 and v2 in the circuit
shown.

2. Use the node-voltage method to calculate the power delivered

by the dependent voltage source in the circuit shown.

Udo Klein Adapted from Nilsson/Riedel, Electric Circuits, 10 th Ed. ©2015, Prentice Hall 61ECE116 – 4.48
Spring 2021
16/04/2021

For personal use only! 24

VGU 61ECE313 - Electric Circuits 16 April, 21 & 28 May, 4 June 2021

Graphics: © Alexandra Nolte, Gesine Marwedel, 2003

Exercises
3. Use the node-voltage method to find vo in the circuit shown.

4. a) Use the mesh-current method to find the branch currents ia,

ib, and ic in the circuit shown.
b) Repeat (a) if the polarity of the 15-V source is reversed.

Udo Klein Adapted from Nilsson/Riedel, Electric Circuits, 10 th Ed. ©2015, Prentice Hall 61ECE116 – 4.49
Spring 2021
16/04/2021

Graphics: © Alexandra Nolte, Gesine Marwedel, 2003

Exercises
5. Use the mesh-current method to find the power delivered by the
dependent voltage source in the circuit shown.

Udo Klein Adapted from Nilsson/Riedel, Electric Circuits, 10 th Ed. ©2015, Prentice Hall 61ECE116 – 4.50
Spring 2021
16/04/2021

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VGU 61ECE313 - Electric Circuits 16 April, 21 & 28 May, 4 June 2021

Graphics: © Alexandra Nolte, Gesine Marwedel, 2003

Exercises
6. For the circuit shown,
a) use the mesh-current method to find the branch currents in
ia … ie.
b) Check your solution by showing that the total power
developed in the circuit equals the total power dissipated.

Udo Klein Adapted from Nilsson/Riedel, Electric Circuits, 10 th Ed. ©2015, Prentice Hall 61ECE116 – 4.51
Spring 2021
16/04/2021

Graphics: © Alexandra Nolte, Gesine Marwedel, 2003

Exercises
7. For the circuit shown,
a) would you use the node-voltage or mesh-current method to
find the power absorbed by the 20-V source? Explain your
choice.
b) Use the method you selected in (a) to find the power.

Udo Klein Adapted from Nilsson/Riedel, Electric Circuits, 10 th Ed. ©2015, Prentice Hall 61ECE116 – 4.52
Spring 2021
16/04/2021

For personal use only! 26

VGU 61ECE313 - Electric Circuits 16 April, 21 & 28 May, 4 June 2021

Graphics: © Alexandra Nolte, Gesine Marwedel, 2003

Exercises
8. For the circuit shown,
a) use a series of source transformations to find io.
b) Verify your solution by using the mesh-current method to
find io.

Udo Klein Adapted from Nilsson/Riedel, Electric Circuits, 10 th Ed. ©2015, Prentice Hall 61ECE116 – 4.53
Spring 2021
16/04/2021

Graphics: © Alexandra Nolte, Gesine Marwedel, 2003

Exercises
9. A voltmeter with a resistance of 85.5 kΩ is used to measure the
voltage vab in the circuit shown,
a) What is the voltmeter reading?
b) What is the percentage of error in the voltmeter reading if
the percentage of error is defined as [(measured -
actual)/actual] x 100?

Udo Klein Adapted from Nilsson/Riedel, Electric Circuits, 10 th Ed. ©2015, Prentice Hall 61ECE116 – 4.54
Spring 2021
16/04/2021

For personal use only! 27

VGU 61ECE313 - Electric Circuits 16 April, 21 & 28 May, 4 June 2021

Graphics: © Alexandra Nolte, Gesine Marwedel, 2003

Exercises
10. Determine the Thévenin equivalent with respect to the terminals
a,b for the circuit shown.

Udo Klein Adapted from Nilsson/Riedel, Electric Circuits, 10 th Ed. ©2015, Prentice Hall 61ECE116 – 4.55
Spring 2021
16/04/2021

Graphics: © Alexandra Nolte, Gesine Marwedel, 2003

Exercises
11. The variable resistor (Ro) in the circuit shown is adjusted until
the power dissipated in the resistor is 250 W. Find the values of
Ro that satisfy this condition.

Udo Klein Adapted from Nilsson/Riedel, Electric Circuits, 10 th Ed. ©2015, Prentice Hall 61ECE116 – 4.56
Spring 2021
16/04/2021

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VGU 61ECE313 - Electric Circuits 16 April, 21 & 28 May, 4 June 2021

Graphics: © Alexandra Nolte, Gesine Marwedel, 2003

Exercises
12. In the circuit shown,
a) use the principle of superposition to find the voltage v.
b) Find the power dissipated in the 10-Ω resistor.

Udo Klein Adapted from Nilsson/Riedel, Electric Circuits, 10 th Ed. ©2015, Prentice Hall 61ECE116 – 4.57
Spring 2021
16/04/2021

Graphics: © Alexandra Nolte, Gesine Marwedel, 2003

Exercises
13. Assume the nominal values of the components in the circuit
shown are: R1 = 25 Ω, R2 = 5 Ω, R3 = 50 Ω, R4 = 75 Ω, Ig1 = 12
A, and Ig2 = 16 A. Predict the values of v1 if Ig1 decreases to
11 A and all other components stay at their nominal values.

Udo Klein Adapted from Nilsson/Riedel, Electric Circuits, 10 th Ed. ©2015, Prentice Hall 61ECE116 – 4.58
Spring 2021
16/04/2021

For personal use only! 29

VGU 61ECE313 - Electric Circuits 16 April, 21 & 28 May, 4 June 2021

Graphics: © Alexandra Nolte, Gesine Marwedel, 2003

End of Lecture 4

Udo Klein Adapted from Nilsson/Riedel, Electric Circuits, 10 th Ed. ©2015, Prentice Hall 61ECE116 – 4.59
Spring 2021
16/04/2021

For personal use only! 30