TO STUDY ON INVERSE CIRCULAR FUNCTION

A PROJECT REPORT
SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS, NOBEL ACADEMY
SECONDARY SCHOOL, BANESHWOR KATHMANDU IN THE PARTIAL
FULFILLMENT FOR THE REQUIREMENT OF UNDER GRADUATE COURSE.

By

Name of the student: Rupesh Shrestha

Grade: 11 Mathematics(B1)

Roll no: 29

Date: 2081/01/20
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 RECOMMENDATION

It is certified that Mr.Pradip Subedi carried out the project work

entitled, “To study on inverse circular function” under my
supervision/guidance. I recommend the project work in the partial
fulfillment for the under graduate science program.

..................................................................

(Supervisor)

Pradip Subedi

Faculty of Mathematics

Nobel Academy Secondary School

Kathmandu, Nepal

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to our
subject teachers, who gave the golden and valuable opportunity to do
this wonderful project which also helped me in doing a lot of researches
and I came to know about so many things which I was totally unknown
about. I am really very thankful to them.
Secondly, I would like to thank Mr. Rabin Dahal the principle, Mr.
Rajkumar
Acharya the head of administration Pradip subedi the supervisor and
special thanks to Mr. Ravi Kumar Sharma the coordinator for this
precious opportunity.

At last, I am very grateful to my parents and friends who had

helped me a lot on finishing the project on limited duration
of time.

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 EVALUATION
We certified that we have read this project report and in our
opinion, it is good in the subject matter and quality as project work in
partial fulfillment for the requirement of under graduate science
program.

Evaluation Committee

…………………………… ………………….……

Pradip subedi Pradip subedi

(Head of Department)

Nobel Academy

Kathmandu, Nepal

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TABLE OF CONTENT
1. INTRODUCTION………………………………….6
2. INVERSE TRIGNOMETRIC FUNCTION………..6
3. GRAPH OF INVERSE FUNCTION……………….8
4. TABLE OF DOMAIN AND RANGE……………...11
5. APPLICATION…………………………………….12
6. MULTIPLE SOLUTIONS………………………….13
7. CONCLUSION……………………………………..14
8. REFRENCE…………………………………………15

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A STUDY ON INVERSE CIRCULAR FUNCTION

Introduction
Inverse Function Definition
If a function is one to one and onto from A to B, then function g which
associates each element y Є B to one and only one element x = A, such
that y = f(x), then g is called the inverse function of f, denoted by x = g(y).
Usually we denote g = f1 {Read as f inverse}
x= f(y).
Inverse Trigonometric Function
We have seen that the trigonometric functions, sin, cos etc. are all periodic
and thus, each of them achieves the same numerical value at an infinite
number of points. Thus, the equation sin x=1/2 has an infinite number of
solutions, viz., x= π/6, x- π/6 etc. If one is to answer the question: “What
is the angle whose sine is1/2?", there is no unique answer. The difficulty
arises as the function f: R→ R defined by 2f(x) = sin x is not one to one
and thus, does not admit of an inverse. To achieve a unique answer to the
aforesaid question we restrict the domain of sin x so that the resulting
function is invertible. Thus, the function g: [- π/2, π/2] → [1, 1] defined
by g(x) = sin x is one to one and onto and admits of an inverse (denoted
by h = sin1 and read as sin inverse or arc sin) defined as h: [−1, 1] → [-
π/2, π/2] where h(y)=x if y = sin x. The function sin is the inverse of the
sin function when the sin function is viewed in a restricted sense.
We similarly define the other inverse trigonometric functions

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Here, sin1 x, cosec x, tan x belongs to I and IV quadrant.
π/2
I

IV
-π/2
Here, cos 1̄ x, sec ̄1x, cot ̄1x belongs to I and II quadrant.

II I

π O
IV

1. I quadrant is common to all the inverse functions.

2. III quadrant is not used inverse function.
3. IV quadrant is used in the clockwise direction i.e., −π/2≤ y ≤0.

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Domain, Range and Graphs of Inverse Functions
1. If sin y = x, then y = sin x under certain condition.
-1≤sin y ≤1; but sin y = x
-1x≤1
Again, sin y=-1 ⇒ y=−π/2 and sin y = 1⇒ y = π/2 (-1, -π/2)
Keeping in mind numerically smallest angles or real numbers.
:. -π/2 ≤ y ≤ π/2 these restrictions on the values of x and y provide us with
the domain and range for the function y = sin 1x.
i.e.,
Domain: x Ԑ [−1, 1]
Range: у Ԑ -π/2, π/2]

2. Let cos y = x then y = cos-1 x under certain condition -1≤ cos y ≤1.
-1 ≤ x ≤ 1
Cos y=-1, y= π
Cos y = 1, y=0
:.0 ≤ y ≤ π {as cos x is a decreasing function in [0, π]; hence cosπ ≤ cos y
≤ cos0}
These restrictions on the value of x and y provide us the domain and range
for the function
Y= cos-1 x
i.e., Domain: x Ԑ [-1,1]
Range: y Ԑ [0, π]

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3.if tan y = x then y= tan-1 x, under certain
conditions.
Here, tan y Ԑ R, x Ԑ R
- ∞ < tan y< ∞, - π/2 < y < π/2
Thus, domain x Ԑ R
Range y Ԑ (-π/2, π/2)

4.if cot y = x then, y= cot-1 (under certain conditions)

Cot y E R, x Ԑ R;
- ∞ < cot y < ∞ , 0 < y < π
These conditions on x and y make the function, cot
y = x one-one and onto so that the inverse function
exists.
i.e. y = cot-1 x is meaningful
i.e. Domain: x Ԑ R
Range: y Ԑ (0, π)

5.If sec y = x, then sec-1x, where /x/ >= 1 and 0 ≤ y ≤ π, y ≠ π/2

Here, Domain: x Ԑ R-(-1,1)
Range: y Ԑ (0, π) – (π/2)

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6.If cosec y = x then y = cosec-1 x
Where /x/ >= 1 and – π/2 <= y <= π/2, y ≠ 0

Here, Domain: Ԑ R-(-1,1)

Range: Ԑ [-π/2, π/2]- {0}

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Table of domain and range of inverse circular function

Function Domain Range

(i)y = sin-1 where -1≤x≤1 - π/2 ≤ y≤ π/2

(ii) y = cos-1 x where -1≤x≤1 0≤y≤π

(iii) y=tan-1x where xԐR - π/2 < y < π/2

(iv) y = cosec-1 x where x≤ -1 orx≥1 - π/2≤y≤ π/2,y≠ 0

(v) y = sec-1 x where x≤ -1 orx≥1 0≤ y≤ π;y ≠ π/2

(vi) y = cot-1 x where xԐR 0<y<π

Note:
(a) 1st quadrant is common to the range of all the inverse functions.
(b) 2nd quadrant is not used in inverse functions.
(c) 4th quadrant is used in the clockwise direction i.e. – π/2 ≤ y ≤ 0
(d) No inverse function is periodic.
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APPLICATION OF INVERSE CIRCULAR FUNCTION
1. Trigonometry: Inverse circular functions are frequently used to
solve trigonometric equations and to find missing angles or sides in
triangles. They provide a way to determine angles based on the
ratios of sides in right-angled triangles.
2. Engineering: Inverse trigonometric functions are essential in
engineering applications involving waves, oscillations, and periodic
phenomena. They help analyze and design circuits, control systems,
and mechanical structures.
3. Physics: Inverse circular functions are utilized in physics to describe
the motion of objects in oscillatory or wave-like patterns, such as in
simple harmonic motion, alternating current circuits, and sound
waves.
4. Navigation: Inverse trigonometric functions play a role in
navigation systems, such as GPS (Global Positioning System),
where they are used to calculate angles and distances between
locations on the Earth's surface.
5. Computer Graphics: Inverse circular functions are employed in
computer graphics to determine angles for rotating objects,
calculating lighting and shading effects, and mapping points on
curved surfaces.
6. Mathematical Modeling: Inverse trigonometric functions are used
extensively in mathematical modeling to describe and analyze real-
world phenomena, including population growth, biological rhythms,
and financial markets.

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MULTIPLE SOLUTIONS OF CIRCULAR INVERSE
FUNCTION

The multiple solutions of circular inverse functions arise due to the

periodic nature of trigonometric functions. For example, the sine function
has a period of 2𝜋2π, meaning it repeats its values every 2𝜋2π radians (or
360∘360∘). As a result, inverse trigonometric functions such as arcsine
(sin⁡−1sin−1) can have infinitely many solutions within a given interval.
When considering multiple solutions of inverse trigonometric functions,
it's essential to recognize that these functions are not one-to-one over their
entire domains. To address this, mathematicians define principal values
for inverse trigonometric functions. For example, the principal value of
arcsine lies within the interval −𝜋2−2π to 𝜋22π, or −90∘−90∘ to 90∘90∘.
However, there are infinitely many other solutions outside this interval
that differ by integer multiples of 2𝜋2π.
In practical terms, this means that when solving equations involving
inverse trigonometric functions, it's crucial to consider all possible
solutions within the given domain. Additionally, it's essential to be aware
of the periodicity of trigonometric functions and how it affects the number
of solutions. This understanding is particularly relevant in fields such as
physics, engineering, and signal processing, where trigonometric
functions model periodic phenomena.

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CONCLUSION
In conclusion, inverse circular functions play a fundamental role in
mathematics and find wide-ranging applications across numerous fields.
They provide essential tools for solving trigonometric equations,
analyzing periodic phenomena, and modeling real-world phenomena.
From engineering and physics to computer graphics and navigation,
inverse circular functions serve as indispensable mathematical tools,
facilitating precise calculations and insights into complex systems. Their
versatility and utility underscore their significance in both theoretical and
practical contexts, making them essential components of mathematical
and scientific problem-solving.

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REFRENCE

I. https://chatgpt.com/

II. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/inverse circular function

III. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/

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