REVIEWER IN ENGLISH

MODAL AUXILIARY VERB

A modal verb (also called a modal auxiliary verb) is used along with a main verb to express
possibility, ability, permission, or necessity. For example, in the statement “you must leave,”
“must” is a modal verb indicating that it’s necessary for the subject (“you”) to perform the action
of the verb (“leave”).

The modal verb “will” is used to form the future tense, indicating an action that has not
yet occurred (e.g., “I will clean the garage”). F

Examples: Modal verbs in a sentence

We should listen to some music.

Can you drive me to the airport?

RESEARCH, ADVOCACY, AND CAMPAIGN

Research is a careful consideration of study regarding a concern or problem using
scientific methods. According to the American Sociologist Earl Robert Babbie,
“Research is a systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict and control the observed
phenomenon. Research involves inductive and deductive methods.

Campaigns are sustained efforts toward a specific outcome, for instance, getting a
company to divest its funds, stopping a coal power plant, or forcing the government to
create a climate change impact study. These are a powerful way of strategically building
group capacity and developing experience.

Advocacy means taking action

to create change. It refers to
activities that argue,
plead, support, or favor a
certain issue. Its aim is to
influence decision especially
with
issues that involve social,
political, environmental and
economic perspectives.
Advocates organize themselves
to take steps to tackle an issue.
Advocacy means taking action to create change. It refers to activities that argue, plead,
support, or favor a certain issue. Its aim is to influence decision especially with issues
that involve social, political, environmental and economic perspectives. Advocates
organize themselves to take steps to tackle an issue.

MULTIMODAL TEXTS & ELEMENTS

>Conveys meaning through a combination of two or more modes. Each mode has its
own specific and function throughout the text.

The Five Modes The following terms include the five modes of communication found in
multimodal texts as defined by the field of composition. Though other disciplines may
use different language to define some of the modes, this model provides a basic
method for discussing multimodal texts.

Linguistic – word choice; delivery of spoken or written text (tone); organization into
sentences, phrases, paragraphs, etc.; coherence of individual words and ideas.

Visual – color, layout, style, size, perspective

Gestural – facial expressions, hand gestures, body language, interactions between

people

Spatial – arrangement, organization, proximity between people and objects.

Audio – music; sound effects; ambient noise/sounds; silence; tone; emphasis and
accent of voice in spoken language; volume of sound.

CLAIMS OF FACT, VALUE, AND POLICY

A fact claim is a statement about how things were in the past, how they are in the
present, or how they will be in the future. A fact claim is not a fact; it only claims to be a
fact. What makes it arguable is that the speaker has no direct way of establishing the
truth of the claim. For example, "The Earth is round" is a fact claim. "In our righthanded
world, left-handed people are discriminated against" is a fact claim. A persuasive
speaker must provide arguments which build a case in favor of the claim, showing that
the claim is probably true.

A value claim are arguable statements concerning the relative merits of something
which is measured subjectively (e.g., "Hawaii is a better place to go for summer
vacation than Colorado."). What makes a value claim arguable is that different people
may disagree on the criteria used to evaluate something (e.g., weather, live
entertainment, water sports). Defending a value claim involves offering a set of criteria
for consideration, defending the set of criteria as legitimate and showing how applying
the criteria justifies the claim. Often value claims are comparative.

A policy claim is a statement regarding the merits of a course of action. What makes it
arguable is that, even though people may not be totally certain about the proper course
of action to take, they still must act. To argue in defense of a policy claim is to state that,
given what we know now, it’s best to act in the manner proposed.

Samples:

Fact claim (causality): The death penalty does not deter crime.

Value claim: Capital punishment is unjust.

Policy claim: The death penalty should be abolished in Illinois.

INFORMATIVE, PERSUASIVE, ARGUMENTATIVE, AND

EXPOSITORY TEXTS
Informative
Informative writing is intended to educate or inform the reader about a specific topic or
subject and to provide information or explain a concept to the reader in a clear and
concise manner. The writer presents facts, data, and information to the reader without
taking a position or expressing their personal opinion.

Persuasive

Persuasive writing aims to convince the reader to take a particular action or adopt
a specific viewpoint. The writer presents a clear argument and uses evidence, logic,
and emotional appeals to persuade the reader to agree with their point of view.

Argumentative

Argumentative writing is similar to persuasive writing but focuses more on presenting a

strong argument and refuting opposing viewpoints. The writer convinces the reader
that the writer's viewpoint is the correct one, using logic, evidence, and critical thinking.

Expository Writing is a mode of writing in which the purpose of the Author is to inform,
explain, describe, or define his or her subject to the reader.

In other words, Informative writing aims to inform the reader, persuasive writing aims
to persuade the reader, and argumentative writing aims to persuade the reader while
also presenting and refuting counterarguments.